Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Water Concrete Lime Quick Lime Hydrated Lime / Slaked Lime Lime Putty Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregates Building Sand Lime Mortar Cement Mortar Lime / Cement Mortar Concrete Reinforced Concrete Lean Concrete Plumb Concrete No fine concrete Dry concrete Common clay bricks Pre cast blocks Pre cast bricks Brick work Damp proofing course (DPC) Damp proof membranes (DPM) Reinforced brick work Honey comb brick work Stone work Cabook work Random Rubble masonry Scaffolding Coursed rubble masonry Ashlar masonry
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33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

Tore veneering work Metal Work Fabrication and erection Erection site work Plant and equipment Security during erection Modification to fabrication Painting after erection Bedding of stanchion bases Bearing of beams and girders on stone, brick, concrete plain or reinforced Encasing steel work in foundations and filling between grillage beams. Erection of tresses Rolling shutters Guide channels Fixing Plastering Lime Plaster Lime cement plaster Coloured cement plaster Cement plaster Lath Plaster Textured patterned plaster Treatment for thermal cracks in plaster Wall tiling Mosaice work Ceiling asbestos cement sheet Fibre board ceiling Floor finishes with cement concrete tiles Granolithic floor finishes Cement mortar floor finishes Cement concrete floor finishes Cast in situ terrazzo floor finishes Cast in situ terrazzo skirting & wall linings Terrazzo tile flooring
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67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98.

Glazed tile flooring Glazed tile skirting Parquet flooring Cement rendered floor skirting Tiled roofing Corrugated asbestos cement sheet roofing Galvanized Zinc aluminum coated profiled steel sheet Rigid PVC profiled sheet Glass fibre reinforced sheets Valley gutters galvanized/zinc aluminum Gutters - Asbestos / G I / PVC Glazing / types of glasses Transparent sheet glass (clean/colour/Flashes) Transparent glass (Flat/Rough/Patterned) Glazing with piethey Painting and decoration White washing Colour washing Distempering Cement Painting Plastic emulation paint Painting wood work Varnishing French polishing Waxing Painting cash iron Painting soil pipes Painting floors Painting, water retaining structures Painting exposed surface Wax polishing

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

NB : Refer following Books , Specification for Building works (Volume I ICTAD) Civil Engineering Materials (Edited By N Jackson)

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

Sand
As far as possible avoid the use of sea sand in building and it contain a lot of chemical properties as salt. If use in building work it should be washed properly in fresh water. If it is being used as a fine aggregate in concrete sea sand should be washed a couple of times to make sure that no salt is present in the sand. This could be done by a simple test of tasting the salt. Otherwise any present of salt in the sand would help to decay the reinforcement in concrete. If you are using sea sand for normal building works such as for mortar as it is in a tidies process to wash sand. Ones could filled up sand in pyramid shape and allow a few showers on it to wash it right round and there by the most of the chemical impurities get washed. To the bottom layer and avoid using the bottom layer of sand. Uses of sand in buildings Mostly for mortar, plaster, concrete, filling under floors as a temporally protection of hard floors, blinding corridors, blinding over tars or bitumen, application on roads and roofs specially for flat roofs. Sand used for mortar and specially for concrete should first test for its dampness. Because when the sand brought to the site could be either dry bulk or wet bulk and very often it wet rather than dry. As such your proportion of water for concrete work could be disturbed. If you have a site full of sand it is normally considered to give a good safe forms bed. The safe resistance of sand varies from 1 - 2 ton per square foot, up to 7 - 8 ton per square foot but with certain factor of variation. Depth below the surface the deeper you go the lesser the liability for the sand to move and in sand form should be placed very surface of the sand The present of impurity such as mud, which is normally found which are weaker in load bearing capacity would tend the grains of sand to separate and can allow collapse under load. Present of raining water which could cause sand to move The age and nature of the formation vary often specially along the sea coast this could be heap of sand blown by the wind action unless it has been in that position for a long time which is unsuitable for building works.

