Vol. 27, No.

1 /2009

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH)

CONSTRUCTIVE TYPES OF ADAPTORS FOR THE RAW VEGETABLE OIL USED AT DIESEL MOTORS / TIPURI CONSTRUCTIVE DE ADAPTOARE PENTRU UTILIZAREA ULEIULUI VEGETAL CRUD LA MOTOARELE DIESEL
Lecturer Ph.D.Eng. Dobre Paul - USAMV Bucharest Assoc. Prof.Ph.D.Eng. Farca Nicolae - USAMV Bucharest Student Ggeanu Iuliana - Management Faculty USAMV Bucharest Abstract: The present work describes the main constructive types of adaptors which allow Diesel motors to run with raw vegetable oil as fuel. The adaptors used at this time use different methods in what concerns the heating of the vegetable oil and also the way of commuting from diesel fuel to oil. - According to the type of heating, the adaptors can be classified in: adaptors where the oil heating is made by the thermal agent from the motors cooling system; adaptors where the heating is made using electrical resistances. - According to the manner of commuting, the adaptors can have: manual commuting, and automatic commuting when the optimum work temperature is reached. Emphasis should be placed on the fact that the raw vegetable oil constitutes a renewable fuel, relatively easy to produce in ones own farm, which also leads to the energetic independence of the vegetable farms, and implicitly to the possibility of a vegetable production growth without additional expense, by doing the mechanical works at the optimum time. Keywords: adaptor, vegetable oil, commuting, thermal agent, electrical resistance Raw vegetable oil constitutes an excellent fuel for Diesel motors, especially for the ones that equip tractors and agricultural machines. It is a regenerating fuel, relatively easy to produce in ones own farm, which leads to the energetic independency of vegetable farms, implicitly to bigger possibilities to increase vegetable production without additional expenses, by accomplishing mechanical works at an optimum moment, without delays in realizing the works caused by Diesel oil lack, respectively by lack of resources for acquiring it. Costs price for vegetable oil is lower in comparison with the one of Diesel oil, having the possibility to be substantially reduced if it is produced in ones own agricultural unit or by purchasing, with full usage of secondary products (groats, barms, peels). In the case of using the vegetable oil as fuel for Diesel motors, pollution rate is a lot smaller in comparison with classic fuel, practically the sulphur compound are missing. Thanks to the presence of oxygen in the vegetable oils molecule, combustion in the motors cylinders is realized with black forming in small quantities. In table 1 are pointed up the principal qualitative index for Diesel oil and vegetable oils. Analyzing the data from the table it is stated that the heating power of the vegetable oil is close to the one of classic fuel, resulting a fuel consumption/hectare with insignificant difference between Diesel fuel and raw vegetable oil. Rezumat Lucrarea i propune cunoaterea principalelor tipuri constructive de adaptoare care permit funcionarea motoarelor Diesel cu ulei vegetal crud ca i combustibil. Adaptoarele folosite n prezent se deosebesc prin modul de nclzire a uleiului vegetal i prin modul de comutare de pe motorin pe ulei. - Dup modul de nclzire se pot clasifica n: adaptoare la care nclzirea uleiului se realizeaz cu ajutorul agentului termic din sistemul de rcire al motorului; adaptoare la care nclzirea se realizeaz cu rezistene electrice. - Dup modul de comutare adaptoarele pot fi: cu comutare manual i cu comutare automat la atingerea temperaturii optime de lucru. Trebuie subliniat c uleiul vegetal brut constituie un combustibil regenerabil, relativ uor de produs n ferma proprie, ceea ce conduce i spre independena energetic a fermelor vegetale, implicit posibiliti sporite de cretere a produciei vegetale fr cheltuieli suplimentare, prin realizarea lucrrilor mecanice la momentul optim. Cuvinte cheie: adaptor; ulei vegetal; comutare; agent termic; rezistene electrice Uleiul vegetal crud constituie un combustibil excelent pentru motoarele Diesel, n special pentru cele care echipeaz tractoarele i mainile agricole. Este un combustibil regenerabil, relativ uor de produs n ferma proprie, ceea ce conduce spre independena energetic a fermelor vegetale, implicit posibiliti sporite de cretere a produciei vegetale fr cheltuieli suplimentare, prin realizarea lucrrilor mecanice la momentul optim, neexistnd ntrzieri n executarea lucrrilor din cauza lipsei de motorin, respectiv a resurselor pentru achiziionarea acesteia. Preul de cost al uleiului vegetal este mai redus n comparaie cu cel al motorinei, cu posibiliti de reducere substanial a acestuia dac se produce n unitatea agricol proprie din producie proprie sau din achiziii, cu valorificarea integral a produselor secundare (roturi, drojdii, coji). n cazul utilizrii uleiului vegetal drept combustibil la motoarele Diesel, gradul de poluare este mult mai redus comparativ cu utilizarea combustibilului clasic, practic compuii sulfului lipsesc. Datorit prezenei oxigenului n molecula de uleiul vegetal, combustia n cilindrii motorului se realizeaz cu formare de funingine n cantiti mult diminuate. n tabelul 1 sunt evideniai principalii indici calitativi ai motorinei i ai uleiurilor vegetale. Analiznd datele din tabel se constat c puterea calorific a uleiului vegetal este apropiat de cea a combustibilului clasic, de unde rezult un consum de combustibil/ha cu diferene nesemnificative ntre motorin i uleiul vegetal crud.

