The Indian Iconography of the Decans and Hors Author(s): David Pingree Source: Journal of the Warburg and

Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 26, No. 3/4 (1963), pp. 223-254 Published by: The Warburg Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/750493 Accessed: 14/12/2009 10:17
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THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHYOF THE DECANS AND HORAS By DavidPingree

wranz Bolll was the first to recognize the importanceof the study of the 1 iconographyof the Decans for a broaderinvestigationof the transmission of ideas in antiquityand during the A{iddleAges. He was able to show that these odd Egyptian deities had at some time before the sixth century of our era made the long voyage to India; that thence they had travelledto Islamic lands; and so finally returnedto Byzantiumand the West. Aby Warburg2 discoveredthat they were not neglectedwhen they arrivedin Italy, but became an importantelement in the programmeof decorationat the Palazzo della Ragione (Salone) in Padua, renovatedin I306, and in the Salone dei Mesi of the Palazzo Schifanoiaat Ferrara,which was completed in I470. Finally, Wilhelm Gundel3 gathered massive documentation from North Africa, Europe, and Asia to illustratetheir diffusionthroughoutmost of the then civilized world. The present paper is a supplementto the labours of these three scholars, making available additional material which serves to identify a missinggenerationin their stemma atecanorum. This new material is found in a curious Sanskritastrologicalpoem, the Yavanajataka or GreekHoroscopyof Sphujidhvaja. This is a rrery old text. It is cited extensivelyby the fourteenth-century commentatorVisn. usarman4 and by his ninth-centurypredecessorsBhattotpala 5 and Govindasvamin. 6
1 F. Boll, Sphaera, 0. Neugebauer, 'Variants to the I903, pp. 4I2 ff^. and pp. I6I-67; Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum (here- Greek Translation of Abu Ma'shar's Version after CCAG),v, I, pp. I56-57. His theory of the Paranatellonta of Varahamihira and that Abu Ma'shar's knowledgeof the Indian Teukros', Bull.del'acad. roy.deBelgique, Classe Decans came from Kanaka cannot be ac- des Lettres, se Ser., xliii, I957, pp. I33-40; cepted; no siddhantasuch as Kanakatrans- O. Neugebauer and R. A. Parker, Egyptian lated would have mentionedthem. Astronomical Texts, i, Ig60; and H. ltitter and 2 A. Warburg, 'Italienische Kunst und M. Plessner, 'Picatrix'. Das tiel des Weisen von internationale Astrologieim Palazzo Schifa- Pseudo-Magrztz, Studies of the Warburg Instinoja zu Ferrara', in his Gesammelte Schriften, ii, tute 27, I 962, pp. I 33-40. I932, pp. 459-82 4 Visnusarman's commentary on Vidyaand 627-44. See also P. d'Ancona,I Mesidi Schifanoia inFerrara, madhava's Vidyamadhaviya was edited with I954. 3 W. Gundel, Dekane the mula by R. Shama Sastry, Mysore undDekansternbilder, Sanskrit Studien der BibliothekWarburg I 9, I 936. Series 63, 67, and 70, Mysore, Ig23-26. For The more recent literatureincludes the fol- his quotations of the Yavanajataka and those lowing works: the article by Gundel in RE of the following authors see my forthcoming Suttl. 7, I940, columns II6-24; J. J. Clere, edition. 'Un texte astronomique 5 Bhattotpala wrote commentaries on Varade Tanis', Keomi I0, I949, 3-27; B. L. van der Waerden,'Baby- hamihira's Brhajjataka (finished in A.D. 966) lonian AstronomyII. The Thirty-sixStars' (lithographed in Bombay, I874),, Brhatjrournal of J%ear EasternStudies,Viii, I 949, samhita (ed. MM. Sudhakara Dvivedi, pp. 6-26; the fragmentof Teucerof Babylon Vizianagram Sanskrit Series I0, 2 vols., Benares, edited by S. Weinstockin CCAG,ix, p. 2; I 895-97), Laghujataka (unpublished; over pp. I80-86; a sixth-centurypapyrus of the fifty manuscripts are recorded), and Yogarelevantportionof the Testamentof Solomon yatra (I have used MSS. 855 and 856 of published by K. Preisendanz,'Ein Wiener I 884/87 at the BhandarkarOriental Research Papyrus-fragment zum Testamentum Salo- Institute, Poona); on Prthuyasas' Satpancamonis', Symbolae R. Taubenschlag dedicatae,sika (lithographed in Bombay, I 866; ed vol. 3, Eos48, 3, Vratislaviae-Varsaviae I957, Dlnanatha Jha, HaridasSanskrit SeriesI49,
223

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DAVID PINGREE

Kalyan. avarman,who wrote c. 800, basedmuch of his Saraval17 on this poem, and parts of the Brhatparasarahorasastra,8 composed a little bit earlier,are inspiredby Sphujidhvaja's work. Varahamihira9who flourishedin the first half of the sixth centuryand is the most renownedof Indian astrologers) was familiarwith it, as was also Mlnaraja,lwhose Vrddhayavanajataka seemsto
Benares, I 947); and on Brahmagupta's V. S. Sastri and M. 1t. Bhat, Bangalore, Khandakhadyaka (perhaps containedin MS. I 947; Venkatesvara Press, Bombay, I 955; 528 of I875/76 at Poona). His only original and Acyutananda Jha, Benares, I959); (2) work is the Prasnajnana or Aryasaptati(ed. the Samasasamhita (known only from quotaP. J. gresthin, Bombay, I 930 and V. S. tions by Bhattotpala); (3) the Brhajjataka Sastri,Bangalore,I949). (lithographed in Bombay, I 874; ed. K. 6 Govindasvamin's (fl. 800-850) worksin- Sambasiva Sastri, Tri7vandrum Sanskrit Series clude a commentary on the Mahabhaskariya 9I, Trivandrum, Ig26; 2nd ed. by S. K. of BhaskaraI (ed. T. S. Kuppanna Sastri, Pillai, Trivandrum, I957; V. S. Sastri, Madras Government Oriental Series I30, Madras, Bangalore, Ig2g; A. N. S. Aiyangar, Adyar I957) and one on the Uttarakhandaof the Library Series 79, Madras, I 95 I (adhyayas IBrhatparasarahorasastra (I have used MS. IO); Sltaram Jha, 2nd ed., Benares, Igs2; 3 I 66 of the Oriental Research Institute, and Acyutananda Jha, Haridfas Sanskrit Series Mysore; the work is also preservedin MS. I 7 I, Benares, I 957); (4? the Laghujataka (ed. I I499 (of which MS. I I498 iS an apograph) A. Weber, Indzsche Studzen, 11, I 853, pp. 277in the Tanjore MaharajaSerfoji'sSarasvati 287 (adhyayas I-2); H. Jacobi, De astrologiae MahalLibrary). It is in the latterthat quota- indicae hord attellatae originibus, I 872 (adhyayas tions of Sphujidhvaja and many other early 3 I3); Venkatesvara Press, Bombay, I935 ; Indian astrologers are found. and Sitaram Jha, Benares, I948; see also 7 Kalyanavarman is cited by Bhattotpala E. C. Sachau, Alberuni's India,I 9 I 4, i, p. I 58, and himself mentionsKanaka (53, I), who and ch. So); (5) the Brhadyogayatra (unpubmay be the Indiansagewho went to Baghdad lished; only three manuscripts are known: in 767 (V. V. Ramana-gastrinin Isis, xiv, GIO539 of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 388 I930, p. 470). The Saravali is editedby V. S. of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, and R4203 Sastri,Bangalore,I928, and by SitaramJha, (b) of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Benares,I 953. Library, Madras); (6) the Yogayatra (ed. 8 The BrhatparaNarahorasastra has been H. Kern, Verstreide Geschriften, i, I9I3, pp. 97publishedby the Venkatesvara Press, Bom- I 68 (adhyayas I-9); andJagdish Lal, Lahore, bay, I95I, and by Sltaram Jha, 2nd ed., I944); (7) the Tikanikayatra (ed. V. K. R. Benares,I952. The passagesreferredto are Pandit, Journal of theUniversity of Bombay, xx, all in the Purvakhandawhich is cited by 2 (ArtsJ%umber 26) , I 95 I , pp. 40-63; and Kalyanavarman and was written before the (8) the Pancasiddhantika (ed. G. Thibaut Uttarakhandacommentedon by Govinda- and Sudhakara Dvivedi, Benares, I889; resvamin. Since the Purvakhandashows a printed Lahore, I 930. See also M. Kharegat, knowledgeof Varahamihira's Brhajjataka, it 'On the Interpretation of Certain Passages must be dated betweenc. 600 and 750. in the Pancasiddhantika of Varaha-Mihira', 9 The worksof Varahamihirawho wrote Journal of theBombay Branch of theRoyal Asiatic after505, the date of Latadeva's recensions of Society(hereafter ffBBRAS),xix, I 896, pp. the Old Suryasiddhanta,the Romakasid- I og-4 I; B. L. van der Waerden, 'Babylodhanta, and the Paulisasiddhanta summa- nische Planetenrechnung in Aegypten und rized in the Pancasiddhantika, and can be Indien', Bibliotheca Orientalis, Xiii, I956, pp. connectedwith the EmperorYasodharman, I08-IIO; O. Neugebauer, fhe ExactSciences 2nd ed., Providence, I957, pp. who flourishedin the thirties of the sixth in Antzquity, century (see my article CThe Empires of I 65-66 and I 72-73; D. Pingree, CA Greek Rudradamanand Yasodharman:Evidence Linear Planetary Text in India', XAOS, lix, from Two AstrologicalGeographies', ffournal I 959, pp. 282-84; and 'Astronomy and ofthe American Oriental Society (hereafter jrAOS), Astrology in India and Iran', Isis, liv, I963, lxxix, I 959, pp 267-70), include: ( I ) the pp. 229-46. Brhatsamhita (ed. H. Ikern,Bibliothecs Indis-s, 10I am preparing an edition of Mlnaraja Calcutta, I 865; S. Dvivedi, VizEanagram on the basis of 27 of 35 known manuscripts. It is probably the Clongastrological work of Sanskrit SeriesI0, 2 vols., Benares, I895-97;

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

have been composedin the early fourth century. Sphujidhvaja,then, must surely be dated beforeA.D. 300. But greater precisionis possible. In discussinga luni-solarcycle of I65 states that one such mahayugaSphujidhvaja years or 33 pancavarsayugas wrote-began after I66 years of he time the at current presumablythe one seems eminently reasonable. This 245. A.D. the $;akashad elapsed,ll or in of a I6s-year yugabeginning the for down laid are which conditions The when the Sun is a Sunday on occur year that of Moon that Caitra New enteringthe first degree of Aries-were very nearly met in A.D. 245, and not for many years before or after that date.l2 And the immediatelypreceding yuga would have begun in A.D. 80, which is, in fact, the epoch of the panSo the limitsof Sphujidhvaja's ofthe Old Paitamahasiddhanta.l3 cavarsayuga date can be narrowedto between 245 and c. 300. This indicates the correct interpretationof the concluding verse of the in whichit is statedthat the text was writtenat a date expressed Yavanajataka, or I9I.14 Reckoned from in the bhutasankhyasystem as narayanankendu and this ve may to A.D. 269/270, Era this corresponds the epoch of the $;aka accept as the date of the compositionof the Yavanajataka. However,the last versesof the workalso informus that it is a versification of a prose treatiseby Yavanevara(the Lord of the Greeks); that this prose language; and, text was a translationof a workwrittenin his (Yavanesvara's) finally, that this translationwas made in a year somewhatdoubtfullyidentified as 7I or I 49/ I 50 of the ChristianEra.15 These dates are strengthened
to by Birunlin India,i, the Yavanas'referred ps I58 11The verse is (76, I 4): gate sadeke'rdhasatesamanam idam gakanam/ kalakriyatattvam raveruse suryadinetprade 'rket kramattad abdadiyugadi bhanoh // (the manuscripthas sadagrefor sadeke,but this will not make sense). astronomically 'When I 66 ( I 50 plus I 6) yearsof the gakas have passed,that is the truth of the calculation of time. At dawn on Sunday,that is the beginning of the year and the beginning of the yuga of the Sun.' 12 The conjunctionof the Sun and Moon had takenplace duringthe night of Saturday I5 March 245 about 5 in front of the real equinoctialpoint for that year; but Sunday I6 Marchwas the firstday of the brighthalf of Caitra,and the 5 vanishesif one uses the standard Indian zodiac. This, of course, raisesa seriousproblemconcerningthe date of the adoptionof that zodiac. But perhaps this solutioncan be acceptedin loco melioris. I 2, 2. 13 Pancasiddhantika 14 The verse is (76, 62): nama babhuvaraja sphujidhvajo idam cakara/ ya indravajrabhir
ankendumitabdadrstam narayan. krtsnam caturbhir matiman sahasrair // (the manuscript reads narayanankendumatam) . yadidrs. 'There was a wise king named Sphujidhvaja who versified this whole (text), which was seen by him in the year I 9 I, in four thousand indravajra verses.' (This and the two verses given in the next footnote were edited by P. V. Kane in his article 'The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja',
I955, pp. I-5.) 15 These verses are ( 76, 60-6 I ): iti svabhasaracanabhiguptam ugrahakse . . . . . . / visn. mahipamukhyair anudrstatattvam horartharatnakaravaksamudram// suryaprasad<a >gatatattvadrstir lokanubhavaya vacobhir adyaih / idam babhase niravadyavakyo horarthasastram yavanestarah prak // 'Previously Yavanesvara, whose vision of the truth came from the favour of the Sun and whose language is flawless, translated this ocean of words which is the jewel-mine of horoscopy, which was guarded by its being written in his own tongue, but the truth of which was seen by the foremost of kings in

