UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER
AD-844 934 CLASSIFICATION CHANGES
TO UNCLASSIFIED

FROM

NEVER CLASSIFIED

AUTHORITY
U.S. Army Materiel Command, Washington, DC; October 1968.

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER
AD-844 934

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

TO
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT - A

Approved for Public Release;

Distribution Unlimited.

LIMITATION CODE -

FROM

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT - NONE

No Prior DoD Distribution Security Control Statement.

AUTHORITY
USAARDCOM 1tr., dtd March 16, 1981.

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

REPRODUCTION QUALITY NOTICE

This document is the best quality available. The copy furnished to DTIC contained pages that may have the following quality problems: * Pages smaller or larger than normal. * Pages with background color or light colored printing. * Pages with small type or poor printing; and or * Pages with continuous tone material or color photographs. Due to various output media available these conditions may or may not cause poor legibility in the microfiche or hardcopy output you receive.

If this block is checked, the copy furnished to DTIC contained pages with color printing, that when reproduced in Black and White, may change detail of the original copy.

MEMORANDUM REPORT NO. 1943 COMPARISON OF THE EXTERIOR BALLISTICS OF THE M-193 PROJECTILE WHEN LAUNCHED FROM 1:12 1IN. AND 1:14 IN. TW IST M16AI1R IFLES

4
k

Maynard J. PlddlngtonD

October 1968

This document is Subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only wltn prior approval of Commanding Officer, U.S.. Army Aberdeen Research and Development 'Center.Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

U.S. ARMY ABERDEEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY

r(

BALL I ST I C

R ES EARCIf REPORT NO. 1968

LABORATOR

I E S

MEMORANDUM

1943

OCTOBER

COMPARISON OF THE EXTERIOR BALLISTICS OF TIlE .M-193 'PROJECTILE WHEN LAUNCIII'D FRO!I AND 1:14 in. TWIST ,MI16A1 RIFLES 1:12 in. Maynard .1. Exterior Piddington

Ballistics Laboratory

It

This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only witn prior approval of Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Aberdeen Research and Development Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

t
RDT&E Project No. 1T6SO212D620 A B E R D E E N P R 0 V I N C G R 0 U N D, ? A R Y L A N D

B A LL IS TIC

ItE S LAR C

L A tORItA T

R IE

MI;MORANDUM REPORT NO. 1943

I.Jriddington/pp Aberdeen P'roving Ground, Md. October 19b8

COMPARISON OF THlE EXTEPIOR BALLISTICS OF TIME

M-193 PROJECTILE WHIEN LAUNChED FRM

1:12 in. AND 1:14 in. TWIST '116AI RIFLES

ABSTRACT The results of an exterior ballistics tcst of the 4t-193 ball projectile when launched from thc MlbAl rifle are presented a'nd discussed. Rifles with twists of 1 turn in inches and 1 turn in 14 inches were used in the tests. Data were gathered from test firings at the small Aerodynamics

[12

Range a~nd the Transonic Range of the Ballistic ResearchI

Laboratories and from a temporary range set up in the Climatic Hangar at the Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Tests at Eglin were conducted at air temperatures ranging from

II,

.125 deg. F to -65 deg. F.

7I 77--

--

'-.-.

-.

~-

--

TABLE or CONTENTS Page

ABSTRACT ..................................
TABLE or SY11BOLS....... ..........
. .... *......

3
7

INTRODUCTION ........

.......

....

........

***..

9 12

EXPLRIMENTAL PROCDU11L..........

...........

2.*

Limit Cycle Test...

......

.......

..

*.

14

LIMtITATIONS OFTIill.DATA ..........................

14

2. 3.

Rifles....................

.......... Aerodynamic Characteristics ......................

16, 16
17

DLTLRNIINATION orRLSULTS ...............................

1. Velocity and Drag Force Coefficient... ....... 2.* Maximum Yaws ......... o...............

17 17

S.
b .

Limit Cycle Yaw...... ... ..............

physical Properties...
.

22
23
.....

..

. ..
....

. . ..

. . ..............

DISCUSSION OF LESULTS..

.............

24

3.
4. 6. 7.*

Stability Factor.....................
Dispersion. Physical
. .. .
.......

28
28 3S
.. .

~..
.. . ..... .............

Properties .....

Twist Determinations...

...

45

CONCLUSIONS................................

46

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued). Page REFERENCES APPENDIX .............................................. 50 ................................................ 51 89 .........................................

DISTRIBUTION LIST

I6

TAIBLE Or SY~hI)LS
CDra& rorce

C, *ClM
*

,Static

'Ionent (1l2)OV"Sict

C&U C. a :Moment Dimping (1 /2) pI,2S..i

lq *C NJ

C
a

ornal ( 1 / '2 ) ororce \ " Sa Mlagnus NMoment

1' a
=

(1/2)pV 2 SE

E a

standard, deviation
M Magnitude of yaw

V:jo.

of Observations

6-

Mean squared yaw over the range of observations lTd 2 /4

air density

S=
P=

a
1,2

angle of attack
. turning rates

damping rates
12

geqative vatues o,4 C:,.

