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com 09 SEPTEMBER 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV BLOCK 7 HORIZONTAL OUTPUT Output power supply on television are often found to supply voltages are used mostly by blocs television, for example on the chassis engine china, the output power supply consists of B + (about 90 s / d 140V), the voltage aux and V_standby (v_aux , typically 12V), v_sound voltage (16V), the vertical amplifier voltage (24V), video output voltage (180v). In contrast to other types of chassis, power supply is installed only for a fraction of the voltage requirements on the television set (consisting only of B +, v_standby and v_sound). While other voltages supplied by the flyback transformer (FBT). So to say that the block power supply voltage on the TV as a source of primary and secondary FBT is a voltage source (which process B + voltage from the power supply into the secondary voltage required). On the horizontal output block, there are 5 components / main blocks, namely, driver, final transistors (often called horizontal TR), FBT (flyback transformer), horizontal yoke and the EW / OW Adjustment (on the type of flat TVs).

Pulse signal from the oscillator horizontal horizontal horizontal corroborated by drivers who then strengthened again by horizontal transistor. Horizontal transistor will give a pulse on the primary winding so that FBT will appear in the voltage-voltage secondary winding FBT. In addition, the pulses at the output transistor is fed to the horizontal Horizontal yoke to deflect the electrons on the tube / CRT horizontally (horizontal) in cycles / period. In flat TVs, the output deflection / horizontal yoke is equipped with a series of EW to adjust the degree of deflection of electrons by the horizontal yoke. Block horizontal output supplied by the B + voltage from the power supply, which then by FBT modified / processed to generate the other voltages are required (eg voltage and the voltage amplifier aux vertical). So the failure / damage in the horizontal output can lead to disruption of supporting stresses can even cause the TV can not turn on / protected, even if the voltage B + is already there. Here is a little description of each block / component on the horizontal output. Horizontal Driver Amplitude / level of the horizontal pulse signal from the horizontal oscillator output is not sufficient to drive the final transistors directly, so it takes a horizontal driver amplifier. At block horizontal driver transistor drivers can be found, the filter and the horizontal driver transformer. On TV there are several types of horizontal but not using a transformer coupled directly to the final horizontal, for example on TV RCA /

Saba / Thomson. Driver horizontal work within a certain frequency range in accordance with the horizontal frequency of the TV. Therefore, block drivers often use transformers and filters (R and C series to the collector of transistor drivers) to ensure that its frequency is not 'out' of the design of the horizontal frequency. In addition, the use of the transformer can reduce the frequency of unwanted emissions as well as adjusting the impedance between the output transistor driver with horizontal final transistors. Damage to the block include a phase shift, less reinforcement, self Oscillation and parasitic oscillations. These defects can cause disruption of the AFC system so that it can lead to no final awetnya horizontal transistor and horizontal output blocks the other. -Continued07 JUNI 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV BLOCK 6 Chroma AND MATRIX Should we review the first bit of information about the type of video signal that is often found, among others: CVBS (composite video baseband signal), signal is most commonly found on AV devices such as TVs and DVD players. In the analog video signal is

comprised of sync signal, the luminance / brightness and color with just one cable. Generally use the yellow RCA plug. S-Video (separate video), using 2 wires each carrying a luminance signal (Y) and chroma (C). Often referred to as Y / C signal Component Video, composed of several separate signal, generally consisting of 3 wires. This type of format is best for each signal are completely separate. On TV systems generally consist of the Y signal, the signal RY (red minus Y) and BY (blue minus Y). Difference in the reduction of which contains the real color of the displayed image. Another example of type Component Video is Y, Pr, Pb which is the development of the Y, RY, BY above. Chrominance and Matrix In the processed video signal CVBS is comprised of sync signal, the signal luminance (brightness) and color signal / colors. Each interconnected and synchronized.Synchronization signal is used as a guide / locking oscillator-oscillator jungle (vertical and horizontal), the luminance signal (Y) function sets the quantity of electrons / brightness (bright least the image) and color signal (color / chroma) that contains the elements of color. Chroma signal consists of

