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Q:-1 Explain DFD & Data Dictionary? Explain in detail how the information requirement is determined for an organization? Ans:-1 DFD:- Data flow diagrams represent the logical flow of data within the system. DFD do not explain how the processes convert the input data into output. They do not explain how the processing takes place. DFD uses few symbols like circles and rectangles connected by arrows to represent data flows. DFD can easily illustrate relationships among data, flows, external entities stores. DFD can also be drawn in increasing levels of detail, starting with a summary high level view and proceeding o more detailed lower level views. Rounded rectangles represent processes that transform flow of data or work to be done. Rectangle represents external agents- the boundary of the system. It is source or destination of data. The open-ended boxes represent data stores, sometimes called files or databases. These data stores correspond to all instances of a single entity in a data model. Arrow represents data flows, inputs and outputs to end from the processes. A number of guideline should be used in DFD Choose meaningful names for the symbols on the diagram. Number the processes consistently. The numbers do not imply the sequence. Avoid over complex DFD. Make sure the diagrams are balanced Data Dictionary The data dictionary is used to create and store definitions of data, location, format for storage and other characteristics. The data dictionary can be used to retrieve the definition of data that has already been used in an application. The data dictionary also stores some of the description of data structures, such as entities, attributes and relationships. It can also have software to update itself and to produce reports on its contents and to answer some of the queries.

Information requirement determination : Information requirement for an organization can be determined in following FOUR ways:

1. Asking or interviewing: closed or open

(a) questions can be of two types

In closed question answers are finite in number example: are you vegetarian or non-vegetarion? In open question answers are many- example: which are the raw materials which can be used in a product ?
(b) when there are decision makers, perform brain storming session, and get the most feasible answer. (c) when experts or experienced users dive their best answer , the approach is called DELPHI method

2. Determining from existing system: (a) 0ur existing system designed out of experience gives the required information. In any situation existing system from other companies can meet additional information requirements.
(b) knowledge available from text books , hand bvooks, research studies can determine the information requirements.

3. Analyzing the critical success factors: Every organization performs successfully on efficient management of certain critical success factors. Example : in a high technology business the management of technology becomes critical factor. In service organization , management or service becomes a critical factor. information requirements of such organization depends largely relate to these critical factors. 4. Experimentation and modeling: when there is total uncertainty , this method determine the information requirement. The experimentation would design the complex situation. If the method is finalized the information need are determined, experimentation. Example: test marketing of a product, is an approach of the experimentation method to decide the correct marketing strategy.

Q:-2 What is MIS? Define the characteristics of MIS? What are the basic Functions of MIS? Give some Disadvantage of MIS? Ans:-

What is MIS: .

MIS is an organized combination ,database ,hardware, software and communication networks to store and trans form data in to information to expedite decision-making , control activities and operations.

Characteristics of MIS
1. Transactions handling and record keeping. 2. Major functional areas are taken by INTEGRATED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 3. It supports decision making as an important role of MIS. A greater access is provided by MIS to the operational, tactical and strategic level managers. 4. Adaptability to distinct organizational needs. 5. Only authorized and authenticated users are allowed to have access to MIS. 6. MIS can be used as a MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE tool to measure the performance level of people and projects. 7. MIS integrates information across functions, hence during crisis it is possible for managers to take necessary corrective action. 8. MIS data is stored in centralized and distributed database and made available to all functions.Thi9s reduces data duplication. 9. MIS is divided in to sub systems. Each sub system is easier to handle. 10. MIS assemble,, processes, stores retrieves ,evaluates and disseminates information.

Function of MIS
1.Data capturing: It is the process of gathering data from various sources like- ecommerce, stores visits, mobile shopping, closed order of sales department billed by finance, third party like social media, suppliers and vendors. 2. Data storage: It the process of storing gathered data in data base or data file. It can be stored in hard disc magnetic tape, magnetic disks. 3.Data Processing: It the task of gathering , storing transmitting and processing data in to meaningful information. 4.Data and information distribution It is the process of timely delivery to right person within organization. The information may be in the form of reprt, image message file, video or audio 5. Prediction: With the help of modern arithmetic, statistics, or simulation, MIS can predict business trends using historical data as a base. 6. Planning: Reports are generated based on organizations need for planning to enable each functional department to work efficiently. 7. Control: MIS helps in monitoring and tracking operations , against organizational plans. The deviation between operations and plan , in terms of the data pertaining to different functional departments, is analyzed for exercising control .

Disadvantages of MIS:
1. MIS provides information only to management level for decision making and not to all employees.

2. MIS implementation requires commitment from top management . 3. MIS does not solve all management problems. 4. MIS does not update itself for the changes, unless the current inputs are fed in time .

