Science Note Chemistry Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space Matter Pure substances: contain

n only one kind of particle o Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical or physical methods cant be changed into a simpler form o Compounds Pure substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically combined Water: compound of hydrogen and oxygen Chemically combined, can be broken down only by chemical methods o Mixtures: contain more than one kind of particle (Not chemically combined but mixed, physically combined elements that can be separated by physical methods Mechanical Mixtures Solutions

Physical vs. Chemical Physical: you can observe and measure without changing identity of substance o Qualitative physical property: observed and described without detailed measurement Colour Odour State
State Particle s Joined? Yes No Movemen t of Particles Vibrates Move freely Move freely Spaces betwee n particle s Low Mediu m High Shape Volume Abilit y to flow None Good Compressibilit y Not compressible Very little compressible Easily compressible

Solid Liqui d Gas

Definite Indefinit e Indefinit e

Definite Definite Takes volume of containe r

No

Good

Gas to liquid: condensation Liquid to gas: evaporation Liquid to solid: solidification Solid to liquid: melting Gas to solid: sublimation Solid to gas: deposition Texture Lustre (shiny or dull) Malleability (soft, pliable, hard) o Quantitative physical property: measured and assigned a particular value Viscosity (resistance to flow) Melting point (temperature of melting, when solid changes to liquid) Boiling point (temperature of boiling, when liquid changes to gas) Solubility ability (ability to dissolve in another substance) Maxium quantity of a substance that can dissolve in given amount of solvent at particular temperature Mass of solute per solvent Hardness ability (ability to scratch another material) Determine practical use from number between 1 to 10 on Mohs scale Conductivity ability (ability to conduct electricity or heat) Density ratio (ratio of mass to volume)

Amount of matter per unit of volume of matter Mass is measure of amount of matter Mass/volume

Chemical: describes the ability of a substance to react with another substance and form one or more new substances o Reaction with water Calcium carbide reacts with water to generate acetylene gas o Reaction with oxygen Aluminum reactive with oxygen and creates a layer of aluminum oxide o Reactivity with Acids Baking soda and sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids and create carbon dioxide gas o Reactivity with another pure substance o Combustibility (ability of a substance to burn in air) o Stability How a substance decomposes o Toxicity Harm of exposure to animals and plants

Atoms The smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of the element

Daltons Atom Theory All matter is made up of small particles called atoms Atoms cannot be created destroyed or divided into smaller particles All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size The atoms of one element are different in mass and size from the atoms of other elements Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite proportions

Electrons and Protons: Discovered from ray omitted from negatively charged cathode when electric currents applied to gases were the same ray from different gases (1897 by Thomson) Same negatively charged particles found in atoms First subatomic particles to be discovered and studied Thomson described atom as lump of positively charged material with negative electrons inserted throughout it

Nucleus: Discovered when Ernest Rutherford experiment with alpha particles through a gold foil and some alpha particles were reflected (1910) Thomsons model of the atom could not provide an explanation for this observation. It could only predict that any particles that were travelling as fast as the alpha particles would Alpha particles are positively charged, Rutherford inferred that a small region of positive charge in the atoms repelled them. That all the positively charged material in an atom formed a small dense centre, and that the electrons would have to be separated from it. He named this centre the nucleus of the atom. the negatively charged electrons revolved around the nucleus Rutherfords model is sometimes referred to as the planetary model because the motion of the electrons around the nucleus resembles the motion of the planets around the Sun The nucleus weighed more than the protons, and neutrons were discovered

Bohrs Model - If Rutherfords model is correct, why dont the negatively charged electrons spiral into the positive nucleus and collide with it?

Electrons could only move within fixed regions or energy levels, rather than being able to move anywhere around nucleus Electron must absorb specific amount of energy called quantum to move higher

Structure of the Atom - Smallest particle of an element - 3 main types of subatomic particles o Protons (make up nucleus) Protons and neutrons contribute nearly all mass Have about 1840 times more mass than electrons called relative mass of protons and neutrons Number determined by atomic number that identifies the atom as a particular element If proton added or removed, atom is no longer its identity o Neutrons (make up nucleus) Have slightly more mass than protons Have about 1840 times more mass than electrons called relative mass of protons and neutrons Have no charge, dont attract or repel protons Attract protons by force called strong force Sum of protons and neutrons called mass number o Electrons (around the nucleus) `equals number of protons Isotopes - One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons Periodic Table of Elements - System of organizing elements in rows and columns with similar - Demitri Medeleev organized known elements - Found a pattern when placed in increasing order according to atomic mass - And was able to predict unknown properties - Today arranged by increasing atomic number - Symthetic Elements o Most of elements that have atomic number less than 93 are natural o Others are synthetic, made by scientists Classification of Elements - Most elements classified as metal or non-metal - Metal: o Shiny, hard, malleable, and ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity o Usually solids except for mercury - Non-metal o Not shiny, hard, malleable, and ductile, and a poor conductor of heat and electricity o Liquid, solid or gas - Metalloids: have properties of metals and non-metals

Periods and groups o Horizontal row is a period o Vertical column is a group o Group because has very similar chemical properties (same number of valence electrons) Hydrogen Doesnt match properties of other group Very reactive, colorless, odourless gas at room temperature 1 valence electron Group 1: Alkali metals Extremely reactive Silver coloured and shiny and low density 1 valence electron Group 2: Alkaline metals Slightly less reactive than alkali metals Silver colour and more dense than alkali metal 2 valence electrons Group 3: transition metals Moderate range of reactivity and wide range of properties Most are shiny and good conductors of heat and electricity Higher densities than groups 1 and 2 Lanthides and Actinides Transition metals were taken out of table and placed at bottom Lanthanides are shiny and reactive Actinides are all radioactive and unstable Group 13: Boron group Contains one metalloid and 4 metals Reactive 3 valaence electrons Group 14: Carbon group 1 non-metal, 2 metalloids, and 2 metals Varies reactivity 4 valence electrons Group 15: Nitrogen group Contains 2 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, and 1 metal Varied reactivity 5 valence electrons Group 16: Oxygen group Contains 3 nonmetals, 1 metalloid, and 1 metal Reactive group 6 valence electrons Group 17: halogens All non-metals

Very reactive Poor conductors of heat and electricity Group 18: Noble gases Unreactive, non-metals Colourless, odourless, gases at room temperature 8 outer level electrons