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(x) > 0 for all real x, F increases on (, ); there are no critical points.
(b) To determine the concavity of the graph and to nd the points of inection, we use
the second derivative
F
(x) =
2x
(1 + x
2
)
2
.
The sign of F
1
0
f (x) dx = 6,
2
0
f (x) dx = 4,
5
2
f (x) dx = 1,
nd the following:
(a)
5
0
f (x) dx. (b)
2
1
f (x) dx. (c)
5
1
f (x) dx.
(d)
0
0
f (x) dx. (e)
0
2
f (x) dx. (f)
1
5
f (x) dx.
2. Given that
4
1
f (x) dx = 5,
4
3
f (x) dx = 7,
8
1
f (x) dx = 11,
nd the following:
(a)
8
4
f (x) dx. (b)
3
4
f (x) dx. (c)
3
1
f (x) dx.
(d)
8
3
f (x) dx. (e)
4
8
f (x) dx. (f)
4
4
f (x) dx.
3. Use upper and lower sums to show that
0.5 <
2
1
dx
x
< 1.
4. Use upper and lower sums to show that
0.6 <
1
0
dx
1 + x
2
< 1.
5. For x > 1, set F(x) =
x
0
t
t +1 dt.
(a) Find F(0). (b) Find F
(2).
(d) Express F(2) as an integral of t
t +1.
(e) Express F(x) as an integral of t
t +1.
6. Let F(x) =
t sin t dt.
(a) Find F(). (b) Find F
(
1
2
).
(d) Express F(2) as an integral of t sin t .
(e) Express F(x) as an integral of t sin t .
Exercises 712. Calculate the following for each F given below:
(a) F
(1). (b) F
(0). (c) F
(
1
2
). (d) F
(x).
7. F(x) =
x
0
dt
t
2
+9
. 8. F(x) =
0
x
t
2
+1 dt.
9. F(x) =
1
x
t
t
2
+1 dt. 10. F(x) =
x
1
sin t dt.
11. F(x) =
x
1
cos t dt. 12. F(x) =
x
2
(t +1)
3
dt.
13. Show that statements (a) and (b) are false.
(a) U
f
(P
1
) = 4 for the partition P
1
=
0, 1,
3
2
, 2
, and
U
f
(P
2
) = 5 for the partition P
2
=
0,
1
4
, 1,
3
2
, 2
.
(b) L
f
(P
1
) = 5 for the partition P
1
=
0, 1,
3
2
, 2
, and
L
f
(P
2
) = 4 for the partition P
2
=
0,
1
4
, 1,
3
2
, 2
.
14. (a) Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b], have
the property that L
f
(P) = U
f
(P) for some partition P?
(b) Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b] have
the property that L
f
(P) = U
f
(Q) for some partitions P
and Q?
15. Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b] have the
property that all lower sums L
f
(P) are equal?
16. Show that if f is continuous on an interval I, then
c
a
f (t ) dt +
b
c
f (t ) dt =
b
a
f (t ) dt
for every choice of a, b, c from I. HINT: Assume a < b and
consider the four cases: c = a, c = b, c < a, b < c. Then
consider what happens if a > b or a = b.
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5.3 THE FUNCTION F(x) =
x
a
f (t ) dt I 253
Exercises 17 and 18. Find the critical points for F and, at each
critical point, determine whether F has a local maximum, a local
minimum, or neither.
17. F(x) =
x
0
t 1
1 +t
2
dt. 18. F(x) =
x
0
t 4
1 +t
2
dt.
19. For x > 0, set F(x) =
x
1
(1/t ) dt.
(a) Find the critical points for F, if any, and determine the
intervals on which F increases and the intervals on which
F decreases.
(b) Determine the concavity of the graph of F and nd the
points of inection, if any.
(c) Sketch the graph of F.
20. Let F(x) =
x
0
t (t 3)
2
dt .
(a) Find the critical points for F and determine the inter-
vals on which F increases and the intervals on which F
decreases.
(b) Determine the concavity of the graph of F and nd the
points of inection, if any.
(c) Sketch the graph of F.
21. Suppose that f is differentiable with f
x
0
f (t ) dt.
Justify each statement.
(a) F is continuous.