Table 1 Main qualitative index forDiesel oil and vegetable oil / Principalii indici calitativi ai motorinei i uleiurilor vegetale Fuel type / Tip carburant Heating power / Putere calorific [kJ/kg] Density at / Densitate la 15C 3 [g/cm [ Viscidity at / Vscozitate la 40C 2 [mm /s] Cetane number / Cifr cetanic Inflamability point / Punct de inflamabilitate [C]

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 Diesel oil / Motorin Rape oil / Ulei rapi Sunflower oil / Ulei floarea soarelui Corn oil / Ulei porumb Soy bean oil / Ulei de soia 42325 37700 38525 37800 39252 0,832 0,885 0,910 0,906 0,901 2,00-4,50 46,00 45,00 41,00 40,00

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) 49,2 45,3 40,3 41,0 40,8 62 153 195 236 205

In exchange, the viscidity is bigger to up to 10 times than the one of Diesel oil, with negative effects regarding filtration and dispersal of fuel in the cylinders, also the inflammability point is higher, influencing negatively the motor starting. Viscidity correction can be made using a convertor (adaptor) equipped with a preheater, which rises oils temperature at 7080C, when the oils parameters are close to those of Diesel oil and when on the Diesel motors cylinders must be fed with fuel. The high inflammability point of vegetable oil imposes the starting of the motor using Diesel oil, and after heating the oil at 7080C it is passed on vegetable oil. Adaptors used practically are distinguished by the vegetable oil way of heating and by the way of commutation from diesel oil to vegetable oil. According to the heating way it can be classified in: Adaptoars heated using hot water, which use the thermic energy from the cooling system of the motor using a heat changer. In diagram 1 is shown the sketch of a device used for preheating vegetable oil (heat changer) using hot water.