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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The object of the use of sand Lime mixture would assist setting by providing void for passage of water and carbon dioxide Reduce shrinkage because in practice sand is incompressible. To occupy span and provide bulk and these economize because sand is cheaper than lime. Strength Usually sand is stronger than cement as lime but cement increases the strength of maintenance and bind together. Specification of sand Good sand should be absolutely clean from organic and chemical impurities. The grain size of the sand use for particular job occurs should be suitable for work. It should be fine for safe plastering for mortar if can be larger and could be use 1/8 1/4+ for concrete work. If good sand can not be obtain the available sand would be improved by, Washing to remove all impurities such as soil, salt, wood and clay etc. and this could be done in a lager bores into which water is allow to run. Screened to run all particles subject such as carbon. Screened to obtain the decided grain size by grading

Substitute for sand Broken stone and clinkers can be used

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Cement
There are two groups of cement i.e. natural and artificial, but whilst the latter is one of the most important building materials, comparatively little natural cement is now produced. Natural cement is made from nodules consisting of lime (approximately 40 percent), clay (50 per cent) and oxide of iron, etc (10 per cent); these lumps are burnt and crushed to a powder, which is a brown colour due to the iron content. Roman and Medina cement are both quicksetting natural cements. The artificial cement groups include: Portland Cement Normal or Ordinary Rapid-hardening White and coloured Blast-furnace Waterproof Sulphate-resisting

Super-sulphate cement High Alumina Cement Normal or Ordinary Portland Cement Chalk or limestone and clay are the raw material from which this is manufactured. The cement works are generally situated near deposits of these raw materials. This process includes: Excavation and preparation of these materials Mixing and grinding Burning Grinding

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Testing The manufacture is closely controlled at each stage and samples of the clay slip and chalk before they enter the wet mill. Slurry after leaving the mill, clinker after leaving the kiln and cement at the packing machine are taken for laboratory examination. The cement during and after manufacture is tested in accordance with the British Standard Specification for Ordinary Portland and Rapid Hardening Portland cements. No121. This specification includes the following test with which Portland cement must comply: Fineness Chemical Composition Strength Setting Time Soundness

Rapid-hardening Portland Cement This is true Portland cement, and, as its name implies, its chief characteristic is the comparative rapidity with which it gains in strength in the early stage of hydration. White and coloured Portland Cement The chemical composition and characteristic of white Portland cement are similar to those of ordinary Portland cement, except that the latter is of a grey colour. The colour of white cement is due to the raw material are the special precaution taken in its production. Coloured Portland Cement, used for special purpose such as for plastering walls and in the manufacture of reconstruction stone and tiles, is now obtainable in a variety of colour. Blast-furnace Portland Cement This is a mixture of ordinary Portland cement and blast-furnace slag. Waterproof Portland Cement
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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This contains a waterproofing agent, and concrete made with it is less permeable to water than that made with normal Portland cement Sulphate-resisting Portland Cement Sulphate bearing clays attack normal Portland cement and this cement offers some resistance to the action. Super-sulphate cement This is similar to the sulphate-resisting Portland cement but offering greater resistance to attack, used for concreting in contaminated ground. High Alumina Cement This is made from a mixture of limestone and bauxite (aluminium ore) which is fired in a hot air blast in a furnace with coal Mortars Mortar is composed of an aggregate, such as sand and a matrix or binding material of lime or cement or both. Sand in Mortar Reduce shrinkage and without it cracks would develop Assist in the hardening of pure limes especially by allowing the penetration of air which provides CO2 for the development of carbonization. Reduce it cost, as sand is much cheaper than lime or cement.

To give best result sand should be well graded and must be clean. The following aggregates are used for mortars Pit or Quarry Sand River Sand Sea Sand Crushed Stone Ashes or Clinkers

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Lime Mortar The slaked lime is mixed with the aggregate and waters either by hand or in a mortar mill. Manual mixing should be done on a boarded platform to ensure that dirt will not be shoveled into the mix. The period of slaking, composition and strength of mortar depend upon the class of lime used. Non-Hydraulic Lime Mortars Hydraulic Lime Mortars Magnesian or Dolamitic Lime Mortars Hydrated Lime Mortars Black Mortars

Cement Mortars It is stronger than lime mortars and is therefore used in the construction of piers and load-bearing walls; it is also usefully employed for work below ground level and for external walls in exposed position on account of its impermeability. Cement lime or Compo Mortars Compo is a mixture of lime, cement and sand. It is usual to mix the lime mortar and then gauge this mixture with the necessary proportion of Portland cement immediately before the mortar is required for use. Non Hydraulic, feebly hydraulic and hydrated limes can be used for this class of mortars. Strength of mortar Colour of Mortars Waterproofed Mortars

Strength of Mortar Cement mortar produces the strongest brickwork, non-hydraulic lime mortar walling is approximately half the strength of that in cement mortar, and the strength of eminently hydraulic mortars is intermediate between that of cement and non-hydrauiic lime mortars.