(b) F is twice differentiable.
(c) x = 1 is a critical point for F.
(d) F takes on a local minimum at x = 1.
(e) F(1) < 0.
Make a rough sketch of the graph of F.
22. Suppose that g is differentiable with g
(1) = 0, and g
x
0
g(t ) dt.
Justify each statement.
(a) G is continuous.
(b) G is twice differentiable.
(c) x = 1 is a critical point for G.
(d) The graph of G is concave down for x < 1 and concave
up for x > 1.
(e) G is an increasing function.
Make a rough sketch of the graph of G.
23. (a) Sketch the graph of the function
f (x) =
2 x, 1 x 0
2 + x, 0 < x 3.
(b) Calculate F(x) =
x
1
f (t ) dt, 1 x 3, and sketch
the graph of F.
(c) What can you conclude about f and F at x = 0?
24. (a) Sketch the graph of the function
f (x) =
x
2
+ x, 0 x 1
2x, 1 < x 3.
(b) Calculate F(x) =
x
0
f (t ) dt, 0 x 3, and sketch the
graph of F.
(c) What can you conclude about f and F at x = 1?
Exercises 2528. Calculate F
(x).
25. F(x)
x
3
0
t cos t dt. HINT: Set u = x
3
and use the
chain rule.
26. F(x) =
cos x
1
1 t
2
dt.
27. F(x) =
1
x
2
(t sin
2
t ) dt.
28. F(x) =
x
0
t
2
1 +t
4
dt.
29. Set F(x) = 2x +
x
0
sin 2t
1 +t
2
dt. Determine
(a) F(0). (b) F
(0). (c) F
(0).
30. Set F(x) = 2x +
x
2
0
sin 2t
1 +t
2
dt. Determine
(a) F(0). (b) F
(x).
31. Assume that f is continuous and
x
0
f (t ) dt =
2x
4 + x
2
.
(a) Determine f (0).
(b) Find the zeros of f , if any.
32. Assume that f is continuous and
x
0
f (t ) dt = sin x x cos x.
(a) Determine f
1
2
. (b) Find f
(x).
33. (A mean-value theorem for integrals) Show that if f is con-
tinuous on [a, b], then there is a least one number c in (a, b)
for which
b
a
f (x) dx = f (c)(b a).
34. We proved Theorem 5.3.5 only in the case that the integra-
tion which denes F is begun at the left endpoint a. Show
that the result still holds if the integration is begun at an
arbitrary point c (a, b).
35. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. For each x [a, b] set
F(x) =
x
c
f (t ) dt, and G(x) =
x
d
f (t ) dt
taking c and d from [a, b].
(a) Show that F and G differ by a constant.
(b) Show that F(x) G(x) =
d
c
f (t ) dt.
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258 I CHAPTER 5 INTEGRATION
III. The integral of a linear combination is the linear combination of the integrals:
(5.4.5)
b
a
[f (x) +g(x)] dx =
b
a
f (x) dx +
b
a
g(x) dx.
This applies to the linear combination of more than two functions. For example,
1
0
(2x 6x
4
+5) dx = 2
1
0
x dx 6
1
0
x
4
dx +
1
0
5 dx
= 2
x
2
2
1
0
6
x
5
5
1
0
+
5x
1
0
= 1
6
5
+5 =
24
5
.
This is the result obtained in Example 3.
Properties I and II are particular instances of Property III. To prove III, let F be an
antiderivative for f and let G be an antiderivative for g. Then, since
[F(x) +G(x)]
= F
(x) +G
b
a
[f (x) +g(x)] dx =
F(x) +G(x)
b
a
= [F(b) +G(b)] [F(a) +G(a)]
= [F(b) F(a)] +[G(b) G(a)]
=
b
a
f (x) dx +
b
a
g(x) dx.
Example 5 Evaluate
/4
0
sec x[2 tan x 5 sec x]dx.
SOLUTION
/4
0
sec x[2 tan x 5 sec x] dx =
/4
0
[2 sec x tan x 5 sec
2
x] dx
= 2
/4
0
sec x tan x dx 5
/4
0
sec
2
x dx
= 2
sec x
/4
0
5
tan x
/4
0
= 2
sec
4
sec 0
tan
4
tan 0
= 2[
2 1] 5[1 0] = 2
2 7. J
EXERCISES 5.4
Exercises 134. Evaluate the integral.