n schimb vscozitatea uleiului este mai ridicata dect a motorinei de circa 10 ori, cu efecte negative privind filtrarea i dispersarea combustibilului n cilindrii, de asemenea punctul de inflamabilitate este mai ridicat, influennd negativ pornirea motorului. Corectarea vscozitii uleiului se poate realiza cu ajutorul unui convertor (adaptor) prevzut cu prenclzitor, care ridic temperatura uleiului la 7080C, cnd parametrii uleiului sunt apropiai de cei ai motorinei i cnd cilindrii motorului Diesel trebuie alimentai cu combustibil. Punctul de inflamabilitate ridicat al uleiului vegetal impune pornirea motorului pe motorin, iar dup nclzirea uleiului la 7080C se trece pe ulei vegetal. Adaptoarele utilizate n practic se deosebesc prin modul de nclzire a uleiului vegetal i prin modul de comutare de pe motorin pe ulei. Dup modul de nclzire se pot clasifica n: Adaptoare nclzite cu ap cald, care utilizeaz energia termic din sistemul de rcire al motorului prin intermediul unui schimbtor de cldur. n figura 1 este redat schema unui dispozitiv de prenclzire a uleiului vegetal (schimbtor de cldur) cu ap cald.

Figure 1 - Vegetable oil preheater using hot water / Prenclzitor de ulei vegetal cu ap cald

Adaptoars electrically heated, which use the thermic energy from elements with electric resistances. In diagram 2 is presented the sketch of a vegetable oil preheated equipped with electric elements. Electric oil heating is an efficient technical solution even at the cold motor starting and working, with the possibility to maintain the temperature under control, small dimensions, simple and easy assembling, low cost.

Adaptoare nclzite electric, care utilizeaz energia termic furnizat de elemente cu rezistene electrice. n figura 2 se prezint schema unui prenclzitor de ulei prevzut cu elemente electrice. nclzirea electric a uleiului este o soluie tehnic eficient chiar i la pornirea i funcionarea motorului la rece, cu posibilitatea de meninere sub control a temperaturii, gabaritul este redus, montare simpl i uoar, pre de cost redus.

Figure 2 - Vegetable oil preheator equipped with electric elements / Prenclzitor de ulei vegetal cu elemente electrice 1. entrance connector / racord intrare; 2. exit connector / racord ieire; 3. ventilation screw / urub aerisire; B1,B2 - heating electric elements / B1,B2 elemente electrice de nclzire; Tm1- comand thermostat / Tm1- termostat de comand; Tm2 protection thermostat / Tm2 termostat de protecie

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 According to the commutation way it can be classified in: adaptors with manual commutation; adaptors with automatic commutation. Adaptors with automatic commutation can have: electronic command (through some electronic components assembled as a command modulus); electromagnetic command (through some electromagnetic relays). 1. Adaptors with manual commutation and oil heating using hot water from the motors cooling system diagram 3. This type of adaptor allows the starting of the Diesel oil motor and the commutation through a double faucet with three ways. For the oil heating there is incorporated a heat switch connected to the motors cooling system. The cooling liquid and the vegetable oil circulates in countercurrent. The oils optimum work temperature is realized when the motors cooling liquid temperature reaches a 0 value of 70-80 C. Until it reaches that temperature , the motor has to work using Diesel oil. Although it is a simple adaptor, it commutes relatively hard and needs a relatively big period of time to reach the optimum temperature for commutation on oil. Also, for its assembling it is necessary to make modifications both to the motors supplying system and to the cooling system.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) Dup modul de comutare se pot clasifica n: adaptoare cu comutare manual; adaptoare cu comutare automat. Adaptoarele cu comutare automat la rndul lor pot fi: cu comand electronic (prin intermediul unor componente electronice asamblate sub forma unui modul de comand); cu comand electromagnetic (prin intermediul unor relee electromagnetice. 1. Adaptor cu comutare manual i nclzirea uleiului cu apa cald din sistemul de rcire al motorului figura 3. Acest tip de adaptor permite pornirea motorului pe motorin i comutarea pe ulei prin intermediul unui robinet dublu cu trei ci. Pentru nclzirea uleiului are ncorporat un schimbtor de cldur racordat la sistemul de rcire al motorului. Lichidul de rcire i uleiul vegetal circul n contracurent. Temperatura optim de lucru a uleiului se realizeaz cnd temperatura lichidului de rcire al motorului ajunge n jurul valorii de 70 0 80 C. Pn se ajunge la aceast temperatur motorul trebuie s funcioneze pe motorin. Dei este un adaptor simplu, comutarea este relativ greoaie i necesit o perioad de timp relativ mare pentru atingerea temperaturii optime de comutare pe ulei. Totodat pentru instalarea lui sunt necesare modificri att ale sistemul de alimentare al motorului ct i ale sistemului de rcire.

