Thermal Treatment A) Heating -> effective treatment for fine grained (clayey) soils ONLY -lots of energy ->

$$ (et 10-25 gallons fuel to stabilize ~1m3 of soil) Heating 1) ground surface -> travelling heaters vehicle with burner 2) Downhole -> put petroleum product into borehole then ignite piles and nails T= 600-1000 C 3) Manufactured building blocks -> bricks (after admixtures) at high temps -> permanent change in energy properties -> Diagenesis a) decreased compressibility b)increased str (up to 10-20x str) c)decreased swell potential d)decreased plasticity Freezing -not new -applicable to any soil type if pore water present -very effective cutoff -only effective while ground is frozen -> temporary typical application 1)support of open excavations, undpinning 2) tunnels 3)temp stabilization of slope and excavation 4)containment barrier 5)undisturbed samples(of granular materiel) Methods 1) Circulation of supercooled brine 2)expendable liquid gas (i.e. liquid nitrogen) $$$ -quick and very $$ Hydraulic Modifications ch. 7 (intro) 1) -Drainage and dewatering- lowering GWT (chptr9) -reducing w% -redirecting seepage 2) Filtering and Seepage Control (10) -mitigating high gradients (incl. exit gradients) -preventing internal erosion (piping) 3) Special Apps -preconsilidation (11) -electric oosmosis (12)

Drainaing and dewateringa) provides dry working area b) slope stabilization (water makes soil heavy and fail) c)reduce lateral e.p. d)reduce compressibility e)increased bearing capacity f)improved workability g)reduced liquefaction potential Methods depends on grain size distribution & k 1) surface drainage- incl sumps ditches etc 2) gravity wells (vert, horz, combo) 3) vacumm wells (for low k soils) 4)Preloading, electro-osmosis

Design of dewatering systems methods controlled by soil K filtering is usually critical to most all drainage systems Drainage of slopes ->most common approach to slope stabilization -often used in conjunction with other ground modification method Effective: 1) increased shear resistance 2) reduced total wt. 3) reduced seepage forces 4) reduced internal & exit erosion 5) matl degradation due to leaching of salts 6) decreased liquid suspectiblilty good alternative to: - cutting slope angle -soil reinforcement (inclusions) -grouting

Most common options: install drains behind failure surface provide cutoff behind failure surface Ch. 10 drainage & filtering w/ geosynthetics

Preconsolidation (Ch11) consolidation caused to occur prior to application of critical loading control, time dependant Benefits: 1) ultimately reduced settlements of structures put on load b4 actual building/structure preconsolitdation can be expedited by -use excess surcharge (subject to BC of __) -use excess vertical drains