1.
1
0
(2x 3) dx. 2.
1
0
(3x +2) dx.
3.
0
1
5x
4
dx. 4.
2
1
(2x + x
2
) dx.
5.
4
1
2
x dx. 6.
4
0
3
x dx.
7.
5
1
2
x 1dx. 8.
2
1
3
x
3
+5x
dx.
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5.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS I 259
9.
_
0
2
(x +1)(x 2) dx. 10.
_
0
1
(t
3
+t
2
) dt.
11.
_
2
1
_
3t +
4
t
2
_
dt. 12.
_
1
1
7x
6
dx.
13.
_
1
0
(x
3/2
x
1/2
) dx. 14.
_
1
0
(x
3/4
2x
1/2
) dx.
15.
_
1
0
(x +1)
17
dx. 16.
_
a
0
(a
2
x x
3
) dx.
17.
_
a
0
(
x)
2
dx. 18.
_
1
1
(x 2)
2
dx.
19.
_
2
1
6 t
t
3
dt. 20.
_
3
1
_
x
2
1
x
2
_
dx.
21.
_
2
1
2x(x
2
+1)dx. 22.
_
1
0
3x
2
(x
3
+1) dx.
23.
_
/2
0
cos x dx. 24.
_
0
3 sin x dx.
25.
_
/4
0
2 sec
2
xdx. 26.
_
/3
/6
sec x tan x dx.
27.
_
/4
/6
csc u cot u du. 28.
_
/3
/4
csc
2
u du.
29.
_
2
0
sin x dx. 30.
_
0
1
2
cos x dx.
31.
_
/3
0
_
2
x 2 sec
2
x
_
dx.
32.
_
/2
/4
csc x(cot x 3 csc x) dx.
33.
_
3
0
_
d
dx
(
_
4 + x
2
)
_
dx. 34.
_
/2
0
_
d
dx
(sin
3
x)
_
dx.
Exercises 3538. Calculate the derivative with respect to x
(a) without integrating; that is, using the results of Section 5.3;
(b) by integrating and then differentiating the result.
35.
_
x
1
(t +2)
2
dt. 36.
_
x
0
(cos t sin t ) dt.
37.
_
2x+1
1
1
2
sec u tan u du. 38.
_
2
x
2
t (t 1) dt.
39. Dene a function F on [1, 8] such that F
(x) =
1 + x
2
and
(a) F(3) = 0; (b) F(3) = 1.
Exercises 4144. Verify that the function is nonnegative on the
given interval, and then calculate the area below the graph on
that interval.
41. f (x) = 4x x
2
; [0, 4].
42. f (x) = x
1
8
_
= 0.
52.
_
2
2
|x|dx =
_
1
2
x|x|
_
2
2
= 2 (2) = 0.
53. An object starts at the origin and moves along the x-axis
with velocity
v(t ) = 10t t
2
, 0 t 10.
(a) What is the position of the object at any time t,
0 t 10?
(b) When is the objects velocity a maximum, and what is
its position at that time?
54. The velocity of a bob suspended on a spring is given:
v(t ) = 3 sin t +4 cos t, t 0.
At time t = 0, the bob is one unit below the equilibrium
position. (See the gure.)
(a) Determine the position of the bob at each time t 0.
(b) What is the bobs maximumdisplacement fromthe equi-
librium position?
0 equilibrium
position
1
Exercises 5558. Evaluate the integral.
55.
_
4
0
f (x)dx; f (x) =
_
2x +1, 0 x 1
4 x, 1 < x 4.
56.
_
4
2
f (x)dx; f (x) =
_
2 + x
2
, 2 x < 0
1
2
x +2, 0 x 4.
292 C HA P T E R 4 APPLI CATI ONS OF THE DERI VATI VE
(x +1) dx 14.
(9 5x) dx
15.
(t
5
+3t +2) dt 16.
8s
4
ds
17.
t
9/5
dt 18.
(5x
3
x
2
x
3/5
) dx
19.
2 dx 20.
x
dx
21.