and C:,

+ C, 1

Zndicate ron, eita ,uh

o-.po~e a and & reapeetive.Zt! and are theteote atabZZzZinq. A poaitive vatue oA CT indZeates a Aide moment w',ieh tJLiea to 'otatc the .,LhC6e'.4a the direction o apin.
7

p1a

nose about it6 t4ajeeto4,r i.n

TABLE OF SYMBOLS (Continued) cg C.I. d Ix Iy K A

u a

center

of gravity

a Center of Impact
a body diameter

of projectile

axial moment of inertia transverse moment of inertia yawing vectors (for this report L d
a

1 2

reference length .223 inch)

L Mt N o p q Rd

= lcngth of projectile

a Mach number
= Twist rate
=
u

subscript denoting initial rolling velocity

conditions

= angular velocity = round number

2 21p

V2 2

V d 3 0C
d C

gyroscopic stability factor

SN SL V WT

= Serial Number
a radius

of swerve

= velocity of missile a Weight

1"

INTRODUCTION The program reported portion of a larger effort the Ballistic Research carried out in tanager-Rifles the '1-16 rifles one turn in of travel. The amount of spin required to stabilize a bullet depends on various parameters, muzzle velocity, etc.) such as: bullet shape, properties air density and physical is the Exterior Ballistics several divisions of (SrL). The program was of from the Project

involving

Laboratories

response to a request

to evaluate the relative effectiveness

with barrels of two different twist rates; 12 incl.es

14 inches of travel and one turn in

(including center of mass location, A relationship including spin,

moments of inertia, stability factor, s,

of these various parameters, to be gyrosconically stable this

yields the gyroscopic

and for a projectile

relationship must he equal to or greater than one. Mlost earlier small arms projectile designs have had

Svalues

of s considerably greater than one, than two, small variations value of s. physical launch, addition, in

usually greater the

and hence they were not appreciably affected by the properties which influence whether One might expect that variations in in the s. In can

parameters,

incurred during manufacture or particularly air density, in s when !oinp its from 70 0I: to

could causc a 10 percent variation flight environrncnt,

cause a 25 percent dccrease

*
.

-(,S

F.

A projectile

having a stability

factor of 2 at 70oF flight behavior when

will not be seriously effected in s drops to 1.35 for -05 0F. The %1-16 rifle system,

however,

launches a projectile much

which has s values considerably below 2 and hence is

9{

more susceptible to changes in variations in the gyroscopic from the 'I-16Al (1:12 in.) is the parameters stability rifle about

air density and to other For exanple, 12 inches

which dctcrminc s.

factor of the !1-193 when launched with a twist of one turn in For the same bullet at -65F.* 1.45 at 700 F and decreases to a value of launched from a s has a value of about 1.14 at 70F As the gyroscopic the flight and could

about 1.09 at -650 F. 1:14 in. and about stability twist barrel, .85

(theoretical)

factor approaches unstable values,

characteristics .Ballistics how serious

of the bullet will deteriorate (1.BL)

drastically change. Laboratory

The main objective of the Lxterior study was to determine precisely

an effect reduced values of gyroscopic stability

would have on thle flight characteristics of the projectile. In members order to perform this task, of the ELIL to travel Fla. it was necessary for ,4-LbAI in the ranging from 125

to the Air Proving Ground Center

0

at Eglin, to - 6

to conduct a test of the

Climatic Hangar
5
I0

where test temperatures

1.

F over a range of 70 meters were available. twist barrels and. two with 1:14 in. 125, 70, 0, -30,

Two rifles twists were

with 1:12 in.

tested at five temperatures: It

and -65SF.

was desirable to use rifles

which were currently but this was

being produced by Colt Manufacturing Company, possible only for the 1:14 in. been prorated, the "1000 barrel" tests.*** The 1:14 in.

twist guns which were part of twist barrels had one as having

on the basis of Colt tests, (4.0 in.

"average" dispersion (7.5 in'. maximum spread at 100 yds) and

one as having good dispersion 100 yds). The 1:12 in. maximum spread at were selected from the twist rifles

*Temperature effect on stability factor assumes standard sea level pressure. **References are found on page 50. ***A special test to compare dispersion of the two twist rifles. 10

_ _ __ _ _ __

stock pile at AM', production rifles. Since it

and were assumed to be typical of current

was not practical in

in

thc time allotted in s, it

for

this investigation to conduct separate studies on the causes of the variations each temperature variations. time. the parameters was necessary at to fire a sufficient number of rounds from each barrel so that the results would depict these per condition were selected as a desirabilities and available rounds were tested at 125 F installation. of for any necessary Fifteen rounds

compromise between statistical Fewer than fif:teen

because of other test commitments of the lglin The selection of the 125F test cases the higher stability The individual the BIL. data. photographic

curtailment was because of the probable lower relevance

equipment used in Range

the tests
(2)

were the same as utilized in Ten shadowgraph 28 x 30 cm, plates the dispersion.

the Aerodynamics

at

stations using two orthogonal over the 70 meters and yaw (70 meters) to record

were positioned

cards were placed at the maximum range

Mteasurements obtained from the shadowgraph and yaw cards were used to determine the following as functions of temperature and twist: 1. 2. 3. 4. S. 6. 7. Dispersion Muzzle (at approximately 70 meters). yaw. factor near the muzzle. velocity.

First maximum

Gyroscopic stability

Maximum yaw at about 70 meters. Velocity at about 70 meters. Variations in 2, 3, 4, 5, '67) and 6. was required to assistance furnished

One month's test time (August

complete the firings with considerable 11

by the personnel conducted, urgently it

of the Climatic Hangar.

