Guidelines On Crack Repair in Concrete Structure

SEB GUIDELINES
SEBGL-MT3
Crack Repair of Concrete Structure
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BRANCH ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT May 2013

Structural Engineering Branch, ArchSD Guidelines on Crack Repair of Concrete Structure Edition No./Revision No. : 2/Page i of ii File code : SEBGL-MT3 - i -Page i of 17 CTW/MKL First Edition: August 1990 Second Edition: May 2013
Content Page
1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Evaluation of Cracks .......................................................................................... 1 Classification of Cracks ..................................................................................... 5 Repair Options and Methods ............................................................................ 6 Option 1: Injection and Grouting ..................................................................... 6 Option 2: Stitching ........................................................................................... 12 Option 3: Changing a Crack into a Joint ....................................................... 13
References
Copyright and Disclaimer of Liability This Guideline or any part of it shall not be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission from Architectural Services Department. Moreover, this Guideline is intended for the internal use of the staff in Architectural Services Department only, and should not be relied on by any third party. No liability is therefore undertaken to any third party. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in this Guideline at the time of publication, no guarantee is given nor responsibility taken by Architectural Services Department for errors or omissions in it. The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment or interpretation of the information. Readers are advised to verify all relevant representation, statements and information with their own professional knowledge. Architectural Services Department accepts no liability for any use of the said information and data or reliance placed on it (including the formulae and data). Compliance with this Guideline does not itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Structural Engineering Branch, ArchSD Guidelines on Crack Repair of Concrete Structure Edition No./Revision No. : 2/Page ii of ii File code : SEBGL-MT3 - ii -Page ii of 17 CTW/MKL First Edition: August 1990 Second Edition: May 2013
1 1.1
Introduction SEBGL-MT1: Structural Survey and Appraisal of Existing Structures (being revised as at May 2013) details the procedures of structural survey in order to identify defective areas in buildings for further investigation. One of the aims of such investigation is to identify any defects in order to devise a cost-effective repair strategy. SEBGL-MT2: Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Investigation and Repair Methods supplements it by listing out the common causes of defects and deterioration of rc structures, and the principles and methods to repair such defects and deterioration. In SEBGL-MT2: Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Investigation and Repair Methods, it has been mentioned that concrete deterioration is commonly due to corrosion of steel reinforcement, which is accelerated by the presence of cracks through the ingress of moisture and air. It also mentioned that such cracks may be caused by overloading, poor workmanship, incorrect detailing, shrinkage, thermal effect, AAR, etc. It is therefore necessary to seal such cracks in their early stage in order to restore its structural integrity, to prevent the ingress of air and moisture into the concrete causing the corrosion of the steel reinforcement, etc. In 1990, SEB issued a set of guidelines entitled Cracks in Concrete Structure providing guidelines on crack repair. The present set of guidelines (Guideline) is intended to update it taking into account of the technological advancement and our experience in the past two decades. This Guideline will describe: a) the different repair methods of both structural and non-structural cracks in an existing rc structure; b) salient features in carrying out the repair on site. Evaluation of Cracks Before proceeding with repairs, an evaluation should be made to determine the location and extent of crack, the cause(s) of crack, the likelihood of further movement, and the need for repair. The location, extent and further movement of a crack are useful information for identifying the cause(s) of the crack. Location and extent of crack can be determined by visual inspection and nondestructive testing. Crack widths can be measured using a crack width meter formed by a transparent card having lines of specified width marked on the card (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). More accurate measurement can be carried out by a crack width microscope, and one piece of this equipment with magnification of 10X is available for loan at SEB Equipment Store (available: http://asdiis/sebiis/2k/booking/frame.htm). The microscope can measure crack widths to an accuracy of 0.02mm, and consists of a high definition microscope with a light source (Figure 1(c)). A knob on the side of the microscope is used to focus the image, and the eyepiece graticule can be rotated through 360o to align with the direction of the crack being examined.