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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The strength of compo mortars depends a good deal upon the cement content and may be very little less than cement mortar.

Colour of Mortar Whilst the colour of the mortar is immaterial if the brickwork is to be covered with plaster or roughcast, it is very important that the colour shall suitably conform with that of the bricks when these are to be used in the construction of faced work. The appearance of brickwork is often spoilt through inadequate attention being paid to the colour and texture of the jointing material, even when the bricks are expensive facings. The colour of mortar is influenced by both the lime or cement and the aggregate, and in order to obtain the desired result it is sometimes essential to try out different materials and proportions. Waterproofed Mortars There are now available a large number of proprietary substances, called water proofers, which are mixed with mortars to render them impervious. They are marketed in the form of powders, pastes and liquids. Their object is to either fill the pores of the mortar or to line the pores with a film of water-repellent material Most of these, such as "Cementone," "Medusa," "Pudlo" and "Sika," are only suitable for cement mortars. As such mixtures must not be used after the initial set, it is necessary to apply the material without delay and in some cases within half an hour of the addition of water. Unused partially set mortar must be discarded. CONCRETE Concrete consists of a (1) matrix, (2) fine aggregate and (3) coarse aggregate thoroughly mixed with water." In general, a good concrete is required to be hard, strong, durable, dense, non-porous, fire resisting and economical, although for certain structures, such as internal partitions, strength and impermeability are not necessary requirements where a porous concrete may be desirable on account of its lightness and sound-insulating properties. The characteristics of concrete are influenced by the quality of the materials, grading of the aggregates, proportioning, amount of water used, and workmanship. Ideally, the variation in the size of the aggregates (known as grading) should be such that the fine aggregate will fit into the spaces between the coarse aggregate to leave a minimum percentage of voids to be filled by the matrix in cementing the whole mass together.
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Adequate grading is economical, as less cement is needed when the aggregates are well graded. A mixture which is too rich in cement may shrink excessively. It, is most important to appreciate that the (strength of mortar depends very largely upon the amount of water used in relation to the cement; an excess of water results in a considerable reduction in strength. Just sufficient water should be added to make the mix reasonably plastic and workable. The expression "workable mixture" is applied to concrete of such consistency that it can be readily deposited in position in a uniform condition and rendered dense after a reasonable amount of punning. Concrete when used by itself is known as mass concrete (used for foundations, certain floors, retaining walls, etc.); concrete reinforced with steel is called reinforced concrete. Matrix The binding material used for most concretes is ordinary Portland cement. Rapidhardening cement is suitable as a matrix for concrete structures which have to be speedily constructed. Fine aggregate According to B.S. 882Concrete Aggregates from natural sources fine aggregate is one which mainly passes a test sieve having a 4-8 mm square mesh. Sand is the chief material employed as a fine aggregate, and both quarry and river sands are extensively used for this purpose. Sea sand is also used locally as an Aggregate, chiefly because of its low cost; if such sand is required for concrete which is to be exposed to view, it is advisable to eliminate as much as possible of the salt content by washing with fresh water, otherwise efflorescence may be objectionable. Cleanliness and suitable grading, already referred to, are essential requirements. Coarse aggregate This is classified as material which is mainly retained on a 4.8 mm meshed sieve. The maximum size varies; thus, for reinforced concrete work it is usually 19 mm, and for mass concrete, as for foundations, it is generally 38 mm and may be 64mm. The following materials are used for coarse aggregate:

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Broken brick Broken atone Gravel Slag Pumice Breeze and clinker Foamed Expanded slate

