Che 201 Hand Out 4 Chapter 6

June 12, 2012
Chapter 6
Multiphase Systems
Dr.
M. A. A. Shoukat Choudhury Email: shoukat@buet.ac.bd Website: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/shoukat/
Multiphase Systems
Why Study? - Phase change operations such as freezing, melting evaporation, melting, evaporation condensation Example: 1. brewing a cup of coffee or tea, 2. absorption of SO2, 3. distillation to recover methanol or ethanol from aqueous solution 4. L-L extraction 5. Adsorption
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6.1 Single Component Phase Equilibrium

Phase diagram A plot of one system variable against another that shows the conditions at which the substance exists as solid, liquid and gas. Phase Diagram of water - Boiling point - normal boiling point - melting/freezing point - sublimation point - triple point - critical temperature and pressure above which two phases (liquid-vapor) never coexist.
Phase Diagram of water
Gas
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Difference of vapor and gas

Vapor: - Gaseous substance below its critical temperature which can be condensed by compressing or increasing the pressure Gas : - Gaseous substance above its critical temperature which cannot be condensed by compressing or increasing the pressure
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Vapor Pressure
Definition: Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure) is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its nonvapor phases. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form (either liquid or solid). At any given temperature, for a particular substance, there is a pressure at which the gas of that substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that substance at that temperature. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate rate. It relates to the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. Higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the compound is.
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Source
: wikipedia
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Estimation of Vapor Pressure

Clapeyron Equation / Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Antoine Equation Coxs Chart
Clapeyron Equation / Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Example
6.1-1 Vapor Pressure Estimation using Clausius -Clapeyron Equation: If the vapor pressure of benzene is 40 mm Hg at 7.6 oC and 60 mm Hg at 15.4 oC, find the vapor pressure at 42.2 oc using Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Antoine Equation
log10 p* = A - B/ (T + C)
( - B/ /( (T + C)) p* = 10^(A
T is in oC p* is in mm Hg
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Coxs Chart for Vapor Pressure Estimation
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Water Vapor Pressure Table
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Water Vapor Pressure Table
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Gibbs Phase Rule

How many intensive variables must be specified to define a system? C=number number of components, DOF = 2 + C P, C P=number of phases intensive variables do not depend on the size of the system. Example: molar volume, density Extensive variables depend on the size of the system. Example: mass, volume Calculate DOF for various regions of water phase diagram.
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Gas-Liquid Systems One Condensable Components
Examples evaporation, drying, humidifications, condensations, dehumidifications

B + water Bone d dry air i BDA Water
Raoults P,
Law: pi= yi P = pi* Saturated: pi= yi P = pi* Superheated: pi= yi P < pi*(T) Dew point: if the superheated vapor is cooled at constant pressure, the temperature at which the first dew forms Degrees of superheat: Ti - Tdp
Example 6.3.2
A stream of air at 100 oC and 5260 mm Hg contains 10% water by volume. a) Calculate the dew point and the degree of superheat of the air b) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses and the final composition of the gas phase if the air is cooled to 80 oC at constant pressure. c) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses and the final composition of the gas phase, phase if the air is compressed isothermally to 8500 mm Hg.
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Gas-Liquid Systems Multi-Component systems

A, B, C A+B+C Raoults Raoult s Law: pA= yA P = xA pA* - works good for xA is close to 1 (i.e., the solution is almost pure A) - mixtures of structurally similar liquids (straight-chain alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons,...)
1. pentane, hexane, heptane, 2. methanol, ethanol, propanol 3 benzene, 3. benzene toluene, toluene xylene
P,
Henrys Law: pA= yA P = xA HA(T) - HA is Henrys constant for A at temp. T - works good for xA is close to 0 (i.e., the dilute solution of A) 10/17/2012 ChE 201/shoukat@buet.ac.bd
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Bubble Point Temperature (for solution)

Bubble point: When a liquid solution is slowly heated at constant pressure, the temperature at which the first bubble forms is the bubble point of the solution at the given pressure.
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Dew Point Temperature

Dew point: When a vapor is slowly cooled at constant pressure, the temperature at which the first liquid droplet forms is the dew point temperature at the given pressure.
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Graphical Representations of VLE
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Solubility
The solubility of a solid in a liquid is the maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a specified amount of the liquid in the equilibrium. The solubility strongly depends on temperature. Saturated Supersaturated Solubility curve
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Figure 6.5-1 (p. 266)