Q:-3 Explain Knowledge based system? Explain DSS and OLAP with example

Knowledge based system or expert system:

1. It uses its knowledge about a specific , complex application area , to act as an expert consultant to end user for decision to end user for decision making . it is component of Artificial Intelligence. 2. In following FIVE ways knowledge can be represented. (a)- case based knowledge- it is in the form of case histories. (b)- frame based knowledge-it is collection knowledge about an entity , it consists of package of data values describing its properties termed as frame of electronics network. (c) -object based knowledge- it is represented as net work of objects, data element of knowledge includes both data & method to act on data is termed as object. (d)- rule based knowledge- it is represented in the form of rules and statements of facts. rules are in the form of IF(condition) and THEN(conclusion). (e)- software resources- it concludes inference engine and other programme for communicating with users. inference engine is concerned with rules and facts. These programme/software help end users by furnishing explaination.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

DSS is an interactive computer based system designed to help the decision makers to use all l the resources available and make use in the decision making. In management many a time problems arise out of situations for which simple solution may not be possible. To solve such problems you may have to use complex theories. The models that would be required to solve such problems may have to be identified. DSS requires a lot of managerial abilities and managers judgment. You may gather and present the following information by using decision support application: Accessing all of your current information assets, including -legacy soft ware and

relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts

Comparative sales figures between one week and the next Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions The consequences of different decision alternatives, with past experience .it does not replace the decision maker DSS COMPONENTS data base with input devices, user, DSSsoftware ,data mining tools & OLAP

OLAP(ON LINE ANALYSIS PROCESSING)

(a) it allows managers to to find patterns , trends and exceptions in large amount of data from different angles in real time. (b) it involves three analytical procedures given below: (i) consolidation- it allows data to be rolled up higher level. example: individual sale to branch level & then rolled up to division level. (ii) drilldown- this is reverse of consolidation (iii) slicing & dicing this is viewing data from different angles based on time. Example:regional sales & and other slice channel sales.

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Q:-4 What are Value Chain Analysis & describe its significance in MIS? Explain what is meant by BPR? What is its significance? How Data warehousing & Data Mining is useful in terms of MIS ?

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

The activities performed by particular organization can be grouped into primary & support . (a) primary activities: These include INBOUND LOGISTICS, PERATIONS/ MANUFACTURING /PRODUCTIO, OUTBOUND LOGISTICS, MARKETING AND SALES & AFTER SALES SERVICE. (b) support activities; these include PROCUREMENT & PROVIDING MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY, HUMAN RESOURCE , FINANCIAL PLANNING. (c) Primary & support activities together are referred as VALUE CHAIN. It is also called industry value chain. (d) Value chain consists of mainly suppliers and distributors channels. (e) value chain of any industrial organization is affected by following five

MIS

SIGNIFICANT factors:
(i) new technologies change the direction of value chain. Managers have realized how MIS is using value chain. Example: radio frequency identification (RFID) TO TRACK CONSIGNMENT HAS INCREASD EFFICIENCY OF VALUE CHAIN AND TIGHTENED THE RELATION SHIP DETWEEN SUPPLIERS & ORGANISATION . (II) SHIFTING BUYER NEEDS: air lines use information system to travel intermediaries on to buyers internet to sell air tickets at will and cheap rates. (iii) variation in industrial segmentation; travel agents use online booking system and help suppliers . (iv) change in cost : in multistoried buildings of organization OTIS ELAVATORS are monitored and maintained by WEB BASED E- SERVICE. (v) CHANGES IN GOVT REGULATIONS; RBI HAS MANDATED THAT ASSET LIABILITY MANAGEMENTS IN BANKS MUST RELY ON INFORMATION SYSTEM

Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)

BPR IS METHODOLOGE ADOPTED BY MANAGEMENT TO CHANGE EXISTING PROCESS FOR ACHIEVING BUSINESS INTEGRATION AND G DUPLICATIONELIMINATIN OF EFFORTS ACROSS VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND BUSINESS UNIT .

SIGNIFICANCE of BPR
It helps in an organization to stay ahead of the competition. Because automation is usually required for change in business process

6 Automation reduces human labour It transforms processes in to computerized and standardized transactions Capture and distributes knowledge and expertise to further revise the process. DATA WAREHOUSING & DATA MININGS SIGNIFICANCE IN MIS Organization are now assessing patterns of consumer purchases and other business trends by properly arranging data storing as per specified rules (data warehousing ) and recalling required data (data mining). His allows management to to translate the information in to goals and directions for future operations .companies can use their internal figures in the MIS to measure the effectiveness of their external data mining techniques

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Q:-5

Distinguish between closed decision making system & open decision making system? What is What if analysis? Why is more time spend in problem analysis & problem definition as compared to the time spends on decision analysis?
Ans:-5 The decision-making systems can be classified in a number of ways. There are two types of systems based on the manager's knowledge about the environment. If the manager operates in a known environment then it is a decision-making system. closed The conditions of the closed decision-making system are: a) The manager has a known set of decision alternatives and knows their outcomes fully in terms of value, if implemented. b) The manager has a model, a method or a rule whereby the decision alternatives can be generated, tested, and ranked for selection. c) The manager can choose one of them, based on some goal or objective criterion. Few examples are a product mix problem, an examination system to declarepass or fail, or an acceptance of the fixed deposits.