Grading of Aggregates Not more than one-fifth and not less than one-twentieth of zone 1 sand of 4-8 mm maximum size should pass through a No. 52 sieve; for zone 3 sand the percentage passing the same sieve is 15 to 40. Unsuitable grading of the sand is a frequent cause of defects in concrete, and the strength and workability of the concrete depend a good deal upon the percentage of sand which passes through a No. 52 sieve. Thus, an excess of this fine material necessitates the addition of an excessive amount of water during mixing and a decrease in the strength of concrete results, whilst a deficiency of fine material causes un workability and harshness. The above B.S. 882 requires that not more than 10 per cent. By weight of the sand (20 per cent. for crushed stone sands) shall pass through a No. 200 sieve. Fine dust must be excluded from the aggregate. For coarse aggregate of 19 mm maximum size, not more than 55 per cent and not less than one-quarter should pass through a 9-5 mm sieve. The importance of correct grading cannot be over emphasized. The shape of the particles of aggregate influences the workability of the concrete. Thus, concrete with crushed aggregate having sharp edges will require more water than that made of rounded particles, and therefore the latter makes a stronger concrete for a given workability and is preferred to angular particles. The particles should be compact and not flat and elongated. Proportioning Concrete. The composition of concrete varies considerably, depending upon the specific requirements in respect to strength, durability, impermeability, workability and economy, in addition to the quality and characteristics of the materials. Thus, the proportions of materials for concrete required for a reinforced concrete beam will differ from those for a concrete non13

Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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load-bearing internal partition or for site concrete. Great care should be taken to determine the correct proportions of the materials. Cement should always be specified by weight and it also good practice to express the proportions of the aggregates by weight. The Code of Practice requires all materials to be weighed. Sometimes the proportions of the aggregates are specified by volume; thus the Building Regulations stipulate the site concrete shall consist of not less than 50 kg of cement to every 0.11 m3 of fine aggregate and 0.16 m3 of coarse aggregate. In practice and during wet weather especially, it is difficult to obtain batches of concrete which are uniform when the fine aggregate is measured by volume. This is due to the increase in volume, known as bulking, of the sand which occurs when it is in a moist condition. Experiments show that 1 m3 of dry sand will approximately increase to 1.2 m3 if 3 per cent of water is added to it, and therefore there is actually less aggregate in 1 m3 of moist sand than in the same volume of dry sand. If the water content increases to 4,per cent the volume will be increased by approximately ; as the moisture increases beyond this percentage, the bulking gradually decreases, and when the sand becomes submerged the volume of the inundated sand is the same as that when dry. The finer sand, the greater the bulking. This bulking of moist sand should be allowed for; it is customary to assume that the volume has increased by 20 per cent., and therefore this amount of sand is added to the proportion of fine aggregate when mixing. Water The water used for mixing concrete is required to produce a workable plastic mix, in addition to hydrating the cement. It must be clean and fresh. It is emphasized that the strength of concrete depends upon the quantity of water used in relation to the cement content, and an excess of water, however slight, reduces the strength of the concrete. Slump Test The best practical test for determining the desired workability of concrete and the required amount of water is that known as the slump test. This is now universally adopted both on the site during the progress of the work and in the laboratory. The apparatus simply consists of a metal mould, frustum of a cone in shape, with both ends open and provided with two handles; the dimension are 305 mm high, 203 mm internal diameter at the bottom and 102 mm internal diameter at the top A 610 mm long metal rod 16 mm in diameter and bullet nosed, is also required.

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Compacting Factor Test This is another test applied to concrete, but it is only suitable for use in the laboratory. It is related to the workability of concrete, which is defined for this purpose as being the property which determines the amount of work required to compact or consolidate the concrete completely. The compacting factor may be defined as a measure of the density of a concrete achieved by a standard amount of work. Compression Test The quality of concrete is generally assessed by its crushing strength. This strength is determined by testing suitably prepared specimen of the concrete in a compression machine. Mixing Concrete It is most important that the material shall be thoroughly mixed in correct proportion. The mixing should be continued until the concrete is of a uniform colour and consistency. Concrete is either (1) hand-mixed or (2) machine-mixed. Placing Concrete Concrete should be placed in position as soon as possible and before setting has commenced. For short distances the concrete is usually shoveled from the mixing platform or discharged from the mixing drum into watertight steel wheelbarrows or handcarts and conveyed to the place of deposition. In order that the effect of the mixing will not be nullified, concrete must be carefully placed and not thrown from a height, otherwise its consistence becomes non-uniform by the-separation of the heavier from the lighter particles. Concrete required for upper floors is hoisted by means of a barrow-lift (pulley block and tackle, attached to the scaffolding, for lifting the full barrows) or concrete-hoist (large hoppers containing the concrete are lifted to any desired height, the apparatus resembling the ordinary passenger-lift). Compacting Concrete Concrete after being placed in position should be well rammed or punned or tamped to consolidate it. This is done either by hand or mechanically. Curing Concrete

