VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY

V.M.K.V.EMGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM M.E. (POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING)

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

UNIT I : Automatic Generation Control

Part - A
1. What is static frequency drop of primary ALFC? 2. How can static frequency drop be eliminated? 3. What is the advantage of integral control? 4. How is an increase in real power demand met in the power system? 5. What are the major control loops in a large generator? 6. Give the advantage of Pool operation in multi area system? 7. What is the necessity of large mechanical forces in speed governing system? 8. What is meant by Control Area in power system? 9. Give the controller specifications of multi area system with secondary ALFC. 10. What is meant by Area Control error? How it is minimized in single area ALFC? 11. Explain the functions of primary and secondary ALFC Loops? 12. The generator 100MW power generation, it has a regulation parameter of R of four percentages (0.04pu). By how much will the turbine power increase if the frequency drops by 0.1HZ with the power reference unchanged? 13. Draw the block diagram of AGC in single area control? 14. Give the requirement of integral controller? 15. The generator has the frequency drop 0.1HZ with generating power output 100MW but the turbine power must remain unchanged, by how should the reference settings be changed? 16. Give the ALFC parameters and its units? 17. Give the expression of modeling of tie line between two area systems? 18. Drive the power system model of secondary ALFC ? 19. Explain the Mechanical Analog model of two area power system? 20. State and Explain the necessity of secondary ALFC loop? 21. Express the composite characteristics of power system?

Part - B
1. Discuss about i) Speed Governing ii) Automatic Generation Control 2. Explain the operation of (simplified) primary loop ALFC with neat sketch. Also, (i) Derive ALFC Loop parameters. (ii) Give the Block diagram of the Primary and secondary ALFC loop of single area system. 3. Explain briefly about i) Under frequency Load Shedding ii) Computation of settings for under frequency relays. 4. Derive an expression for the static frequency change of a single area ALFC. How can the static frequency change be compensated? 5. Determine the Primary ALFC Loop parameters for a control area having the following specification. Total rated area capacity Pr=2000 MW Normal operating Load PDo=1000 MW Inertia Constant Regulation H = 5.0 sec R = 2.40 HZ/pu MW (all area generator)

We shall assume that the load frequency dependency is linear, meaning that the old load would increase one percent for one percent frequency increase. 6. Derive an expression of the state variable model for a two area power system.

7. The two 50 HZ power system are connected by means of interconnected cable of negligible impedance so that stations work in parallel.
Station A

15 MW full load capacity Regulation 3%

Station B 1. 4 MW full load capacity Regulation 4%

The Load is A is 10 MW and in B is 4MW. Calculate the generator output of the each station, power transmitted by the interconnection and operating frequency? Assume free governor action and the speed changes generators were set to have a frequency of 50 HZ i. at No load ii. at Full load 8. Explain the static and dynamic analysis of primary ALFC loop operation? 9. Two identical machine of rating 120 MW, 50 HZ operating in parallel has the following characteristics. Settings Speed Changer set to give rated speed M/c 1 M/c 2

at rated load value 50% 75% Regulation 4% 3% i) Find the load sharing of each machine for 200 MW load. ii) What adjustment should be made for the machines to share the 200 MW load but with a frequency of 50 HZ. iii) Solve the problem by Graphical and Analytical approach. 10. Explain the static and dynamic analysis of secondary ALFC loop operation.

UNIT: II : REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

Part - A
1. What is reactive power? 2. What are the units of reactive power? 3. Compare synchronous condensers and shunt capacitors. 4. Define positive and negative reactive power. 5. Why is reactive power compensation necessary? 6. Name the sources of reactive power. 7. What are the types of tap changing transformer? 8. What is meant by reactive power balance? 9. What is line compensation? 10. Differentiate Shunt & Series Compensation. 11. Explain how the magnitude of the AVR loop gain affects the system stability? 12. What is meant by surge impedance loading (SIL)? 13. List the components are produce and absorb reactive power and how? 14. State and explain the need of reactive power control and voltage control in transmission line. 15. How will be the 5th and 7th harmonics are eliminated in the three phase 12 pulse TCR system? 16. When will be the reactive and active power flow happen in Transmission line and give the conditions? 17. Give the application of the static var compensator. 18. Derive the fundamental components of current wave form equation of TCR. 19. Give the diagram of 12-pulse TCR arrangement. 20. Give the composite characteristic of an SVS system. 21. Explain the Dynamic characteristics of TSC. 22. Explain the steady state characteristics of static var system. 23. Give the application of SVC. 24. Explain the Static performance of AVR model. 25. Mention the advantage of TSC over TCR.

Part - B

1. Explain Brushless AVR modeling with neat sketch and also give the static response of AVR Loop. 2. What are the causes, effects and advantages of power factor improvement? How can power factor be improved using shunt capacitors? 3. i) What is line compensation? Why is it necessary? ii) Compare static capacitors and synchronous condenser. 4. How is voltage control possible using tap changing transformer? How can tap ratio be calculated? Derive the necessary equation. 5. Explain the operation of TCR and TSC. Also derive fundamental current wave form. 6. Explain the principles of transmission system compensation. What is the effect compensation in line voltage and full load? 7. A, B, C are connected to a common bus bar. Supply point A maintained at nominal 275kV and it is connected to M to a 275/132kV, transformer reactance of 0.1p.u and a 132 kV line of reactance 50ohm. Supply point B is nominally at 132 kV and connected to M to a 132 kV line of 50 ohm reactance. Supply point C is nominally at 275 kV to connect to M to 275 kV/132 kV of 0.1 reactance, 132 kV reactance 50 ohm if at a particular system load the line voltage. M falls below of its nominal voltage by 5 kV. Calculate the magnitude of reactive VA injection required at M to maintain voltage 500 MVA Base voltage. 8. A line connects an infinite bus bar of 400x10 6 V to a load bus for supplying 1000MW. The link has as line impedance of (7+70j) ohm feeding the load bus for via transformer with tap ratio 0.9:1. A compensator is connected at load bus bar. If the maximum overall voltage drop is 10% with taps fully utilized. Calculate the Q-requirements of compensator. 9. Explain voltage control and reactive power control operation of SVC. 10. Give different types of static var compensators and explain any of three. UNIT III: POWER SYSTEM SECURITY CONTROL