After some evaluations data were

measurements had been made and preliminary

became apparent that additional

required to permit the WSL to conduct properly The magnitude of yaw at the analysis of a

their phase of the evaluation.

impact often plays an important role in small arms weapon system.-

WSL requested that flight yaw at

ranges greater than 70 meters be obtained. To obtain such data, shadowgraph Transonic Range five Aerodynamics Range in the 30 rounds were then fired, from and one 1:14 in. twist) and 450 meters. At these had yaw transients 340,

stations were hastily assembled

(3)

of BRL. 250,

each of two weapons ranges, it

(one 1:12 in.

at ranges of about 175,

was assumed that the initial of the bullet.

damped out and that the yaw remaining was due to some phenomena characteristic from these firings, approximately 70
0

The data obtained

as a function of range and twist (at yaw (commonly referred to

F.))were terminal

as limit cycle yaw

and velocity. portion of

For purposes of the exterior ballistics this report, 1. 2. referred to as: Eglin Test. Limit Cycle Test. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Eglin Test

these two tasks mentioned previously will be

Six stations observing aLout 5.79 meters of trajectory were positioned near the muzzle of the gun (Figure 1). stations covering about 3.3S meters of trajectory were (70 meters). All stations were at located near the target Four

carefully surveyed into position and then resurveyed 12

rL

Figure 1.

Station Setup at liglin

13

various temperatures

to insure that the range had not moved

significantly because of a change in temperature. If changes did occur, then necessary corrections to the data were made.

The time of flight was recorded at eight of the

stations target, (six in the first group and two in the last). In addition to yielding velocity near the muzzle and near the these were used to obtain a fair evaluation of the drag force 'coefficient. The. guns were separately mounted in (Figure 2). taiget located behind the target. a Frankford rest

The rounds were fired into a bullet catcher To protect the equipment at the a protective

from being hit by stray rounds,

barricade' with about a 38 cm hole was placed directly in front of this group. 'to temperature .2. All guns and ammunition were allowed soak sufficiently before firing commenced.

Limit Cycle Test Five stations were used in this test located to observe (early Times of flight

the yawing motion over a period of either 2.74 meters phases), or 3.05 meters (later phases).

were recorded on three of the stations to yield velocity

Sdata.
The guns were mounted in a Frankford rest.
data at the various ranges,

To obtain

the gun position was moved

relative to the stations and a barricade was used to

protect the stations from damage.

' LIMITATIONS
1. Ammunition
tests. As a result,

OF TIlE DATA

Only one lot of ammunition was used in

all of the EEL

lot-to-lot variations are not

14

___________________________

.NOT-REPRODUC"IBLE.

Figure 2. Frankford Rest with Rifle

I.
indicated LC-SP-412. in the results. The ammunition used does not designated as have a specific production lot number but is line at Lake City Arsenal in June 1967. The rounds were obtained from the production EBL was assured by

the office of the project manager that the ammunition would meet the necessary acceptance requirements. LC-SP-412 is It compares ball ammunition using ball propellant. the

has not been determined how this lot of ammunition to the other lots currently being used in system.

M-16AI rifle 2. Rifles

"The 1:14 in.

1:12 in.

twist rifles were new and had very few The used in the tests were in good

rounds fired from them (estimated as less than 100). twist rifles condition but much older,

and no record was available on

how many rounds had previously been fired from them. The number of rifles 1:12 in. 3. or 1:14 in. tested, of course, was extremely

small and can not be confidently compared to an "average" production rifle.

Aerodynamic Characteristics In order for the Computing Laboratory of BRL to obtain a knowledge of the aerodynamic required. however, characteristics was

the necessary velocity and yawing histories of the projectile, the program, of the bullet is Because of the time frame of
(5)

only a limited new determination in

made with a basic reliance on earlier tests. data obtained resulted from rounds launched BRL from four rifles. Two of these rifles twist and two had a 1:14 in.J twist. data were reduced in

The new the range at

had a 1:12 in.

Two rounds were test The results are

fired from each weapon at standard muzzle velocity; the the normal manner. 16

.1o

listed in

Table

1 and can be compared to the results of a Reference S. velocity, the data agree quite well with exception.

previously tested round which can be found in At standard muzzle the data in BRL MIR 1758 with only one apparent

The overturning moment coefficient, round is about

C,,, for the LC-SP-412 a 8 percent larger than previously determined.in the stability factor and is in the an from lot-to-lot

This causes a decrease ammunition.

indication of the variability

DETERMINATION OF RESULTS 1. Velocity and Drag Force Coefficient The velocity, a cubic in distance.
.,

(Eglin Test) CD9 were of time as The

and drag force coefficient, fit

obtained for each round from a least squares approximately 4.6 meters in velocities. For various reasons, front of the rifle.

These values were computed at a point to yield muzzle

velocities were then extrapolated

time measurements were not always

Ilithout this recorded in the second group of stations. longer-base-line data, drag computations were not very accurate. Such rounds, as a rule, produced no drag or downrange velocity data. 2. :taxinum yaws (Eglin Test) The first maximum yaw, 6 max, and the maximum yaw,

max. at about 70 %eterswere obtained from faired curves A typical example of the total yaw as a function of range. of such curves at the rifle is shown in Figure 3. The measured values were taken are represented by the circles which could include a point muzzle. Although no shadowgri-phs

at this position,

it

is

reasonably safe to assume that the

yaw at this point was very nearly zero.