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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The water must not be allowed to evaporate from the concrete, and the longer the concrete is kept moist, the more effective will be the chemical combination of the cement with the water. The rapid drying out of the water considerable reduces the strength of the concrete. The concrete should therefore be covered over immediately it has been consolidated. A layer of sand or sacking, upon which water is sprinkled each day for a week, is effective. Surface bituminous coatings are sometimes applied to prevent evaporation, the liquid being sprayed on the concrete.

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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oej rlaIKh oej rlaIK l%uhla wjYH jkafka oej rdm;a ug Ndckh fkd wdrlaId lr .ekSu ioydh' f ioyd mo lr.;a oej Nd;hg .ekSug fmr oej wdrlaIs; l%uhla fhh hq;=h'

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

ROOF COVERING Roof covering material is provided to protect the surface of the roof structure. It also prevent heat, moisture rain water etc to enter into the building. It is not supposed to carry any structural load. The structural loads are directly taken by the roof. However the roof covering must be strong enough to carry some occasional light loads. There are various types of roof covering materials available for use under varying conditions. The following the various factors which need considerations in selecting a roof covering for a building. Climate of the locality Types of the building Initial cost Maintenance Durability Resistant to fire Heat insulation Appearance Type of construction Weight of the roof covering

Climate of the locality The section of roof covering materials depends upon the geographical position of the place and prevailing climate through out the year. Wooden shingles may be suitable for dry places where as they may prove very unsuitable for wet places. Corrugated G.I. sheet is not suitable for very hot places. Types of the building The roof covering material must be selected to match the building and type of roof structure over it.
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Initial cost The cost consideration is after all most important factor for guiding the selection of roof covering material. The initial cost varies from place and it also depends on the time. Clay tiles are cheaper at places where good brick-earth is available with facilities of making good tiles. Slate roofing or wooden shingles will prove cheaper in hilly areas. At the time of considering the initial cost of roof covering materials, the additional cost due to the supporting members should be also considered. Maintenance The cost of maintenance is an important consideration at the time of deciding the type of roof covering material. Wooden shingles and tiles require less maintenance than that of thatch roof covering. Durability The economy of the roof covering material depends upon the durability of the material. It is governed by many factors and varies from place to place. Under normal prevailing conditions slate, tiles, etc. have longer life. Asbestos cement sheets or wooden shingles have medium life. Thatch roof covering has very limited life. Resistance to fire Fire resistant property of roof covering material should be also considered. Clay tile, metal sheet or slates are more resistant as compared to thatch roof covering. Health Insulation The rooms of the building will be heated, if heat is allowed to be transmitted through the roof covering. This may be undesirable in tropical countries. Clay tiles or thatch provides sufficient protection against thermal effects. Corrugated metal roof covering has low resistance against heat. Asbestos cement sheets, unless used in double layers, have got a very low resistance to the transmission of heat. RCC shell roof has also low resistance against heat. Appearance

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Appearance of the roof covering material is an important consideration from the architectural point of view. Clay tiles or shingles impart good appearance in some cases. Cement tiles are satisfactory for industrial buildings. Asbestos cement coverings do not look attractive unless some special treatment is made. Type of Construction To provide a particular type of roof covering material, some special type of supporting structure may be required. Weight of the roof covering Heavier roof covering materials require stronger supporting structure. This increases the cost on the whole. Clay tiles and slates are the heavier types of the roof coverings whereas asbestos cement roof covering as lighter. The metal sheet roof coverings are very light in weight. The following are the various types of roof covering materials which are commonly used, Thatch Ordinary Country Tiles Asbestos cement sheets Corrugated G I sheets Bituminous Felts Glass Covering

Thatch It is the oldest type of roof covering material and generally used in the villages as the cost is very low and it is available abundantly in the villages. Thatch is of either straw or reed. It is very light roof covering material but it catches fire easily. A bed of matting is prepared over a timber truss to receive the thatch. Generally the slope is kept as 45 0 for easy drainage of rain water. Thatch unit can be prepared on the ground by tying it to the network of 25mm diameter bamboo spaced at 15 cm to 25cm centres. The sizes of the units are 1:5 to 2:0 m by 1:2 to 1:5m. These units are lofted and placed over the wooden trusses or any other supporting structure.