Part - A
1. List the function of Energy Control Centre. 2. What is meant by SCADA? 3. What is the need for security to power system? 4. List the main function of SCADA. 5. What is Energy Management System? 6. What are the different states in which a power system can exist? 7. What is need for Energy Management System? 8. What are the differences between Alert & Emergency state? 9. What is the need for SCADA? 10. What are the components of SCADA? 11. What is meant by system blackout? 12. What is telemetry system? 13. Define optimal dispatch? 14. Define post contingency? 15. Define secure dispatch? 16. Define secure post-contingency? 17. Define overload performance index? 18. What are SCADA systems? 19. Discuss about RTU. 20. What is the function of Automatic Generation control?

Part - B
1. What is an Energy Control Centre? Discuss its various functions in detail. 2. Explain with neat sketch about SCADA. 3. What is meant by Energy Management System? Why it is necessary? How is it done? 4. What is meant by reliability planning and monitoring? Discuss. 5. Explain about the factors affecting power system security. 6. Why is SCADA necessary? How is it done? What are its hardware and software requirements? 7. Explain the contingency analysis procedure with flow chart. 8. Show the different configuration of SCADA by suitable diagrams and explain the relative advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. 9. Explain AC power flow security analysis with contingency case selection. 10. Explain about concentric relaxation. 11. Discuss the functions of master control units and remote terminal units of SCADA.

UNIT IV: STATE ESTIMATION

Part A
1. What is meant by Simulation? 2. State weighted least square estimation. 3. Give some example for Weighted Least. 4. Define probability density function. 5. What is meant by maximum likelihood criterion? 6. Define standard deviation. 7. What is meant by Weighted Least criterion? 8. Define errors. 9. Write down the Application of Power Systems State Estimation. 10. Define Squares state estimation. 11. What is meant by Network Observability? 12. What is Pseudo- measurement? 13. What is meant by state estimation? 14. Write down the application of pseudo measurements. 15. What is meant by diagonal matrix? 16. Define true value. 17. Define measured value. 18. Write down the procedure for detection of bad measurements. 19. Define state estimator. 20. Describe briefly about treatment of bad data.

Part B
1. What is state estimation? Explain briefly about the weighted least square method. 2. How will be the state is estimated in AC network and write an algorithm? 3. Give the Maximum likelihood weighted least method in which how to estimate the unknown value? 4. Derive and explain the generation shift factor and linear sensitivity factor of power system. 5. Give an algorithm of weighted least square method. 6. To explain in detail of detection and identification of bad measurements and estimation of quantities not being measured? 7. Give an algorithm of least square error method. 8. The three bus system base of 100MVA has X12=0.2p.u, X13=0.4p.u and X23=0.25p.u reactance values and measured values of M12=62MW, M13=5MW and M23=40MW. Find the 1 and 2 values by Maximum Likelihood method assume number of measurement is equal to number of state and 3=0. 9. The three bus system base of 100MVA has measured values of M 12=62MW, M13=5MW and M23=37MW. Find estimated readings by Maximum Likelihood method where variance (R) value is 0.0001, Nm=3 and Ns=2. 10. Give the algorithm for contingency analysis using sensitivity factor.

UNIT V: POWER SYSTEM CONTROL UNDER DEREGULATED

ENVIRONMENT Part A
1. What is deregulation? 2. What is independent system operator? 3. What is mean by genco, Transco and disco in deregulation market? 4. Give the task in todays industries under regulated system. 5. Give the trading entities of power system. 6. Give the operation tasks in todays industries under regulated system. 7. Give the comparison of traditional and competitive market structures. 8. Give any two activities of ISO. 9. Give the different entities in deregulated electricity market. 10. Give the typical structure of deregulated electricity system. 11. Explain the market operator duties in deregulated environment system. 12. Give the advantage of deregulated system. 13. Explain the deregulated system with traditional market system. 14. What is meant by temporal decomposition? 15. List down the classifications of operational tasks in the competitive industry. 16. What is balancing supply? 17. What is demand in real time? 18. Define real time operation. 19. Define LFC. 20. Write down the Classification of operational tasks in todays power industry.

Part B
1. What is deregulated environment? Explain with neat sketch of typical structures of a deregulated electricity power system. 2. Give and explain the different entities function in deregulated electricity market. 3. Give the benefits of competitive electricity market with the traditional market. 4. How deregulation has affected the power system and validate with example? 5. Explain the operating tasks of todays industry and todays competitive industries. 6. Give the three entities and explain their functions in deregulated environment system. 7. Explain the activities of the Independent system operator in deregulation environment. 8. Explain briefly about Load frequency control under deregulated environment.