2442 Index terms R

Radial in-flow turbine Radiation absorptivity biological effects black enclosure of uniform temperature configuration factor damage diffuse-gray surface diffuse surface emissivity, see Emissivity exposure, cancer probability flame factors function gasses gray enclosure gray surface heat transfer coefficient irradiation Kirchhoffs law moon beam length participating and nonparticipating gases properties radiosity reflectivity refractory shield shields, cryogenic, emissivities of materials used types, nuclear power see also Black-box radiation Radioactive wastes, disposal Radiography attenuation of X-radiation 1709 738 741 1714 1436 1472 1406 1415 1417 1407 1734

Links

1400 1402 1417 1405 1409 1714 1416 1407 1410 381 1713 1410 1413 1407

1415 1477 1405 1407 1417 1415 1404 1410 1406 1437 1414 1941 1714

2443 Index terms

Radiography (Continued) computed tomography of a flashlight of a pencil crack in end of an aluminum tubing film-based radiography density vs. relative exposure density or darkness vs. relative exposure for common films generation and absorption of X-radiation equivalence factors X-ray tube voltage vs. thickness of industrial materials mass absorption coefficient vs. atomic number neutron radiography showing bondline flaws penetrameter radiography of penetramer mentioned below schematic of typical film penetrameter real-time radiography typical composite with typical flaws Railroad: gas turbine applications hopper cars Rain-flow cycle counting method Rankine thermodynamic cycle Rankine-Hugoniot curve Rankines Theory Rate action Rate of return Rating Rational functions proper and improper Rayleigh number Reactivity, negative temperature coefficient 1727 1759 1218 431 1723 1749 1312 200 884 2106 2155 1632 814 816 1653 1705 740 741 741 741 743 744 743 744 738 742 739 740 744 745 745 739 742 743

Links

2444 Index terms

Reactor: behavior, effect of delayed neutrons boiling water constraints critical design basis accidents gas-cooled gas-cooled graphite-moderated heavy-water-moderated natural-uranium-fueled high-temperature gas-cooled light water light-water-moderated enriched-uranium-fueled liquid-fueled liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder liquid-metal solid-fueled fast spectrum liquid-sodium-cooled-graphite-moderated nonleakage probability pressurized-water, see Pressurized-water reactor safety analysis Reactor Safety Study Real-time radiography Recalls Reciprocity relations Recuperative furnaces Recuperator combinations concenric tube cross-flow-type radiant-tube sack-type recuperator Reduction to practice Reflection and transmission of sound data collection and display in the A-scan mode Refractories 1720 1722 744 2244 1410 1497 1613 1498 1500 1499 1500 1498 2250 733 734 1453 1717

Links

1704 1720 1705 1715 1721 1701 1700 1701 1700 1705 1708 1700 1701 1700 1701 1700 1700 1716

2445 Index terms

Refraction of sound amplitude and phase of reflected coefficient and transmitted amplitude vs. angle of incidence for longitudinal wave incident on water-steel interface Snells law and direction of propagation of acoustic waves Refrigerant ammonia ANSI classification azeotropes chlorofluorocarbons comparative performance of different refrigerants composition corrosion cost critical temperature and pressure dirt and liquid carryover discharge pressure flammable freezing point halocarbons hydrochlorofluorocarbons latent heat liquid density mixtures numbered, physical properties numbering system ozone-depletion potential and halocarbon global warming potential polymerization regulations on use selection: closed cycle open-cycle standby pressure 1888 1891 1888 1890 1891 1888 735 1883 1883 1887 1888 1884 1886 1884 1883 1889 1891 1891 1888 1890 1891 1888 1887 1890 1884 1883 1890 1890 1890 1278 1886 736 735

Links

2446 Index terms

Refrigerant (Continued) suction pressure suction volume theoretical power toxicity and flammability rating system vapor density zeotropes Refrigerant 11 Refrigerant 12 Refrigerant 13 Refrigerant 22 at atmospheric pressure, thermophysical properties enthalpy-log diagram saturated, thermophysical properties Refrigerant 50 Refrigerant 114 Refrigerant 123 Refrigerant 134a interim thermophysical properties compressibility factor enthalpy-log pressure diagram saturated, thermodynamic properties Refrigerant 170 Refrigerant 290 Refrigerant 407C Refrigerant 410A Refrigerant 502 Refrigerant 600 Refrigerant 1150 Refrigeration absorption systems ammonia-water fired chillers heat recovery chillers indirect fired chillers 1888 1890 1890 1886 1890 1884 1885 1887 1887 1887 1266 1266 1265 1888 1887 1887 1887 1268 1270 1271 1267 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 1879 1891 1891 1892 1892 1892

Links

2447 Index terms

Refrigeration (Continued) water-lithium bromide absorption chillers basic principles closed-cycle operation cascade cycle compound cycle flooded cycle refrigerant numbering system refrigerant selection system with flash economizers compressors centrifugal operation rotary reciprocating screw scroll condensers defrost methods air and water defrost hot refrigerant gas defrost evaporators baffled-shell fixed-tube-sheet flash-gas distribution flooded shell-and-tube gas-liquid separation oil return short-tube restrictors spray-type submergence effect expansion devices capillary tubes constant pressure expansion valves electronic expansion valve thermostatic expansion valve 1892 1880 1881 1881 1883 1881 1919 1886 1882 1882 1884 1897 1900 1901 1898 1897 1900 1899 1901 1909 1910 1909 1903 1906 1905 1904 1905 1904 1903 1907 1906 1904 1905 1906 1906 1906 1905

Links

2448 Index terms

Refrigeration (Continued) heat recovery ice indirect application of brine coolants brine properties efficiency secondary brine system instrumentation and control requirements off-design operation open-cycle operation process flow sheets steam jet system design system specifications vapor cycle Regenerative air preheating Regenerator applications cyclical, unsteady-state conditions design equation end correction for heat transfer calculation film coefficient for heat transfer from gas to solid gas turbines pair configurations Raoults law stream-to-stream temperature difference limitation for containment cleanup time-temperature history trapping of contaminants Registration/certification, quality systems ISO conformance models ISO 8382 ISO 8980 ISO 8980-3 1940 1938 1936 2177 2178 2178 2178 2178 1601 1897 1894 1896 1896 1895 1895 1912 1912 1882 1912 1894 1910 1910 1880 1496