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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The minimum thickness of thatch should be about 1:5 cm in order to check the penetration of rain water. The thatch can fire very easily. If thatch is treated with some fire proof material, the resistance to fire is considerably improved. Various fire proofing materials are available nowadays. Thatch is also attacked by worms, insects, etc. and birds try to nest in them. Hence sometimes they are also treated for making them worm roof. Sodium bicarbonate, copper sulphate or other chemicals are used for this purpose. The next title in the same cause. As the tile almost segmental in section water is diverted to the central channel and this reduces the chance of any leakage. Length of the title varies between 32 to 40cm and the width ranges between 20 to 25 cm. The head or longitudinal lap may be 7.5 to 10 cm depending upon the pitch of the roof and the degree of exposure. The two opposite corners at the joint may be cut to the depth of the lap so that a reasonable cover is maintained between the tiles. Otherwise four thickness of tiles may occur at the corners resulting in open joints due to tilting. Etc. The joint of the bottom left hand corner of a tile with the top right hand corner of the tile below and to the left is known as shouldering. Pan tiles are fixed by nails as described earlier for plain tilling. They are fixed to the tiling battens of about 4X1 cm near the eves, the pan tiles are bedded with mortar over plain tiles. Sometimes three or four courses of plain tiles are laid at 10 cm gauge at eves. The object of providing it is to distribute the flow of water from the channels of the pan tiles above and safeguard it from overshooting the gutter. The fillings at the ridge course are cut out of waste tiles. The ridge tiles are then bedded in level line along the top of the pan tiles. Verges in pan tile roofs can be provided easily. Two courses of plain tiles are laid on brick work to from an under clock and on this is placed a roll to cover the up turn of the pan tile. The valleys in such tiling works are finished with a lead gutter the lead sheeting is bent over the fillet. Asbestos Cement Sheets Asbestos cement is now widely used in the manufacture of many building materials including roof tiles corrugated sheets, wall boards, rainwater gutters, felt.etc. This material is