1.2
1.3
2. 2.1
2.2
Structural Engineering Branch, ArchSD Guidelines on Crack Repair of Concrete Structure Edition No./Revision No. : 2/-
Page 1 of 15
File code : SEBGL-MT3 CTW/MKL First Edition: August 1990 Second Edition: May 2013
(a) Crack width meter in the market (Source: www.paintteststore.com)
(b) DIY crack width meter on a plastic sheet
(c) Crack width microscope (Source: Capco Test Equipment) Figure 1 Crack width measurement 2.3 Crack movement can be measured by telltales (Figure 2(a)), which can achieve an accuracy of 1.00mm. A more precise measurement of crack movement can be carried out by a Demountable MEChanical strain gauge (Demec gauge), and one piece of this equipment is available for loan at SEB Equipment Store (available: http://asdiis/sebiis/2k/booking/frame.htm). A Demec gauge can measure the relative movement of studs fixed on either side of a crack to an accuracy of 0.001mm. A typical Demec gauge consists of an invar main beam with two conical locating points, one fixed and the other pivoting on a special knife edge (Figure 2(b)). The points can be mounted on pre-drilled steel discs which are attached to the either side of a crack with adhesive. Movement of the pivoting point is measured by the dial gauge which is attached to a base plate on the invar beam. An invar reference bar is provided for calibration. More advanced Demec gauge is now available in the market, which uses a digital dial gauge (Figure 2(c)).
Page 2 of 15
(i) newly installed telltale (a) Telltale (Source: ACI 2007)
(ii) after movement
(b) Demec Gauge (Source: Mayes Group)
(c) Demec gauge with digital dial gauge (Source: Capco Test Equipment) Figure 2 Crack movement measurement
2.4
More advanced monitoring devices are available in the market, including: crack monitoring device (CMD), and displacement transducer, which can monitor crack movement with time. A CMD (Figure 3(a)) consists of a three-point rosette, in the shape of an equilateral triangle with 50-mm side lengths, bonded to the concrete surface. Two of the rosette points are positioned parallel to the crack, and the third one is positioned on the opposite side of the crack approximately half the distance to the base line. A displacement transducer (Figure 3(b)) can be surface mounted or installed in drilled holes across existing cracks on structures, and it works the principle of measuring changes in electrical properties in proportion to the relative displacement between the transformer and armature (Buenfeld et al 2008).
(a) Continuing monitoring device (b) Displacement transducer (Source: Avantech Engineering (Source: Geokon Inc) Consortium Pvt Ltd) Figure 2 Continuous device for crack movement measurement
Page 3 of 15
2.5
Besides indentifying the location, extent and further movement of the cracks, PSE should also review the drawings, specifications, and construction and maintenance records, and calculations can be made to determine the stresses due to applied loads. Information on the location, extent, movement, desk study, etc should then be assessed to determine the cause(s) of the cracks. The common causes of cracks in rc structures have been described in SEBGL-MT2: Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Investigation and Repair Methods. Determination of the cause(s) of the cracks is vital to assess whether repair is required and to devise a cost-effective remedial proposal. For example, if the cracks are caused by overloading and such excessive loading is not removed, it is first required to carry out strengthening work. Similarly, for cracks caused by corroding reinforcing bars, the deterioration should be repaired by using patch repair technique. Indeed, using injection to repair cracks caused by corroding bars is not recommended because continuing corrosion will cause new cracks to appear (ACI 2003). Following the evaluation, it may be found that the crack is not a cause for concern and no treatment is needed. For example, if the crack width is very small, the crack may not have to be repaired. As a general rule, cracks in rc structures with crack width smaller than 0.3mm (0.2mm for liquid retaining structures) need not be repaired or sealed (Table NA.4 of the UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-1-1 (BSI 2004a)). Autogenous healing One common phenomenon is that fine cracks may seal