(5t 9) dt 22.
(x
3
+4x
2
) dx
23.
x
2
dx 24.
x dx
25.
(x +3)
2
dx 26.
(4t 9)
3
dt
27.
3
z
5
dz 28.
3
x
3/2
dx
29.
x(x 1) dx 30.
(x + x
1
)(3x
2
5x) dx
31.
t 7
t
dt 32.
x
2
+2x 3
x
4
dx
33.
sin 9x dx
35.
(4 +cos 8) d
37.
cos(3 4t ) dt 38.
18 sin(3z +8) dz
39.
(cos x e
x
) dx 40.
8
x
+3e
x
dx
41.
25e
5x
dx 42.
(2x +e
142x
) dx
S E C T I O N 4.9 Antiderivatives 293
43. In Figure 3, which of (A) or (B) is the graph of an antiderivative
of f (x)?
f (x) (A) (B)
x
x
x
y y y
FIGURE 3
44. In Figure 4, which of (A), (B), (C) is not the graph of an anti-
derivative of f (x)? Explain.
f (x)
(C) (B) (A)
x
x
y
x
y
x
y
y
FIGURE 4
45. Use the formulas for the derivatives of f (x) = tan x and f (x) =
sec x to evaluate the integrals.
(a)
sec
2
(3x) dx (b)
csc
2
x dx (b)
csc x cot x dx
In Exercises 4762, solve the differential equation with initial condi-
tion.
47.
dy
dx
= cos 2x, y(0) = 3 48.
dy
dx
= x
3
, y(0) = 2
49.
dy
dx
= x, y(0) = 5 50.
dy
dt
= 0, y(3) = 5
51.
dy
dt
= 5 2t
2
, y(1) = 2
52.
dy
dx
= 8x
3
+3x
2
3, y(1) = 1
53.
dy
dt
= 4t +9, y(0) = 1 54.
dy
dt
=
t , y(1) = 1
55.
dy
dx
= sin x, y
= 1 56.
dy
dz
= sin 2z, y
= 4
57.
dy
dx
= cos 5x, y() = 3
58.
dy
dx
= sec
2
3x, y
= 2
59.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(0) = 4 60.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(2) = 4
61.
dy
dx
= e
5x
, y(0) = 3 62.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(1) = 1
In Exercises 6368, rst nd f
and then nd f .
63. f
(x) = x, f
(0) = 1, f (0) = 0
64. f
(x) = x
3
2x +1, f
(0) = 1, f (0) = 0
65. f
(x) = x
3
2x +1, f
(1) = 0, f (1) = 4
66. f
(t ) = t
3/2
, f
(4) = 1, f (4) = 4
67. f
() = cos , f
= 1, f
= 6
68. f
(t ) = t cos t , f
(0) = 2, f (0) = 2
69. Show that f (x) = tan
2
x and g(x) = sec
2
x have the same deriva-
tive. What can you conclude about the relation between f and g? Ver-
ify this conclusion directly.
70. Show, by computing derivatives, that sin
2
x =
1
2
cos 2x +C for
some constant C. Find C by setting x = 0.
71. A particle located at the origin at t = 0 begins moving along the
x-axis with velocity v(t ) =
1
2
t
2
t ft/s. Let s(t ) be its position at
time t . State the differential equation with initial condition satised by
s(t ) and nd s(t ).
72. Repeat Exercise 71, but replace the initial condition s(0) = 0 with
s(2) = 3.
73. A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity v(t ) = 25t
t
2
ft/s. Let s(t ) be the position at time t .
(a) Find s(t ), assuming that the particle is located at x = 5 at time
t = 0.
(b) Find s(t ), assuming that the particle is located at x = 5 at time
t = 2.
74. A particle located at the origin at t = 0 moves in a straight line
with acceleration a(t ) = 4
1
2
t ft/s
2
. Let v(t ) be the velocity and
s(t ) the position at time t .
(a) State and solve the differential equation for v(t ) assuming that the
particle is at rest at t = 0.
(b) Find s(t ).
75. A car traveling 84 ft/s begins to decelerate at a constant rate of
14 ft/s
2
. After how many seconds does the car come to a stop and how
far will the car have traveled before stopping?