Fatahul Arifin Student of degree bridging National Kaohsiung University Applied Science Year 2012/2013

4.6 In monitoring the input from number of thermocouples the following sequence of modules is used for each thermocouple in its interface with a microprocessor. Protection, cold junction compensation, amplification, linearization, sample and hold, analogue-to-digital converter, buffer, multiplexer. Explain the function of each of modules. Answer : Protection has function to protect damage to next element. Eg. A microprocessor as result of high current or voltage. Cold junction compensation to adjust for varying temperature at the instrument terminals. Amplification function is unstable near the fixed point, that is the value of varies greatly with a small change in probability. In the other word, is to control of feedback from the signal that is given by microprocessor. Linearization is the task of conversion that produces a linear output, or result, corresponding to a linear change in the input. Sample and hold function is saving the data that given by signal of microprocessor. analogue-to-digital converter function is receiving the analog signal and convert to binary words. buffer function is representing all the available signals associated with any given I/O module. multiplexer is needed for measurements data input from signal of microprocessor.

4.7 Suggest the modules that might be needed to interface the output of a microprocessor with actuator. Answer: The modules that might be needed to interface the output of microprocessor with actuator are buffer, digital to analogue converter, protection. 6.5 Design a complete measurement system involving the use of thermocouple to determine the temperature of the water in a boiler and give a visual indication on a meter. The temperature will be in the range 0 to 100 oC and is required to an accuracy of +0.1% of full scale reading. Specify the materials to be used for the thermocouple and all
Homework Chapter 4 and 6

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other items necessary. In advocating your design you must consider the problems of cold junction and non linearity. You will probably need to consult thermocouple tables. The following data is taken from such tables, the cold junction being at 0 oC, and may be used as a guide: E. M.F. in mV at 60oC 2.467 3.683 3.115 2.436 0.365

Materials Copper-constantan Chromel-constantan Iron-constantan Chromel-alumel Platinum-10% Rh, Pt Answer :

20 C 0.789 1.192 1.019 0.798 0.113

40 C 1.611 2.419 2.058 1.611 0.235

80oC 3.357 4.983 4.186 3.266 0.502

100oC 4.277 6.317 5.268 4.095 0.645

Design complete measurement system involving the use of thermocouple to determine the temperature of the water in a boiler and give a visual indication on a meter. We have to look the table and then calculate the differences each degree of temperature by using the law of intermediate temperature, namely.
,

Then, find the biggest and lowest value from that differences for determine the % error using the formula below. % = 100 %

=E, +E,

After that calculation, we can choice the minimum value of % error that is less than 1, as the material suitable for our design. Table of Calculation % Error
Materials Copper-constantan Chromel-constantan Iron-constantan Chromel-alumel Platinum-10% Rh, Pt
Homework Chapter 4 and 6

20 C 0.789 0.822 1.192 1.227 1.019 1.039 0.798 0.813 0.113

40 C 1.611 2.419 2.058 1.611 0.235

E. M.F. in mV at 60oC 2.467 0.856 0.89 3.683 1.264 1.3 3.115 1.057 1.071 2.436 0.825 0.83 0.365

80oC 3.357 0.92 4.983 1.334 4.186 1.082 3.266 0.829 0.502

100oC 4.277 6.317

% Error 2.291 1.694

5.268 0.816 4.095 0.391 0.645 Page 2

0.122

0.13

0.137

0.143

3.256

From table of calculation % error the recommended material is Iron-constantan and Chromel-alumel. 6.9 Suggest the elements that might be considered for the measurement system to be used to: a) Monitor the pressure in an air pressure line and the present the result on a dial, no great accuracy being required. b) Monitor continuously and record the temperature of room with an accuracy of + 1oC. c) Monitor the weight of lorries passing over a weighing platform. d) Monitor the angular speed of rotation of shaft. Answer: a. Bourdon gauge is a simple measurement system. Bourdon gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized. b. Thermistors are inexpensive, easily-obtainable temperature sensors. They are easy to use and adaptable. Thermocouple, thermodiodes. c. Strain gauged load cells, differential amplifier, digital voltmeter, wheatstone bridge. d. Tachogenerator, counter, signal conditioning to shape pulse.

Homework Chapter 4 and 6

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