Open decision-making system

If the manager operates in an environment not known to him, then the decision-making system is termed as an open decision-making system. The conditions of this system in contrast closed decision-making system are: a) The manager does not know all the decision alternatives. b) The outcome of the decision is also not known fully. The knowledge of the outcome may be a probabilistic one. c) No method, rule or model is available to study and finalise one decision among the set of decision alternatives. d) It is difficult to decide an objective or a goal and, therefore, the manager resorts to that

7 decision, where his aspirations or desires are met best. Deciding on the possible product diversification lines, the pricing of a new product, and the plant location, are some decision-making situations which fall in the category of the open decisionmaking systems. The MIS tries to convert every open system to a closed decision-making system by providing information support for the best decision. The MIS gives the information support, whereby the manager knows more and more about environment and the outcomes, he is able to generate the decision alternatives, test them and select one of them. A good MIS achieves this.

What if analysis
Decisions are made using a model of the problem for developing various solution alternatives and testing them for best choice. The model is built with some variables and relationship between variables. In reality, the considered values of variables or relationship in the model may not hold good and therefore solution needs to be tested for an outcome,

if the considered

values of variables or relationship change. This method of analysis is called 'what if analysis.'
For example, in decision-making problem about determining inventory control parameters (EOQ, Safety Stock, Maximum Stock, Minimum Stock, Reorder level) lead time is assumed fairly constant and stable for a planning period. Based on this, the inventory parameters are calculated. Inventory manager wants to know how the cost of holding inventory will be affected if lead time is reduced by one week or increased by one week. The model with changed lead time would compute the cost of holding inventory under new conditions. Such type of analysis can be done for purchase price change, demand forecast variations and so on. Such analysis helps a manager to take more learned decisions. What if analysis creates confidence in decision-making model by painting a picture of outcomes under different conditions?

Decision Analysis
A decision is made but such decision needs to be analysed for conditions and assumptions considered in the decision model. The process is executed through analytical modelling of problem and solution.

Problem Definition
The starting point of a problem definition is the information gathered in the problem analysis

stage. The different aspects surrounding the design problem have been analyzed and should be taken into account in the problem definition.

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Q:-6 What is ERP? Explain its existence before and its future after? What are the advantages & Disadvantages of ERP? What is Artificial Intelligence? How is it different from Neural Networks? ENTERPRIISE RESOURSE PLANNING (ERP) ERP system comprises of a single date base at back end and various modules such as financial , marketing, manufacturing purchasing ,HR materia manag -ement plant maintenance and quality management module To be considered an ERP system, a software package must provide the function of at least two systems. For example, a software package that provides both payroll and accounting functions could technically be considered an ERP software package. However, the term is typically reserved for larger, more broadly based applications. The introduction of an ERP system to replace two or more independent applications eliminates the need for external interfaces previously required between systems, and provides additional benefits that range from standardization and lower maintenance to easier and/or greater reporting capabilities. Examples of modules in an ERP which formerly would have been stand-alone applications include: Manufacturing, Supply Chain, Financials, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Human Resources, Warehouse Management and Decision Support System. Enterprise Resource Planning is a term originally derived from manufacturing resource planning that followed material requirements planning . MRP evolved into ERP when "routings" became a major part of the software architecture and a company's capacity planning activity also became a part of the standard software activity. ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company. Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, quality management, and human resource management. ADVATAGES OF ERP. Totally integrated system Ability to streamline different processes and work flows. Ability to easily share data across various departments in an organization. IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS; Better tracking and forecasting lower cost Improved customer service

Disadvantages of ERP
Can be cost prohibitive to install and run Needs re-engineering of business processes Technical support can be shoddy. Customization in many situations is limited

ARTIFFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI)
1.AI skill and engineering which includes several scientific mathematical functions to formulate an organizational system that conceive and discharge work like a human being. 2. AI can understand ,examine & resolve problem.It helps a manager in taking quick decisions.

3. Software developed for AI is created using computer language like prolog,LISP, C+ +, JAVA . to develop an AI for business system application the concept of fussy logic , generic algorithm and chaotic model ic used.is used Artificial intelligence and neural network 1. neural network is one of the applications under cognitive science application areas of artificial intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence

Congnitive Science