themselves naturally through the process of autogenous healing in the first few days or weeks after casting. Autogenous (means self-produced in Greek) healing occurs in concrete in the presence of moisture. Healing occurs by the following two mechanisms (Neville 2002): a) by formation of calcium hydroxide generated from the hydration of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate in concrete leading to hydration of the unhydrated cement; b) formation of calcium carbonate within cracks in the presence of water and carbon dioxide when cement reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the calcium hydroxide at the cracked surface, resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate crystals. Gradually these crystals accumulate and grow in these tiny cracks and form bonding so that the cracks are sealed As autogenous healing depends on cement hydration, saturation of the crack and the adjacent concrete with water is essential. Alternatively, water may be ponded on the concrete surface so that the crack is saturated. PSE should further note that the use of hydrophobic admixture in the concrete mix, which reduces the molecular attraction between water and concrete, will affect the autogenous healing mechanism to seal fine crack naturally, and SEB therefore promulgated SEI No. 02/2010: Using and Specifying Concrete Admixtures in Construction Contracts (available: http://asdiis/sebiis/) advising PSE to exercise care in the choice and use of waterproofing admixture in the concrete mix.
2.6
2.7
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2.8
However, in some instances, remedial measures may be necessary; especially when the cracks adversely affect the structure in terms of one or more of the following properties: (i) structural strength, (ii) ingress of moisture to reinforcement, (iii) watertightness, (iv) appearance.
3. 3.1
Classification of Cracks Once it is determined to carry out repair to cracks, it is required to classify the cracks in order to choose the appropriate repair method. There are a number of classifications of cracks. For example, cracks may be classified into nonstructural and structural. There has not been consensus on precise definitions for non-structural and structural cracks. For this Guideline, non-structural cracks refer to those that are not structural concern; whilst structural cracks refer to those that are structural concerns, e.g. those affecting the structural integrity, those affecting durability of the structure. Alternatively, for the purpose for deciding upon the method of repair cracks are usually classified into three classes, as changes of crack width are of importance: (a) dormant (or dead) cracks, which are unlikely to open, close or extend further. These include cracks formed as a result of plastic shrinkage and occurred settlement, or cracks caused by one-off overload or under-design which has subsequently been strengthened. They may be repaired by filling them with a rigid material. active (or live) cracks, which do not remain constant in width but open and close, as the structure is loaded or with changes in temperature or seasonal shrinkage. Typical causes of live cracks include those due to thermal effect. The repairs must either be flexible enough to allow for movement or steps must be taken to eliminate the movement. growing cracks, which are increasing in width because the original source for their occurrence is continuing, e.g. cracks caused by reinforcement corrosion, or long-term drying shrinkage. Any repair to a growing crack must also eliminate the cause of the crack.
3.2
(b)
(c)
Page 5 of 15
4. 4.1
Repair Options and Methods There are many crack repair methods available in the market, including epoxy injection, polyurethane injection, gravity filling, routing and sealing, nearsurface reinforcing and pining, grouting, drilling and plugging, crack arrest, etc. These methods may be grouped into three basic types (Newman 2001; Li et al 2009)): Option 1: Seal the crack by injection or grouting with suitable materials to suit the different types of cracks Option 2: Stitch the cracked concrete with dowels Option 3: Enlarge the crack first and then caulk it with a flexible or semi-rigid sealant These options together with the repair methods will be described in the following paragraphs.
5. 5.1