multiple color signals to the quantity specified by a large color saturation level, the higher the level the more the resulting color / didekoder. Color signals that have been detected and terdekoder will be mixed with the luminance signal (Y) by the block matrix to produce colors that are displayed (as easily be said to be peracik of the 3 colors RGB into color full color). On the TV system, the incoming CVBS signal split into two signals by means of filters, one leading to the synchronization separator to produce vertical and horizontal synchronization, and the other toward the chroma blocks. Chroma signal which is detected by terfiltrasi the chroma block serves as a determinant of the color formats.PAL and NTSC are examples of types of video formats, including the type of color. Chrominance blocks are equipped with a crystal that serves as a producer of pulses used as the color detection process. This detection is done automatically, if there are two crystals (eg 3.579 and 4.43 MHz) crystal is then automatically selected based on the incoming chrominance signal. Once elected, the following crystal Delay-Line will describe the elements of color in the chroma signal. The signals of the delay-line detection process is mixed with the signal Y (luminance) in order to set the level of the level / power of each color which has been detected based on the luminance signal. Since the matrix serves as a mixer, it is possible to 'insert' external color signal on its output lines, eg the OSD signal. In addition, the block matrix also serves as a regulator of brightness (brightness), contrast, color

level, sharpness, and regulators clamp the picture in general. To note, the level of color and number of colors is a different understanding. Level is the level of bright colors least only one color, while the number of colors is the number of unit / name of the color shown. Amount of color saturation is set by the control, whereas the level of color is controlled by the color control. Although different, the two controls are closely related to the brightness control. Contrast or color difference, the higher the contrast setting, the fewer the number of colors to be displayed on the screen, because basically contrasting colors will cut away from the primary colors. Pemotongannya procedure by adjusting the level of extinction image (black level) uniformly. Generally black leveling set automatically by the system manager cathode current (IK detector), the reverse is the regulator of ABL (automatic blanking limiter). RGB Amplifier The output of the matrix system consisting of signals R, G and B is then strengthened by the RGB amplifier that regulates the number of electrons at the cathode in each picture tube (CRT). These electrons will be fired / depicted on the fluorine coating on the tube screen horizontally by the horizontal yoke. Physically, these blocks are generally found on the back end and there are sockets for the legs of a CRT. The amplifier used to use high-speed transistors

with high working voltage capability. These transistors must be capable of processing / switching voltage cathode which generally ranges from 160 to 200V. The lower the cathode voltage, meaning the lower the potential difference between cathode and anode tube, so that more electrons will be fired. In addition to strengthening the voltage coming from the matrix RGB, RGB output block also produces cathode voltage, the voltage that is proportional to the level of image brightness (the brighter the higher the voltage). This current is censored and done in a certain level, this current also regulates the levels of the RGB output of the block matrix automatically. What If Only the Y signal alone, this situation causes the displayed image is an image black and white (gray). In the system of black and white tv, television only to process and display the Y signal is up to the CRT. Only the C signal, the image can not be printed, because the synchronization signal and the information quantity of electrons contained in the signal Y. Crystals disrupted, resulting in color can not be described so that the TV is just displaying a signal Y are the result of the matrix.

Sample Schemes

CVBS signal inputs sourced from internal video switch, then the video signal is filtered in order to take the elements and element chroma luminance (Y). Luminance signal directly connected to the matrix in the IC. Elements chroma (chroma signal call it), is inserted into the block detector to parse the colors contained in it. The crystals in the circuit produces a frequency which is used as pendekoder / decomposition of these colors. IC automatically lock and select one of the crystals based on chroma signal format. PAL is detected for example 4:43, the crystal is to be elected. This requires locking because applying PLL loop detector. Pin36 (loop_det) serves as the phase comparison between the input chroma signal with a frequency of 2 crystals. Pembandingannya results, will be synchronized with the pulse of FBT (FBISCO) to ensure that the correct horizontal frequency so that the location / coordinates of the point of making the color is not off the mark. Colors consists of decoding the signals Y, RY (U) and BY (V) or YUV signals. The signals are then processed brightness, sharpness, and contrast levels that ultimately generate signals R, G and B. During the signal processing RGB, external RGB signals can be inserted to give orders to block matrix to capture the signal on pin RGBIN (fast blanking) to pick up the