Figure 3 - General sketch for manual commutation adaptor and oil heating using hot water / Schema general a adaptorului cu comutare manual i nclzirea uleiului cu ap cald RM Diesel oil tank; RU vegetable oil tank; PRU oil preheator; R commutation faucet; PA supplying pump; FG and FF fuel filters; PI injection pump; I injectors / RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei vegetal; PRU prenclzitor ulei; R robinet de comutare; PA pomp alimentare; FG i FF filtre de combustibil; PI pomp injecie; I injectoare

2. Adaptors with manual commutation and electric oil heating - diagram 4. The commutation is identical with the first case, but the oil heating is made in a shorter time and motor cooling system modifications are not necessary. The electrical heating is a efficient technical solution both for motors cold starting and working , assuring the possibility to maintain temperature under control, small size, simple and easy assembling, low cost.

2. Adaptor cu comutare manual i nclzirea electric a uleiului - figura 4. Comutarea este identic cu primul caz, dar nclzirea uleiului se realizeaz ntr-un timp mult mai scurt i nu mai sunt necesare modificri ale sistemului de rcire al motorului. nclzire electric este o soluie tehnic eficient chiar i la pornirea i funcionarea motorului la rece, asigurnd posibilitatea de meninere sub control a temperaturii, a unui gabarit redus, o montare simpl i uoar, un pre de cost redus.

Figure 4 - General sketch for manual commutation adaptor and electric oil heating / Schema general a adaptorului cu comutare manual i nclzirea electric a uleiului. RM Diesel oil tank; RU vegetable oil tank; PRU oil preheator; R commutation faucet; PA supplying pump; FG and FF fuel filters; PI injection pump; I injectors / RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei vegetal; PRU prenclzitor ulei; R robinet de comutare; PA pomp alimentare; FG i FF filtre de combustibil; PI pomp injecie; I injectoare

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 3. Adaptors with automatic cummutation and oil heating using hot water. For this type of adaptors, the motor commutation from diesel oil is made automaticly, 0 throuh a thermostat, when the oil reaches a 70-80 C temperature. The oil heating drawbacks are maintained as in the first case. 4. Adaptors with automatic commutation and electric oil heating. In diagram 5 is presented the general hydraulic sketch for the adaptor, and in diagram 6 is presented the general electric sketch. It is superior to other types of adaptors, combining automatic commutation assists by a thermostat, with rapid oil heating using electric elements. The automatic commutation can be realized using electronic or electromagnetic components, through electro valves.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) 3. Adaptor cu comutare automat i nclzirea uleiului cu ap cald. La acest adaptor comutarea de pe motorin pe ulei se realizeaz automat, prin intermediul unui 0 termostat, cnd uleiul ajunge la temperatura de 70 80 C. Se menin inconvenientele legate de nclzirea uleiului ca i n primul caz. 4. Adaptor cu comutare automat i nclzirea electric a uleiului. n figura 5 se prezint schema hidraulic general a adaptorului, iar n figura 6 se prezint schema electric general. Este superior celorlalte tipuri de adaptoare, mbinnd comutarea automat asistat de un termostat, cu nclzirea rapid a uleiului cu elemente electrice. Comutarea automat poate s fie realizat cu componente electronice sau electromagnetice, prin intermediul electrovalvelor.