Links

1613 1933 1934 1935 1936 1939 1935 1750 1937 1937

2449 Index terms

Registration/certification, quality systems (Continued) ISO 8981 ISO 8984-1 ISO 10011 ISO 10013 ISO 14000 ISO 14001 JIS Z9899 QS 8980 TE 8980 Reinforced-plastic molding Reinforcements continuous fibers cycles to failure discontinuous fibers particles whiskers Reliability in mechanical design: basic reliability networks design life-cycle costing design-reliability tools failure data history mechanical failure modes and causes reliability-based design risk assessment Repair costs Reset windup Resilience, defined Resource: leveling loading scheduling Resources Conservation and Recovery Act Retrofits 2075 2073 2072 2032 2196 2244 488 501 492 504 487 491 491 501 2141 893 197 2180 2179 2179 2179 2180 2180 2180 2179 2179 1127 136 137 137 137 137 137

Links

2450 Index terms

ReVelle-Boulton study Rework costs Reynolds equation Reynolds number boundary layer condensate flow critical flow of air around single cylinders flow of air or flue gas through or across tube banks flow coefficient and flow momentum in viscous dissipation forced convection friction factor dependence function of friction factor heat transfer pressure drop of one velocity head as function of Reynolds transport theorem Risk assessment process and application benefits techniques consequence analysis event tree analysis (ETA) failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) fault tree analysis (FTA) frequency analysis hazard and operability study hazard identification risk estimation Riveted joints Riveting Roll bending Roll forging Rolled threads Roller bearings AFBMA method 2194 2141 521

Links

545 1290 1300 1327 1307 1424 1393 1487 1663 1490 1327 1653 1481 1482 1304 1838 1666 1490 1301 501 502 502 503 503 503 503 504 503 503 503 1137 1137 1114 1116 1106 1158 512 605 520 578

2451 Index terms

Roller bearings (Continued) applications applied load capacity formulas, mixed rectangular and elliptical contacts contact fatigue cylindrical applications characteristics film thickness operating conditions distribution of fatigue failures fatigue spell geometry crowning curvature sum and difference free endplay and contact angle race conformity spherical group fatigue life determination kinematics angular velocities ball spin axis orientations contact angles race control surface velocities life adjustment factors: lubrication materials load-deflection lubrication-life correction factor determination Lundberg-Palmer theory material factor needle preloading 608 606 594 609 604 607 581 600 584 606 600 578 609 580 611 609 602 601 582 588 590 589 589 589 608 591 591 592 591 591 593 609 596

Links

2452 Index terms

Roller bearings (Continued) radial application features of geometry maximum load elastic compression minimum film thickness operating conditions radially loaded rectangular contact, capacity formulas spherical characteristics standardized double-row static load tapered characteristics simplified geometry types Weibull distribution Weibull plot of fatigue failures Rolling: cold hot isothermal mills, furnace modules Room air distribution Air Distribution Performance Index ceiling diffuser characteristic room length for several diffuser types diffuser behavior high sidewall type of register jet behavior perimeter-type outlets Root-locus PD control 2000 1998 1999 1998 1999 899 899 1113 1103 1104 1502 1997 1999 1999 604 612 612 614 615 612 595 606 578 581 581 594 578 583 594 576 601 604

Links

590

2453 Index terms

Root-locus (Continued) PI control series lead and lag compensators Rotating elements: blades disks shafts Rotating fluid machines, see Centrifugal pumps and fans Rotational imbalance balancing machines dynamic imbalance in-place balancing static imbalance Rotomolding Runge-Kutta methods 668 672 671 673 668 1126 843 673 244 244 244 900 901

Links

S
SAE International Safety: combustion factor furnace control system nuclear power Safety engineering alternatives to engineering controls basic functions of safety program controls for machinery basic concerns danger sources employee safeguards general requirements design and redesign elements of accident prevention employee needs and expectations 1442 500 2230 1458 1707 2193 2208 2213 2220 2205 2205 2207 2206 2205 2213 2217 2194 2274 2284

2454 Index terms

Safety engineering (Continued) Environmental Protection Agency hazard classification human positive performance characteristics machine positive performance characteristics machine safeguarding methods, see Machinery, safeguarding methods management principles Occupational Safety and Health Administration operations from which workers should be protected people performance sciences personal protective equipment possible problems to be inspected required notices and records requirement for safety files Resources Conservation and Recovery Act state-operated compliance programs supervisors role system safety, see System safety Toxic Substances Control Act training, see Training, safety unsafe conditions: checklist eliminating involving mechanical or physical facilities see also Human factors engineering Salt gradient ponds SAN, see Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer Sand casting Sankey diagram Saturated liquid Saturated vapor Sawing, metal cutting Scenario-writing 1120 1436 1346 1346 1073 774 1571 2220 2219 2221 2195 2196 2215 2214 2222 2197 2218 2196 2197 2217 2218 2196 2195 2221 2214 2214

Links

2455 Index terms

Scheduling heuristic resources see also Aggregate planning Job sequencing Scrubbing systems carbon dioxide Seals: cryogenic service dynamic brush seals emission concerns honeycomb seals initial seal selection labyrinth seals mechanical seals noncontacting seals for high-speed/ aerospace applications generally static gaskets o-rings packings and braided rope seals Seaming SEC Edgar Secant formula Second law of thermodynamics: closed systems open system steam turbines Seebeck coefficient Seizure Selective catalytic reduction Selective noncatalytic reduction Self-fulfilling prophecies 1335 1338 1771 1675 381 2018 2018 778 646 629 629 629 634 637 1116 2274 231 1953 657 654 644 653 638 650 642 2132 2076 2072 1003 1014 2013 2022 2026