signal on the input pins R, G and B external OSD function as input. Image contrast levels adjusted to the cathode current and voltage values of certain ABL automatically. If excessive or cathode current reaches the threshold value of the ABL, the RGB signal output will be reduced even extinguished. Facility in a practical setting is set via the data bus through the I2C pins SDA and SCL by the IC program. When the CRT tube is turned off, the voltage is still ngendon in the tube can be removed quickly by giving electric shock for a moment on each of the RGB input on the amplifier block just after the signal RGB RGB no / missing. This method is often referred to as discharging CRTs are often found in the current TV series. 13 comments already entered, your comments? 20 MEI 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV BLOCK 5 oscillator and synchronization As with computer monitors, television receiving device is actually based on the working principle of the computer monitor. The difference is the type of input. On the computer monitor, separately for each input signal is, the colors R, G, B and H and V sync While on the television signals are extracted from the CVBS signal / video messages. The sync signal (H-SYNC & V-SYNC) which

determines the size of the images contained in video signals. Synchronization signal is used to control or synchronize the oscillator H and V oscillators on the viewer / display. Horizontal and Vertical oscillator This block is more commonly referred to as the oscillator jungle. Oscillator is a device / block that serves as a maker / generator pulse or frequency with a certain frequency. On the TV device consisting of oscillator horizontal and vertical oscillators. Oscillatoroscillator works in free-running is working on a specific frequency and can change its frequency with a tolerance of shift that has been restricted. Frequency change is caused by the process of synchronization by the synchronization signal carried by the input signal. Horizontal oscillator output pulse shape of a square, a large frequency range 16.625 Hz and change based on the video format that will be displayed. This horizontal pulse which eventually confirmed by the horizontal output block. Sawtooth pulses in the vertical oscillator generated and controlled by the V-RAMP generator (typically using a capacitor VRAMP). Large vertical frequency depending on the type / format of the input video, among others, 50, 60 and 72Hz. This vertical pulses that will be strengthened by vertical block output. Sync Separator CVBS signal contained within the synchronization

signal. This CVBS signal into sync separator, the goal in order to retrieve / extract the horizontal and vertical sync pulses.Horizontal sync pulses are used to control or lock the horizontal oscillator frequency, as well as the vertical synchronization signals are used to control or lock the output frequency of the vertical. Damage to the sync separator blocks locks do not cause the displayed image so that images can not be formed or can not be silent. In the current design, the block synchronization separator is included in the active component. Although it has been entered, the active components are equipped with phase loop filter pin (PH1LF, PH2LF), which is nothing but useless for locking the filter. While connected to the picture tube, very easily, the function of the horizontal oscillator as a painter / pembelok pen electrons from left to right (forming a horizontal line), while the vertical oscillator as a function of the slider line that has been painted by horizontal oscillator up and down within a certain period . For example, the TV will display the image format of 352 x 288 pixels, 50Hz, meaning horizontal lines will create as many as 288 lines in the period 1 / 50 sec (0.02 sec) and in a horizontal line going to paint / deflect pixels / dots as much as 352 times with a high degree of accuracy, therefore dibutuhkanlah synchronization. Sample Schemes