Figure 5 - General hydraulic sketch for the adaptor with automatic commutation and electric oil heating / Schema hidraulic general a adaptorului cu comutare automat i nclzirea electric a uleiului RM Diesel oil tank; RU oil tank; EVTU and EVRU oil turn-return electrovalves; EVTM and EVRM Diesel oil turn-return electro valves ; I2 manual commutation; PRU vegetable oil preheator / RM rezervor motorin; RU rezervor ulei; EVTU i EVRU electrovalve tur-retur ulei; EVTM i EVRM - electrovalve tur-retur motorin; I2 comutator manual; PRU prenclzitor ulei vegetal

Figure 6 - General electric sketch for the electromagnetic adaptor with automatic commutation and electric oil heating / Schema electric general a adaptorului electromagnetic cu comutare automat i nclzirea electric a uleiului R1, R2, R3 electromagnetic relays; Tm1 command thermostat ; Tm2 protection thermostat; B1 and B2 electric heating elements; EVTU and EVRU oil turn-return electrovalves; EVTM i EVRM - Diesel oil turn-return electrovalves; I2 manual commutator on Diesel oil / R1, R2, R3 relee electromagnetice; Tm1 termostat de comand; Tm2 termostat de protecie; B1 i B2 elemente de nclzire electrice; EVTU i EVRU electrovalve tur-retur ulei; EVTM i EVRM - electrovalve tur-retur motorin; I2 comutator manual pe motorin

No matter the adaptors type, the motors supplying installation must have a supplementary tank for vegetable oil. Usually the motors Diesel oil tank becomes an oil tank, and the supplementary, of smaller capacity (5-10 liters) becomes a Diesel oil tank, that being necessary only for the engine start and its working until the oil is heated, also for eliminating the oil from the system before the engine stops. To reduce thermic losses, the preheator is assembled as near as possible to the system supplying pump. All the types of adaptors used so that the Diesel

Indiferent de tipul adaptorului, instalaia de alimentare a motorului trebuie s fie prevzut cu un rezervor suplimentar pentru uleiul vegetal. De regul rezervorul de motorin din dotarea motorului devine rezervor de ulei, iar cel suplimentar, de capacitate mai mic (510l) devine rezervor de motorin, aceasta fiind necesar numai la pornirea motorului i funcionarea acestuia pn se nclzete uleiul, de asemenea la splarea sistemului de ulei nainte de oprirea motorului. Pentru reducerea pierderilor termice prenclzitorul se monteaz ct mai aproape de pompa de alimentare a sistemului. Toate tipurile de adaptoare utilizate pentru funcionarea