Links

2456 Index terms

Sensitivity Separation systems Shaft: round, torsion formula torsion angle of twist definitions formulas noncircular ultimate strength transmitted horsepower unbalanced Shaker: electromagnetic imput signals shock testing Shake tests, electronic assemblies sine-wave test stress screening see also Vibration, random Shale oils Shaped-tube electrolytic machining Shape factor additive property aligned parallel rectangles black-body radiation exchange coaxial parallel circular disks radiation exchange between surfaces reciprocity relations rectangles with common edge relation in enclosure simple geometries Shaping, metal cutting Shaving 706 709 701 705 707 707 225 224 226 224 227 226 228 226 669 918 2024

Links

704

1528 1531 1091 1408 1410 1412 1410 1412 1414 1410 1413 1410 1411 1070 1073 1118

2457 Index terms

Shear: horizontal resisting vertical Shear strength Shearing: cold-working angle, metal cutting Shielded metal arc welding Shell and tube condenser correction for mixture effects heat-transfer coefficients pressure drop selection temperature profiles Shell and tube heat exchanger baffle types E-type fouling F-type shell G-type H-type J-type K-type overall heat-transfer coefficient X-type Shell and tube reboiler heat-transfer coefficients maximum heat flux mean temperature difference selection temperature pinch temperature profiles Shell and tube single-phase exchanger baffle spacing and cut 1116 1073 1167 1169 1619 1622 1620 1622 1619 1619 1607 1610 1612 1608 1635 1609 1609 1609 1611 1609 1610 1615 1609 1622 1623 1625 1623 1622 1629 1623 1616 1617 208 208 208 620 213 213

Links

2458 Index terms

Shell and tube single-phase exchanger (Continued) bypass coefficient for heat transfer cross-sectional flow areas and flow velocities heat-transfer coefficients pressure drop tube length and shell diameter Shelving Shingo Prize for Excellence in American Manufacturing Shipping environment protection Shock calibration damper system defined drop-ball calibrator filtering normal, gas dynamics oblique, gas dynamics pulse: conversion from time to frequency domain half-sine oscilloscope views response spectrum spectra Shock testing big-bang tests carnages that rattle complex pulses energy transmission paths, underwater explosion to hull of submarine equipment needed flow, spectrum testing to required spectrum flow charts free-flow gravity drop tester hammer tests 697 700 701 701 700 697 695 693 692 695 695 695 695 692 700 1618 1617 1618 1618 1617 1238

Links

2185 2187 2191 351 692 693 695 692 693 693 1311 1313 695 697

697

697 704 699 703 704 704 701 699

2459 Index terms

Shock testing (Continued) high-frequency hash in-flight shock analysis machine using dry nitrogen machine using shop compressed air Navy test machines parallel filters method shaker simple pulse shapes spectra in surface ship test requirement envelope Shock and vibration environmental loads general life testing Shock measurement Short-tube restrictors Shot peening: effect on S-N curves Shunting capacitance, accelerometer Sieder-Tate, equation Silica, coal ash Silica/alumina ratio, coal ash Silos Silver Platter Simulation: analog, see Analog simulation digital, see Digital simulation experimental analysis of model behavior model, steps in constructing performance prediction, heat exchanger Single panel Sizing Skill levels, engineering 840 776 1633 721 1113 2134 408 685 1391 1545 1546 1212 1214 2284 693 700 698 698 698 704 700 700 697 700 345 345 345 346 347 928 1907 705 700 704 703 702

Links

2460 Index terms

Skill matrix Skill mix Skin effect Slagging Slip-resistant joint summary of coefficients Slotting, metal cutting S-N-P curves 4340 steel 2014-T6 aluminum alloy 7075-T6 aluminum alloy constant stress level testing program development factors affecting accumulated fatigue damage corrosion fretting geometrical discontinuities grain flow direction grain size heat treatment material composition operating speed operating temperature shot peening size surface finish ultimate strength welding detail failure prediction low-cycle fatigue multiaxial fatigue stresses notched and unnotched specimens nonzero mean cyclic stresses 4130 alloy steel 2128

Links
2119 2121 746 1544 1153 1154 1070 1073 401 412 411 401 398 401 402 411 408 410 406 404 403 404 402 410 408 407 406 407 410 405 405 422 402 421 402 412 405 405 410 410

2461 Index terms

S-N-P curves (Continued) 4340 steel S-N curve: best-fit for notched 4130 alloy steel sheet fatigue testing of new alloy standard fatigue testing method spectrum loading types of material response to cyclic loading Snells law Social judgment theory Society of Manufacturing Engineers Socket action Sodium, saturated, thermodynamic properties Software: computer languages graphical user interface operating systems project management virtual reality software Solar constant Solar energy availability central receiver conversion coupling defined extraterrestrial solar flux hourly solar flux conversions industrial solar space heating systems mechanical solar space heating systems monthly averaged, daily solar flux conversions nonthermal applications passive: direct gain greenhouse 1571 1573 299 298 296 2083 322 1407 1554 1549 1549 1575 1364 1364 1549 1554 1559 1559 1575 1569 1559 1577 412 400 402 410 402 735 780 2275 237 1272 242 413 412

Links

2462 Index terms

Solar energy (Continued) solar space heating systems thermal storage wall performance prediction photovoltaic conversions ratio of monthly averaged diffuse to total flux solar constant solar fraction solar geometry azimuth angle celestial sphere declination hour angle solar-altitude solar position solar pond solar-powered cooling solar water heating sunrise and sunset equations for tracking collectors hour angles incidence angle solar incidence angle sun paths terrestrial solar flux thermal power production utilizability see also Solar thermal collectors Solar flux: daily absorbed extraterrestrial hourly conversions monthly averaged data daily conversions terrestrial useful 1576 1554 1559 1559 1559 1555 1577

Links
1569 1571 1571 1576 1577 1577 1559 1407 1554 1577 1549 1552 1551 1549 1549 1552 1551 1571 1575 1569 1552 1556 1553 1552 1552 1554 1555 1575 1576