Internally to the IC oscillator block jungle TDA8841/42/44 there and sync separator. The output of this block is the pulse of the horizontal and vertical pulses to be amplified by the amplifier blocks horizontally and vertically. Sync separator to get input from the output CVBS AV swith connected internally. Sync separator output consists of horizontal and vertical synchronization. Each PLL is used to lock the horizontal and vertical. Horizontal oscillator IC is working with the system PLL (VCO-based) are locked by comparing the two signals are the horizontal synchronization signal and the signal originating from a crystal oscillator. PH1_FL pin is functioning as a lock loop filter based on the horizontal frequency of the horizontal synchronization signal. Serves as a locking pin PH2_FL horizontal frequency based on the horizontal output pulses from the blocks which are generally taken from the secondary FBT. These pulses are inserted through the pin FBISCO (flyback input or output sandcastle). Connections on the transformer FBT for this function is generally called a pin AFC. Finally, the results of comparing two loop filter which determines the frequency of the output on pin H_OUT. Vertical oscillator or sawtooth wave generated by the V-RAMP capacitor on pin V-SC (Sawtooth vertical capacitor), while the frequency is controlled internally by the vertical synchronization signal. V-IREF pin is a

pin that serves as a lock amplitude / level of the sawtooth wave is generated by the V-RAMP. Finally, sawtooth wave is removed through two vertical output pin (VDR_A and VDR_B). Pin-pin output is shaped vertical differential, which is one of the positive output and the other as negative output. Each PLL circuit always requires a stable reference frequency. In this jungle blocks, taken from the crystal reference frequency chrominance, pins X1 and X2 pins. crystals work only one course and automatically selected based on the type of video input format. To support the security and protection, the IC is equipped with a pin that serves as a sensor EHT overvoltage (overvoltage) issued by the horizontal amplifier block. If there is voltage reaches the threshold of protection, then the oscillator will stop. Setting / ajustifikasi parameters in this block is realized via the I2C data bus. Examples of some of the parameters associated with this block, among others, H-AFC, H-POS, V-Size, V-POS, V-LINE and others. The group parameters are commonly called geometry parameters. When the oscillator is locked horizontally and vertically managed based on the input signal, this IC will set VIDEO_IDENT data on its internal registers that can be used by the IC program to check whether there is or not the incoming video through a data bus. 3 comments already entered, your comments? 15 MEI 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV

BLOCK 4 AUDIO OUTPUT The audio signal generated by block SIF can not feed them directly in to the speakers.The signal must pass through the stages of amplification, processing, and filtering is quite limiting. The audio signal processing purposes to ensure that the resulting audio is still in a scale that easily caught by the ear naturally, so the more natural the better the audio system of the television. While additional features such as sub woofers, surround sound, tone regulators and others merely cosmetic of a product. Although intended as a cosmetic aspects naturalnya heavily defended. Two audio systems are often found on television is mono and stereo audio systems. On the stereo system, there is a clone of the left / right with mono inputs, there is also a pure stereo. NICAM system is one example of a pure stereo system on the device from SIF TV output was already stereo which is then processed through to the speakers by using devices that balance. Sound Processor (regulator of tone, effects, subwoofers, AVL) Like the audio system in general, the TV also often encountered block that serves as a regulator of tone, the effect (surround) and subwoofer. AN5891K IC

type is one of the stereo audio processor IC that is targeted for use in television sets. In the IC is already contained facility tone control (bass, treble), volume, super bass (sub woofer), effect (surround) and AVL. All these features are controlled via the I2C bus by IC program. Lots of type-type IC that functions similar to features that are almost as well, for example TA1343N, LV1116N (no additional swith audio input), TA7630P (only the volume, balance and tone, analog control), TDA7429 and others. Damage that often occurs in the IC output processor is weak or absent and distorted audio with I2C data bus activity (eg voice tick-tick-tick while it is rising-lowering volume). Almost most of the IC-IC processor controlled by a data bus have facilities AVL (automatic voice leveling) that functions as an audio AGC. Amplifier and Speaker Designs on a mono TV audio systems generally do not use the tone control, only volume control only. This volume control can be found IF section, and sometimes there is also an amplifier section (eg AN5265). Pin4 IC is a volume control input pin, the higher the voltage that goes to the pin, the greater its gain. To support muting, muting function as input pin3. In the design of audio amplifiers on the television that is avoided is the effect of pump-out bad. This effect is