17

CD

CD

c'JM
VI) 04J

LL

cr. 0-IZ

(0L

.O4

0 18

Figure first

3 indicates is

the magnitudc

anid location of the the muzzle.

maximum yaw and the period of yaw ner very nearly

Also indicated muzzle which is of the first

the magnitude of the minimum yaw near the zero for this round and for regardless of the magnitude

nearly all other rounds tested, maximum yaw. leters, the maximum,

At 70 is most

minimum,

and sometimes the the minimum yaw

period of yaw are indicated. likely not zero. dynamic characteristics, (5)

At this range,

Because of the aerodynamic and the nutational node of yaw is It is

damping much more rapidly than the precessional mode. probable that only the precessional may be slowly damping, growing. this location An insufficient remaining constant,

yaw remains and this mode or even slowly

number of observations were made at

for a complete determination of the yaw Only an average approximate position of the from.

characteristics.

maximum yaws can be given both at the gun and at 70 meters since these positions vary by as much as several feet round to round. 3. Stability Factor The stability first (1h".lin Test) s,
was determined

factor,

from the yawing the

notion of each projectile using only the yaw observed in group of stations together with an assumed value of Since only the epicyclic turning the yaw equation was to determine s, zero yaw at the muzzle. rates arc required slightly modified obtained. In addition to s, CH values of the overturning moment

so that these values could be easily

coefficient,

, and the twist rate, N, imparted to the a bullet were determined for each round. In determining C,

and the twist rate,

average

a values of the moments of inertia 19

were used since it

would have been impossible to obtain these Consequently, CHa and N s on the other factor as All three

values for each round tested. reflect the variation hand, is in

moments of inertia.

a true indication of the stability

determined from the yawing motion of each round. values were determined front of the gun.

at a point located about 4.6 meters in'

This method of analysis can be used with confidence only

when the stability factor is grcater than i. unstable. 1Ihen so is The yaw less than 1, the projectile is initially

history becomes abnormall y high but otherwise often appears similar to that of a' stable'bullet because high yaw phenomena The linearized yaw equation used control the instability. does not recognize these effects and,. in fitting,'ascribes are obviously to Since

"the motion a pseudo value of s slightly larger than 1.

the linearized assumptions used in. the fit

violated, no reductions were performed on those, rounds which Careful considerahad theoretical s values less than unity. tion must be given to those determinations which lie between rounds were not, 1 and about in fact, initially yielding s values 1.1 to make sure that these unstable., shown in Figure 4. the Even

An example of such a round is though the period of yaw is general yawing motion is is it gyroscopically stable, is, out not initially. It

apparently quite large,

such as to indicate that the bullet which for all practical purposes, The bullet emerg.ed from the barrel and soon thereafter never completed this motion for as, became, less unstable until finally
'

with insufficient spin to stabilize it started to "tumble". s was larger than 1. initial instability the yaw began to grow it

With s

1, the yawing motion went into The result of this

an apparently normal epicyclic motion. increase in dispersion. 20

was an increased yaw and a probable

I
_

_ __

__

__

0I0

'.1A

.0.

2
U)
0 0

0
a0

21.

4.

Dispersion Dispersion

(Eglin Test) calculations were performed on data in two This The

ways.

The first

was to use only those data observed from

the photographic station located at about 69 meters. second was to perform the calculation on measurements obtained from yaw cards at about 70 meters which, was for about 10 additional coverage for each condition. to handle the data in were obtained in in

determination was made on 15 rounds for each condition.

general,

rounds fired with no photographic Then both sets of data were It seemed important

combined to yield a value for 25 rounds.

this manner since the 10 round groups

a period of about S minutes whereas the 15

round groups covered a period of time of several hours. However, it was concluded that the differences observed from of these methods were insignificant and that the value which was obtained for all 25 rounds was most representative that rifle. It should be noted that although some rounds hit these misses were not excluded; the

the protective barricade, dispersion calculations. 5.

hits were marked and by extrapolation were included in

Limit Cycle Yaw (Limit Cycle Test) The yaw was determined at each of the 5 photographic

stations and then averaged to represent the value of the

Slimit

cycle yaw.

It

was assumed that all initial this test

transient series (175

yaws had damped before the round had reached the stations, even for the closest distance used in meters). 253, twis 33
,

Data were obtained at three additional ranges: and 450 meters. Thirty rounds were fired from twist and one 1:11 in. two rifles (one 1:12 in.

eeach o

at each range.