N.S., xxx, XBBRAS,

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DAVID PINGREE

and Mlnarajaall seem to have Sphujidhvaja, bythe fact that Yavanevara, held official positionsunder the Ksatrapasof Ujjain,l6 who ruled from the third decade of the second century to the last of the fourth. Other corevidence is to be found in some featuresof the Greektext which roborative translated. Yavanesvara methodology,and termini technici all indicate that the Subject-matter, is indeed an offshootof Hellenisticastrology,though it is true Yavanajataka that the nature of the predictionshas been extensivelymodified-probably by Sphujidhvaja to suit a Hindu audience. But there are certainpeculiariof the signs of the zodiac in the first chapter (I4-25) tiesin the descriptions whichbetray an Egyptianorigin. The Twins are portrayedas a man and a womanholdingrespectivelythe club of Heraclesand the lyre of Apollo; they arethe EgyptiandeitiesShu and Tefnut.l7 And Virgo is said to be a maiden holdinga torch: that is, Isis.l8 That she is also standingin a boat indicates that she is Isis Pelagia.l9 The popularityof Isis in Alexandriaduring the first half of the second century is well-attested. Her image appears on Alexandriancoins for only 27 of the 89 years between 90/9I and I78/I79, and I53/I54.20 Moreover,in but for 20 of the 3I years between I24/I25 at PharosAntoninusPius, lighthouse the of restoration of his commemoration mint featuring Isis Alexandrian the from coin special a issued in I48/I49, be traced back can Yavanajataka the of original Greek Pharia.2l Thus the Sanskrit. into translation its before years few a dated to Alexandriaand in its apparent also is poem Sphujidhvaja's of source The Greco-Egyptian They paper. this of substance the provide which chapters, second and third describe respectively the images of the twenty-four Horas two in each Drekanas-three in each sign. There zodiacalsign-and thoseof the thirty-six is a close relationshipbetween the Horas and the Drekanasof any one sign; went this fact is ourjustificationfor discussingthem together. Varahamihira furtherand actually amalgamatedthem.
the (year) 7I-he translatedthis science of genethlialogyby means of excellent words of the world.' for the instruction (Graha must be understoodhere in the sense of seven instead of the usual nine as Yavanesvaraand Sphujidhvajaknow only the classicalseven planets, and never menI959, tion Rahu or Ketu; see XAOS, lix,
pp. 268-69.) 16

and plates 36-38; see also E. B. Knobel on pp. e3-X4. This couple is found also on a peg-calendarfrom Rome in the Wurzburg in Germania, UniversityMuseum(P. Goessler p. 7). For these deities and other Xii, I928, mentionedin this papersee the resaegyptiacae articlesin H. Bonnet,Reallexikon appropriate
I 952. Religionsgeschichte, deragyptischen

Lexikon 18 W. Drexler in Roscher-Ziegler, und romischenMythologie, ii, andAstrology der griechischen See my article'Astronomy Boll, Sphaera,pp. columns45I-53; I890-97, in India and Iran',Isis, liv, I963, pp. 229-46. vi, Boll-Gundelin Roscher-Ziegler, 208-I6; 17 See the Tabula Bianchinidescribedin 959-63s columns in I937, Cumont F. by and Sphaera,pp. 300-OI, Roeder, RE, 19 Drexler, columns480-go; Daremberg-Saglio-Pottier-Lafaye,Diction7. I 6 I I 2 columns 6, I 9 I 5e, iX, fasc. romains, et gresques antiquite's des naire Munzen, ii, 20J. Vogt, Die alexandrinischen I 9 I 7, p. I os3; the Round Zodiacat Dendera in Cumont,p. I048; the Zodiac of Cairo in I 924. H. Thiersch, Pharos: 21 Vogt, i, p. I27; relatifsa la 87hiloG. Daressy,Recueilde travaux et assyriennes, Antike, Islam und Occident,I 909, p. I 0 and egy87tiennes logie et a l'archetologie see Drexler, XXiii, I 9O I , pp. I 2 6-X7; and the two zodiacs pl. 2 nos. go-ge. On Isis Pharia in the tomb of Mory-Hor at Athribis in columns479-80 ; Roeder,column2097 ; and W. M. F. Petrie, Athribis, I 908, pp. I 2-I 3 Bonnet,p. 330.

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227

The Horashave no direct prototypes in Egypt. But we do find on several temples representations of the Sun as an increasinglyolder man for each of the twelve hoursof the day,22and the south and north walls of the pronaos of the temple at Dendera are ornamentedwith pictures of the gods of the hoursof day and night.23 Moreover,a numberof Demotic, Greek,and Latin texts ofthe first few centuriesA.D. refer to the twelrre hours ofthe day as dirrinities, frequentlyin contextswhich make perfectlyobvioustheir Egyptian origin.24The twenty-four Horas are a naturalextensionof these ideas under the influenceof the Decans. Theirvery name proclaims that they are creations of the Hellenisticimagination. The Decans were originallythirty-sixstarsor constellations whose risings markedthe hoursofthe night as early as 2IOO B.C. Ofthe gods ofthe Decans illustrationsare preservedat two Egyptiantemples,Dendera and Esne;25at the formerthere were two versions,one in the pronaosand the other on the so-calledRound Zodiac,and at the latteronly one, in the pronaos. In addition some of the Decanscan still be seen on the badly damagedTabula Bianchini26 and in a fragmentpreserved in a manuscript which belongedto Peirescin the seventeenth century.27 The Zodiac of Athens discussedby Gundel is now recognizedto be a forgery.28 Besidesthese representations two literarydescriptions have survirred from antiquity,thoughunfortunately both belong to the same tradition. These are the 'Ispa B5Ros ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus29 and the LiberHermetis,30 a Latin translationof a Greektext of the sixth centurywhich has, howea-er, incorporatedmaterialof a considerablyearlierdate.3l Similarimages of the
geitung(hereafter OL4), xl, I937, p. 507. 28 Ed. Gardinal Pitra, Analecta Sacra et Classica, v, I888,pp. 284-go and G.-E.Ruelle, Revue dethilologie, XXXii, I 908, 247-77. 30 Ed. W. Gundel, Aeuevstrologische Texte des HermesTrismeg?stos, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,Philos.-hist. Abt.)N. F. Heft I2, I936, chapterI. 31 Gundelclaimedthat this text was originally writtenin Greekin Egyptin the second I948, p.4I. centuryB.C. (pp. I0, I46, and I80), but was 23 Brugsch,pp. 27- 33; cf. Vat. gr. I29I, which is based on an Alexandrianmodel, revised in the third century A.D. (p. I2I). he believes,was made mentionedby H. Stern, Le calendrier de 354, The Latin translation, in the fourthor fifth century (p. I0). HowI 953, pp. I 69 - 70. 24 F. Griith and H. Thompson, Demotic ever, an examinationof its relationshipto PaSyri,I904, column 20; Horapollo, Hiero- other astrological texts indicates that the Greekoriginalcould not have been compiled glythicaI, I 7; Quintus Smyrnaeus2, 593595, and Psellus'epigramin R. Gougny,Ep. before the sixth century, though sources of Anth.Pal., iii, I890, App. 7, 45, p. 572; cf. varyingagesincludingperhaps somematerial Macrobius,Saturnalia I, 2I, I3 and Lydus, from the second century B.C. were stuck together by the compiler;and the presenceof De mensibus 2,5. Arabic termsshows that the Latin versionis 25 I referto the tablein Gundel,pp. I 8-2 I; DP signifiesthe pronaosat Dendera,EP that late (the words in -arius which Gundel at Esne, and DR the Round Zodiac of adduces as evidence for a fourth- or fifthcenturydate couldbe due to the sixth-century Dendera. Greekversion). 26 Gundel, pp. I 84-87. The star cataloguesin chapters3 and 25, 27 Gundel, pp. I 87-89. 28 L. Borchardt in Orientalische Literatur as Neugebauer has shown (Exact Sciences,
22 H. Brugsch, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum, in Astronomische und astrolog?sche Inschriftender altagyptischen Denkmaler, I 883, p. 57. Gf. P. Leiden (PatyriGraecae Magicae I3) lines 388-92; Iamblichus,De mysteriis 7, 3; Martianus Capella I, 76; Proclus, In Timaeum 38C (3 ; 56,4-6 Diehl) ; W. Gundel, Hess.Bl. f. Volksk. Xii, I9I 3, p. I02; and S. Weinstock,Journalof Roman Studies, XXXViii,