caused by amplifiers draw more power from the power supply, which could interfere with the supply voltage for the other blocks in the TV. Generally the effect of pump-out marked by berkendutnya screen / image by following the rhythm of the sound speakers, the louder the sound, more so the picture changes. With so many blocks in the TV, audio amplifier block is one of the most greedy of power amplifier design is required to be as efficient as possible use its power to not cause significant pump-outs. Working voltage of the amplifier and speaker impedance is often found in a fairly high value, which is about 12 s / d 20V and impedance of 16 ohm speakers, it is intended to keep the quality of the output of the amplifier system as desired (natural and hard enough) with the use of seirit power as possible. Try to compare it with the power amplifier Compo radio-tape, for example, the load voltage is 12V with 4 ohm speakers. In addition to the extra amplifier design with power saving, the effect of pump-outs are also reduced by grounding the system settings. That is by making a separate supply line from the other blocks, this arrangement is very complicated because it involves a pcb designer lines that are not to be connected to the groundnya just another block. 2 comments already entered, your comments? 04 MEI 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV

BLOCK 3 AV SWITCH Another function of TV equipment can be used to display audio and video from external sources, such as DVD, VCD etc.. To support the functionality required transfer swith the input source signal is often referred to swith AV. Lots of digital ICs swith swith that can function as such because of the use of a mechanical switch is no longer effective. IC-IC, among other things, ic CMOS swith (eg 4052, 4053, 4066 etc.) and specific IC swith AV, for example, LA7016, LA7222, M52797SP and others. How to control / removal swithnya with a voltage which is controlled by the IC program with one or several bits of data and on the newer designs are often found by using the I2C data bus. Already contained within the chip TDA8840/41/42/44 internal AV swith facilities, each one is a swith audio (mono), swith CVBS / S-video and video swith (Y and C). Swith, swith is controlled using I2C data bus by the IC program. Ground plan

Back again to the article VIF / SIF, the article was already highlighted that the audio output is used by pin15 (AUD_OUT), this pin is actually an output from internal audio swith and gone through the attenuator

(volume control). While the input / output of the demodulator SIF directly connected internally to swith the audio input. PIN2 is inserted via an external audio (EXT_AUD), because pin15 is the output of the attenuator system and also functions as the output of the audio swith, then the signal can also be set EXT_AUD attenuation / volume. External video input consists of two types namely CVBS and Y / C (S-video). Swith CVBS / video has 2 inputs, internal and external, internal CVBS input is connected with CVBS output of Vif. Swit the entire control program is controlled by the IC through the data bus. If the program does not enable incoming IC S-video, then pin11 (EXT_CVBS_Y) can be used as third CVBS inputs (internal, CVBS1 and CVBS2). The video signal output from the video can be monitored via swith pin38 (MON_OUT) which practically can be used to check which input is currently active / selected. In addition to 'out' through the pin monitors, video signal is selected (CVBS_SWITCH_OUT) inserted internally into blocks and chrominance blocks syncronisation to be examined in subsequent articles. In this video swith block, there are also blocks that serve as detectors of presence or absence of video signal (video detector), the output is the signal / data VIDEO_IDENT.When the IC program ask / request status VIDEO_IDENT, then TDA8840/41/42/44 VIDEO_IDENT will send data to the IC program. Examples of functions as a detector VIDEO_IDENT is whether there is a video signal, when the IC program

knows no incoming video, the program will display a blue IC back or after a few minutes still no video input the TV to standby, in AV mode though. 12 comments already entered, your comments? 30 APRIL 2010 UNDERSTANDING BASIC BLOCK BLOCK-TV BLOCK 2 AND SIF VIF IF frequency generated by the tuner whose output may vary according to each country's standards, among others, 33.4, 33.9, 38, 38.9, 45.75 and others. In the IF frequency carries information that will be demodulated / decomposed into the original signal (eg video, audio, digital data, etc.). Because of the results from the tuner IF frequency varies depending on model and country, then it must be a suitable replacement tuner IF frequency it with the IF frequency block its VIF and SIF. Brief of One-Chip TV Processor Integrated circuit, means an integrated circuit / integrated circuits in which there are several functions or separate chain packaged in a single package. So also with the IC-IC in the design of current TV. Although the pack in one package but it is still composed of separate blocks, and blocks each having different functions as well. Do not miss the IC-IC in the design of analog