22

1/___
/j

____

__

Velocity measurements round. fired at different were positioned in about except

0

were also recorded

for each stations

These values were adjusted temperatures. the Transonic

since the guns were The photographic which is heated to at the

Range,

70 F, but the guns were located outside the range for the 17S meter range. The temperature 700F. Corrections

time of firing varied from 35 to about obtained at lglin. 6. Physical Properties When values of the physical

were made based on the muzzle velocity vs temperature data

properties are required to it is are In the are liable highly

compute certain aerodynamic characteristics, round. Normally, for large shell,

desirable to use those properties which pertain to each measurements performed on the rounds before they are launched. case of deformable bullets, to change when the round measurement results will be obtained. projectiles firing. j The EBL has unpertaken the tasks to determine the changes launch, report. Past experience the bullet without bullet 365 m/s. has indicated that in order to recover in the bullet (particularly LC-SP-412) due to for this but all of the results are not available is values are used, the characteristics fired so that if As a precaution, it

prefiring was decided

at least slightly incorrect

to obtain sample values of these physical measurements on which had sustained changes due to normal

damage with current

recovery systems the

should have a velocity not much greater than about Since measurements should be made on rounds which

23

have b-een launched at standard muzzle velocity,* recovery the gun.

the

system had to be placed about 600 meters from

A recovery system composed of foam rubber which was saturated with water was used. meters was required fired from a 1:12 in. In addition, A depth of about 1.83 Ton rounds were to stop the bullet. twist rifle, recovered, and measured. and involve

ten rounds were measured before launch and recovered This procedure compares before and after These measurements length, center of mass, and diameter.

then recased and fired from the same gun, then remeasured. measurements on the same round.

moments of inertia,

These data are available

for-this report but results of There a-re resembling just

measurements made on the contour of the prbjectile before and after launch are not available at this time. First, the boattail appears to open up slightly, Second, two observations on shape changes that can be stated. a square base. the ogive appears to cave in

ahead of the shoulder with a slight bulging of the ogive just ahead of the depression. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The data resulting from the various tests are presented in tabulated form in the appendix in the following manner:

*Atternate methodh o6 4iiZng at 'teduced vetocity maty not produce Autt deto'wation, atthough the method i,& cettainyL In gact, an impkoveient over a-sing ungired piLojectiLe6. digfetenea matt u6uatty be irrelevant but it wa& att thee to be 6uke. 6eUt nece6AaAy to conaLcZ the teit 24

Ii

__

__

___.___.__

_"._

__

___._

Table I Table 2
Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6

Results of the Eglin Test Results of the Limit Cycle Yaw Test
Dispersion Physical (i:glin Test) Summary of Aerodynamic Coefficients Properties Average Results

The remaining portion of this section will deal primarily with If the average results presented in the tables. then the differences between weapons are of interest,

tables should be examined. 1. Velocity (Table 6)

is plotted in Figure 5 as

The average muzzle velocity

a function of temperature.
125 F the muzzle velocities 1:14 in. decreases, decreases twist rifles twist weapons however, until V

The curves indicate that at

of the 1:12 in. twist and As the temperature twist rifles for the 1:12 in.

ate the same. for the 1:14 in.

0

at a more rapid rate than does V at -65

F they differ by about 21 m/s.

In general, *

decreases by about 84 m/s over the Also included in Figure 5 are

These curves velocity

temperature range tested.

the velocities determined at 70 meters for the same conditions for which V0 was determined. indicate that at the warm termperatures the loss in

for each weapon is

rounds

about the same.

At -b5 F,

however,

fired from the 1:14 in.

twist rifles

lose about twist rifles.

61 m/s more titan those fired from 1:12 in. considerable increase in

The reason for the increase in velocity loss is the

yaw which adds to the drag.

2.

Yaw (Table 6) The average first maximum yaws for each rifle are

plotted in Figure 6 as a function of tenperature. It can be seen that the initial yaws for the two rifles are about 25

____________________________

2 ..

cr.O

I--

0o

LL.

14

LUL

4JJ

>

00
SCD. 26~

*,

IL.

40 I-i

.O-

-x2

,,

coo
w tA

0.

27

the same at 125OF but differ considerably at -65F. the 1:12 in. temperature rifle twist rifle changes very little over the twist range test while 6 for the 1:14 in.

0 'for

from about 6 degrees at 12SF to about Also included in Figure 6 are the. 36 degrees at -65F. increases maximum-yaw values determined at about 70 meters for each rifle.
60

These values have about the same magnitud.e at the but still differ significantly at twis~ t twist rifles.. rifles and

warmer temperatures

-65F -about 9 degrees for th'e 1:14 in. 3. Stability Factor (Table 6)

a about 3 degrees for the 1:12 in.

The average stability

factor,

s,

for each weapon is

Stability plotted in Figure 7 as a function of temperature. 1:12 in. for~the temperatures at all dctermincd were factors twist rifles degrees whercas s was determined twist rifles. at only 70 and 0 It would have been At 0 F and s accurately'

for the 1:14 in.

possible to obtain s at 125 F but insufficient test data at this temperature negated this determination. below, however, it is impossible to determine but it using linearized assumptions,

can be adequately Those portions of the this manner. twist The reason for

computed using data obtained at another temperature or by data obtained from another twist. curves rifle shown as dotted lines were computed in is slightly higher than is is not apparent. 6) a, is plotted as a function of Each point represents The value for each a weighted (one predicted.

The value of s determined at 125F for the 1:12 in. this difference 4. Dispersion

(Table

The dispersion, temperature in

Figure 8.

average combining the results of two 25 round gToups group from each rifle). was obtained using one center of impact. 28

25 round group

All rounds within

IL"

IL.

CA.

-I-

I
* . . .

cm

In4J 0) C

-.

-4

...

L.o
29I

cn0

U,

LL.

r IL

w mw
S0.

Ifl

CD

(U -C

low~
0..

