Water Supply in Peru & Chile

The Challenges and the solutions

Dr. Doris Hiam - Director Hatch Peru Hu Fleming & Amin Ghobeity, Hatch North America Oscar Osores, Hatch Peru

Water availability

Water availability in Peru & Chile

Water in Peru

50% of rain water is lost

Increasing glaciers retreat rates Only 22% of sewage water from cities receives some kind of treatment prior to discharge. 4/5 is discharged & lost

Water Availability in Peru & Chile

Water Resources reduction in Peru & Chile 1990 2010 in m3 (Euromonitor)

Peru & Chile water supply has reduced by ~30% in 20 years

Water challenges in Chile

Chiles Water Offer and Demand 2011 (DGA)

Chiles Projected Water Demand for Mining in m3/s (2009 2020) Cochilco, 2009

How to close the gap?

- There is a gap & will grow - How are we going to overcome the problem? Gap

1950 2000 2010 GROWING GAP

Identification of Groundwater sources

Identify potential groundwater sources Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) to optimize water storage

Purification of Contaminated Water

Innovative technologies Process optimization to reduce waste water volumes Zero liquid discharge approach

Storage and transport of water

Interbasin transfers. Catch it & take it to other places.

Desalination Plant
Process Water Tanks

Chemical Dosing Buildings

Process Buildings Intake Pump Station Buildings

Outfall

Intake

Desalination Opex & CapEx Forecast

Desalination & Water Reuse are closing in on Fresh water treatment costs

Reverse Osmosis Energy Trends

$/m3

Desalination capex

ERI Pressure Exchangers

150,000m3/d SWRO expansion at Al Shualbah, Saudi Arabia

Expected renewable energy growth in GW

Hydro resources in South America

Seawater Desalination using renewable energies

Why use renewable energy for desalination?
Desalination is energyintensive

Why use solar energy?

Solar energy abundant almost anywhere drinkable water is scarce solar powered desalination seems plausible!

Seawater Desalination using Solar Energy

Desalination by solarthermal
Compound parabolic concentrators (CPS) in Spain (Plataforma Solar de Almera) Solar energy also used to handle brine

Advanced Renewable Power and Water Cogeneration and Hybrid System?

Cogeneration increases efficiency Thermal energy storages ensures continuous operation Hybrid desalination ensures several purposes, including operation flexibilities, meeting potable water standards more efficiently, etc.

Ghobeity et al, Solar Energy, V. 85, 2011

Seawater Desalination using renewable energies

Desalination with wind power
25 Cost / KWh (cents US) 20 15 10 5 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Cost reduction of wind power

Wind-driven SWRO
Concept design suggested by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation for Wind Driven RO for Pacific Islands and Remote Coastal Communities Hybrid power system (wind and PV)
Electricity produced from wind turbines (large scale) used directly to pressurize feedwater to SWRO Solar PV (small scale) produces electricity required for control systems

Acquasol Desalination Project Point Paterson, South Australia

180MW Integrated Combined Cycle Power 150MW Combined Cycle gas turbine + 30MW solar thermal 26 MGD Multiple Effect Distillation (MED), 28 MGD total 2 km square field of parabolic trough mirrors Heat storage of 7.5 hours for night or cloudy weather By-product brine sent to salt harvesting Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

Water Reuse Western Corridor

Luggage Point, Australia Water Reuse Project of the Year 2009 At 90 mgd, 2nd largest water reuse in the world; largest in Southern Hemisphere $1.5 billion and includes MF, RO, residue dewatering 27 months, world record 1,300 km of pipeline feeding a drinking water reservoir, 2 power plants, and 2 petroleum refineries

The plant includes: Feed Pumping Flow Equalization Coagulation / Precipitation & Clarification Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Advanced Oxidation Residue Thickening & Dewatering

Luggage Point, Australia Advanced Water Treatment Plant

NG Proved reserves & demand

TCF 20 10 9 m3 600 500 15 400 300 200 5 100 2009 2010 Selva Sur 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 0 2018
200 1200

1000

800

10

600

400

0 2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019 Uso Vehicular

2021

2023

2025

2027

Uso Elctrico

Uso Industrial

Uso Residencial-Comercial

Selva Central

Noroeste

Nuevos descubrimientos

General Conclusions
Growing shortage of water & at the same time the demand is growing. The way to answer is the following: More efficient use of water we have Recover & reuse the waste water Catch the run off water that is currently lost Remove salt from sea water

Desalination
Potential of using RE for desalination

Desalination with RE Conclusions

Desalination with renewable energy technically makes sense but economy depends on location. Viability/cost of RE vs grid or conventional is site specific: A study is needed for the Peruvian Pacific coast & Northern Chile. Sun and wind are more reliable in Peruvian coast and Northern Chile
Solution is needed for more efficient, lower cost & reliable option

Solar & wind energy costs are coming down. Desalination cost are coming down too. Large solar installations will lower the cost even further.

Recommendation
Viability/cost of renewable versus grid or conventional energy is site specific so studies have to be done for the places under consideration. Looking into the future a comparison is needed between solar & conventional with real projections for Peruvian coast and Northern Chile

We have to remember that protection of the environment and the concern about global warming can override costs viability. This is especially true in light of new data presented at a global climate change meeting where it has been shown that warming is occurring much faster than has been predicted and that we may have reached the "tipping point." This is where it will be very difficult to stop the warming if not impossible.