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LIGHTING DESIGN:

The main goal of lighting Design is to find the number of lamps required in space to complete the standard Lux level. For this purpose we use the lumen method. Lumen Method: Following are the steps that required to find number of luminiries. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Find the standard Lux level required in space Find Area of space Select the appropriate fixture according to the application Find the power and Lumens of fixture Find mentainace factor Find utilization factor Calculate number of luminiries required

To find number of Limners in internal space. We can use the following Formula[1].

Where N=Number of Lights Required E=Required Lux Level A=Area of the Space O=Luminous Flux Produced per Lamp MF=Maintenance Factor UF= Utilization Factor Area of space can be found by following Formulas 1. If Area is square then Where X=side of square 2. If Area is Rectangular then Where L=length of area W=width of area 3. If area is circular having radius r then

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O (Luminous Flux produced per lamp) can be found by the manufacturers data sheets Maintenance Factor can be found by using following tables [2]. Category Description A Bare Lamp Batten B Open Top reflector C Closed top reflector D Enclosed (IP2x) E Dustproof (IP5x) F Indirect up lighter Environment Clean (C) Normal (N) Dirty (D) Typical Locations Clean rooms, computer centers, electronic assembly, hospitals Offices, Shops, Schools, Labs, Restaurants, warehouses, assembly workshops Steel Works, Chemical Works, foundries, welding, polishing, woodwork areas

Time Between Cleaning (Years) C Environment

0.5 N D C N

1 D C

1.5 N D

Luminaries category
A B C D E F 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.96 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.93 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.91 0.85 0.93 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.94 0.86 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.82 0.90 0.81 0.83 0.83 0.72 0.77 0.86 0.74 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.85 0.92 0.81 0.87 0.83 0.74 0.79 0.88 0.73 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.73 0.83 0.65

Time Between Cleaning (Years) C Environment N

2 D C N

2.5 D C N

3 D

Luminaries category
A B C D E F 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.83 0.91 0.77 0.84 0.80 0.69 0.77 0.86 0.66 0.78 0.75 0.59 0.71 0.81 0.57 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.81 0.90 0.73 0.82 0.76 0.64 0.75 0.85 0.60 0.75 0.71 0.54 0.68 0.80 0.51 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.79 0.9 0.7 0.79 0.74 0.61 0.73 0.84 0.55 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.73 0.83 0.65

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Utilization Factor can be found by following calculations [3]:

( Where: K=Room Index Hu= effective Height L= length of area W= Width of Area Hu can be found by Where: H= height of Area (where luminary will be installed) WP=Working Plane (Where Standard Lux are required

After finding k we have to find the Reflectance of walls, ceiling and floor

In order to find utilization factor. We use calculated tables. These Tables use K index and Reflectance of the room In order to find Reflectance we will use following table [4]. L 0.7 0.5 0.3 M 0.5 0.3 0.2 D 0.3 0.1 0.1

Ceiling Cavity Walls Floor Cavity

Furthermore we will use following Table to calculate utilization factor Room Reflectance C W F 70 50 20 30 10 50 50 20 30 10 30 50 20 30 10 0 0 0 Room Index (K) 0.75 1 0.45 0.51 0.41 0.48 0.38 0.45 0.44 0.50 0.40 0.47 0.38 0.44 0.43 0.49 0.4 0.46 0.37 0.44 0.36 0.43

1.25 0.56 0.52 0.49 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.47

1.5 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49

2 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53

2.5 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55

3 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.56

4 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.58

5 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59

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From this table Utilization Factor can be found and can be put into the formula to get number of luminaries.

Wire Sizing:
For wire sizing a simple formula for Resistance can be used.

Where Z= impedance Allowed for wire =Resistivity of wire L =Length of wire in Km Aeff = Effective Cross Sectional Area of wire but Since X is very low (0.08 and its squre is 0.0064.) as compared to R. so it can be neglected and rounded to R Cross Sectional Area can be found by

is given for different materials. 22.5 mm2/Km for copper and 36 mm2/Km for Aluminum. L can be found by drawings And R can be found by equation below

In order to correct sizing we must have take following factors into account. 1. Voltage drop across length 2. Short circuit current rating Based on Voltage Drop we can accurately size the wire. From voltage drop calculation we can find the resistance that is allowed. In Pakistan Voltage drop is 2.5% while in other countries it is upto 8%. By defining Voltage drop we can find voltage at Load by

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Where VLoss = Voltage Drop due to Resistance vd = Voltage drop taken (%) Vn= Nominal Voltage And In can be found by

Where I= Current calculated a = Correction factor due to Ambient Temperature b= Correction Factor Due to Ground Temperature c = Correction Factor Due to Nature of soil (Underground wires ) d = Correction Factor due to multiple wires These Tables can be found in Appendix B. In order to find Diameter from effective area we will use following formula

Where = skin effect (nominal depth of penetration for a conductor) Where

o = 4 x 10-7 H/m r = 0.999994 r = 1.0023

(copper) (Aluminium)

so form above formulas we can find diameter of wire using

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From this formula one can find required wire size (cross sectional Area) by

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APPENDIX B.
1. Table for Correction factor due to Ambient Temperature

Ambient Temperature (C) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Insulation PVC XLPE & EPR 1.22 1.15 1.17 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.06 1.04 1 1 0.94 0.96 0.87 0.91 0.79 0.87

2. Table for correction factor due to Ground Temperature

Ground Temperature (C) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Unburried Wire

Insulation PVC XLPE & EPR 1.1 1.07 1.05 1.04 1 1 0.95 0.96 0.89 0.93 0.84 0.89 0.77 0.85 1 1

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3. Table for correction factor due to Nature of soil

Nature of Soil Very wet soil wet soil Damp Soil Dry soil very dry soil Unburried Wire K3 1.21 1.13 1.05 1 0.86 1

Number of Circuits or Multicore cables

Arrangement

1 Branched in air, on a surface, embedded or enclosed Single Layer on wall,floor or unperforated tray Single Layer fixed directly under a wooden ceiling Single Layer on a perforated horizontal or vertical tray

12

16

20

0.8

0.7 0.65

0.6

0.57

0.54 0.52

0.5

0.45

0.41 0.38

1 0.85 0.79 0.75

0.73

0.72

0.72 0.71

0.7

0.95 0.81 0.72 0.68

0.66

0.64

0.63 0.62

0.61

1 0.88 0.82 0.77

0.75

0.73

0.73 0.72

0.72

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single layer on ladder support or cleats 1 0.87 0.82 0.8 0.8 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78

4. Table for correction factor due to multiple wires

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References:
[1] Code for Lighting (CIBSE 2002), Page 90 [2] Code for Lighting (CIBSE 2002), Page 88, table 3.5 & 3.6 [3] Code for Lighting (CIBSE 2002), Page 91 [4] Code for Lighting (CIBSE 2002), Page 77, Table 3.3

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