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deitieswho presidedover half-Decansor 5 arcs of the ecliptic are described OxyrhynchusPapyrus465.32 This is usually claimed to in the fragmentary which was written in about 200 B.C., but be a part of the Salmeschoeniaca,33 this contention. support to evidence real no thereis is the Sanskritversesof Sphujidhvaja with material this of comparison A this But at firstsight disappointing.There are no completecorrespondences. traditionconcerningthe Decans was is not surprising. The Greco-Egyptian certainlyextensive; it is absurdto assumethat the few remnantswhich we can study provide more than a hint of the rich variety of strangely-formed who once ruled over diversesegmentsof the zodiac. Even what we creatures is not consistentin assigninggods haveof the Westerntradition,furthermore, and their attributesto the same Decan; a great deal of licensewas permitted to the imaginationsof the individual expositors. And finally, as this paper will try to substantiate,the second and third chaptersof Sphujidhvajaare of a prose translationof a Greektext or rather,not only not a versification of illustrations a gaiva, interpretation that; they are a Hindu, and specifically set out to Yavanesvara that which adorned the Alexandrian manuscript interpreter, the was Sphujidhvaja We cannot determinewhether translate.34 or usingcopies of the picturesreproducedin his manuscriptof Yavanesvara, Hindu in pictures the described who whether it was Yavanesvarahimself terms which were adopted and perhaps extended by Sphujidhvaja. But it can be stated with certainty that the vast majorityof the attributeswhich appear in the Western iconography of the Decans can be found in the if one probesbeneath the Indian surface. Yavanajataka The followingtext is based on one manuscript,written on palm-leavesin NorthernDevanagariin the early thirteenthcentury; it is now preservedin which once belonged the Durbar Libraryat Kathmandu.35The manuscript
pp. 68-69), give longitudeswhich were cor- (beginning of 98). 32 Ed. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, rect for the period from I30 to 60 B.C. But, Papyri,iii, I 903, pp. I 26-37. Oxyrhynchus second the in stars of the longitudesof 73 33 See M. Pieper, OL4, xxx, I927, p. I049; catalogue,s I are 3; 26 higherthanPtolemy's figures. This indicatesa date of c. A.D. 480 W. Gundel, RE, 6A, I 929, columns 2424-25; for this chapter. And the followingchapters and W. Kroll, RE Suppl., 5, I93I, columns of 843-46. It is mentioned in Porphyrius, of parts of the Anthologiae are translations Vettius Valens (late second century): 5-7 Epistula ad Anebonem36; Iamblichus, De 3, evangelica 8, 4; Eusebius, Praeparatio (5, 2); 8 (5, 6 ; cf 4, 29); 9 (cf 5, 7); IO mysteriis I8 2, Thebes of Hephaestio and g2b-d; 4; (5, 5); I I (5, 6); I2 (5, 7); I3 (5, 8); I4 (CCAG,viii, 2; pp. 86-87). (originallyin Valens, whose text is here cor34 On early Greek manuscript illustrations rupt, referringback to 5, 4); I5 (5, I2; pp. in especially K. Weitzmann, Illustrations see Kroll); 236, 2-237, 23 and 237, 3I-238, I 7 IllumiBook Ancient and I947, Codex, and Roll I7 (cf 2, 38); 22 (2, 30); 23 (4, 6); and 28 (cf. I, 22). A numberof other chaptersare nation, Martin Classical Lectures I 6, Caminfluenced by the Mathesis of Firmicus bridge, Mass., I959. 35No. II80K. It was described by HariMaternus(c. 334-37): I 8 (Cf. 3, 6, 30); 27 Sastrl in Xournalof the Asiatic Society prasada (cf 4, 9-I 5); 3I (cf. 6, 22-27); 33 (cf. 4, 8 Reporton and I 5); 34 (cf. 5, 2); and 36 (cf 7, 23)8 of Bengal, lxvi, I897, pp. 3II-I2; ( I 895I900), Manuscripts Sanskrit of Search the EsxyxyLxx the from Others are translations of Palmof Paul of Alexandria(c. 378): 24 (7); and Calcutta, I9OI, p. 8; and Catalogue to the 26 (beginningof 24). But most significant leaf and SelectedPaper MSS. Belonging 40pp. 905, I Calcutta, Jvxepal, Library, Durbar are the three chapterswhich are translations from the compendium of Rhetorius the 4I . Egyptian(c. 520): I6 (54); Ig (97); and 20

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

229

to Hemaraja, the Rajaguru of Nepal, is a copy of this. The Sanskritof Sphujidhvaja is deplorable;the manuscript is corrupt;and rubbinghas made it very difficultto decipherat times; edgesof folia have brokenoff, and insects have chewed their way through the verses. Some assistanceis providedby Varahamihira, but muchof the text (and therefore the translation) is doubtful. Wherethe Sanskrit is meaningless, it is enclosedwithin daggersand the translation dissolvesinto dots. Parentheses surroundaksaraswhich are missingin the text, but have been written down in the margin by a corrector;angular bracketsare used to indicate restorations. Passageswhich are probablynot corrupt,but whose meaningis especiallydoubtfulare shownin italics. Below the apparatuscriticusreferencesare given to the parallelsin H (the second chapter of the Yavanajataka),D (the third chapter), and BJ (the twentyseventh chapter of Varahamihira's Brhajjataka).It will be noticed that the name of Professor Ingalls appearsfrequentlyin the apparatus;r am greatly indebted to him for helping me to gain what understanding of these descriptions I have, as I am to Richard Gombrichfor the emendationwhich he has suggested. But the errorsin text and translation(which I hope are few) I claim as my own. bhaman. dale ye bhavanardhabhaga hora iti svakramasa .mjnayoktah / nanakrtivyanj analingarupas tan kartsnyaso laksanatasca vaksye //
5 raktambarahl kalaravipradiptah

I //

lo

sastragnipanih kapilardhakesah2 / suvarnakarnabharanah pracando3 raksartham4 abhyudyatakaladan. dah5 // 2 // mese tu hora prathamanrrupa vyaghustanada krsadirghavaktra / ajavikanam ganamadhyasamstha chagadhirudha prtanamprasasti// 3 //
. . * * . .

kapalamall6
I5

saradlptacapo

matangaviro'rdhakalapabandhah / krsn. ambarah7 sarpavibhusitango baddhasicarmogravapuh kiriti8// 4 //

I bhavanarthabhaga 5 raktamburah kalah ravapradiptah 6 sastognipanih 8 raktartham I2 chagadirudha, emend. Ingalls I4 mrtangavl^ro, emend. Ingalls rdhakavapabandhah, emend. Ingalls

1 D2a BJ2aand 3c 2 D33a H45a BJ3a 3 D2a BJ3c BJIc and 3b 6 D33b 7 H44c 8 D4b

4 BJIb

5 D2d

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DAVID PINGREE

IO

cauraihsaharanyam upetya turnaihl samharamunmuncatibhimavaktrah2 / vidarayannasmabhiragrasrfigam mese dvitiya hatanas.tacintafl // 5 // goksirasarpihkalasi3 pradhana4 nari samutthayakutharahasta5 / hayanana6caruvilasadola citrambara7 nupuraghustapada // 6 // catuspadavestitarasmikaya trsnarrrta bhaksanajatibhava8 / adya vrse tu stanabharasobha hora nitambijvalalambakanci9 // 7 // nari vayasthanayanabhiramal
. . * . . b

manasvinill
I5

campakacarugauril2

vidyausadhij nanakalavidhij nal 3 kauseyavastrabharanal4 pradipta// 8 //

II

I turnna Ingalls

2 unmamcati 6 samutthana IO bhaksanajatabhava, emend. adya tu tanubharasobha I2 jvalalambakanci I4 manasvani

8 3 D6b cf. BJ2b,4a, I8b, and 20a 4 D6b D6c BJ2b,4b, and 20c 9 D7d 10DI3a 13 DI7b BJ3aand sa 14 DI3b H44b 5

B BJ2b

l H2IC
7

H44d

2 DI5C Dga 12 D7b

D5c

gosthesamabhatikrsivalanam brahmazngayajnafl prasavanganeva /

sraggandhacurnal
5

savapanamatta2

hora vrse vakyabhagadvitiya // 9 // Vi nagrahastah3 sukapiccharrarn. o vyalambavasah purusahsasilpah/

safigltanatyaSrutaraktabhavo 4

IO

vetrasanasthah prakarotikavyam5// Io / stricancalah kamavipascidatma kanyabhujalifiganabaddhapaksah / natyarthagomardavavalgunasi hora trtiye prathamativacya // I I // nari vayodiptavidagdhacesta6 raktangagauri7 nipuna krtajna/ vyattahavesainyanayabhiruddha raktambara raktavilambahara8 // I 2 //

IO I3

2 brahmangayaJna 4 hore 5 sukapincchavarno 9 kamavipaksabhavah. kanyabhujalinganabaddhapatuh, emend.R. Gombrich II mRdUValgUnaSl vayodiptavidagdacesta I 5 senanathabhiruddha I 6 raktambara
3 Dgc
4

Dgb BJgc

1 D8b
7 DIOb

2 8 DIOa

H45b

5 BJgd

DI7a

THE INDIAN IGONOGRAPHYOF THE DECANS AND HORAS

23I

bhujocchritalkrandati2musyamana3 caurairvihare kriyateca nagna4 nivartitasa sannahayuddhena hora trtiye vihita dvitiya // I3 // nari praphullotpalapadmahasta5 / jale sthita6campakavarnagauri7
candramugaurabharanottarlya harardhaharojjValabhusitarigl 8 // I4 //

IO

kantam a<va>lambya9 aokaakham udyanamadhyelmanasasmarantill /

kancikalapastanalolahara

hora caturthebhavane matadya// I5 // purusahsugaural3 udyanamadhyel2 / citrastramalambatil4yo 'vakanthahl5

IS kam1 ViiaSOnmiSaCarUObhO16

vilalapa kantah // grhitapadmol7

I krandrati I O smaranti I6 gahinapadmo, l BJ7c 7 DIIC 12 BJ8a musyamana I4 ye(ddha)kanthah Ingalls BJI Ib 9 H23b 14 BJ8b 3 D24b BJIIc 15 BJIC 4 D24c 10 BJ8a 1B D27a emend. 2 D24d 8 H24b 13 DI2d 2 vihara 3 nivirttita I 5 vilasonmitacaruNobho

I6 // 9
aNokasaksamalambya

5 DI 11 H22d

Ib
DI8b 17 cf. BJI

6 DI Ia

Ib

ah krtante vicitravastrabharan.
kandarpacitrangakrtafigaragah /

t t sasuddhayatnarikarabhidhanaih smrtascaturthevihita dvitiya // I7 // puruso'visadi simhogramurtihl vikrterniyanta3/ diptah pracando2 yamakalakalpo prodvrttadamstro4 // I8 nisadacaurahavamadhyasamsthah
prabaddhatuni5

//

IO

/ parvatakandaresu m.rgan7 nighno

ksatadhiravaksah I9 //

rasarasanarthi6

dvipendra(da)ntah8

// simhe tu hora prathamabhiyojya purusahpracando2 safigramahrstah9

vyakrstacapol
I5

mrgacarmavasahll

kancanavarmadharil2 napumsakah // 20 vilasiniraksatirudharomal3

tvarikarab hi dh anai I3 h 6 vikrtinniyanta

3 sas ad d h aya II I5 ksatadhltavaksah kamCanaVarmadhar1 1 D I 4a B cf. DIob 11 H38d

8 niNadacaurahayamadhyasamsthah sangramaprstah, I6 and I 4c 7 BJ2Ia-b 12 D23b H30c and vila -

9
idhin

pravarddhatuni emend. Ingalls

rasarasanarci pracandai

BJ I 3d and BJI4b I4C

2 D I 4a

H30b 8 cf. 34c BJ6a

3 H45d 9 H30c 13 D22b H2gb

4 H3

Ia 10 D26a

5 BJgb BJI4c

232

DAVID PINGREE

IO

I5

vyaluptakeo viralagradantol raktonrguhyamspratistriyamva / svacakracauraih saha2raudramuccair3 marauvirauty3arkagrhedvitiya // 2 I // yamavadata4 prathamabhirupa5 prajnartavardra6 malinaica vastraih7/ suksmanivastranivicintayanti8 putrarthini9 kantamanusyasan. gal // 22 // praroditill brahmabArtaflsv vyalambyasotphullapalaiakhaml3 / vipannavaccadravinatatangi sasthetu hora prathamaptaobha // 23 // kanyakrtau sa prathitadvitiya candramugaurahl4 purusolipijnahl5/ phullaravindamalacarumala candramuubhrair daanair vapusman//
aranyel2

24

//

2 smrsati 8 putarthini kantamanuprasam. jna 9 brahmabhrtasvaranya sotphullapalasrasakha I I vipannavatvadravinatatangi, emend. Ingalls kanyakrtausya I4 lipijnah I5 phalarivindramalacarumalas candramsusubhair vacanair,emend. Ingalls 1 D22a 2 H5a 3 BJI3C cf. D24d 4 DI7a H26b 5 DI8a BJ7b B DI8a BJ7c 7 BJI6b 8 BJI6c 9 DI8b BJ7c 10DI8b llBJIIb
IO I3 I6 BJ I I b 13 H I 5a BJ I I C BJ I 8a BJ I 7a

smrta<sca> kantampranaylkaroti / silpanrtisraggrathanesu glrmanl suclvidhane2 nipuno 'bhiramah// 25 // tule tu hora prathamamanusyah syamavadato nipunah3samantrah/
* * * * * * * * * * y

tuladharah4 pancaniyogadhl^rah) // 26 //
vl^thyantareo
IO

citravilasavasa6

I5

dhanyadikarsapanajatiyanta7 / prasasibhallapragrllltamudra 11 pramanirastavratam acaramsca // 27 // tuladharenirdayakarmasila hora dvitl^ya narakarmasl^la / damstrotkatas8 tran. akasadhanadvidd vicitrabanasinikrstakhadgah9 // 28 //

3 filpanrsasraggrathanas ca 4 bhiromo IO dhanyadikosapanajatayantah II pramaSibhallapragRhltamudrah I2 prapyanirastavratam, emend. Ingalls I 5 damstroaras tranakasadhanadvr, emend. Ingalls 1 cf. DI7a 2 BJ7a cf. D2IC 6D20b 7D20d 8H3Ia
3 BJI9b 4 BJI9a 5