2463 Index terms

Solar fraction Solar One Solar ponds Solar thermal collectors central receiver closed-loop testing configuration collector efficiency compound curvature concentrators concentrating collectors cross-sections flat-plate Fresnel-type concentrators geometric concentration ratio with one cover, diagram optical efficiency overall thermal conductance paraboloidal concentrator performance segmented mirror approximation selected surfaces single-curvature concentrators solar incidence angle equations testing trough useful heat Solid modeling dimension-driven design feature-based modeling parametric modeling variational modeling Solid-state radiation, see Black-body radiation Solid View Solidification Solids: crystalline 7 940 2043 1577 1575 1571 1560 1566 1568 1564 1566 1564 1562 1560 1564 1565 1562 1564 1560 1564 1564 1566 1564 1565 1556 1568 1564 1560 302 303 304 303 303

Links

2464 Index terms

Solids (Continued) noncrystalline Solvents Sommerfeld number Sorbent injection Sound control recommendations Sound: characteristics reflection and transmission refraction Sound measurement acoustic intensity-diagnosis of vibrations intensity and power measurements intensity measuring probe frequency characteristics for weighing functions of sound level meters introduction measurement in enclosed spaces measurements in open spaces sound absorption absorption coefficients sound analyzers sound characteristics sound isolation transmission loss of building materials sound-level meter Sound power and pressure Sound produced by several machines of the same type Sound waves Space cooling air requirements compressor operating time design conditions fuel requirements 713 733 1988 1990 1991 1989 1991 929 928 930 929 719 719 717 711 720 721 715 712 709 733 735 929 930 931 932 8 1128 525 2025 727

Links

928

2465 Index terms

Space cooling (Continued) heat gain: calculations cooling load, and heat extraction rate peak load Specific heat: ratio, liquids and gases saturated liquids Spectrum loading Spheres: thick wall thin wall Spinning, hot setup and dimensional relations tube Spiral-type heat exchangers Squeezing processes Stage: design, turbine blade reaction required to prevent negative base reaction blade section losses effect on aerodynamic efficiency impulse and reaction stage geometries, comparison Rateau stage velocity ratio performance characteristics, steam turbine expansion process flow number flow relationships gas dynamic flow relationships maps referred flow rate stage velocity triangles 1783 1782 1782 1784 1785 1786 1787 1787 1788 1786 1785 1784 1784 1783 1782 236 235 1110 1111 1111 1610 1613 1113 1282 1281 410 413 1989 1989 1991

Links

2466 Index terms

Stage (Continued) thermodynamic conditions velocity ratio Staking Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations Standards and accuracy accuracy and precision linearity manufacturing activity estimates occupational safety and health standards sensitivity or resolution Start-up ratios, manufacturing State Fe-C phase diagram State equation State-variable methods diagonalized canonical variable Jordan canonical form modal matrix state equation solution state transition matrix State quality awards State-variable model Static imbalance Static seals: gaskets o-rings packings and braided rope seals see also listings under various seals Statutory bar requirements Steady-state radiation view factors parallel planes connected by reradiating sidewalk ribbon-type electric heating elements spaced cylinders Steam jet refrigeration 1470 1470 1469 1894 629 634 637 1786 1785 1114 2289 917 918 919 2137 2196 918 2139 7 9 829 829 839 840 840 829 838 2188 810 668

Links

839

2252 2254

2467 Index terms

Steam turbines: blade path design blade aerodynamic considerations blade-to-blade analysis field test verification of flow field design flow field solution techniques low-pressure turbine design stage performance characteristics thermal to mechanical energy conversion turbine stage designs Carnot cycle Carnot efficiency design, low-pressure advances aerothermodynamic equations meridional plane Eddystone No 1 unit field test verification of flow field design heat engine and energy conversion processes heat rate improvement history process steam cycle development thermal efficiency thermodynamic properties turbine cycle see also Energy conversion, thermal to mechanical Steam/water, thermophysical properties Steel alloy, see Alloy steels carbon, see Carbon steels cast, microstructure dual-phase sheet hardenability annealing 33 35 25 29 1274 17 1772 1796 1796 1791 1790 1788 1784 1776 1781 1782 1775 1767 1771 1788 1789 1789 1790 1766 1791 1767 1766 1765 1765 1766 1767 1771 1772 1768

Links

2468 Index terms

Steel (Continued) austempering austenization carburizing cooling rate isothermal annealing martempering measurement nitriding normalizing process annealing quenching severity of quench spheroidization annealing tempering in weldments heat-resisting products heat treatment high carbon high speed iron-iron carbide phase diagram, see Iron-iron carbide phase diagram metallography plane strain fracture toughness shot peening, effect on S-N curves size effects on S-N curves yield strength Stefan-Boltzmann equation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Stefan-Boltzmann law for solids Ships, gas turbine applications STEP Stirling cycle arranged for air liquefaction T-S diagram 18 389 407 404 405 28 26 31 26 29 28 2 31 29 31 27 26 31 27 1171 38 18 1046 1046

Links

1464 1940 1402 1436 1759 310 1928 1931 1930

2469 Index terms

STN International Stochastic systems autocorrelation correlation coefficient cross-correlation function density function distribution function processes random variable state-variable formulation Storage bins Storage environment protection Storage piles Storage systems entropy generation during sensible-heat storage Straightening Strain: amplitude: cyclic vs. fatigue life at fracture concentration, effect of plasticity creep cyclic strain hardening and softening phenomena elastic, see Elastic deformation equivalent total strain range hardening nonzero mean tensile inelastic Strain-range partitioning method Streamline curvature technique Steam stripping Strength: reduction factor short columns 418 234 428 82 424 448 447 1790 2039 422 424 446 419 440 423 424 2280 846 850 849 850 847 847 849 846 846 1212 1214 1216 1238 350 1212 1363 1363 1116 849