1*

30

a 25 round group were fired from a single gun location but 10 rounds were (approximately coverage is fired over a short period of time 5 minutes) while IS rounds using photographic Hence, it in dispersion exist because of

required four hours or longer to fire.

possible that differences

the time involved negligible.

to complete each phase of the test. results can be examined in is Table 4.

Figure 8 treats the data as though these differences are Individual

Basically,

the dispersion of both rifles for the 1:14 which is in. twist rifle

about the until at The twist

same for the warmer temperatures. a begins to worsen .- 65 F it 1:12 nears rifle S. in. 1. increase twist rifle, in

At colder temperatures,

has become about 4 times greater than a for the relatively unchanged. dispersion begins when the stability factor

This occurs at about 400F with the 1:14 in. twist rifle.

and at about -45F with the 1:12 in. Limit Cycle (Table 2)

The distribution of the limit cycle yaw is function of range in Figure 9 for the 1:12 in. twist rifle. It and Figure 10 for the 1:14 in. temperature ranges building.

shown as a twist rifle was

intended that the data be obtained at 70F but the could not be controlled for the three longer The temperatures outside of the building varied the guns were normally temperaturemuzzle velocity from in. twist rifle, a this test). since the guns were outside the Transonic Range At the 175 meter range,

from 35 to 70F. *

mounted inside the building which is controlled to about 70F. temperatures both rifles It is is and in in a slight decrease in initial

The effect of colder

the case of the 1:14

slight increase felt that photographic

yaw (not measured in

the magnitude of the observed yaw at the changed by the

stations was not significantly 31

t
.8
.

10,

I.:
- 7L

.
. .. . ..

................-.....

...... ......... ......--. ... ...

.,

-.
. .

. .............
41C j

Li

. ..
I

,..

.
.

,,-

."

.. . . . .

..

.*4

"...*

0.1,

S.

. .

. ...

-I. C

MI1
_ .9

,.

.,

32

.NOT-REPRODUiB-L-E

01

40

cl-l

(I10J
0 . . 0.. . . . .. . . .

33

increased air in

initial

distance fired, Recordings

because all rounds, regardless of traveled through about 200 meters of 700F Range before being photographed. twist rifle and for twist rifle rounds are for velocities the rounds had been

yaw,

the Transonic

obtained for the 1:14 in.

some of the 1:12 in. launched at 70

0

which are slightly lower than if F.

"It should be noted that at 450 meters,

50 percent of the rounds launched from the rifle First, negotiated the protective barricade. the 1:14 in. twist rifle Second, three equally important

only about 1:14 in. twist There are

reasons for this inaccuracy..' normally has slightly twist rifle under the

poorer dispersion than the 1:12 in. same conditions. twist rifle

the dispersion of the 1:14 in.

increases slightly because of higher initial

yaws which the 1:12 in. twist rifle did not experience. Third, the rounds launched from both twist rifles experienced entering still a strong cross wind accuracy. Figures 9 and 10 indicate the same The major difference occurs at 175 twist rifle is twist weapon. First, will because twist (about 150 meters before air) which appeared to have a significant

bearing on the rifles' The curves in approximate trends.

meters where the yaw from the 1:12 in. considerably less than from the 1:14 in. Two reasons are apparent larger initial yaws from the 1:14 in. yaws,

for *this difference. twist rifle

cause slightly higher yaws at this range. of these higher initial be lost, data further downrange.

Second,

slightly more velocity will apparent upon examination

with the same effect as obtaining 1:14 in. This is

of the data as a function of velocity instead of range. Since the limit cycle yaw is between 175 and 250 meters, increasing quite rapidly a decrease of about 23 m/s in 34

------___

7--____

___

the velocity

of the projectile

should significantly Increase

the magnitude of the

limit cycle. little additional The magnitude of at hut

After about 175 meters of travel, difference 1:14 in. velocity, is in yati beyond 175 meters twist rifle If 4S0 meters.

velocity should be expected.

appears to be slig]itly higher for the with a slight upward trend occurrin, twist rifles twist weapon,

the data are examined as a function of in.

this upward trend occurs for bothi

slightly more apparent with the 1:14

mainly because the projectile has slightly less velocity at 450 meters. The probable reason why the upward trend occurs either weapon is approaching thc fact that the projectile is region. from

rapidly

the transonic ist

Although no data on this (unpublished) anti

projectile arc availible to substantiate this conclusion, other data do limit cycles below Mach 1. meters.
N
",

on a prototype model
(6)

on the 'H-80 ball projectile Therefore, it is

which strongly suggest that exist that the quite conceivable

larger than two or three degrees will

.1-193 bullet will begin to respond to this effect by 4S0

Figure 11

is

a plot of the velocity of the projectile All velocity values have

0

as a function of range and twist.

been adjusted to the expected value at 70 F. Aerodynamics and Transonic Ranges.

The curves are

a compilation of data obtained at Eglin and at the

U.

Physical Properties

(Table 5)

Only a limited amount of work has currently been performed on determining caused by forces can be compared the physical changes in a bullet at launch. in Tablc--.3S Bullets have been measured the results of these measurements

prior to and after launch;

Ir w

a
.r

J~i
*u
.4)0

0
_

a..