9D23b

D20a BJIga

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

233

bhitta grhanamparaghatamudri
romancitahl kambala2 tkocapostraht 3 1

udghosayanvithisu sinjyaghantam udvejananyacaratiprajanam// 29 // horastametu prathamograrupa4 diptapracandah puruso'traudrah6 / himsrapraharas7 tapaniyamali8i ranonmukhah pannagabaddhavarma9 // 30 damstrotkatahl kala iva pravrddholl
raktanganetrol2 vipulasikesil3 /

//

IO

I5

visena sastrenaca hanti sattvanl4 mahesvarah kruddhaivantakale// 3I horastamekrsnavapurl5 dvitiya nari samasthavisava<ktra>hastal4 / sastrahavavyadhibhayams caranti sarpaih9krtatopaviloladola // 32 //

//

I hitta, emend. Ingalls paraghatamadrl 3 vithisutksipya ghantlm dlptiprabhanda IO raktantanetro II satva I2 krudhah 5 Nastrahavavyadhibhaya svajanti,emend. Ingalls 1 D22b 2 BJI4b and 3Ib 3 cf. D22b 4 D34b 5 D23a HI8b 6 BJI IC 7 D2sa and 3Id 8 D23b and 2sa 9 D23d and 24a BJ22cand 23b 10H28c 1l D29b H38C 12 BJId 13 D24a 14 H36d l5D24b

BJIa

visanaloddamabrhadbhuj angair 1 asaktakan. tha man. idamakanci/

krodhakula2 vyakulabhimadamstra

IO

dastadharosthi krtadimbavaira // dhanurdhare santavikrstadhanvl^3 hora narascandrakiritamali / candrananah4 kancanabaddhamauli5 hayena sandhavati6 yajnagopta7 // 34 // tapovane8sanusuparvatanam tapahsthito9 dasyujanam vihanya / vec angayaJ nangavlczlprayuita z sarvarthasiddhahl kamalayataksahll // 35 // horaparadhanvinicarusobhal2 narl caratopavlasapurn. alo
^ .^ . . . . A ^ A * A A A 1 o

Ca(m^l)karabhal4

viditendrajAlal5

visastrasilpal6 nipun. opadesa// 36 //

I-2 visanaloddamabrhadbhujangamasaktakantha 3 krodhakula 5 sangaorikrstadhanta 6 candrakiritimali 7 kancanabaddhaInauli I 5 ca(mi)karatabha I 6 vidyastrasilpa 1 D23d BJ23b 2 D23c 3 Dg6a BJ2sb 4 DIgb 5 D26c 6 D26a cf. BJ2sa 7 BJ2sc-d 8 BJ25b 9 D34c 10H47d llBJ2ga 12 D27a BJ26a 18 DI6a 14 D27b BJ26a 15 D32a 16cf. D26b
t6

A.

234

DAVID PINGREE

IO

bhadrasanasthal pravaramsamudgam2 ratnadipurnam2 vimalangaraga3 / samudraratnani4 vilokayanti lribhatilaksmiriva saprahasa// 37 // mrge tu hora prathamamanusyo damstrakaralo5 vikrtahpracandah/ dandayudho6 mrtyurivantakale7 sandhamvibhindanmrgacarmavasa8 // 38 // lohani dasan mahisamsca raksan jale sthito ra(ksa)tikrsnadhanyam cauransaraudran vis.rjan prasaktan mlecchamsca can. dalaparanbibharti// 39 // mrge dvitiya pramadavikesi9 raktananaraktabhujaikapadal / krsn. am tu tasyah pravadantiesamll lambodaral2sa makarogradamstral3 // 40 //

3 udyaadyaratnani (sic) 6 damstrakarara, emend. Ingalls trkrtah 7 candayudho 8 nibhindan,emend. Ingalls g raksam IO krkrsnadhanyam I I visrjan
* . . .

l D27b BJ26b BJ27b 7 D2gb ll D28a BJ29b

D27c-d 3 HIeb 4 BJ26c 8 D32c BJ27c 9 D3Ia BJg8a

13 D29a BJ28a

5 D32a 6 D2gb lOD6a cf. 3Ib

12 D3Ib

nllanJ anaonalmoarasamvrtangl pisacalohabharana2 vicitra / jalam visanti3vadavamukhastha muhurmuhur thardayatet giram sa // adya narahkumbhadhare tu hora krsnanjanabhol vikaraladamstrah4 /
. . * * . . r

4I //

malimasas5 carmavilasavasa6 trasyosavapasyamaroSn.

IO

arotit

// 42 //

I5

bahvistasilpo bahusilpapanih skandheghatas7casya salobhacittah8 / ghatadhvajanam pranayonayah syad dyutaksahasto 'bhimatoriraksuh// 43 // hora smrtakumbhadhare dvitiya kauseyavastrabharana9 tu nari / krsnambara pasagrhltahastal padmayataksallsrutipandital2 ca // 44 //

II

3 vitantl 4 muhurhimarharddayate 5 adye IO ghatas pranayanavasyo I2 rirangah,emend. Ingalls I3 kumbhadhara

8 3 D37d cf. BJ3Ib 12 BJ29a 4

l D29a 2 cf. H48b D30a BJ32c 7 BJ30c-d cf. BJ28c ll D3sa BJ2ga
6 D32c

D32a 5 D32b BJ32c 9 D35b BJ3Ic lOD3IC

ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS THE INDIwAN

krsnayatangll kapilograkesl2

235

IO

I5

madanta/ vaidagdhabhavapracura ganairvrta codakaraksaslnam niyatim niyanti // 45 // sakalaratrim mine tu hora prathamavara stri / <ca> maharnavastha3 santlrnakanta sugauri pathi sthita candramukhl4 // 46 // bhujastanotkampavilasahasa strlbhirvrta sarvamanoharabhir5 / uttlryakulac ca maharnavasya5 abhati raktambarabhusitangl6 ca // 47 // nirupadrava sarvarthasiddhir7 mine tu hora prathitadvitlya narl pisacottaralohakarnl8 nllena harenaca bhusitangl // 48 // capi salokacitraih kanclgunais9
I 6 kanricigunais 2

II

abhati

6 BJ35a-b

1 BJ29band 33a 6 D35b

D33a 7 H35d

4 DIgb cf. BJ3sc D3sc BJ22b 9 cf. D33d 8 BJ2gc cf. H4Ib D30a

abhlrasamsthanakrtottarlya

nllais ca vastraihpravibhatiraudra/ lohan harantlsakataihpadaica2 caurais3ca dlptair musitahy aranye4// 49 // etas tu hora yavanairniruktas / cintasamudbhutigunasrayarthah anubandhair sarupalingabharan. jnah // 50 // eva yatharthasam. nidarsanair dvitlyah // horasvarupo yavanajatake
4 aranyaih
3

emend. Ingalls pradais 3 lohanvrranyo, eva 8 nidarNanaity

1 cf. D37a 2 BJ32a-b and 33c

7 surupa

BJ36c

4 BJ36b

236

DAVID PINGREE

IO

sat.sadgunarasitrtiyabhaga drekan. asa .mjna yavanakhyaya ye nanavidhacchadanacitrarupas 1 tan sarvalingadigunair vidhasye// I // raktambaro2 raktavapuh3 pra<ca>ndah4 krodhapraharah ksatagatrapanih5 / suvarn. avarmayudhacitrabano6 mese kutharodyatapanir7 adyah // X // gaurah8prahariripudarun. aksah suklamb aro9 varan. atu(lya)murdh a10 banayudhodhaturasarthavic ca mese dvitiyo gurulomasangahll// 3 // nilambaronilavapuhpracandol2
dandayudhol3 nilakiritamalil4 /

I5

bali tarangais' ca gavaksita<ro> mese trtiyahkalikalakalpah // 4 //

3 nanavidyacchadanacitrarupas 5 prandah 6 krodhapraharah ripudarunaksah I I vastayuso * . * . l HIC 2 H2a BJ2a 3cf. BJId 4H2c BJIC 5 cf. H2b 6 cf. H2c 7 H2d BJIC 8 H8b 9 BJIa 10cf. BJ6aand Ioa D2gc 12 BJ3c 13 BJ3b 14 H4d

IO

syama kataksakulacittastasta nari kadambakulakanthamala / adyo vrse tatra kutharahasta2 sambhatigopalavinamitangl3 // 5 // raktanana4 raktabhujaikapada5 raktadharosthl kalasl6pradhana7 / bhaksyeca pane ca sadabhiyukta8 vrse 'parodyanavanabhirama // 6 // narl ma . . . . Komai .angl kakudmat^l campakacitramala9 / subhrulatasa vrsabhantayata nitambabimbanuvilambakancll // 7 // dhanurdharollbanavicitrapan. isl2
A ^ . A A

citrasragalankrtalambaharahl3
I5

adyas trtiye krtasilpabhandahl4 sastrastravidl2 bandhakirltavarma // 8 /1

I syamahkataksakulacittasasta X kadumbakulakanthamala 3 adya netra 4 mapnoti sodaniyukta 8 paradyanavanabhirama 9 kamaletigl II subhrulataca vrsabhanuyata I2 kanci I 3 vanavicitrapanis I 5 adya I 6 sastrastravivandhakiritavarma

l BJ6c 2 H6b 3 cf. BJsc 4 H40b cf. BJ2a 5 BJ2c H6a BJ2band 4a 7 H6a 8 H7b BJ2a-b and 4b 9 H8b 11BJ8a 12 BJ8a-b D25c 13 Hgc 14 D20a cf. D26b

lOH7d

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HO

237

syama vicitrambaracarukancll
narl kalagltakathabhirama2 /

IO

vlnam3pragrhyabhirata prakama subhruvilasl mithunedvitlya // 9 // raktambaro4 raktavi<la>mbaharo4 raktangagauro5 ra<bha>sapracandah / raktagradando naravrndamukhyah sastrastradhar^l6 mithune trtiyah // IO // nar^l vilasarpitavalgusabda jale sthita7padmagrh^ltahasta8 / kamatura9 campakacarugaur^ll sukle<ka>vastra prathamacaturthe// I I sarpasana madAyamarupasobhi daksin. yabhavapracura tadatma/
ratnakaralankrtacarumurtirl3

//

I5

gauramsukal4

karkatake

dVitlyah

//

I 2 //

I ViCitrambaraCarUkUrSCl 2 kalagltakathabhirata 5 raktavimbaharo 6 raktangagauro rasapracandah 8 sastrarthadhari I2 suklevastra, emend. Ingalls caturthah I4 daksinyabhavapracuran tadatma

1 H6d and 7d 2 HIOCBJgc-d 3 HIOa 4HI2d 5 HI2b sBJgb 7 HI4b 8 HI4a and I6d cf. BJIIa 9 HIsb and I6C D28b 0 HI4b 11cf. BJIIa and I2b 12 cf. D2Ia BJ26b 13 BJga 14 HI6a

nllotpalabhanayanabhiramal
kauseyacitrabharanottarlya2 /

IO

I5

bandhya3ca saubhagyamadotkata ca (nar^l ca)turthevihita trt^lya // I 3 // simhodarahsimhavapuh4 pracandah5 sastrayudhah prautdhabalabhimanl^ / raudrograkarma6 pisunasanepsur7 adyah prabhutagrakaras ca simhe // I4 nar^l pragalbhaviralagrakesl^8 saile parasvaharanesu drpta / tasyaprakarams ca karotibhlma simhe 'para markatatulyacesta9 // I5 // narl krtatopavidagdhacestal yantresusilparthamanikriyasu / dantasanastha prakaroticintam simhe trtlya dvisatamvadhena // I6 //