television. Several years ago, IC-IC in the television only serves a single, one IC to a function. In the current design, a single function can still be found, for example IC power supply, amplifier and other vertical. One of these ICs is TDA884x (TDA8841/2/4), a product of Philips Semiconductor (now NXP), which according to the datasheet, its description is I2C controlled PAL / NTSC / SECAM TV processors. In this IC, there are some blocks that represent most of the processing functions in analog television receiver which is digitally controlled by I2C bus more often found in newer designs. And this IC that will be authors try to review each block in it as simple as possible. Basic scheme of VIF and SIF Here's a basic scheme that uses the VIF and SIF IC TDA8841, TDA8842 and TDA8844 (TDA884x). In this scheme, the audio generated from the detection process with intercarrier system (if the stereo system / Mpx, generally use the QSS system and take their input directly from the tuner IF frequency which is then demodulated with a 'special series').

As mentioned in the article about the tuner block, that the process to produce the IF frequency is done by the process of mixing with the local oscillator. Naturally, the mixing process will produce some new frequency so that the IF frequency of the

tuner is not solely one frequency only (for example, 38.9MHz) but there are other frequencies which would hurt if directly demodulated. In the schematic above, the function of SAW1 (SAW filter) as a filter / selector IF frequency which will be demodulated with the frequency and line width (band width) are given. Then the filtration IF signal is inserted into the IF_IN1 IF input pin (pin48) and IF_IN2 pin (pin49). Demodulated video signal with a frequency PLL systems generated by the internal VCO. VCO frequency is calibrated / set automatically to the frequency of the reference / references that sourced from the crystal ColorDecoder (4433 or 3.579MHz). Since then practically applying PLL demodulation method of video signal can be realized without adjusmen / manual tuning. Since each function of the PLL LPF are always in need (low pass filter) on the VCO control it, then the IC is also equipped with a pin that serves as a phase filter (pin5, IF_PLL). In the demodulation process the video, also produced the AGC control voltage generated from the detector is robust whether the incoming signal.The stronger the incoming signal, the lower the AGC voltage is removed. While the function of AGC_DEC pin (pin53) is a rectifier voltage at pin AGC_OUT (pin54).AGC_DEC pin function is very important because the incoming IF signal level is not always stable, always turbulent level (up / down quickly) making it very disturbing that the AGC response speed. In the end, the resulting video signal from the

demodulation process in-outputkan to pin CVBS_OUT (pin6). Demodulated audio signal from the CVBS signal from the output block Vif (intercarrier, FM modulation). In the schematic above, the input pin SIF_IN (PIN1) given the input signal SIF is taken from the CVBS output signal that has been amplified by the transistor with the first BPF filter (since taken only sound elements only). Intercarrier signal that has been filtered, finally demodulated by an FM demodulator circuit SIF PLLbased as well. PLL is tuned automatically depending on the incoming signal, so no need for manual tuning. A_DEEMP pin (pin55) serves as a deemphasis of fixing the value of S / N ratio (signal to noise). Moderate A_DEM_DEC pin (pin56) aims to improve the response of the PLL locking SIF. The audio signal demodulation result eventually in-the output on pin15 (A_OUT) to go to the audio amplifier to the speakers. Before being processed at a later stage, the video signal (CVBS) which still contains voice modulation is filtered with a notch filter to eliminate the element of voice modulation. In this video signal, there is color information, greyscale levels, syncronisasi etc., so it is more often described as composite video. Other Functions AFT As in IC designs of its predecessor, the system also contained Vif AFT that serves to keep the tuned

frequency remains in place. In addition, the AFT also be used as a signal waveguide whether the tuner is receiving a valid signal or not. When the block Vif is receiving a valid signal, then this block will transmit data to the IC program AFT status via an I2C bus, which later IC program will know when a signal is tuned or not (for example by displaying a blue back).