Links

2470 Index terms

Strength (Continued) thread stripping yield strength of bolt Stress: assembly combined compressive concentration concept due to circular hole elastic stress concentration factor examples fatigue stress concentration factor function of material highly local notch sensitivity index plasticity, effect of widely distributed contact, see Contact stresses corrosion cracking definitions design-allowable bolt dynamic equivalent failure Goodmans linear relationship live loads master diagram maximum shear maximum shearing stress, multiaxial fatigue theory multiaxial principal shearing multiaxial state, creep Mohrs Circle nonzero mean failure prediction equations 380 1145 191 1144 197 428 1143 402 222 402 462 405 410 442 199 402 410 1144 199 192 199 415 417 414 416 199 417 416 417 419 416 1144 1144

Links

415

417

420

462

467

405 412

410

201 425

2471 Index terms

Stress (Continued) multiaxial uniaxial normal, defined overlapping concentrations principal relaxation relative orientation residual rupture screening shear static static, creep limited tensile, defined thread, distribution torsional uniaxial state, creep unit compressive Stress-concentration factor curved beams shaft with a fillet Stress intensity factors center cracked specimen critical magnitude part-through thumbnail surface cracks range and crack growth rate single edge notch specimen single through-the-thickness edge crack strain energy release rate, relation to through-the-thickness crack from circular hole various types of cracks Stress-strain relationship comparison of theories of failure defined 410 405 192 1158 199 204 199 1147 381 707 192 191 443 192 1158 229 1144 440 231 199 220 418 388 392 389 391 430 393 391 390 391 391 200 202 193 395 392 394 396 419 437 1143 201

Links

2472 Index terms

Stress-strain relationship (Continued) true Stress-strength interference theory approach Stretch, forming Strict liability Structural modeling Structural design: complexity degree of enclosure general strength thermal expansion and stresses Structure: atomic bcc bonding, see Bonding bravais lattices ceramics close packed layer crystallography defects, see Defects fcc hcp polymorphism project control ad hoc teams case study chart dynamics project control system project improvement effort project-matrix organization matrix organization organizing complex projects simple 5 5 8 2056 2057 2060 2061 2058 2060 7 14 5 5 3 6 347 347 347 347 348 195 497 1118 2236 775

Links

13

12

2060 2062 2059 2058 2056 4

2473 Index terms

Structure (Continued) tertahedral and ochtahedral sites work breakdown Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer Subbituminous coals Subcontract costs Submerged arc welding Substrate conduction Submerged body Sulfur: content in coal Sulfur dioxide, control coal cleaning cost of control financial cost flue gas desulfurization system fluid bed combustion fuel switching furnace sorbent injection residue disposal and utilization scrubbers dry dual alkali systems industrial perforated plate wet Sunspace Superconductivity applications BCS theory commercially available materials electrical power transmission high-speed railroads limits to superconductive behavior magnets 1540 2012 2015 2015 2015 2012 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 1571 1574 1963 1966 1965 1967 1967 1967 1966 1967 6 2064 2070 117 1539 2122 1160 1658 1294

Links

2474 Index terms

Superconductivity (Continued) Meissner effect superconductive elements variation of resistance of metals with temperature Superinsulation, cryogenic insulation Supervision costs Surface conditions, fasteners Surface fatigue wear Surface tension, liquid Surface treatment, chemical conversions see also specific types of treatment Surface waves, generation and propagation Swagging Synchro System: boundaries, defining definition matrix design algorithmic effectiveness of performance objectives achievement evaluation behavioral or human factors evaluation benefits characteristics considerations, refrigeration decision situation model detailed design, testing and implementation phase effectiveness aspects efficacy evaluation evaluation leadership and training requirements operational deployment phase operational environments and decision situation models phases 785 788 788 792 791 790 789 789 790 791 793 785 1910 785 354 774 784 735 1965 1645 1965 1941 2141 1159 379 1283 1128

Links

1106 1113 872

792

2475 Index terms

System (Continued) preliminary conceptual design phase purposes requirements specification phase systems evaluation systemic process aids and systems graph model parameters purposes relations safety accuracy of procedure adequacy and accuracy of supporting documentation adequacy of procedure analysis methods backout provisions caution and warning notes communications and instrumentation requirements correlation between procedure and hardware emergency measures environmental considerations general requirements interfacing hardware and procedures noted personnel qualification statements procedure sign-off reference considerations securing provisions sequence-of-events considerations special considerations subsystem integration thermodynamic variables 2201 2199 2201 2202 2202 2202 2202 2202 2202 2201 2201 2202 2198 1333 354 2200 2199 2198 2201 2201 787 782 786 790 786 803 355 354 784 806 2197 2200

Links

2476 Index terms

System life cycle, functional elements: analysis conceptual illustration of three levels of systems engineering formulation interpretation logic structure methodology phases and steps in a 49-element two-dimensional framework representation of structure systems engineering and management functional efforts representation of three systems engineering steps system-level architecture Systems engineering conditions for use definition design functional elements life cycle, see System life cycle logic dimension objectives management methodology and methods central role of information in systems engineering information processing biases information processing by humans and organizations issue analysis, see Issue analysis issue formulation, see Issue formulation types of information morphology multidisciplines objectives potential results process structure 783 766 769 770 766 767 779 766 770 769 771 783 780 769 769 769 763 766 765 786 765 769 769 765 766 768 768 765

Links

2477 Index terms

Systems engineering (Continued) systems, science and operations research see also System design Systems engineering objectives 770 765

Links

T
Taguchi's quality philosophy summary Tank inventory measurement Tar sands TE 8980 Team environment Teamwork: barriers to high performance different points of view group think power struggles role conflict building self-directed teams characteristics of high-performance cultural/social tools dominant member dynamics early-warning signs of performance problems management recommendations performance shared vision see also Managing people; Project management Tear out Telnetting Temperature absolute bulk ideal gas loops measurement, low-temperature 1140 2276 1339 1337 1385 1341 1631 1953 2091 2091 2092 2091 2091 2092 2089 2175 2055 2054 2093 2094 2088 2054 480 1955 1528 1532 2179 946 950