//

I2

6 predvabalibhimani 7 pisanasanepsur maustikatulyacesta, emend. Ingalls l H8a

7 2 H8d and I7a BJ7b 3 BJ7c cf. HIga 8 H2Ia cf. BJIsc

8 prasunagrakara
4 HI8a

6 BJI4C

BJIsa

cf. BJI4c 10HI2a

5 HI8b

238

DAVID PINGREE

IO

I5

yamolnarah silpavidagdhasastrah2 sankhyanakaualyakathavidhijnah3 / saubhagyanaipunyavidhau 'bhiyuktah kanyadibhago 'rthaviniscitah syat // I 7 // nari surupartavadigdhagatri4 naramprajartherahasismaranti5 / sa pan. dita6yatnavatijanartham sasthevidesamvrajatidvitiya // I8 // narl vl Wasarplta navaZnava smitananacandramukhi8 trtiya / asokapuspabharanaikaveni 9 gatair madaprakhalitair vibhati // I 9 // vlthyaml manusyahkrtailpabhandah kaueyacitrabharan. air vrtangah/ adyas tule yamatanuhl2 sunetro hiranyapanyakarakoabhumihl3 // 20 //
^ ^ * ^ ^ * ^ ^ ^ s

ta 4 rthaviniscitasya 7 vanartham 9 vilasipihavabhava (sic) IOsmrtanana, emend. Ingalls I2 madaprakhalitair 1 H22a BJI7b 2 H2sc cf. BJI7a 3 cf. H8c 4 H22a-b BJ7b c 5 H22d 6 H22b 7 cf. DI Ia and 27a 8 H34c 9 cf. HIsa 10H27a BJIga 11D8c BJIgc 12H26b 13H27b

nari sumadhyalviditalpailpa2 citramba(ra)3 citravilambahara4 / dutividhanenipun. a vararthe tule dvitiya vitadhurtacesta // 2 I // narah prahariviralagradantah5
prarudharoma6 gurutkaucapanguht7 /

dhanvi irastran. avibaddhavarma8 tule trtiyovitakutacestah // 22 // narah pradipto9ripucandadan. do

IO nikRstakhadgasl tapanlyaVarmall /

prakridate

krodhavimurchitarcirl2

I5

adyo 'stametiksn. avisairbhujangaihl3// 23 // nari vikeil4bhujagairnibaddhal5 caurairaranyel6musitasitangil7 / caurad drutamdhavatisa xrinagnal8 kite 'para krandatiraudramuccaihl9 // 24 //
7 siratranavibaddhavarma

IO

2 citranva(ra) lambatravilambaharacitravilambahara (sic) nikrstakhadga IS vilagna I6 cocam uccaih

1 DI2a 2 cf. H2sc 3 H6d and I7a 4 cf. H27a 5 H28c H29b 7 cf. H29b 8 H28d BJ2Ib cf. H20b 9 H30b 10H28d 11H30c BJ2Ib 12 H33c 13 H30d and 33a 14 H3Ib 15 H33a-b BJ22c 16 HI3a-b 17 H32a 18 HI3b BJ22a 19HI3a and 2IC 6

THE INDLAN IGONOGRAPHYOF THE DECANS AND HOUS

239

himsrahlnarah kancanavarmadhari2 ca / bile3 nidhanestavikarmatha astame'ntyah 'stravid5 bhagnavrateccho4 santapyatesvair musitahsahayaih// 25 // davego7 hayacan. vyakrstacapo6 / kratubhandadhari8 rathastraiksah adyo narah kancanadamitango9 // 26 // kancanakundalarcih9 dhanurdhare nari vilasarpitacaruobhal
bhadrasanasthall kanakamUgaUrll2 /

IO

ratnakarehemamayamsamudga<m>l3 <ud>ghattyal4dane 'bhiratadvitiya // 27 // vilasi kurcil5narah yamatanurl6

kaueyavasal7
I5

madanaturatmal8

alambavaksa keyuramuktagun. trtiyah// 28 // gandharvagandhapranayi

6 rathastrasiksa 2 nidhanestatikarmathaN 3 nagnatrateccho I3 kurcci I2 ghatta dvitiye IOkanakaNmusauri 5 H36d D8d 4 cf. BJ3b 3 cf. BJ36a 2 H30c 1 H30c 9 H34c 8 BJ2sc cf. D8c and 20a 7 H34d cf. BJ25a 6 H34a BJ25b 13H37a-b BJ26c 12H36c BJ26a 11H36a BJ26b 10H36b 18DI IC 17BJ27c 16H32a BJ2gb 15BJ27a 14H37c BJ26c

nilanjanabllol

makarogradamstro2

/ kalakrtantakarma4 dandayudhah3 gurulomavarma5 ma<dhya>maane adyah // 29 // sthito mrgakhye'kramurtir

5 dlptadyutir nllapiacadantah6

vapusman8/ prabaddhavarmasiiro7 kurvannadibandhatadagavahan // 30 // mrge dvitiyah paricancariti pravidaritasya srastagrakei9

IO lambOdarllO raktakrayatariglll /

pasagrahastal2 damstrakaralol3
I5

mrtacailadhatri 3I // viditendrajalol4

makaretrtiya // himsabhirama
niStrimakarmajinaVlraVaSal6

/ malinardhakeah nilambudabhol5 prathamonrkumbhe// aksudrabhavah

4 krtamurtir viditendrijalo
1 H4Ia 2

32

//

6 pravrddhavarmasisiro

pravidaritasya sastragrakeNi

cf. H4Ib and 4sa

6
16 BJ3Ic

7 12

5 D3d BJ28a 4 H38c 3 H38c BJ27b H40d BJ28a 11cf. H40b 10H40d 9 H40a 8 H24d BJ30b 15 cf. H4Ia 14 H36c 13 H42b and 38b H44c

240

DAVID PINGREE
pradiptasastrah kapilardhakeahl kapalamalakulabaddhacarma2 /

sandhyaghanabho 'pasr . togradams .t .ro3 vrtas ca pasadigun. air4dvitiyah // 33 // nanayudhahkancanacandramali5 naro varahakrtighoramurtih6 / raktan prakurvan malaye7tapasvi8 kumbhetrtiyahkapipingakeah9 // 34 // narl sukayavipulayataksil
kauseyacamikarabhusitangill /

IO

I5

potena santirn. amaharn. avasthal2 ratnakararthel3 ca jhasadvayadya// 35 // kalau karalapramukhipracan. dal4 nari vivastral5sitalohakali/ pran. astavastrabharanal5 virauti vastrarthini minayugedvitiya // 36 //
I2 ratnakarangavi I3 kali

IO

kauseyavasikarabhusitangi

1 H45a 2 H4a 3 cf. HI8C 4 cf. H44c and 48d BJ28c 5 H34c BJ28band IOC 7 BJIOb 8 H35b 9 H45a 10H44d 11H44b BJI2c 12 H46b BJ3sa-b; 34d; I2b and 22b 13 BJI2a cf. 34a-b 14 H49b 15 BJ36band 22a
6

a(bhl)racihnabharanal
^ ^ *^ ^ ^

vikei
@

IO

I5

nari viravamprakarotibhita2/ srgaWamarJ aravaraa zarupalr vibhusita3bhutaganair jalastha // 37 // ete niruktayavanairmahadbhir horarthatvammasu-tvidbhiradyaih / drekkabhidhana bhavanatribhagas cintasrayaih ssatrakr<ta->nubandhaih // 38 / amesvaramsagrahadarsayoga vikalpanadindriyadrstir esa / jagaty anekakrtibhagalingair nidarsanakaran. ato yathartha// 39 // ksetramsakale gadita visesa grahasyaye va karan. asvabhavah/ tesam phalam krtsnamanunasaktam tathaivasarvarthaparikriyasu // 40 //
I2

8 cintasrayasvaprakr - nubandhaih
1 H49a
2

vidarsana

I6

eseva

BJ36c

3 H48c

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DE>NS

AND HORAS

24I

grahasyaraseca yad iritam prag alaksanamca / rupamsvabhavogun. tu anyonyasamyogavikarajam vidusa kramena// 4I // rupamvidharSram vividhairvikarair grhagrahamsair ahuh / navamsakasyakrtilingam rasesca rasikramasamnivesad ahuh // bhavana<rtha>m bandhatisaktam asvarupastrtiyah // yavanajatakedrekkan.
4 vidharmam 5 vidhidhair

42

//

rasesva

of theHoras. Two. TheForms Chapter are called I. Halves of the signs in the circle of (zodiacal) constellations by the name of their seriesHoras. I will describethem briefly,but in detail, marks,and forms. togetherwith their variousshapes,insignia,distinguishing like the Sun flaming is 2. The first Hora in Aries wears red clothes and Half of his hands. his in a firebrand and at Doomsday. He holds a sword has raised who man a fierce He is of gold. are ear-rings his and hair is tawny, of protection. sake for the of Death the staff 3. This is a man-shapedcreaturewhose crsris loud and who has a long, thin face. Standing in the midst of flocksof goats and sheep, and mounted on a goat, he rules his host. 4. The second Hora in Aries wears a garland of skulls. His bow blazes with arrows. He has the strengthof an elephant. He is bound with a halfgirdle, and his clothesare black. His limbs are adornedwith snakes. Bearing a sword and (elephant's)skin, and of terrible figure, he wears the diadem (of Siva). 5. Enteringthe forestwith his swift thieves, he lets loose destruction,this man, splitting open the highest peak with his bolts. He thinks fearful-faced of destructionand ruin (?). 6. The first Hora in Taurus is a woman who carriesa pitcher of cow's milk and clarifiedbutter. She is pre-eminent,rising up with an axe in her hand. Her face is like that of a horse. She plays and swingsgracefully,wearrobes, and her feet tinkle with anklets. ing bright-coloured surroundher body. She is filled with 7. She is four-footed. Girdle-strings thirst,and is fond of all sortsof food. She is beautifulwith her heavy breasts, has handsomehips, and wears a bright, pendant girdle. 8. The second Hora in Taurus is a youthful woman with pleasing eyes. She is intelligent, and pale with the beallty of campaka-flowers.She knows the rules of sciences,pharmacology,and the arts. She is adornedwith garments of silk, this blazing one. 9. She appearsin an assemblyof farmers,sacrificingher body to Brahma (?) like a woman in childbirth. She has garlands,perfumes,and cosmetic powders. Drunkon draughtsof somajuice, she speaksin a lovely voice. IO. The first Hora in the third sign holds a lyre in his hand. His complexion is the colour of a parrot'stail-feather. He is an artisticman whose

242

DAVID PINGREE

clothes hang loosely and whose nature it is to love singing, dancing, and listening(to music). Seated on a cane chair he composespoetry. I I. He runs afterwomen and is cleverin love. His sides are bound in the but he is a embraceof a maiden'sarms. He is not much of a bllsinessman, person. destroyerof gentlenessand beauty, a very reprehensible I2. The second Hora in the third sign is establishedas being a woman whose actions are charmingand glowing with youth. She is pale and redlimbed, clever and grateful. She is besiegedby the leader of an army in a war. Clothedin red, she wears a danglingred necklace. wide-spreading I 3. Raisingher arms,she criesout when she is robbed. She is made naked by thievesin a park,but is broughtback by meansof an armedconflict. I4. The first Hora in the fourthsign is a woman who holds a blossoming lotus in her hand. She standsin the water, pale as the colourof a campakaand ornamentsare pale like moon-beams. Her flower. Her upper-garment limbs are adornedwith the splendourof full and half necklaces. I5. Leaning on the branch of an asoka-treein a garden, she recalls to mind her beloved. Her necklacetrembleson her girdle and breasts. as being a very pale I6. The secondHora in the fourthsign is established and who has a weapons bright man in the middle of a garden who seizes by playful beautiful made is radiance whose neck like a horse's. He is a lover complaints. his forth glances. Holding a lotus, the belovedone pours at Doomsday(?). The I7. He wearsvariegatedgarmentsand ornaments remembered.... is He Cupid's. as as bright is body his on ointment I8. The firstHora in Leo is to be spokenof as a bold man whose form is of change. He as terribleas a lion's. He is blazing and fierce the restrainer tusks, and is like Yama and Kala. He stands in the has upward-curving midst of battles between Nisadasand thieves. I9. He has bound on his quiver. Desiring to taste flavours,he slays (?) deer in mountaincaves. His teeth are like those of the lord of elephants. His firm chest is wounded. go. The secondHora in the houseof the Sun is a fierceman who delights in battle. His bow is drawnback; his garmentis a deer-skin. He is a eunuch, but, bearinghis armourof gold, he protectswomen. The hair on his body is long. 2 I . He is bald-headed and gat-toothed. Impassioned,he touches the genitals of a man or a woman. Together with the robbersof his band he shoutsterriblyand shrillyin the desert. ee. The first Hora in the sixth sign is a black and white woman who is and has filthygarments. charmingand wise. She is wet with her menstruation with the man She thinksof fine clothes, and, desiringa son, has intercourse she loves. of Brahma(?), leaning e3. She criesin the forestamong the serving-girls and withoutmoney, on a branchthat is in full fruit and leaf. She is in distress and her body is stretchedout. She has attainedbeauty. 24. The second Hora in Virgo is said to be a man pale as moon-beams who knows how to write. He wears a beautiful and spotless garland of blossominglotuses. He is handsomewith teeth as bright as the rays of the Moon.