(n
-NJ. (n Io

Lb

:00

OJO 360

The measurements that have been conducted indicate the variations in the physical parameters and the changcs in lWhile nost of the changes these parameters due to launch. or variations are small (on the order of 2 or 3 per cent or less), the resultant error of combinations of these parameters, such as used for spin calculations, can be considerably larger. Some of the more subtle changes which occur during launch are those which physically change the shape of bullets and are much more difficult to measure: such changes as loss of copper, damage to the jacket, distortion of the It is sometimes difficult to observe boattail section, etc. these changes with the naked eye but they can often be seen in the shadowgraphs of the projectile in flight. Several enlarged shadowgraphs are presented (Figures 12 The pictures encompass firings at various through 18). If the reader will note that any sudden change conditions. in the contour of the projectile will produce a shock wave, it will become immediately obvious that the projectile has A brief description of changed considerably during launch. While it is left to the reader each figure is given below. to decide as to the degree of damage which may be observed in the figures, his attention is invited to the flow about It should be noted the projectile as a function of yaw. that as the yaw increases, the prediction of certain aerodynamic characteristics becomes more difficult. Figure 12: A round fired at -65 r from a 1:14 in. twist Note that the The angle of yaw is about 30 degrees. rifle. flow has leeward separation at the nose. Figure 13: A round fired at -65 F from a 1:14 in. twist Note that the rifle. The angle of yaw is about 25 degrees. flow separation point has moved rearward to about the position of the shoulder. 37

_________________________________________________

A ,

Figure 12.

M-193 at - 650F V = 870m/s 6=300

38

41

ItI

Figure 13.

M-193 at -65 F V =925 m/s 6=250

39

VU..

Figure 14. M-193 at -65 F =100 V =910 M/S

40

7 '!7

r
,~

:.

Figure 15.

M-193 at 1250F V =965 m/s 6100

41

77`1t

-7

IT

Figure 16. M-193 at 1250F V 995 m/s 6

42

Figure 17.

M-193 at 7Q0F V =472 m/s 62.50

____ ________

__

___

____

____

_____43

7!j-,

7:7777T

Figure 18.

M-193 at 70OF V =455 m/s 62.50

44

Figure 14: twist rifle. groove. Figure 15: twist rifle.

A round fired at -65F from a 1:12 in. about 10 degrees and the at about the position of the crimping

The angle of yaw is

flow now separates

A round fired at 12SF from a 1:14 in.

The yaw angle and flow separation position Figure 14.

are about the same as in Figure 16: twist rifle.

A round fired at 125F from a 1:14 in. less than one degree.

The angle of yaw is

The flow has turned the corner of the boattail. Figure 17 and 18: from a 1:14 in. Pounds photographed at about Both rounds were 700F

at a velocity of about 457 m/s. twist rifle. yaws of about 2.5 degrees. 7. Twist Determinations

fired

The rounds have limit cycle

(Table 1) twists have been made for A knowledge of the yawing motion

Computations of the rifle each round fired at Lglin. values. Since it

and the moments of inertia are required to compute these was not possible to obtain moments of the average value obtained the Table 1 are only which is not the inertia for each round fired, variations true if case. in

from recovered rounds was used for all rounds; hence, the twist values given in

the values of the average moments of inertia are On the other hand, averaging several twist values

precisely those ascribed to the bullet, should yield a representative the bullet. projectile is

value of the spin imparted to

The nature of the yawing motion of this such that the spin will become less well factor approaches one. this manner and 1:13.5 for

determined as the stability

The average values of twist computed in are 1:11.9 in. for the 1:12 in. twist rifle. twist rifle the 1:14 in.

These numbers are evaluated at a 45

point 4.57 meters increased by about is rifle computations

in

front of the muzzle and should be in. to give muzzle values. in. twist rifle Agreement twist computations whereas indicate that the

.08

quite good for the 1:12 in. for the 1:14 is

imparted more spin to the bullet than the rifling had. on the order of 2 or 3% and could easily

The difference

be accounted for by the reasons previously mentioned. In order to determine conclusively the spin imparted the bullet, measurements of the spin of the bullet in the Five should be made and extrapolated to the muzzle, done to an accuracy of less than .1. by fitting projectile with pins in to

flight

This can be

the base before- launch and measuring in this manner but

tile orientation of these pins as a function of range. rounds have been tested from one rifle the results are not available at this time.

Oite DMPS at 'Aberdeen measured the twist of rifling of 120 rifles tube. used in m.easutred (bO 1:12 in. twist and 60 1:14 in. twist rifles). are ;Ieasitrcm:nts were recorded at 1 inch intervals along the The method and results of these measurements Reference in 7. In addition, 19 and 20. It the 1I1L tests w'zere measured; Figures th is results are is given in presented the four prime rifles noted that the

values do not forn a snooth cUrve so it fron the rifling.

"diffi,ult to determine the precise tv..ist at the time the

b)ullet becomes disengaiged

COiNCLS I0NS 1.

'

1i1e M-193 projectile when launched from a .1 in Sti.ist tube is gyroscopicallystable

12 inch

at the atmospheric

densities consistent w:ith military test temperatures ranging.from 125F to -6501.

46

_______________________

____________________________________________________________._________________

_____________

~1**1 7l

~41

40.I
-. L

ac

C*1
z. ..............

47.r

(I

I.

ml .. j.
I

-0

Wg 4 _j

I.2

.,

L.1

I~
.U.~G

cr-

.0.cm
48I

0in-

lo

2.