Option 1: Injection and Grouting Cracks are now usually repaired by injection. BS EN 1504-9: Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity. General Principles for Use of Products and Systems (BSI 2008) lists injection as Method 1.4 and Method 4.5 under Principle 1 protection against ingress and Principle 4 structural strengthening respectively. BS EN 1504-5: Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity. Concrete Injection (BSI 2004) describes the details of injection of cracks, defects and voids in concrete. ACI also published Field Guide to Concrete Repair Application Procedures: Structural Crack Repair by Epoxy Injection (Keane et al 2003) providing guidelines on crack repair by injection. As injection is widely used in Hong Kong to seal cracks, ArchSD promulgated ArchSD OI No. 02/2011: Particular Specifications for Concrete Repair (available: http://asdiis/cmbiis/CMBIIS_a/manuals/manuals/oi/asdoi02-11.pdf), providing a specification Particular Specification for Concrete Repair by Chemical Injection (the PS) for carrying out crack repairs using chemical injection.
Page 6 of 15
5.2
Materials
5.2.1 Various injection materials are available for injection, and the choice depends on the types of crack. For dormant cracks, cement grout or epoxy resin (EP), are commonly used to rebond the substrate; whilst for live cracks, polyurethane resin (PUR) is usually used to act as void fillers (Concrete Society 1992). Clause 5 of the PS specifies two types of materials for injection, namely epoxy resin and polyurethane resin. 5.2.2 Epoxy resin Epoxy resin consists of two components - a resin and a hardener, and is usually delivered in 2-packed (Figure 4). It is of low viscosity and is usually used to seal dormant cracks with widths down to 0.1mm. As its tensile strength and adhesion strength on the concrete is greater than the tensile strength of concrete, the component will fail outside of the injected crack in the event of overloading.
Figure 4 2-packed epoxy injection resin 5.2.3 Polyurethane resin Epoxy resin injection has a serious limitation if the crack is not dormant. The crack will recur. If the crack does not affect the structural integrity of the structure, injection with polyurethane resin may be a more suitable choice to fill the crack. Polyurethane resin may consist of two components - a resin and a hardener, or one component (moisture cured). One of the advantages of using polyurethane resin is that it can be used to seal live cracks that experience some small degree of movement. A rule of thumb is that a maximum change in crack width of 0.05 mm applies for cracks of between 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm in width, or at a maximum change of 0.1 mm for cracks of over 0.5 mm in width. Moreover, polyurethane resin can also be used in damp and wet cracks, and even in cracks subject to water pressure. Wet or actively leaking cracks and joints are therefore preferred to be injected with polyurethane resin. Polyurethane resin cannot be used for very fine cracks, and the width of the crack must be at least 0.3mm. Moreover, polyurethane resin usually has low strength as compared with epoxy resin, and is not used to structurally re-bond cracked concrete.
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5.2.4 Properties of injection resin (PS Clause 5) Injection resin is delivered as a proprietary product and will seldom be tested prior to injection. The desirable qualities for repair resin include low viscosity, ability to bond to damp concrete, suitability for injection in as wide a temperature range as possible, low shrinkage, and toughness rather than high strength (Perkins 1986). Clause 5.1 of the PS specifies the tensile strength and bond strength for epoxy resin, which is referenced from ASTM C881: Standard Specification for EpoxyResin Based Bonding Systems for Concrete (ASTM 2008) with modifications to suit the availability of such products in the market of Hong Kong. ASTM C881 classifies the various epoxy resins by Type, Grade and Class. There are seven types (Type I to VII) of epoxy resins, which designates the type of epoxy for that specific type of repair. Each type of epoxy resin has three grades which denote its viscosity (Grade 1 (low viscosity), Grade 2 (medium viscosity) and Grade 3 (non-sagging consistency)) and three classes which specifies the temperature range in which the epoxy is used (Class A (below 5oC), Class B (5 15oC) and Class C (above 15oC)). The specified properties for epoxy resin in Clause 5.1 of the PS generally meet the requirements for epoxy material Type IV specified for structural repairs load bearing applications for bonding hardened concrete to hardened concrete in ASTM C881. Though viscosity is not specified in the PS, PSE should note that low viscosity epoxy resins are best for hairline cracks. PSE may also note that the specified properties for epoxy resin do not currently tally with the properties for epoxy resin in the Schedule of Rates for Term Contracts for Building Works 2010 Edition Volume 1 (Builder's Works) issued by ArchSD, and arrangement is currently being made to amend the requirements in the latter one to tally with those in the PS. Clause 5.2 of the PS also specifies the elongation and bond strength for polyurethane resin used for repair of live cracks. PSE should check the product information sheet of the proprietary product submitted in the submittal under Clause 2 of the PS against the specified properties. 5.3 Injection Procedures