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

243

25. He is remembered. . . He adores his beloved. A pleasing man, he is eloquent and clever in crafts,dances, and the weaving of garlands,as well as in the use of a needle. e6. The firstHora in Libra is a man who is black and white. He is clever and knows spells.... He carriesa pair of scales, and is steadfastin the five duties. 27. Standing within the market-place,he wears a bright and handsome garland. He is in control of grain, etc., and of all sorts of coins. His seal, consistingof a dart, a sword, and an arrow, is accepted, and he observesa vow without limit. e8. The second Hora in Libra is one who is accustomedto pitiless and manly deeds. He has prominentteeth. Hating the accomplishment of protection, he carries bright-colouredarrows, a knife, and a drawn sword (with which to assailhis enemies). e9. He is a smasherof houseswhose seal is an injury to others. His hair is erect, and . . . a blanket. Crying aloud in the market-place,he jingles a bell and causesfright among the people. 30. The first Hora in the eighth sign is a man of terribleform blazing, fierce, and most dreadful. He delightsin injury,and wearsa garlandof gold. Yearningfor battle, he dons his armourwhich is bound with serpents. 3I. He has prominentteeth and is violent like Death. His limbs and his eyes are red, his hair like nllmerollsswords. He slays living creatureswith poison and a swordlike Mahesvaraangry at Doomsday. 3X. The second Hora in the eighth sign is a level-standing(?) woman with a black body who has poisonousmouth and hands. She is the cause of (the llse of) weapons,battles, diseases,and dangers,as she makesher snakes swell, writhe, and sway. 33. Her neck is clllng to by greatserpentsproudof theirpoisonousbreath. Her girdle consistsof stringsof jewels. She is filled with anger, and her teeth are flashingand fearful. Biting her lowerlip, she createstumult and qllarrels. 34. The first Hora in Sagittarillsis a man whose bow is drawn to the limit. He wears the Moon in his diadem, and is moon-faced. His hair is bound with gold. He raceswith his horse,this protectorof the sacrifice. 35. He stands in penance in the forestof asceticismand on the peaks of mountains,slaying the race of the Dasyus. He knowsthe properuse of each element of the Vedas and the sacrifice,and accomplishes all his desires. His eyes are as wide as lotuses. 36. The second Hora in Sagittariusis a woman of handsomebrilliance who is full of motion, pride, and playfulness,and who shines like gold. She understandsmagic, is artful in (the use of) poison and weapons, and gives clever advice. 37. Seated on an auspiciousthrone she looks at an excellent casketfilled withjewels and other riches. With spotlessointmenton her body as she gazes at the jewels from the sea, she shines like Laksmlwith splendour. 38. The firstHora in Capricorn is a man withjagged teeth who is hideous and fierce, armedwith a club like Death at Doomsday. He breaksthe peace, this wearerof a deer-skin. 39. He guards his iron, his slaves, and his buffaloes, and, standing in

244

DAVID PINGREE

the water, defendshis black grain. Letting loose the rough thieveswho are dalas. devotedto him, he bears (the attackof) the Mlecchasand the chief Can. has who hair 40. The second Hora in Capricornis a woman with loose of rest the that say a red face and red armsand who standson one foot; they crocoa like dreadful her is black. Her belly hangs down, and her teeth are dile's. 4I. She shines with blue unguents,and her limbs are covered with garments. Brightlycoloured,she is adornedwith ornamentsmade of the metal of the Piacas. Entering the water and standing at Mare's Mouth (the Entranceto Hell), she (raises?) her voice again and again. 4X. The firstHora in Aquariusis a man who glistenswith blackunguents. His teeth are dreadful. He is black, and wears the beallty of a skin.... 43. He knows many desired arts, and his hands are employed in many crafts. A pot is on his shoulders. His thoughtsare covetous; he is a suitable leader of those whose emblem is a pot. His hands hold dice for gambling. He is beloved as one who desiresto defend (his friends). to be a woman adorned 44. The secondHora in Aquariusis remembered hand grasps a noose. her and black, are robes Her with silken garments. texts. sacred the in learned is She lotus. a as wide as Her eyes are is by nature She wild. and reddish hair her black, and tall is body 45. Her throngsof by surrounded and intoxication of stage final the in Being clever. Doom. of Night the with together Fate restrains she Water-Raksasls, 46. The first Hora in Piscesis an excellentlady who is loved by one who has crossedover (the ocean). Standingon a path beside the Great Sea, she is shining and moon-faced. Her laughtercauses a tremblingand a graceful movementof her armsand breasts. by women who are pleasingin every way and who have 47. Surrounded risenup from the shoreof the Great Sea, she shinesforth, her limbs adorned all her objectives,and is without miswith red garments. She accomplishes fortune. 48. The second Hora in Pisces is said to be a woman wearing ear-rings made of the superiormetal of the Pisacas. Her body is adornedwith a blue having (all) the coloursin the world (?). necklaceand with girdle-strings was made in the land of the Abhlras. She shines 49. Her llpper-garment forth, dreadful,in blue robes. While carryingher metals in wagons and by foot, she is robbedin the woods by blazing thieves. 50. These Horas, whose purpose resides in (the determinationof) the thollghts, places of origin, and qualities (of natives), are describedby the whereintheir forms,insignia,and ornaments Greeksby meansof illllstrations given. They have namesin accordancewith their natures. are successively of theDecans. Three. TheForms Chapter as are the thirdsof the zodiacalsignswhich are called Drekan. I . Thirty-six I colours; and forms, clothes, various have They by the Greeks. (^XAVOt) characteristic their with beginning qualities their all with them will describe
signs.

e. The first Decan in Aries is a man garbed in red and having a red

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

245

complexion, a fierce man whose limbs and hands are wounded and who attacksin anger. He bears golden mail and bright arrows,and his hand is upraisedwith an axe. 3. The secondDecan in Ariesis a pale-huedwarriorwhoseeyes are pitiless to his enemies. He is clothed in white. His head is like an elephant's. He has arrowsfor weapons,and he knowsthe purposesof mineralsand mercury. His limbs are heavy and hairy. 4. The third Decan in Aries wears dark blue garmentsand has a dark blue body. Armedwith a -lub, he is fierce. He has a garlandof blue diadems. He is strongwith leaps (?), and his eye-ballsare like a bull's. He is like Death in battle. 5. The first Decan in Taurus is a black woman, happy as her mind is agitatedby sidelongglances (?). Round her neck she wears a garlandfull of kadamba-flowers.She shinesforth holding an axe in her hand. Her body is bov-ed down to by cow-herds. 6. The second Decan in Taurus is a red-facedwoman whose arms and lower lip are also red. She is pre-eminentas she standson one foot holding a jar. She is alwaysintent on eating and drinking,and delightsin gardensand woods. 7. The last Decan in Taurusis a woman . . . with a tenderbody. She has a bull's hump, and wears a garland bright with campaka-flowers.Her eyebrows are fair, and her girdle hangs to the end of her buttocks. 8. The firstDecan in the third sign carriesa bow, and his hand is bright with arrows. He is adornedwith a garlandof many colours,and his necklace is pendant. The instruments of his craft are prepared. He knowshow to use swordsand missiles,and he wears a diadem and armour. 9. The secondDecan in Geminiis a blackwomanwhosegirdleis beautifi and whosegarmentsare brightlycoloured. She delightsin the arts,in singing, and in story-telling. Holding a lyre, she is pleasedand delighted.Her brows are lovely, and she is graceful. IO. The third Decan in Gemini wears red clothes and a red, pendant necklace. He is pale with red limbs, violent and fierce. The tip of his staff is red (with blood). He is the chief of a multitudeof men. He bearsa sword and missiles. I I. The firstDecan in the fourthsign is a womanwhosewordsare beautifill and full of grace. Holding a lotus in her hand, she stands in the water. Pining with love, she is as pale and fair as a campaka-flower.She wears a single white garment. I 2. The secondDecan in Canceris a girl seatedon a snake-throne, having a mediumform (?) and beauty. Her nature aboundsin politenessand affection. Her body, adornedwith jewels, is beautiful,and her garmentsare of a pale hue. I 3. The third Decan in the fourthsign is set down as a svoman who is the colour of a darkblue lotus and is pleasingto the eyes. Her upper-garment is of silk and (adornedwith) brightjewellery. She is barren,but puffedup with pride in her beauty. I4. The first Decan in Leo has a belly and a body like a lion's. He is fierce, armedwith a sword,and arrogantwith his mightystrength. His deeds

246

DAVID PINGREE

are terribleand cruel, and he desiresspicy food. He has many fingers (?). I5. The second Decan in Leo is a bold woman with loosenedhair. She is on a mollntainpeak, proudin takingaway the wealth of others. Terrible, she callses . . .; her actions are like those of a monkey. I6. The third Decan in Leo is a womanwhose actionsare marvellous and who is cllnningin respectto machinesand to undertakings involvingthe arts, business,or jewels. Seated on an ivory throne, she considers(?) the murder of her enemies. I7. The first portion of Virgo is a black man who possessesa subtle knowledgeof craftsand who knows the rules of calculating,cleverness,and story-telling. He is attached to beauty and skill, and is determinedin his purpose. I8. The secondDecan in the sixth sign is a beautifulwoman whose limbs are polluted by her menstruation. She loves a man in secretfor the sake of a child. She is learned; strivingon behalf of the people, she journeys to a foreigncountry. I9. The thirdDecan in Virgo is a womanwho is naturally coquettishand graceful. Her face is smiling, her collntenancemoon-like. Her one braid of hair is adornedwith asoka-flowers, and her stepsseem to stumblewith intoxication. 20. The firstDecan in Libra is a man in the market-place with the implements of his trade prepared. His limbs are covered with silk and bright ornaments; his body is black and his eyes beautiful. His places are those where there are gold, merchandise, mines, and treasllre. 2 I . The secondDecan in Librais a fair-waisted womanwho has learneda little of the crafts. She wearsbrightgarmentsand a bright,pendantnecklace. She is clever in the oEce of an intermediary(betweenlovers)for the sake of the bridegroom. Her actionsare like those of roguesand cheats. ee. The third Decan in Libra is a man about to attack. The tops of his teetll are far apart, and the hair on his body is long.... He carriesa bow and wears armourand a turban. He engagesin the tricksof rogues. 23. The first Decan in the eighth sign is a blazing man whose staff is fierce to his enemies. His sword is drawn, his armouris of gold; his flames are fannedby anger. He sportswith serpentswhose poisonis sharp. 24. The second Decan in Scorpio is a woman with loose hair who is bound with snakes. She is robbedby thievesin the forest. With black body and completelynakedshe rllnsswiftlyfrom a bandit, callingout terriblyand shrilly. 25. The last Decan in the eighth sign is a cruel man wearinga goldensuit of armour. Standingin a hole, he is clever (in obtaining)treasureand what he desires(?). He wishes to follow a vow that is broken. He knowshow to use weapons,but is tormented,having been robbedby his companions. 26. The firstDecan in Sagittarius is a man whosebow is drawnand whose speed is as violent as a horse's. He has knowledgeof chariotsand weapons, and bearsthe instruments for the sacrifice. His body is protectedby gold, and his ear-rings flashwith gold. 27. The secondDecan in Sagittarius is a woman who is charming,graceful, and beautiful. She is seated on an auspiciousthrone, and is pale with a

