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oleh Lt Kol Prof Madya Ir Khalid bin Abd Jalil TUDM Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malsysia.
012-2094234
Objectives
Introduce the concept of pure substance. Discuss the physics of phase-change of processes. Illustrate the P-V-T property diagram. Determine the thermodynamics properties. Describe ideal gas and its behavior.
Definition
Pure Substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition and may be exist in more than one phase with the same chemical composition. Water (solid, liquid and vapor phases) Mixture of liquid water and water vapor Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrogen, N2 Mixture of gases, such as air, as long as there is no change of phase.
Homogeneous Substance a substance that has uniform thermodynamic properties throughout is said to homogeneous. Simple Substance a substance whose changes in properties is dominated by the effect of a volume change as opposed to surface, magnetic, electrical changes.
Relationships between Pressure (P), Temperature (T) and Specific Volume (v)
The P v T Surface for a Real Substance that expand upon freezing example; water
The P v T Surface for a Real Substance that contracts upon freezing. Example: Nitrogen, CO2
Process 3: Once the boiling starts, the temperature will stop raising until the liquid is completely vaporized. At this state, liquid and vapor are in equilibrium. This phase called saturated liquid (cecair tepu) and saturated vapor (wap tepu) and also called saturated liquid vapor mixture (campuran cecair-wap tepu). Process 4: At state 4, a saturated vapor exists and vaporization is completed. Any heat loss from this vapor will cause some vapor to condense (phase change from vapor to liquid). The vapor that about to condense is called a saturated vapor (wap tepu). A substance at state between 2 and 4 is often referred to as a saturated liquid vapor mixture (campuran cecair-wap tepu).
Process 4-5:
If the constant pressure heating is continued, the temperature will begin increase above the saturated temperature (suhu tepu) and the volume also increases. State 5, is called a superheated (wap panas lampau) state because T 5 is greater that saturation temperature (above 100C) for the pressure and the vapor is not about to condenser.
vc= 0.003155m/kg
The T- v Diagram
The 2 lines (saturated liquid lines and saturated vapor lines) intersect at critical point and form is called the steam dome. The region between saturated liquid line and saturated vapor lines is called saturated liquid-vapor mixture region . At given pressure, temperature at which a pure change phase is called Saturation Temp., Tsat At given temperature, pressure at which a pure substance change phase is called saturation pressure Psat. Table A-1 page 910, Critical point properties.
The region to the left of the saturated liquid line and below the critical temp is called the compressed liquid region. The region to the right of the saturated vapor line and above critical temp is called superheated region. At temp & pressure above the critical point, the phase transition from liquid to vapor is no longer discrete.
P=22.06 MPa
T=373.95 C
P=0.6113kPa T=0.01 C
Figure shows the P-T diagram, often called the phase diagram, for pure substances that contract and expand during freezing.
Property Table
For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too complex to be expressed by simple equations. Therefore, properties are frequently presented in the form of tables. Table A-2 & A-3 (page 914/915) Properties of common liquids, solids & foods. Table A-4 (page 916) Saturated water Temperature table Table A-5 (page 918) saturated water Pressure table Table A-6 (page 920-923) superheated water Table A-7 (page 924) Compressed liquid water Table A-8 (page 925) saturated ice-vapor
h is useful to calculating the energy of mass streams flowing into and out of
control volumes. (kJ/kg)
Note: Is called the enthaply of vaporization (or latent heat of vaporization). It decreases as temp. or px increase and becomes zero at the critical point.
Using saturated water Table A4 and A-5, find temperature/pressure, specific volume of saturated liquid, Vf , internal energy of saturated vapor, Ug and enthalpy of evaporation hfg , if the:a. pressure is 50kPa. b. Temperature 120C
-During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and part vapor, also called a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. - at this point liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.
- To analyze this mixture properly, we need to know the proportions of the liquid and vapor phase in the mixture.