5.3.1 ACI published Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures (ACI 2007) details the injection procedures, and the PS also specifies the necessary steps in carrying out injection. Videos (e.g. at http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=TSogjFQPksc, www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUeKs1akSlw (accessed: 15 April 2013)) were uploaded by suppliers showing the main injection procedures. The procedures may be summarised as follows, and the detailed procedures and the salient features will then be described:
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Clean the cracks Install the entry and venting ports Seal the surfaces Mix and inject the resin Remove the surface seal 5.3.2 Cleaning of the crack (PS Clause 7.2) The surface around a crack should be cleaned such that it can be sealed by the cap seal. Usually, wire brushing (instead of mechanical grinding) is used, as mechanical grinders may fill the cracks with unwanted dust. The crack may then be flushed with water, and should then be allowed to dry. 5.3.3 Installation of ports and cap seals (PS Clause 7.3.1) Before injection, ports are required to be installed. Ports are usually surface mounted. They act to transfer the injection resin under pressure into the crack. They are usually spaced at 400 mm c/c (Figure 5(a)). After installing the injection ports, the surface of the cracks should be sealed by cap seal (Figure 5(b)), which serves to contain the resin as it is injected under pressure into the crack. As the detailed procedures are to be designed and specified by the specialist sub-contractor, Clause 3 of the PS specifies that the specialist subcontractor to submit the equipment, tools and materials required for the application, the application procedures including crack preparation, spacing of injection points, mixing procedures, injection sequence and curing regime, etc. for the approval of the SO.
Figure 5(a) Installation of surface mounted ports
Figure 5(b) Application of cap seal (Source: Lincoln Company)
Page 9 of 15
5.3.4 Mixing of injection resin (PS Clause 7.3.2) Mixing is specified to be done by continuous method. In the continuous mixing system, the hardener and resin in liquid form pass through metering and driving pumps before passing through an automatic mixing head. The continuous mixing system applies for all epoxies, including fast-setting adhesives that have a short working life. 5.3.5 Injection (PS Clause 7.3.3) Injection methods aim to fill a crack completely, and the experience and skill of the personnel executing the injection is of paramount importance. Hence, the PS does not specify the exact methods of injection, and leaves it at the discretion of the specialist sub-contractor. The injection resin is to be introduced under pressure with the ports (Figure 6). Usually, the injection is started at the port in the widest section of a horizontal crack, and at the bottom for vertical cracks. The injection at that port can be stopped and capped if an adjacent port starts bleeding, and the process continues until all the ports are capped. If the crack is vertical or inclined, the injection process should begin by pumping injection resin into the entry port at the lowest elevation until the injection resin level reaches a predetermined entry port above. The lower injection port is then capped, and the process is repeated until the crack has been completely filled and all ports have been capped. It may be required to repeat this process several times until the crack is sealed. The crack is full if the pressure can be maintained. If the pressure cannot be maintained, the injection resin is still flowing into unfilled portions or leaking out of the crack.
Figure 6 Injection of epoxy resin Upon completion of the injection process (Figure 7), the ports and cap seal can be removed by heat, chipping, or grinding. Pressure for injection should be kept to minimum in order to allow the resin to flow into the crack. Excessive pressure is likely to force the resin along the path of least resistance, leaving voids.
Page 10 of 15