2478 Index terms

Temperature (Continued) pinch, heat exchangers profiles: shell and tube condensers shell and tube reboilers and vaporizers relative stagnation Tensile loads Tensile strength, AISI 300 stainless steels Tension loads, design Terminals: direct-view storage tube raster-scan terminals vector refresh terminals Test estimating ratios Testing: cost estimating equipment: cost estimating design hours estimating ratios imput signals planning Thermal comfort Thermal conductance overall solar collectors Thermal conduction solid materials Thermal conductivity gases insulating materials liquids liquid-saturated wick structures materials useful in low temperature service metals 2139 2140 2139 819 2138 1979 1375 1560 1982 1472 294 294 293 2139 1619 1623 1334 1396 1146 1947 1158 1639

Links

2137 2139

1370 1460 1370 1377 1373 1376 1429 1948 1370 1372

2479 Index terms

Thermal conductivity (Continued) nonmetals Thermal design: general heat transfer modes Thermal desorption Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion coefficient, linear Thermal expansion and stresses Thermally assisted machining Thermal methods infrared cameras paints testing Thermal modeling Thermal oxidizers Thermal processes, complex, furnace Thermal properties: air and flue gas materials heated in furnaces Thermal radiation Thermal relaxation Thermal resistance chip module heat pipe negligible load Thermal shock Thermal storage wall Thermistors Thermochemical machining Thermochemical properties, compounds Thermocouple thermoelectric power 1461 1460 1984 381 1375 1427 1381 1655 1983 1656 1427 1477 381 1571 1954 1099 1286 1494 1953 1955 348 348 2043 1461 1397 1948 348 1084 750 750 751 751 1649 2023 1499 1501 1370 1373

Links

2480 Index terms

Thermodynamic cycle firing temperature intercooler pressure ratio pressures and temperature, effects of regeneration temperature changes, ideal cycle temperature ratio Thermodynamics applicability canonical relation conditions, steam turbine coupled behavior engineering system components heat engine incompressible substances laws, see specific laws P, v, T surface quality reversible cycle thermodynamic properties, relations among thermodynamic properties, see Thermodynamic properties, steam two-phase states see also Exergy, Gases, ideal Thermodynamic properties, steam chocking (sonic) velocity as function of temperature and pressure chocking velocity for water/steam mixture critical choking mass flow rate flow number isentropic expansion exponent Mollier diagram product for high-temperature steam product for low temperature steam Thermoelectric coolers analysis 1777 1778 1776 1774 1775 1773 1780 1779 1674 1677 1772 1772 1344 1340 1346 1335 1339 1723 1724 1743

Links

1724 1749 1725 1745 1725 1725 1331 1339 1786 1334 1347 1767 1344

2481 Index terms

Thermoelectric coolers (Continued) design equations optimization schematic Thermoelectric effects, equations Thermoforming Thermometer: resistance vapor pressure Thermometry, vapor pressure Thermophysical properties: conversion factors phase transition: compounds elements Thermoplastics: engineering fluorinated properties Thermosets properties Thermosiphon Thevenins theorem The Burwell World Directory of Information Brokers The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog Thomas Register Thomson voltage Thread: cutting and forming cutting speeds internal rolling run-out single-thread cutter stress distribution 1067 1068 1067 1068 1158 1068 1158 121 124 141 128 141 1569 920 2291 2271 2275 1675 139 128 1251 1249 1249 1954 1954 1954 1675 1676 1676 1674 1127

Links

2482 Index terms

Thrust bearing annular bearing number characteristics dimensionless load capacity and stiffness determination fixed-incline pad allowable minimum outlet film thickness coefficient of friction determination configuration lubricant flow determination power loss determination gas-lubricated guide to liquid-lubricated maximum-load-capacity maximum-stiffness optimal step parameter determination pivoted pad coefficient of faction determination configuration design film thickness ratio determination lubricant flow determination outlet film thickness determination pivot position determination power loss determination Rayleigh step bearing spiral groove configuration flow determination groove factor determination groove length fraction determination load determination optimal groove geometry determination stiffness determination 563 530 532 532 530 532 532 548 514 530 552 552 563 532 532 532 532 532 533 533 532 532 548 553 565 567 564 569 565 568 567 605 540 552 579

Links

534 535

515 563 563

534

535 537

562

2483 Index terms

Thrust bearing (Continued) torque determination step sector Tilt factors Time: constant estimate preparation personal, fatigue, and delay standards learning curve Time-based competition first to customer for existing products first to market for new products Titanium: Corrosion data ASTM grade 2 crystalline forms heat-transfer qualities history physical properties plane strain fracture toughness yield strength Titanium alloys: aerospace alloys alpha-beta transformation temperature alpha stabilizers ASTM grade requirements bending beta-eutectoid elements beta stabilizers boiler code company names corrosion resistance cutting design stress intensity values m tension drawing 92 92 92 96 104 93 92 98 106 97 104 103 100 104 99 87 97 91 96 389 405 819 2119 2140 2137 2130 1030 1031 1031 568 533 1555 539

Links

2484 Index terms

Titanium alloys (Continued) fabrication galvanic series in flowing seawater grinding health and safety factors hydrogen-storage alloys material composition effects on S-N curve maximum allowable stress values in tension NaCl solution, corrosion O, N, and C, effects on ultimate tensile strength nonaerospace alloys phase diagrams properties quality control shape-memory alloys specifications standards superconducting alloys tensile properties, comparison on weld and parent metal uses welding wrought applications Tools: for biochemical analysis ceramic classification control customizing investment rationale standard and special tooling taxonomy charts coated coding control 334 1046 981 981 983 981 982 982 982 1046 982 981 105 107 104 94 98 101 104 107 96 403 102 101 93 95 92 94 105 96 94 105 96

