Network Protocols

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Networking Protocols
A protocol defines the rules of procedures, which

computers must obey when communicating with each other

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is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design.

The OSI Reference Model

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OSI Model
OSI Open Systems Interconnect
The OSI model is a standard used to allow

different vendors to interoperate .

The OSI model is known as a layered protocol,

specifying seven (7) layers of interface. Each layer

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performs a well defined function.

Layers of the OSI Model

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Layer 1: Physical
The physical layer defines how a transmission

medium such as a cable connects to a computer.

This layer also specifies how to physically move

data (raw bits) between modems.

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Layer 2: Data Link

Divides the stream of bits received from the

network layer into manageable data units called frames.

Responsible for error-free transfer of frames to

other computer via the Physical Layer.

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Layer 3: Network
The network layer identifies computers on a

network and determines how to direct information transferring over a network.

Responsible for addressing and routing.

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Layer 4: Transport
The transport layer corrects errors in transmission and

ensures that information is delivered reliably.

It manages the flow control of data between parties across

the network.
It ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in

order.
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Layer 5: Session
Responsible for dialogue control

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Layer 6: Presentation
This layer is concerned with ensuring that a

receiving computer understands the information sent to it.

It converts information from one form to another Involves data encryption, compression and

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translation services.

Layer 7: Application
This layer facilitates user functions and provides

guidelines for network services.

Functions include file, print, message, database,

and application services.

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Benefits of The OSI Model

Dividing the complex network operation into more

manageable layers.

Networks can be updated more easily by replacing

individual layers instead of the entire system software.

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START HERE FOR CLASS 2

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HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol
The underlying protocol used by the World Wide

Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted

and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
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HTTP
For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this

actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

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Click here to read another explanation:

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Http+protocol
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FTP
File Transfer Protocol The protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP is most commonly used to download a file

from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).
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IEEE protocols
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http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214016,00.html

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IEEE802.16g
IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards

authored by the IEEE.

IEEE 802.16 is written by a working group established by IEEE

Standards Board in 1999 to develop standards for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks.
The current version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE

802.16j-2009. 16g was authored in 2007 for Management Plane Procedures and Services
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HTTPS
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
Used to access a secure Web server. When https:// is

used as the prefix of a Web address rather than the

common http://, the session is managed by a security protocol, and the transmission is encrypted to and

from the Web server.

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TCP
TCP is Responsible for verifying the correct

delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.
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IP
IP is responsible for moving packets of data from

node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address(the IP number).

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TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
The suite of communication protocols used to

connect hosts on the internet.

TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones

being TCP and IP.

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IEEE802.11a/b
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

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VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol
A category of hardware and software that enables

people to use the Internet as the transmission

medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP. http://www.webopedia.com
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