Figure 7 Completed injection work Another injection method involves the use of a vacuum. There are two techniques. One technique is to entirely enclose the cracked member with a bag, introduce the liquid adhesive at the bottom, and apply a vacuum at the top. The other technique is to inject the cracks from one side and pull a vacuum from the other. Vacuum injection may be used for dead-end cracks where access to the cracks can only be from one side of the structural elements, or for multiple cracks with random pattern. 5.3.6 Quality control and testing (PS Clause 2, Clause 3 and Clause 6) As the injection resin is proprietary product, PSE usually approves the materials and method statement based on the submittal (Clause 3 of the PS). An additional safeguard is to ensure that personnel with appropriate experience are employed to carry out the injection work and the work is also supervised by staff with appropriate experience (Clause 2 of the PS). Moreover, before largescale field injection, a trial injection on specified area should be arranged (Clause 6 of the PS). To ensure that the trial injection has been successful, test cores of 50 mm diameter are taken to check the penetration of the injection resin into the crack. For completed works, the PS also specifies that test cores may be ordered to test the penetration of the injection resin into the crack (Clause 6 of the PS). The PSE may note that instead of taking cores, nondestructive tests (NDT), though are not specified in the PS, may be considered. Possible NDTs include impact echo, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonic pulse measurement, and these techniques have been described in SEBGL-MT2: Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Investigation and Repair Methods. 5.5 Gravity filling BS EN 1504-9 identifies the purposes of filling as meeting Principle 1 protection against ingress and Principle 4 structural strengthening, and lists gravity filling as Method 1.5 and Method 4.6 respectively. Gravity filling can be used to seal cracks with surface widths of 0.03mm to 2mm. This method employs low-viscosity monomers and grouts (e.g. high-molecular-weight methacrylates, urethanes, low-viscosity epoxies) to fill the cracks that can be filled. ACI published Crack Repair by Gravity Feed with Resin (ACI 2003)
Structural Engineering Branch, ArchSD Guidelines on Crack Repair of Concrete Structure Edition No./Revision No. : 2/Page 11 of 15 File code : SEBGL-MT3 CTW/MKL First Edition: August 1990 Second Edition: May 2013
giving the theories and procedures for crack repair using polymer resin to fill the crack under gravity alone. The procedures of gravity filling are similar to those in injection, except that no pressure is required. After cleaning the surface, the monomer or resin can be poured onto the surface and spread with brooms, rollers, or squeegees. The material should be worked back and forth over the cracks to obtain maximum filling as the monomer or resin recedes slowly into the cracks (Figure 8).
Figure 8 Gravity filling of crack on on-grade slab 6. Option 2: Stitching Instead of gluing a crack together, repair can be done by stitching a crack (Figure 9), in which the crack is stitched by steel dogs. BS EN 1504-9 identifies the purposes of changing a crack into a joint as meeting Principle 4 structural strengthening and lists this option as Method 4.2. Stitching can be considered as one of the crack arrest techniques. The principles of stitching are that the series of stitches are sufficient to make the total tensile strength of the repaired concrete equal to or greater than the tensile strength of the original concrete. Before stitching, it is first required to clean and seal the crack. Holes are then drilled on both sides of the crack. The holes should not be in a single plane, and the spacing should be reduced near the ends of the crack (because of the stress concentration at the crack tip). However, limited use, if ever, of such repair method has been carried out for repairs in ArchSD projects.
Figure 9 Stitching
Page 12 of 15
7. 7.1
Option 3: Changing a Crack into a Joint BS EN 1504-9 identifies the purposes of changing a crack into a joint as meeting Principle 1 protection against ingress and lists as Method 1.3 and Method 1.6. This option is generally applicable to live cracks with expected significant movement. As there are signs of continuing movement at a crack, it is usually necessary to make provision for it to continue after repair. The above options are not feasible, because as the crack is locked solid, another crack will often form nearby. The movement must be considered in terms of strain rather than absolute magnitude, and the strain capacity of the sealant must be at least as great as the strain that has to be accommodated. If the movement cannot be arrested, then the following two methods are available: 1. 2. route and seal the crack, thus treating it as a joint; form a joint that will accommodate the movement; and
7.2
Routing and Sealing Routing and sealing of cracks can be used for repair of cracks where structural repair is not necessary. This method involves enlarging the crack along its exposed face and filling and sealing it with a suitable joint sealant. Figure 10(a) shows the procedures for repairing a crack by routing and sealing, and Figure 10(b) shows an example of routing and sealing of crack in an ArchSD venue.
Figure 10(a) Procedures of routing and sealing for non-structural crack (Source: modified from ACI 2007)
Figure 10(b) Routing and sealing of crack on on-grade slab