- The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture is called the quality, x
mg mg + m f
(1)
-The quality is zero (0) for the saturated liquid and one (1) for the saturated vapor, (0 < x < 1). - the bigger x values, showed the total of saturated vapor are increased, and we can write as follow:-
( 1- x) =
mf m g+mf
(2)
- Consider a tank that contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. The volume occupied by saturated liquid is Vf and the volume occupied by saturated vapor Vg,. The total volume V is sum of the two:
V = Vf + Vg
If, V = mv
(3)
mfvf
Specific Volume
v=
mf . vf + mg . vg m g+ m f m g+ m f
x v g = vf + x (v g - v f )
v = (1 - x ) v f +
v fg = v g - v f
v = vf +
x v gf
m/kg
(4)
- The analysis given can be repeated for internal energy, u and enthalpy, h with the following results: Specific enthalpy
h = (1 - x ) h f + x h g = hf + x (h g - h f ) = h fg + x h g f
(kJ/kg) (5)
In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy or heat content (denoted as H, h, or rarely as ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system, which can be used to calculate the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure and entropy.
u = (1 - x ) u f + x u g = uf + x (u g - u f ) = u fg + x u g f
(kJ/kg) (6)
Note: Persamaan (4), (5) dan (6) digunakan untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat termodinamik bahan pada fasa cecair dan wap tepu sahaja
Tsub=Ts T
A substance is said to be compressed liquid when the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature. Compressed Liquid properties depends on temperature much more than pressure. For analysis, the value for saturated liquid properties is used as a reference at the given temperature, such as:
V = Vf at given temperature or V= Vf (T) U= Uf at given temperature or U = Uf (T) h = h f at given temperature or h = h f (T) In general, the compressed liquid is characterized by: Higher Pressure (P>Ps at given T) lower Temperature (T<Ts at given P) Lower specific Volume (V < V f at given P or T) Lower specific internal energy (U < U f at given P or T) Lower enthalpies (h< h f at given P or T)
Superheat Vapor
In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and temperature above the critical point, a substance exists as superheated vapor. Since the superheated region is a single-phase region, temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties and there can conveniently be used in as the two properties in the tables.
Tpl = T Ts
Superheat Vapor
A substance is said to be superheated if the given temperature is greater than the saturation temperature for the given pressure. In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and temperature above the critical point, a substance exists as superheated vapor. Since the superheated region is a single-phase region, temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties and there can conveniently be used in as the two properties in the tables. Superheated vapor can be characterized by : Low Pressure (P<Ps at given T) Higher Temperature (T>Ts at given P) Higher specific Volume (V > V g at given P and T) Higher specific internal energies (U > Ug at given P or T) Lower Specific enthalpies (h > h g at given P or T)
Interpolation Method
(kaedah tentu dalaman)
if required data is in between 2 given data. Using linear function y=f(x) Properties 1 Example: x1
(yt y1)
Properties 2
y1 yt
(y2 y1)
(xt x1)
(x2 x1) (xt x1)
xt
x2
y2
yt
(x2 x1)
(y2 y1)
+ y1
For most substance, the relationships among the thermodynamic properties are too complex to be express by simple equation, therefore, properties value are frequently presented in the form of table.
3 types of Table
(Compress liquid table A-7 ) (Saturated liquid table A-4 and A-5) (Superheated table A-6)
Table selection If U < U f - compressed liquid U f < U < Ufg - saturated mixture U > Ug superherated If P>Ps - compressed liquid P = Ps saturated mixture P<Ps superheated If T<Ts compressed liquid T=Ts - saturated mixture T>Ts super heated If V < V f - compressed liquid Vf <V < Vfg - saturated mixture V> Vg superheated.
(kJ)
entropy is a measure of the unavailability of a systems energy to do work. that energy which cannot be used for external work
2. Determine specific volume and specific enthalpy of water at pressure 14bar and temperature 420C.
3. Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in volume of 1.2 m at pressure 200kPa. 4. 1kg of water vapor at 200kPa fills the 1.1989m left chamber of a partitioned system shown in figure below. The right chamber has twice the volume of the left and is initially evacuated. Determine the final state of volume and pressure of the water after the partition has been removed and enough heat has been transferred so that the temp. of the water is 3 C.