Links

107 105

2485 Index terms

Tools (Continued) cost estimating cutting fluids design standardization geometry life cutting speeds and exponent n values maximum production and cost maintenance materials oxide special: defined specification sheets acquisition information identification parameters standard defined wear: factor types Top quality management: Demings approach history quality quality tools management quality in the design phase total involvement Torque: and turn turn-of-nut techniques dc motor 1155 1155 875 477 475 476 480 476 477 476 1042 1042 982 985 984 984 984 982 982 2139 1047 954 1046 1041 1042 1042 1046 2140 1046 1046

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2486 Index terms

Torque (Continued) drilling machines constants Total form machining Total quality management awards, see Awards activity network diagram approach: organizational unified benefits for company chart results cultural/social tools concurrent engineering teams variability reduction process definitions house of quality interrelationship digraph matrices model one-factor-at-a-time PDCA cycle process decision program chart random experimentation role change: as manager of mechanical engineers as mechanical engineer new paradigm technical tools: design of experiments other types process capability, validation studies quality function deployment statistical process control 2168 2173 2172 2164 2171 2163 2162 2160 2160 2161 2161 2162 2173 2173 2175 2175 2160 2164 2167 2164 2163 2169 2166 2168

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1051 1054 1055 1085 2159

2168 2169 2169

2487 Index terms

Total quality management (Continued) statistical quality control seven management and planning tools traditional approach tree diagram see also Teamwork Toughness: comparison defined relative Toxic Substances Control Act Training: safety driver fire protection first-aid job hazard analysis manager's overview personalized program Transducer: defined displacement dynamic response flow potentiometer temperature velocity Transfer function armature-controlled dc motor cascaded elements closed-loop command disturbance field-controlled dc motor hydraulic servometer 872 872 875 874 873 874 872 876 875 893 869 870 871 876 877 2223 2223 2223 2223 2224 2224 2224 195 194 198 2195 2171 2166 2159 2167

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2488 Index terms

Transfer function (Continued) pneumatic actuator pulse see also Ziegler-Nichols rules Transform methods block diagrams complex poles final-value theorem impulse response initial-value theorem inversion by partial-fraction expansion Laplace transforms poles rational functions repeated poles response to periodic inputs frequency response frequency response performance measures frequency response plots general periodic inputs transfer function plots transfer functions transient analysis complex s-plane damping ratio effect of zeros first-order response high-order systems overdamped response parts of complete response performance measures response to unit step input second-order response singularity functions test inputs transfer function 813 818 816 817 818 817 815 813 814 814 816 829 828 829 829 829 832 817 818 825 824 827 819 825 824 818 827 819 823 819 819 823 878 864

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816

821 821

2489 Index terms

Transform methods (Continued) zeros Transformation ratio Transformer: linear variable differential pure synchro transmitter-control Transformations, of graphical data Transportation: hazard analysis Transient heat conduction: centerline temperature function of time, infinite cylinder center temperature as function of time, sphere internal energy change as function of time infinite cylinder plan wall sphere midplane temperature as function of time, plane wall temperature distribution: fin base infinite cylinder plane wall sphere Transit time instruments Transmissivity Transportation: bulk materials Trees, as graphical aids Trunnion Trimming Tube spinning Turbine: aviation fuels 1525 1218 774 237 1118 1111 241 1384 1389 1387 1391 1156 1406 1386 1389 1387 1391 1388 1389 2198 872 799 872 309 814 802

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2490 Index terms

Turbine (Continued) thermodynamics Turbulent flow boundary layer parameters circular tubes ducts flat plate flow rate friction factors for commercial pipes growth of boundary layers pipe size transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer turbulence level velocity fluctuations Turning machines break-even conditions lathe size tool angles and cutting speeds see also Boring; Lathe Two-card Kanban system Two machines/n jobs Two-phase states: Clapeyron relation critical point critical-state properties locus moderately compressed liquid saturated solid slightly superheated vapor Two-surface method area ratio microphone locations 1346 1346 1346 1345 1347 1347 1347 717 718 718 1027 1347

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1294 1307 1487 1309 1392 1316 1393 1317 1318 1315 1317 1320 1307 1307 1307 1048 1050 1051 1051 1048 1050

1017 1020

2491 Index terms U

Ulrich 's International Periodical Directory Ultrasonic methods generation and propagation of surface waves inspection process C-scan image of composite specimen representation of ultrasonic data collection reflection and transmission of sound data collection and display in the A-scan mode refraction of sound amplitude and phase of reflected coefficient and transmitted amplitude vs. angle of incidence for longitudinal wave incident on water-steel interface Snells law and direction of propagation of acoustic waves sound waves Ultrasonic machining Ultrasonic properties of common materials calculated properties of composites of liquids of solids: ceramics metals polymers Ultraviolet oxidizers Uniform sampling Unit load design Unit manufacturing cost Unitary air conditioners University Technologies Upset forging UNIX U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Usenet groups 756 754 757 2024 862 1228 935 1995 2283 1106 297 2276 320 373 2012 2032 2180 864 735 733 1078 1086 754 758 754 736 2288 732 735 737 738 737 733 734 735

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2492 Index terms

User interface issues, model 35 U.S.C. 101 35 U.S.C. 102 novelty and statutory bar requirements statutory bar requirements 35 U.S.C. 102(a): described in printed publication known or used by others patented in this or a foreign country 35 U.S.C. 102(e), described in patent 35 U.S.C. 102(g), abandoned, suppressed, or concealed 35 U.S.C. 103 nonobvious requirement 35 U.S.C. 112 2252 2253 2253 2257 2252 2253 2253 2252 334 2252 2252 2252 2252

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V
Vacuum insulation, cryogenic insulation emissivities of materials for radiation shields Stefan-Boltzmann equation Vacuum metallizing Valve: comparing experimental data to predictions constant pressure expansion electronic expansion hydraulic, design equations lap, characteristics Moog 1500 spool-type symbols thermodynamics thermostatic expansion Vapor: saturated slightly superheated 1346 1347 1836 1906 1906 1834 1837 1837 1856 1836 1848 1347 1905 1940 1941 1940 1131