Solubilities of inorganic solutes.
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processs, 3/E by Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rousseau Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Solubility Curves
oC
Problem 6.78
A solution containing 100 lbm KNO3 / 100 lbm H2O at 80 oC is fed to a cooling crystallizer operated at 25 oC. C Slurry from the crystallizer is fed to a filter where the crystals are separated from the solution. Determine the production rate of crystals (lbm crystals/ lbm of feed) and the solid-liquid mass ratio (lbm crystals/ lbm of liquid) in the slurry leaving the crystallizer. The solubility of KNO3 is 40 g KNO3 / 100 g H2O at 25 oC.
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6.78 solution
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Weather Report
What
kind of humidity? What is its meaning?
Courtesy:
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The Daily Star, April 27, 2009

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Gas-Vapor Systems
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Definitions of Various Humidity

-
Saturation refers to any gas - vapor system - Humidity refers to air water system
% relative saturation/humidity pi sr or hr = X 100%

pi*(T)
Molal saturation sm or hm = pi
P
- pi
Absolute Saturation or humidity sa or ha = Pi Mi

(P-
pi)Mdry
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Definitions of Various Humidity

Percentage saturation/humidity sm sp or hp = X 100% *
sm pi = P
- pi
pi* P
pi*
100%
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Problem 6.27
On a hot summer day the temperature is 35 oC, and barometric pressure is 103 kPa, and the relative humidity is 90%. 90% An air conditioner draws in outside air, cools it to 20 oC, and delivers it at a rate of 12500 L/h. Calculate the rate of moisture condensation (kg/h) and the volumetric flow rate of the air drawn from the outside
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6.27 Solution
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Problem 6.38
Stack gas is emerging from a furnace at 300 oC and 105 kPa. It contains CO at a partial 2 pressure of 80 mm Hg p g and no CO, , O2, methane or ethane. The fuel gas fed to the furnace containing methane and ethane is burned with air. Calculate the mole fraction of methane in the fuel and the dew point temperature of the stack gas.
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Example 6.4.3
Do Yourself
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Sulfur trioxide (SO3) dissolves in and reacts with water to form an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The vapor is in equilibrium with the solution contains both SO3 and H2O. If enough SO3 is added, all of the water reacts and the solution becomes pure H2SO4. If still more SO3 is added, it dissolves to form a solution of SO3 in H2SO4, called oleum or fuming sulfuric acid. acid The vapor in equilibrium with oleum is pure SO3. A 20% oleum by definition contains 20 kg of dissolved SO3 and 80 kg of H2SO4 per hundred kg of solution. Alternatively oleum composition can be expressed as % SO3 by mass, with constituents of the oleum considered to be SO3 and H2O. a) Prove that a 15.0% oleum contains 84.4% SO3 b) Suppose a gas stream at 40 oC and 1.2 atm containing 90 mol% SO3 and 10% N2 contacts a liquid stream of 98% H2SO4 (aq), producing 15% oleum at the tower outlet outlet. Tabulated equilibrium data indicate that the partial pressure of SO3 in equilibrium with this oleum is 1.15 mm Hg. Calculate i) the mole fraction of SO3 in the outlet gas if this gas is in equilibrium with the liquid product at 40 oC and 1 atm, and ii) the ratio of (m3 gas feed)/(kg liquid feed).
Problem 6.44
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Who is he?
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June 12, 2012

M. A. A. Shoukat Choudhury Email: shoukat@buet.ac.bd Website: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/shoukat/

June 12, 2012

6.1 Single Component Phase Equilibrium

Phase Diagram of water

June 12, 2012

Difference of vapor and gas

June 12, 2012

Estimation of Vapor Pressure

June 12, 2012

Coxs Chart for Vapor Pressure Estimation

Water Vapor Pressure Table

June 12, 2012

Water Vapor Pressure Table

Gibbs Phase Rule

June 12, 2012

Gas-Liquid Systems One Condensable Components

Examples evaporation, drying, humidifications, condensations, dehumidifications

June 12, 2012

Gas-Liquid Systems Multi-Component systems

Bubble Point Temperature (for solution)

June 12, 2012

Dew Point Temperature

Graphical Representations of VLE

June 12, 2012

Figure 6.5-1 (p. 266)

June 12, 2012

June 12, 2012

kind of humidity? What is its meaning?

The Daily Star, April 27, 2009

June 12, 2012

Definitions of Various Humidity

% relative saturation/humidity pi sr or hr = X 100%

Absolute Saturation or humidity sa or ha = Pi Mi

June 12, 2012

Definitions of Various Humidity

June 12, 2012

June 12, 2012

June 12, 2012

June 12, 2012

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