THE INDIAN ICONOGRAPHY OF THE DECANS AND HORAS

247

golden-huedbody. Opening a golden casket in a heap of jewels, she takes pleasllrein distributing(its contents). 28. The third Decan in Sagittarius is a beardedman with a black body. Clothed in silk and pining with love, he is graceful. On his breast hangs a string of pearls, and a bracelet is on his upper arm. He desiresmllsic and perfume. 29. The firstDecan in Capricorn is the colourof collyrium. His teeth are as terribleas a crocodile's. He is armedwith a staff, and his actionsare like those of Time and Death. He stands in the middle of a cemeterywith an armollrof heavy hair and a strongbody. 30. The second Decan in Capricornis a man of blazing splendourwhose teeth are dark blue and like a Pisaca's. He is handsome,having bound on his armour,sword, and turban (sirastrana).He wandersabout constructing river-embankments, tanks,and aqueducts. 3I. The third Decan in Capricornis a woman with loose hair, a gaping mouth, and a hangingbelly. Her red body is tall and thin. She holds a noose in her hand, and wearsa winding-sheet. She delightsin injury. 3X. The first Decan in Aqllariusis a man who has dreadfulteeth. He knows how to practisemagic. His is the colour of a dark clolld, and half of his hair is filthy. His actionsare pitiless. Garbedin an antelope-skin, he has the natureof one who is not insignificant. 33. The second Decan in Aquariusis a man with a shining sword. Half of his hair is tawny. Coveredwith garlandsof skulls,he wears armour. His is the colourof sllnset-clouds, and his protruding teeth arefierce. He is covered with the stringsof noosesand so forth. 34. The third Decan in Aqllariusis a man with variousweaponswearing a garlandof golden Moons. His shapeis boar-like,his formfrightful. Producing red (sandal-wood?) in his garden (or Mollnt Malaya), he is an ascetic whose hair is reddish-brown like a monkey's. 35. The first Decan in Pisces is a woman with a beautiful body whose eyes are expansiveand long. Her body is adornedwith silk and gold. She stands by the Great Sea, which she has crossedin a boat for the sake of a heap of jewels. 36. The secondDecan in Piscesis a womandreadfillin strife,the foremost one. She is fierce, and has no clothes; her colour is white, red, and black. Her garmentsand ornamentsare destroyed;desiringclothes,she sholltsout. 37. The third Decan in Piscesis a woman whose hair has been loosened and who wears ornamentsbearing the emblem of the Abhiras. She shrieks as she is frightened. She stands in the water adorned by troops of spirits having the shapesof jackals, cats, and boars. (The followingverses are to a large extent still obscure,and the translation is very dubiousin places.) 38. By the great and authoritativeGreekswho know the . . . of horoscopy these thirdsof the signswhich are called Drekkasare describedtogetherwith their thoughtsand originswhich are connectedwith their natures (?). 39. Becauseof its doubtfillness,this perceptionof the organs of sense is combinedwith (the eSects of) the lordsof the navamsas,the navamsasthemselves, and the aspects of the planets; together with their various shapes,

248

DAVID PINGREE

portions,and characteristic marksin this world,it is real fromthe illustrations and forms (?). 40. The characteristics of a planet have been describedwith regard to the signs,the navamsas,and time; they have the natureof being instrumental callses. Their entire effect is in full force in actionsfor all purposes(?). 4I. What was said previouslyto be the form, nature, quality, and distinguishingmarkof (each) planet and sign is to be determinedby a wise man as the form which arisesfrom the changesdue to their mutual combinations in order. 42. They say that the formand distinguishing markof a navamsaundergo sarious changesbecauseof the signs,planets,and (other)portions(of a sign); from its entry into (each) sign in the orderof the signs they say that it is very strongin combination(?) and has the significanceof a sign (?). (The point seems to be that what has been said about the Decans is to be modifiedwhen applied to the native in accordancewith the influencesof the other elements in the horoscopewhich are describedat length in the Yavanajataka.) It will have been noted that the second Hora in Sagittariusis compared to the goddessLaksmi. The womanholdinga lotus and standingin the water who is the firstDrekan. a of Cancerremindsone of Gaja-Laksmi beingshowered by her pair of elephants.36Other imagesbear a resemblance to the goddess of wealth; a Hora also holds a lotus in her hand (the firstin Cancer, cf. the second Decan of Aries in the Liber Hermetis, DR 30, and EP 30), and before two other female figuresappearsa casketfull of jewels (the second Hora in Sagittariusand the secondDrekanain the same sign). But far more frequentis a resemblanceto giva in his variolls samharamurtis;37Mahesvarais even named in the descriptionof the first Hora in Scorpio (for Kala and/or Yama cf. the firstHorasin Leo and Capricorn, the third Drekanain Aries, and the firstin Capricorn). Snakesadornthe bodies of five images (the second Hora in Aries and the first and secondHoras and Drekan. as in Scorpio)as they do that of Bhairava,and Bhairava's protruding teeth are attributedto four Horas (the firstin Leo, the second in Libra, the first in Scorpio, and the first in Capricorn)and one Drekana (the secondin Aqllarius). Vatukabhairava's red body is sharedby four images (the second Hora in Gemini and the first in Scorpio,and the first Drekanain Aries and the third in Capricorn). Siva's axe is graspedby three of these deities (the first Hora and Drekan. a in Taurusand the firstDrekan. a in Aries), and other Saiva weaponswhich appear are the staff (the first Hora in Aries, the third Drekana in Aries, the third in Gemini, the first in Scorpio, and the first in Capricorn),the sword (the second Hora in Aries, the second in Libra, and the firstin Scorpio,and the thirdDrekanain Gemini,the firstin Leo, the first in Scorpio,and the secondin Capricorn),the pasa or noose (the secondHora
36 See J. N. Banerjea, The Development of 37 For the iconographical featuresof giva HinduIconography, 2nd ed., Calcutta, I956, see T. A. GopinathaRao, Elements of Hindu pp. I I O-I 2 and Ancient India,xv, I 959, p. 80 Iconograthy, ii, Madras, I 9 I 6, pp. I 03-220, and pl. LV fig. A. and Banerjea,pp. 446-88 and passim.

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in Aquariusand the third Drekanain the same sign), and the firebrand(the first Hora in Aries). The bow and arrow, which, though more freqllently borne by Vis.nu,are also carriedby giva as Tripurantika,appearoften (the second Hora in Aries, the second in Cancer,the first and secondin Leo, the second in Libra, and the first in Sagittarius;the first and second Drekanas in Aries,the firstand secondin Gemini,the thirdin Libra,the firstin Scorpio, the first in Sagittarius,and the second in Aquarius). Other images hold the jar with which Siva is portrayedon the early coins of Ujjain38(the firstHora in Taurusand the secondDrekanain the same sign). The garments and ornamentsof the figures are also often gaiva. The deer-skinis found te7ice (the second Hora in Leo and the second in Capricorn), the antelope-skinonce (the first Drekana in Aquarius), the hara or necklacetwice (the first Hora in Cancerand the third Drekanain Gemini), the garlandof skullsan equal numberof times (the second Hora in Aries and the second Drekanain Aquarius), and the kirita or diadem follr times (the second Hora in Aries and the firstin Sagittarius;the third Drekanain Aries and the first in Gemini). In fact, the deity of the first Hora of Sagittariusis called candrakirltamall, which seems to be the equivalentof Candrasekhara. And the first Drekana of Scorpio is describedas krodhavimurchitarci, 'one whose flames are fanned by anger', a clear referenceto givwa in his Lingodbhavamurti. Finally, the first Drekanaof Aquariusis darklike a rain-cloud, an epithet also applied to Bhairava. There are other elements in these descriptionswhich are a part of the normalvocabularyof Hindu art. But can any of these Horasor Drekanasbe said really to representpurely Indian subjects? I think not. If these were in fact descriptionsof Siva, where is the trisula, where Nandi? And why are the attributesof variousmanifestations of the god indiscriminately combined in one figllre, or given to creatureswhich are definitely not gaiva? The answermust lie in the hypothesis set forthtowardsthe beginningof this paper, namelythat the Hindu elementsare interpretations of similarattributes which appeared in the illustrationsin Yavanesvara'smanuscript. This theory is supportedby the fact that psychological interpretations of the deitiesare given in the Yavanajataka and in the texts derivedfrom it, but nothing of the sort is knownfrom the Greco-Egyptian material. Our task,therefore, is to identifyas many as possibleof the originalobjects whichlie behindthe Saivaattributes. Serpents,a commonEgyptiansymbol,39 are naturallyassociated with numerous Decansin the Westernsources(DR I9, 3I) and 33; DP 2) 32) and 34; Ispx B5Bog first and third in Cancer, first in Leo, third in Libra, and third in Pisces; LiberHermetis third in Aries, first and third in Cancer,firstin Leo, secondin Virgo, third in Libra, and second in Scorpio; and POxy 465 AquariusI6-20 and Pisces II-I5). With the protrudingtusksof Bhairava,and especiallywith the dvipendradanta of the description of the firstHorain Leo, one can comparethe firstDecan of Taurus, which is said by the Liber Hermetis to have 'elephantorum promuscides duos' (tusksbeing confusedwith trunksin a poor drawing). An axe is held by the
38Banerjea, 39 p. II7 see, besidesBonnet,E. A. W. Budge, The For Egyptianiconographical elements Gods of theEgyptians, I904.
I7

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of Teucer40 and in the descriptions Bianchini firstDecan of Ariesin the Tabula A staS or sceptreappearsin the handsof many Decans Hermetis. and the Liber first and second in Aries and (EP 7 and 3I; DP I2; DR If2; 'IzpaBt5tog Hermetis Taurus,secondin Gemini, third in Virgo, and firstin Scorpio;Liber second in Aries). A sword is held by two Decans describedby the Liber (the first in Gemini and Capricorn)and by one in the 'IspaBt5>os Hermetis of (the secondin Capricorn). The pasa or noose may be a misinterpretation the ankh in the hands of the second Decan in Aquariusaccordingto the 'Ispa Bt5Bo5. And bows and arrows appear as weapons of several of the Greco-Egyptianimages ('Izpa Bt5Bo5first in Sagittariusand third in Caprisecondin Gemini and firstin Sagittarius);and the jar is Hermetis corn; Liber third in Aries and first and also of not uncommon occurrence ('Ispa J365Ros secondin Aries and firstin Libra). Hermetis second in Libra; Liber Decansin the Western A diademor a crownrestson the headsof numerous tradition (DP 6, IO) 32, 34, and 36; DR 3, 4, 6, and IO; EP 4, 8, and 20; 'Ispa Bt5Bo5third in Gemini, Cancer, Libra, Sagittarius,and Aquarius, and third in Aries, first in Taurus, second in second in the last; LiberHermetis Cancer,and firstin Libra; and POxy 465 AquariusI6-20 and PiscesI -5). is But what is especiallystrikingwhen we recall the epithet candrakirltamall that the second Decan in Leo is describedin the 'IzpccB5Bog as having 1 Similarly,it should be remarkedhere that the adjective xn5 x<paS sXv9. and Pisces) whichis appliedto two Horas(the firstin Sagittarius 'moon-faced' and one Drekana (the third in Virgo) is perhapsnot a conventionalIndian Hermetis to a I)ecan like the one describedin the Liber epithet,but a reference Lunae' (firstin Virgo). thus: 'caput eius ad similitudinem of It is, therefore,clear that many of the gaiva elementsin the descriptions Grecothe in though admittedlynot all, can still be found the Yavanajataka, Egyptian material which has survived. Other attributesin Sphujidhvaja's imagescan be traced to the same source. The dishevelledhair of the second of the solar rays which Hora and Drekana of Leo is a misunderstanding to both the 'Irpdc according Leo of Decan first emanatefrom the head of the of the Sun. house the is Leo astrologically for Hermetis; and the Liber Bt5Xog Hora (second Sanskrit the in elsewhere appears which hair And the unkempt second and Capricorn in Drekana third Scorpio; in first in Capricornand 'crines habens in Scorpio) has a parallel in an image in the LiberHermetis in Taurus). second the also see Gemini; in third (the attrahit' inde hinc quos calls the third Drekanaof Aquariusvarahakrti;this is not Sphujidhvaja u, but a descriptionof the god Seth who appears the Boar Avatara of Visn. second in Capricorn; thusin severalDecansin the West (DR 34; 'IspjBt5Xog third in Taurus and first in Pisces). Similarly,the horseHermetis and Liber faced Hora in the first half of Taurlls is not a Kinnara, but the ass-faced and the LiberHerfirst Decanlof Gemini accordingto both the 'IzpjBt5>og a of metis. The appearanceof a lion-like deity as the first Hora and Drekan. but perhapsit is significantthat the obvioushad been Leo is not surprising, anticipatedin the two Hermeticworks (see also EP I7, 35, 37, and 38; and DP 35). Many other animals appear in the Greco-Egyptiantradition I839, Graeci, mirabilium 40 Quoted by Psellusin his sspl rcxpRoRs rerum isxyss,uxcowed. A. Westermann,Scriptores pp. I47-48.