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 motor will work using vegetable oil need oil elimination before the engine stops for a longer period of time (that allows the engine to cool). This implies that with 1015 minutes before stopping the engine, the installation has to be manually passed on diesel oil supplying to permit the system flush of oil and its charging with Diesel oil to allow an easy start of the engine. CONCLUSIONS 1. Using raw vegetable oils in 100% ratio as biofuel for thermic motors with ignition by compression (Diesel) is possible only if the engine is additionally equipped with an adaptor which allows the commutation from Diesel oil to vegetable oil and also to correct the oils viscidity. 2. The correction for the oils viscidity is made by heating it at 70-80C temperatures. 3. The oil heating can be made electrically or using hot water from the motors cooling system. 4. Electric oil heating is the recommended technical solution thanks to its efficiency even at cold motor starting and working, of maintaining temperature under control, of low size and easy assembling, low cost. 5. The commutation from diesel oil to vegetable oil can be made manually, with adequate facets, or automatically, with electrovalves controlled by electronic or electromagnetic devices, recommended being the automatic commutation, which is more comfortable and easy. 6. For the Diesel engine to work 100% with vegetable oil, the supplying system must be equiped with an additional oil tank. 7. The assembling of the preheator and of the commutation will be made in the proximity of the injection pump to avoid thermic losses. 8. For a good supplying system functioning and an easy engine start, it is imposed that the oil system is flushed before the engine is stopped for a long period of time and its filling with Diesel oil.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) motorului Diesel cu ulei vegetal necesit splarea de ulei nainte de oprirea motorului pentru o perioad mai mare de timp (care permite rcirea motorului). Acest lucru presupune ca nainte de oprirea motorului cu 1015 min. instalaia s fie trecut manual pe alimentarea cu motorin pentru a permite splarea sistemului de ulei i ncrcarea cu motorin pentru a permite o nou pornire uoar a motorului. CONCLUZII 1. Utilizarea uleiurilor vegetale brute n proporie de 100% ca biocombustibili la motoarele termice cu aprindere prin comprimare (Diesel), este posibil numai dac motorul este dotat suplimentar cu un adaptor care s permit comutarea de pe motorin pe ulei i totodat s corecteze vscozitatea uleiului. 2. Corectarea vscozitii uleiului se realizeaz prin nclzirea acestuia la temperatura de 7080C. 3. nclzirea uleiului se poate face electric sau cu apa cald provenit din sistemul de rcire al motorului. 4. nclzire electric a uleiului este soluia tehnic recomandat datorit eficienei la pornirea i funcionarea motorului chiar i la rece, a meninerii sub control a temperaturii, a gabaritului redus i a montrii uoare, a preului de cost redus. 5. Comutarea alimentrii de pe motorin pe ulei vegetal se poate realiza manual, cu robinete adecvate sau automat, cu electrovalve controlate de dispozitive electronice sau electromagnetice, recomandat fiind comutarea automat care este mai comod i mai sigur. 6. Pentru funcionarea cu ulei vegetal 100% a motorului Diesel, sistemul de alimentare trebuie dotat cu un rezervor suplimentar de ulei. 7. Montarea prenclzitorului i a comutatorului se va face n imediata apropiere a pompei de injecie pentru evitarea pierderilor termice. 8. Pentru buna funcionare a sistemului de alimentare i pornirea uoar a motorului, se impune splarea sistemului de ulei nainte de oprirea motorului pentru o perioad mai mare de timp i ncrcarea lui cu motorin.

BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burnete N. Researches regarding the recicling of used 1. Burnete N. Cercetri privind reciclarea uleiurilor alimentare alimentary by using them as fuel for motors with ingnition uzate prin utilizarea lor ca i combustibili la motoarele cu by compresion. Science Politics and Scientometry aprindere prin comprimare. Revista de Politica tiinei i Magazine. Special edition , 2005. Scientometrie. Numr special, 2005. 2. Dobre P. Adaptor for the functioning of Diesel motors 2. Dobre P. Adaptor pentru funcionarea motoarelor with raw vegetable oil. Patent demand 2009. Diesel cu ulei vegetal crud. Cerere brevet 2009. 3. Kusdiana D., Saka S.- Fuel 80, 693/2001. 3. Kusdiana D., Saka S.- Fuel 80, 693/2001. 4. Lawton M. D., Ackrell L. F. - Operating internal 4. Oren L. K., Talking R. - System and method for fueling Combustion engines with plant oil. Brevet de invenie, Diesel engines with vegetable oil. Brevet de invenie, martie 2007. U.S. A. ianuarie 2006. U.S.A. 5. Oren L. K., Talking R. - System and method for fueling 5. Lawton M. D., Ackrell L. F. - Operating internal Diesel engines with vegetable oil. Brevet de invenie, Combustion engines with plant oil. Brevet de invenie, martie 2007. U.S. A. ianuarie 2006. U.S.A. 6. Roca R i colab. The Formulating and testing of an 6. Roca R i colab. Formularea i ncercarea unui oxygenated biodiesel fuel for the supply of motors with combustibil oxigenat de tip biodiesel pentru alimentarea motoarelor cu aprindere prin comprimare. Grant 2004; ingnition by compresion. Grant 2004 7. X X X - Biocarburanii n Romnia. 7. X X X - Biocarburanii n Romnia.

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