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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composed of asbestos and ordinary Portland cement asbestos is a silky fibrous mineral existing in veins in metamorphized volcanic rocks. Roof covering made of this material are though durable, non combustible and light in weight. The average weight of asbestos cement covering is only 17 Kg/m 2 and, therefore, an economy in timber results when it is applied to timber roofs. The larger units, such as corrugated sheets and tiles are specially suited for large span buildings of the factory type. Where steel trusses are employed as the covering is fixed direct to the purling. Because of their lightness they economize in the sizes of the members of the trusses. Asbestos cement tiles are made rectangular in shape in varying sizes from 500 mm by 250 mm to 600 mm by 350 mm and 4 mm to 6 mm thick. The fixing nails should be of copper or galvanized wrought iron and be 32 mm long. The preferred minimum pitch is 25 0 for the larger tiles and 300 for the smaller. The ground work for these tiles is similar to that of slating. Corrugated asbestos sheets are 1086mm wide, 1525 to 3050 mm long in 150 mm rises and 64 mm thick. The end or head lap is 150 mm and the side lap is 70 mm. They are supplied in various colours. These sheets are fixed direct, with the smooth surface upper most, to either wood or steel purling. The maximum spacing of the purling is 1375 mm. Because of the light weight of this covering material, the 200 mm wood purling will be adequate for trusses spaced up to 4.25 mm centres. The sheets are always fixed through crowns of the corrugation, 10.5 mm diameter holes being drilled to receive the 8mm diameter galvanized screws. These are driven in and a watertight joint is assured. A sheet is secured at six positions. Galvanized corrugated iron sheets G.I sheets are widely used through its appearance is not very good. It is very durable, light and fire proof. It is usually manufactured in sheets which are corrugated or bent in a series of parallel depressions from end to end. The object of corrugation is to provide strength to the thin iron sheet. These corrugations also help in draining the water from the top of the roof. The purpose of galvanized the iron sheet with zinc is to protect it from rusting in wet weather. One of the drawbacks with such type of material is that it transmits heat and cold to a great extent.
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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The placing and fixing of corrugated iron sheets is very simple. The sheets are fixed to purling which are supported on 2 to 2 meters. The sheets are nailed to these timber members with galvanized nails or screws. The washers are used to make the joint watertight. Each sheets are always placed on the top of the ridge to prevent infiltration of water. The screws are not driven until the adjacent sheet has been lapped over the first. About 75 to 150 mm lap should be provided at the ends of the sheet. For restricting the heat flow from such roof covering, tiles can be placed over this type of covering. Bituminous Felts Tar and bituminous felts can be used as a roof covering materials. Bituminous felts are more durable and also do not melt or soften excessively under the effect of heat. It is non porous and impervious to moisture penetration. They are flexible and hence they can be used to cover curved or domical roof also. They are light in weight and can be laid in no time. Variation of temperature does not disintegrate it. Its appearance is not good and it does not provide a self supporting structure which should be very durable. For the flat roofs, the finished surface should have a slope not less than 1 in 60 and the necessary gutters with considerable slope should be provided. The concrete sub structure should be treated and prepared so as to avoid loss of adhesion and cracking. A primer coat should be given to reduce porosity and to ensures proper adhesion. The felts are placed with lap joints of at least 5 cm wide at the sides and 7.5 cm at the ends. At junction with walls of parapets, the felt should be taken up the angle filet up to a height of at least 15 cm above the finished surfaces of the roof. Glass covering Glass or reinforced glass is used mainly on roofs of industrial buildings and factories, where light is required to be admitted inside through the roof. Sometimes, prismatic glass is used for roofing to increase the volume of natural illumination inside the room. This type of roof covering is very costly. The chances of its breakage and subsequent injury to the people working below it, is more. It is very difficult to make such roofs water tight.

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

Roof covering glass is cast in plates from 5 to 25mm in thickness. It has some ribs which serve the purpose of providing better illumination than plain glass as well as it makes the glass plate stronger. Previously the glass plates were fixed with help of plastic putty and wooden heads. This did not work satisfactorily and after sometimes, the water leakage started through it. Nowadays various types of fixtures with glass plates have been devised and are in use. One such arrangement is shown in fig 15.38. Imperial measure size most closely corresponding to the recommended Metric sizes of structural timber. Components Standard Metric Sizes (Imperial size in inches) Ridge Plates Rafters Wall Plates 175 x 25 (7 x 1) 175 x 50 (7 x 2) 75 x 50 (3 x 2) 100 x 50 (4 x 2) 100 x 75 (4 x 2) 100 x 75 (4 x 3) 50 x 50 (2 x 2) 75 x 38 (3 x 1 ) 100 x 50 (4 x 2) 125 x 50 (5 x 2) 150 x 50 (6 x 2) Reepers (Batterns) Eaves Boards 175 x 50 (7 x 2) 50 x 25 (2 x 1) 50 x 13 (2 x ) 200 x 25 (8 x 1) Standards Metric Sizes (Imperial sizes in inches 200 x 22 (8 x 7/8 ) 200 x 19 (8 x ) -

(Valance Board) Principal Rafter 125 x 25,32,38 (5x1,1 ,1 150 x 25,32,38,50 (6x1, 1 , 1 , 2) 175 x 25,32,38,50 (7x1, 1 , 1 , Tie beams 2) 125 x 25,32,38 (5x1, 1 , 1 ) 150 x 25,32,38 (6x1, 1 , 1 )

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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

Braces Ceiling Bearers

175 x 25,32,38 (7x1, 1 , 1 ) 75 x 50 (3 x 2) 100 x 50 (4 x 2) 100 x 50 (4x2) 75 x 50 (3x2) 50 x 50 (2 x 2)