7.3
Forming a new joint This principle is usually employed in long parapet with insufficient steel reinforcement to cater for the thermal movement, and in such case it is necessary to insert movement joints back to such long wall at regular intervals. Most of the sealant manufactures assign a movement accommodation factor (MAF) to each of their products to provide a value for the calculation of joint dimensions. The MAF is the total movement range between the maximum compression and the maximum extension that a sealant can accommodate. It is expressed as a % of the minimum design joint width. The minimum joint width Wmin is therefore calculated by: Wmin = anticipated movement MAF100 In forming such movement joints, it is necessary to have joint sealant with width-to-depth ration of 2:1. Figure 11(a) illustrates the importance of maintaining the ratio 2:1 for the sealant. If W, the width of the joint, is set to be equal to D, the bead is too deep and is not free to stretch properly when the two sides contract. If movement is excessive, the sealant will probably fail. On the other hand, if D is set to be half of the width W of the sealant, the force exerted will be considerably reduced (Figure 11(b)).
(a) W/D=1
(b) W/D=2 Figure 11 Dimensions of Joint Sealant (Source: modified from Allen and Edward 1993)
Moreover, in forming a joint over a crack (indeed in both contraction and expansion joints), a bond breaker is required to be inserted at the bottom of the joint. The bond breaker may be a polyethylene strip or tape which will not bond to the sealant. Figure 12 illustrates the function of a bond breaker in a contraction joint.
(a)
Crack closed
(b) No bond breaker
(c) With bond breaker Figure 12 Function of Bond Breaker (Source: modified from Woodson 2009)
References
ACI (2003), ACI RAP Bulletin 1: Field Guide to Concrete Repair Application Procedures Structural Crack Repair by Epoxy Injection (Detroit: American Concrete Institute). ACI (2007), ACI 224.1 R07: Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures (Detroit: American Concrete Institute). Allen, R T L and Edwards, S C (1993), Repairs to Cracked Concrete, in Allen, R T L, Edwards, S C and Shaw, J D N (1993), The Repair of Concrete Structures (London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 2nd ed). BSI (2004), BS EN 1504-5: Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity. Concrete Injection (London: BSI). BSI (2004a), BS EN 1992-1-1: Design of Concrete Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings (London: BSI). BSI (2008), BS EN 1504-9: Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity. General Principles for Use of Products and Systems (London: BSI). Buenfeld, N R, Davies, R D, Karimi, A and Gilbertson, A L (2008), CIRIA Publication No. C661: Intelligent Monitoring of Concrete Structures (London: CIRIA). Concrete Society (1992), Concrete Society Technical Report No. 22: Non-Structural Cracks in Concrete (Wexham, Slough: Concrete Society, 3rd ed). Concrete Society (2000), Concrete Society Technical Report No. 54: Diagnosis of Deterioration in Concrete Structures: Identification of Defects, Evaluation and Development (Crowthorne: Concrete Society). Concrete Society (2009), Repair of Concrete Structures with reference to BS EN 1504 (Crowthorne: Concrete Society). Neville, A (2002), Autogenous Healing a Concrete Miracle?, Concrete International, November, pp. 76-82. Schiessl, P (ed) (1988), Report of the Technical Committee 60: Corrosion of Steel in Concrete (London: Chapman and Hall). Woodson, R D (2009), Concrete Structures: Protection, Repair and Rehabilitation (Amsterdam; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann).
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Guidelines On Crack Repair in Concrete Structure

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Guidelines On Crack Repair in Concrete Structure

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SEB GUIDELINES

Crack Repair of Concrete Structure

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BRANCH ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT May 2013

(a) Crack width meter in the market (Source: www.paintteststore.com)

(b) DIY crack width meter on a plastic sheet

(i) newly installed telltale (a) Telltale (Source: ACI 2007)

(ii) after movement

(b) Demec Gauge (Source: Mayes Group)

Figure 5(a) Installation of surface mounted ports

Figure 5(b) Application of cap seal (Source: Lincoln Company)

Figure 10(b) Routing and sealing of crack on on-grade slab

(b) No bond breaker

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