Chemistry notes Dipole moment Definition: separation of opposite charges(?

), uneven distribution of electrons within a bond Dipole movements in symmetric molecule like C02 cancel out, while asymmetrical molecule have dipoles. More electronegative atom pull the shared elsvtons, creating a partial negative charge, thus causing polar covalent bond Covalent bonding Macromolecules- occur when large number of atoms are joined together by covalent bonds Ionic bonding Electrostatic bond between oppositely charged atoms, take NaCl. Each Cl- is attracted equally to 6 sodium ions, thus there are no molecules in ionic substance. Ionization energy Measured ionization energy is for one mole of atoms in gaseous phase. ( standard enthalpy of ionization) SPA techniques 1) Select appropriate apparatus 2) correct size of apparatus Volume of solution- measure in burette, measuring cylinder Solutions- contain in flask or beaker Gas- collect in gas syringe, 50cm3, 100cm3, 300cm3. Writing appropriate amount 1) Specify the mass, in grams 2) Specify the volume and concentration, if using solution Fractional distillation explanation techniques 1) Liquid with lower bp is more volatile 2) Vapour will be richer in the substance which has the lower bp. 3) Substance with lower bp boils off more easily 4) Touching the cold glass fractional column, it condense

5) More water vapour rises, heat from this water vapour causes condensed liquid to reboil Atomic structure Spdf -approximiation is made that energy levels for each e- in mutielectron atom are like those of H - atoms release more energy when it has a stronger attraction for electron, due to small radius and high cationic charge Quantum numbers Quantum number Principle quantum number, n Values it can take Any integral value 1 Explanation 1) Almost completely specifies the E associated with orbital 2) Lower the value, lower the energy 1) Further specifies the E of orbital, and information abt shape 1) Set directional properties 2)

Sngulst momentum, l

Any integral value from 0 to n1 Integral values from l..0+l +1/2, -1/2

Magnetic ml Spin Ms

Rules for filling up electron Rule Aufbau principle Explanation Electrons are placed into available orbitals of increasing energy 1) Fill up s first before p, d No two electrons can have same four quantum numbers, 1) Orbital can hold maximum of 2 e2) They must spin in opposite directions( if applicable) Fill up all the empty orbitals of same energy first

Pauli exclusion principle

Hund rule

Gas Cl2

Test 1) Use moist litmus blue paper 2) Moist litmus blue paper turns red, then bleaches white 1) Insert a lighted splint into test tube 2) Gas extingusshes lighted splint with pop sound 1) Chocking gas is evolved

H2

SO2

CO2

NH3

2) Using a filter paper dipped in acidified potassium maganate, hild at mouth of test tube 3) The purple potassium mangnaate becomes colourless 1) Pass gas through lime water, 2) A white precipitate is formed in lime water 1) Use a moist red litmus paper, 2) Moist red litmus paper turns blue