Imperial measure size most closely corresponding to the recommended Metric sizes of non structural timber Components Standard Metric Sizes (Imperial size in inches) Ceiling Boards Ceiling beadings Cornice mouldings Window frame Jambs & Heads 115 x 22 (4 x 7/8 ) 150 x 16 (6 x 5/8) 38 x 13 (1 x ) 50 x 13 (2 x ) 50 x 50 (2 x 2) 100 x 50 (4 x 2) 100 x 63 (4x2 ) Mullions Sills 100 x 63 (4x2 ) 125x50 (5x2) 125 x 63 (5 x 2 ) Standards Metric Sizes (Imperial sizes in inches 100 x 19 (4 x ) 140 x 13 (5 x ) 95 x 44 (3 x 1 ) 95 x 57 (3 x 2 ) 95x60 (3 x 2 3/8) 120 x 44 (4 x 1 ) 120 x 57 (4 x 2 Stops Window sashes Door Frames Jambs & Heads Stops 40 x 16 (1 5/8 x 5/8) 36 (1 3/8 ) thick 44 x (1 ) thick 100 x 50 (4x2) 100x63 (4x2 ) 40 x 16 (1 5/8 x 5/8) ) 38 x 13 (1 x ) 32 (1 ) thick 40 (1 5/8 thick) 95 x 44 (3 x 1 ) 95x57 (3 x 2 ) 38 x 13 (1 x )
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Door Sashes

36 (1 3/8 ) thick

32 (1 ) thick

STEEL CABINET HINGES TABLE MILD STEEL PARLIMENT HINGES Height Open flaps 1 mm 75 2 100 2 100 2 100 2 125 2 125 2 125 2 125 2 2 mm 90 - 4 90 - 4 115 - 4 156 - 4 156 - 4 180 - 4 200 - 4 225 - 4 3 mm 50 +2 50 +2 75 +2 100 +2 125 +2 125 +2 125 +2 125 +2 4 mm 5.00 5.00 5.60 6.30 6.30 8.00 8.00 8.00 5 mm 2.00 2.24 2.24 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.80 Width of Diameter Thickness Length of pin of flaps of joints 6 mm 37.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 62.50 62.50 62.50 62.50 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 No.of No.of holes Screw gauge on no for holes 9 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10

width over opening

knuckles screw each flap 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Floor Finishes Floor finishes with cement concrete tiles/clay tiles including ceramic floor tiles/pre-cast concrete slabs/Natural stone slabs/Artificial stone slabs / Wire cut bricks.
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

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Materials Clay Flooring Tiles Clay flooring tiles shall generally confirm to BS 1286 and shall be ceramic tiles or clay floor tiles (Quarries) as described below. Ceramic Tiles

These shall be produced by compacting blended ceramic powders and firing to temperatures above red heat. They shall be either vitreous with water absorption not exceeding 4% or fully vitrified with water absorption not exceeding 0.3%. The sizes of these tiles may be one of the following or as specified. 100 mm x 100 mm x 9.5 mm 200 mm x 100 mm x 9.5 mm 150 mm x 150 mm x 12.5 mm 150 mm x 150 mm x 9.5 mm 150 mm x 75 mm x 12.5 mm 150 mm x 75 mm x 9.5 mm The colour of the tiles shall be as specified. Deviation on length and breadth shall not exceed 1.5 mm for 100 mm tiles and 3 mm on the 200 mm tiles. Deviation on thickness shall not be more than 5%. Tiles specified like round edges, coves, angle beads, step treads etc. shall conform to BS 1256 or as specified. Clay Floor Quarry Tiles

These shall be produced by extrusion or other plastic formatting of a suitable clay or combination of clays and other minerals, the process includes firing above red heat (Note : These tiles are thicker than ceramic tiles and the surface less even and fine) The sizes of these tiles shall be one of the following or as specified. 150 mm x 150 mm x 16 mm
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Advanced Construction Training Academy ACTA Specifications

QS Construction Material

150 mm x 150 mm x 18 mm 150 mm x 150 mm x 22 mm 230 mm x 230 mm x 32 mm 150 mm x 75 mm x 16 mm 150 mm x 75 mm x 19 mm 150 mm x 75 mm x 22 mm Deviation on length and breadth shall not exceed 2 mm for 150 mm lengths and 4 mm for the 230 mm lengths. Deviation on thickness shall not be more than 10%. Water absorption of the tiles shall not exceed 10% when tested in accordance with BS 1286. The colour of the tiles shall be as specified. Suitable tile fittings shall be supplied as specified or directed.

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