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25I

beetles ({IPABL5BO5 first in Capricorn and LiberHermetis second in Capricorn), an ichneumon (Ipaslxos and LiberHermetis second in Sagittarius), an ibis (Liber Hermetis second in Virgo), and so forth. The only additional one which may be reflectedin the Yavanajatakais the crocodile of Horlls (LiberHermetis third in Leo); the teeth of the second Hora and the first Drekanaof Capricornare likened to those of a makara. But the vulture of Nekhebet or Mut (Liber Hermetis second in Aries, Gemini, and Cancer; and POxy 465 Aqllarius I6-520) and the dog of Anubis (IpaslxOs first in Virgo; LiberHermetis first in Cancer, Sagittarius,and Aquarius) are found among Varahamihira's Decans. This is a circllmstanceto which reference will be made again later. The garmentsworn or not worn by the images sometimesgive a clue to their relationships with Egyptian models. That divinitiesin both traditions are clothedin red (the firstHora in Aries, the secondin Gemini, and the first in Pisces; the first Drekana in Aries and the third in Gemini; and Liber Hermetis third in Aries and in Taurus), dark blue (the second Hora in Pisces and the third Drekanain Aries; 'Ipa BL5BOG and LiberHermetis first in Pisces), or vjariegated (the firstHora in Taurllsand the secondin Cancer; the second Drekanasin Gemini and Libra; and Liber Hermetis second in Libra and first in Sagittarius)robes is not strikingexcept in those sevjeral instanceswhere a WesternDecan is dressedin garmentsof the same hue as those of his Indian counterpart. But the winding-sheetof the third Drekana of Capricorncertainly indicatesthat she is a mummy as are two Decans in the Liber Hermetis (firstin Taurus and third in Virgo) and one depicted in the pronaosof the temple at Esne (EP 3I); and the nakednessof the second Drekanaof Pisces (cf. also the second Hora in Gemini and the second and third Drekanasof Scorpio) is matched by his counterpartin the Ipa sl5xos(see, in addition, DP , 29, and 30; DR 30; EP 30; and IpOc sl5xOs second in Leo). Postureis a final criterionof comparison. Two Horas (the firstin Gemini and the secondin Sagittarius)and three Drekanas(the secondin Cancerand Sagittarillsand the third in Leo) are seated, as comparedwith four Decans in the Western tradition (DP 27 and 36; Ipisl5xOs first in Cancer; and POxy 465 Pisces I -5). The raising of her hands by the second Hora in Gemini is paralleled by similar poses of two figures in the 'Ipa BL5BOG (the firstin Aries and Libra) and one on the pronaosat Esne (EP 6). And three Horas which stand in water (the first in Cancer and the first and second in Capricorn)have their prototypein the second Decan of Libra as described by both the 'Ipa BL5BOG and the LiberHermetis. But more significantare the second Hora of Capricornand the secondDrekanaof Taurus,both of which are said to stand on one foot; this is evidentlya misunderstanding of a representationof the side-viewof a god standingwith his feet togetheror, as the 'Irpoc Bl5Bog puts it, CT&G CU0TCOUG (third in Virgo; see also the second in Taurus and Libra and LiberHermetis third in Tallrus and second in Libra and Scorpio). Again one has a featurein the Indian descriptions which can only be due to a mistakeninterpretation of an actual picture. So it may fairly be concluded that the figuresdescribedin the Yavanajataka are, for the most part, based on illustrations which adornedthe Greek manuscriptutilized by Yavanesvjara, bllt that their interpretationhas been

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colouredby an attempt to understandthem in Hindu, and especiallySaiva, terms. But it must be added that they have also been subject to additions reflectingsocial conditionsin WesternIndia in the second, third, and follrth centuries A.D. The silk which, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sed,4l was a staple item in the trade between Bhrgukaccha and Alexandria, clothes two Horas (the second in Taurus and Aquarills)and four Drekanas (the third in Cancer,the firstin Libra, the third in Sagittarius,and the first in Pisces). The thieveswho must have infestedthe foreststhroughwhich the trade routes extended in the WesternGhats42accompanythe second Hora in Aries and the secondin Leo and have robbedtwo other Horas (the second in Gemini and Pisces) and a Drekana (the second in Scorpio). The second Hora and the third Drekanaof Pisceswear respectivelygarmentsand ornaments manufactured by the powerfulneighbollrsand sometimevassalsof the WesternKsatrapas,the Abhirasof Khandesh.43Finally, the first Hora and Drekan. a of Pisces have just crossedthe maharnavaor Great Ocean or are with others rho have just done so. Tllis is a referenceto the Arabian Sea; and these figuresare immigrantsor tradersfrom Egypt or the PersianGulf. As was remarkedtowards the beginning of this paper, the Horas and Drekan. as of any one sign are very similarto each other. This fact was noticed by Varahamihira,who has combined the elements of the corresponding images in his descriptionof the Decans. He has made other changes in Sphujidhvaja's figuresas well. The most obvious of these is the upsettingof the strictbalance betweenthe sexesmaintainedin the Yavanajataka for both the Horas and the Drekanas;Varahamihirahas changed this equality to a ratio of two to one in favollrof males. In additionhe has incorporated some materialwhichseemsto have been derivedfromanotherSanskrit text depending on a Greco-Egyptian source. It is clear from a study of the history of astrologicalideas in India that Varahamihira's main source for his knowledgeof Hellenisticgenethlialogy, aside from the Yavanajataka, was the lost poem of Satya.44 And, though he cites the opinion of and even borrowsa pada from Sphlljidhvaja when he assigns planetary lords to the Decans,45he prefers the theory of Satya.46
the inscription. 41Periplus64. 44 See my thesis, Materials for the Studyof On thesetraderoutesseeD. D. Kosambi, the Transmission of Greek Astrology to India,sub'Dhenukakata',XBBRAS, N.S., 30, I 955, pp. 50-7I and M. N. Deshpande,'The Rock- mitted to Harvard University in I960. This cut Caves of Pitalkhora in the Deccan', subject will be discussed further in the edition Ancient India,xv, I 959, pp. 66-93. of the Yavanajataka. 45 Yavanajataka I, 3gc-d: 43 See B. Prakash, 'The Abhiras: their Antiquity, History and Culture',ffournal of svadvadasalkadasaraslpanam theBiharandOrissa Research Society, xl, I954, drekanasam. jnah kramasas trayo 'tra // pp. 249-65. The best treatmentnow is that Brhajjataka I, I2: of V. V. Mirashi,Inscriptions of theKalachuriChediEra, CII 4, Ootacamund, I 955, pp. kecit tu horam prathamam bhapasya xxxi-xl; see also D. C. Sircar, 'Nagarjunivanchanti labhadhipater dvitl^yam / konda Inscription of the Time of Abhira dreskanasam. jnam api varnayanti Vasushena, Year 30', EI, xxxiv, I 96I, pp. svadvadasaikadasarasipanam// I 97-204. Sircar'sdate cannot be accepted 46 Satva is quoted by Bhattotpala on becauseit conflictswith the known dates of RudradamanII, who is also mentionedin Brhajjataka I, I2:
42
A * A , A ,A A

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Therefore,it is a reasonablehypothesisto assumethat his deviationsfrom the Yavanajataka in his descriptions of the Decans are due to Satyacarya. The most importantof these divergencesare those which have alreadybeen mentioned, the vulture (firstin Leo, second in Libra, and first in Aqllarills)and the dog (firstin Leo and in Sagittarius). However,it is also evident that Varahamihira has felt free to redistribute the characteristics of the Decans as he saw fit. A similar tendency on the part of Westernauthorsand the Yavanajatakahas already been alluded to. The collectionof possiblethings to say abollt the Decans did not vary to any large degree,but there was no fixed sequenceof their occurrence. Not being the mostpowerfuldivinitiesin eitherthe Greco-Egyptian or Indianpantheons, they were granted no opportllnity to defend their identities against the imaginationsof those who wished to invoke them. This license was not so sweeping for Abu Ma'sharwhen he translated Varahamihira's descriptionsof the Decans into Arabic,47presumablyusing a lost Pahlaviversion.48Many of his changesare due to his own errorsor to those of his Sasanian predecessor,as the deviationsfrom the Arabic in the ByzantineGreektranslationcan be traced to omissionsor faulty readingsin the manuscriptused by the translator.49 But those elementsin Abu Ma'shar which are not found in Varahamihira cannot be takenfrom the commentary of Bhattotpalaas has been suggested ;50ratherBhattotpalaand the Sasanian
tatha ca satyah / ojesu raver hora prathama yugmesu cottara sesah / indoh kramaso jneya janmani cestau svahorasthau rasih // taddreskanas tatpancamanavamabhavanapatayah syuh / tesam adhipatayah syuh svadreskane graha balinah // This system is given by Varahamihira in Brhajjataka I, I I c-d: martandendvor ayuji samabhe candrabhanvos ca hore dreskanah . . . syuh . svabhavanasutatritrikonadhipanam //
47

Ed. K. Dyroff in Boll, Sphaera, pp. 482-

48 On Abu Ma'shar's use of Sasanian sources see the passages cited in my article in Isis mentioned in footnote g above. More evidence has been found in the Greek translation of his De revolutionibus nativitatum (Kitab al-ahkam tahwil sini 'l-mawalid), and there is much in the De conianctionibus and the Introductorium maius which probably came from the same source. 49 An interesting example is the following. Varahamihira says that the third Decan in Taurus is sarabhasamanghri, 'having feet like a camel's'. Abu Ma'shar translates this by

539

ar-rijlintawilhuma,'his feet are long'. But where Varahamihira uses the adjective sarabhanghri(the first Decan in Cancer) DyroS reads abyad ar-rijlln,'having white feet'. In this he is supportedby one of the Arabic manuscripts, the Latin translationof John of Spain, the Byzantine version, and the Latin translationof Ibn Ezra's Hebrew version. The correct reading, mamdud arrijlin, 'having long feet', occurs only in the Oxford manuscript. The manuscriptsused by all the translators-Latin, Greek, and Hebrew were corruptat this point. 50 See O. Neugebauer,Bull. de l'acad. roy. de Belgique, Classedes Lettres, se Ser., xliii, I957, p. I34 n. 3, and P. V. Kane, 'Date of Utpala', gBBRAS, N.S., xxxiii, I 958, pp. I47-49. His date had been doubtedbeforeon astronomical groundsby J. F. Fleet in Indian Antiquary, xix, I 890, pp. 4 I-43, and D. C. Bhattacharjee,'Dates of Bhattotpala and Kalyanavarman', Indian Culture, Xii, I945-46, pp. 8I-82. But he cannot be dated before 850 becauseof his quotations fromKalyanavarman. In support of the suggestionthat the unknownsource of Bhattotpalaand the Sasaniantranslator may be Satya is the fact that the drekanesaof the third Decan of Arieswhichboth mention,but Varahamihira does not, is lord accordingto Satya'sreckoning. The only other Indian known to have writtenon the iconographyof the Decans is

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againthe astrological perhaps source, havebothuseda lostSanskrit translator of theseastraldeities journeys ofthe history poemof Satya. But the further paper. is beyondthe scopeof the present
Gunakara in the thirtieth chapter of his century ?), and he slavishly imitates VaraHoramakaranda(thirteenth or fourteenth hamihlra.