2493 Index terms

Vapor-dominated resources Vaporization by atomization Variance: analysis labor material price quality rate schedule spending time Ventilation see also HVAC Venturi-Type flowmeter Velocity: fluid measurement error in neglecting compressibility see also Acceleration, Rotational imbalance Velocity of sound in gases in liquids in solids Vibration: beams at different forcing frequencies calibration continuous system damped: oscilloscope time history patterns transmissibility damping heat exchangers isolators measurement 663 663 663 1628 663 673 666 675 666 712 714 714 713 1295 1325 1326 875 1327 2112 2080 2080 2080 2080 2080 2081 2081 2080 1981 1585 1441

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2494 Index terms

Vibration (Continued) background noise differentiating network for reading displacement displacement displacement sensors hand-held instrument integrating network for reading displacement meter circuit meter data microscope optical displacement optical wedge device readout meters specialized meter velocity pickup velocity sensors mechanical buildup multi degrees-of-freedom system natural frequency pickup, see Accelerometer random: defined flow charts imput signals for shaker system instantaneous acceleration rates test specifications use resonance and absorption single-degree-of-freedom system sinusoidal statistical acceleration system with 12 degree freedom ultrasonic mechanical Vibration damping 725 706 704 707 706 706 705 668 661 679 706 666 676 680 674 676 675 679 680 681 675 674 674 677 679 677 676 664 665 661

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679 680

663

708

2495 Index terms

Vibration isolation transmissibility of flexible mountings Vibration measurement View factor, see Shape factor Virtual reality: for mechanical engineering enhanced visualization VR-CAD generally system architecture technology hardware software three-dimensional computer graphics vs. VR desktop VR systems hybrid systems immersive VR system virtual prototyping /manufacturing and VR Virtual World authoring and playback tools Viscosity: absolute, test fluids conversion hydraulic fluids kinematic lubricants saturated liquids turbulent eddy Vitreous enamels Volatile organic compounds, organic hazardous air pollutants adsorption system absorbers alternative pollution control technologies biofilters boilers, industrial furnaces 2022 2023 2024 2024 2024 2023 521 516 1832 517 1290 1838 517 1285 1290 1131 325 325 325 319 323 320 320 322 324 325 325 324 326 322 323 723 726 928

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2496 Index terms

catalytic oxidizers condensers conventional pollution control technologies corona destruction flare plasma destruction separation system thermal oxidizers ultraviolet oxidizers von Karman's equation Vorticity VR-CAD VR Hardware: imput devices audio devices biocontrollers glove type devices point imput devices tracking devices main processor output devices audio contact graphics VR Software: Virtual World authoring and playback tools VRML VR Toolkits VRML VR Toolkits Vuillemeumer cycle 322 323 323 323 323 1929 320 322 322 321 321 321 320 322 322 322 322 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2024 2023 2024 1316 1297 325

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Volatile organic compounds, organic hazardous air pollutants (Continued)

2497 Index terms W

Ward-Leonard drive Warnings, air heating dangerous product WASH-1400 Waste heat recovery: cross-now-type recuperator recuperation systems recuperator combinations regenerative air preheating sack-type recuperator Water: conditioned emissivity saturated, thermophysical properties slurries Water-lithium bromide absorption chillers Water pollution, control technology activated adsorption air stopping chemical precipitation and clarification granular activated carbon treatment hazardous waste treatment history incinerators industrial waterwaste treatment ion exchange membrane technologies electrodialysis pervaporation reverse osmosis municipal waterwaste treatment regulatory framework solidification steam stopping 1128 1422 1411 1129 1892 2031 2037 2038 2036 2038 2035 2031 2043 2035 2041 2039 2041 2041 2040 2032 2031 2043 2039 1499 1497 1498 1496 1498 1851 1643 2244 1722

Links

2498 Index terms

Water pollution, control technology (Continued) thermal desorption Water-jet machining Water-wash systems Wear abrasive adhesive see also Adhesive wear atmosphere and cold welding control methods conversion principle corrosive defined deformation depth fretting impact lubricant reactivity, relationship to pass protective layer principle rate determination scoring sliding speed and subcategories surface fatigue temperature and three-body two-body variables zero Weibull distribution Weins displacement law 623 456 459 461 380 450 380 454 380 380 622 462 461 617 459 461 623 450 380 623 459 459 456 462 601 1403 2043 1086 1739 380 380 380

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491 459

456

458

462

462

2499 Index terms

Welded joints flux-cored arc advantages and disadvantages applications sketch gas metal arc features globular transfer metal transfer short-circuiting transfer sketch spray transfer methods process selection guide shielded metal arc advantages applications sketch submerged arc advantages and disadvantages defects sketch Welding: and soldering nickel alloys Weldments: cooling rate and heat affected zone AISI 1541 diagram hardenability schematic of subzones Wet bulb temperature Whirl frequency ratio Windows NT Wire brushing Wiring, discrete 1170 1172 1172 1171 1172 1980 528 297 1130 344 343 86 1159 1166 1167 1167 1168 1162 1164 1164 1166 1164 1164 1163 1166 1160 1170 1167 1169 1167 1169 1169 1169 1160 1160 1162 1161

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2500 Index terms

Wobbe Index Work: activity, defined areas on stress-strain diagram breakdown structure descriptions fluid energy output defined Work breakdown structure: advantage hierarchical relationship interrelationship organizational relationship skill matrix purpose Work element: functional physical Working stresses equations for theories static World Wide Web addresses Wrought products: aluminum alloys 47 2125 2125 2125 2128 2129 2128 2125 1512

Links

2124 2128 198 2125 2124 1302 2125

2125 2128 49 203 203 268 2272 2272 50 52

X
X-radiation: attenuation of X-radiation generation and absorption of X-radiation equivalence factors X-ray tube voltage vs. thickness of industrial materials 740 741 739 740

2501 Index terms Y

Yielding comparison of biaxial strength data with failure theories Yield strength AISI 300 stainless steels Youngs modulus 383 389 1947 312 379 382

Links

Z
Zero wear Ziegler-Nichols rules z-plane: control design transform pairs properties 904 862 862 863 864 902 462 891