The M-193 projectile when launched from a I in twist tube is densities

below about

14 inch of

gyroscopically unstable at the atmospheric

consistent with military test temperatures

0OF.'

3.

Both twist weapons produce about the same initial maximum yaw at normal air the 1:14 in. twist tube is (-65 high density condition produces density and below (yaw slightly larger). F) the 1:14 in. from

At the twist weapon

about 360 of yaw as compared to about 80 yaw twist rifle. about the same for each twist at normal twist being slightly larger) twist weapon being

from the 1:12 in. 4. The dispersion is air' densities

(the 1:14 in.

with the dispersion of the 1:14 in. At the -6OF the 1:12 in. 5. Terminal degrees. twist rifle the 1:12 in. 6. test point, twist rifle.

considerably worse at the high density cold temperatures. these values are about 2.4 mils mils for for the 1:14 in. twist as compared to about .6

yaw of the Mt-193 projectile when launched Generally,

from

either weapon varies from nearly zero yaw to about 3.5 the yaw obtained from the 1:14 in. for the same range. tested was slightly larger than that from twist rifle

The sample of the current M1-193 projectile production used in the test receives a certain amount of damage during launch. The boattail and ogive sections appear to be the areas most affected.

7.

In-bore and aerodynamic spin measurements the rifles-with faster than 1:14 rifles. the 1:14 in.

indicated that while twist

twist had twists which were 1:12 in.

(on the order of 1:13.8 inches)

no significant difference was observed in

49

REFERENCES 1. 2. Brochure, Climatic Laboratory Facilities Air Force Systems Command, Eglin Air Force Base, Flor'da. W. F. Braun, "The Free Flight Aerodynamics Range", Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1048, July 1958, AD 202249. W. K. Rogers, Jr., "The Transonic Free Flight Range", Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No.. 1044,, June 1958, AD 200177. C. II. Murphy, "Free Flight Motion of Symmetric MIissiles", Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1216, July 1963, AD 442757. . J. Piddington, "The Aerodynamic Properties of a Caliber .223 Remington Bullet Used in ?116 (AR-lS) Rifle", Ballistic Research Laboratories Memorandum Report No. 1758, June 1966, AD 489960. M. J. Piddington, "Aerodynamic Characteristics of the 7.62mm NATO Ammunition Mf-59, 1-80, M1-61, H-62", Ballistic Research Laboratories Memorandum Report No. 1833, March 1967, AD 815788. II. fI. Jamison, "Test of 120 Rifles - 5.56mm M16Al. 60 Rifles with a Basic Twist of 1:12.0 in. and 60 Rifles with a Basic Twist of 1:14.0 in.", Physical Test Laboratory Report No. 68-8-15.

3.

4.

S 5,

6.

7.

50

K___

APPENDIX TABLES

51

* LA-NK PAGE
II

!
I,

0t

*1

:1o

u0

CCata

.9 N

.)

in

'0
cr 4. * 4

P-4

..

41'-

.94

T:

at-

na

oc

,t

LIv
41

(0-4C4 C4~ "~--

ri

cC

LI

'41

-. 0.

-4c -4

-0-

.0-

-.

~53

--

-~-4 -4

--

444-4

-40f Mf

cw

wCl

X t4

. .

. ..

..

I-0

C3.. tzc

..

n-zman-

N e4

. . C4

.
.

. c

... 4r

.
C40

a-

.- . .-

zr

a'

r4

r- 4

\aNNL'-

-\

Z4ZL.

14'

1-1

m0

C=

*. =C.

C.

4.54

P0

NVG

r-

U,*

*.

m*

cca

4JJ VIV OO O

i kA

M0

C.

u 0~c

ento)V

n mt

I 'otn inmmto cr

NU~* W

10 I i4~~ c 10tD

00 N in

0 in~P
04. * * SS S

V 0 m m N

_4 N. m)

0n
55

rC

O
4

N m

bo

.4

14 04

P-4W4 .4.4

14

.4 4-4 -4

-0-4

%CIV~' 10 f-C

n0

.I

-- 4 -4

---

lN-----

-4.

S,4

4N NN

.4

q-4

.4 .

00 b

-d 00

-4n

-4-4-4 1-0v0%

-440-4 q

clC

In* 4r0.4l

N 4

NI 4m- 'O~

'

N-

cr

Nt' CC 00

N-e ~

0I .4Nj' n.4VL

oC

LN

41

.-.

.0

.-

ra

0-

*-

n0r

* * 0L **0L z .4 4C

G %n

-nI

144 N

-4N

CIn O

> NN~lN't'.-56fl
S

41:
VI O t-O'~I'O aoa Lm~O C'

j
-4

----

4.r4

~~~
ac~
-~

r"%4-% r6 c

41

IAa

~~.I

Zn

C th1
o

* *rlv --

t-

J=

.- 4

.,

M G-

lC

,4l(

4r4

NZNC

IC. w

57.

%DOC

c mooNO

Go *

.4

4n

.4

.0%

mn% Li a'Am'u ' i

-4 .---

imnSn
-4*4

min l
1 -1

Li
-ml

IA4

No .

Go . G% 4

Go

f.

C.

C.

-0

P.-4

cc r4 j

.triMi

(14C4

(44

L in

=,
-3
-~~ *

IncCIn

--

C14 n

I3 "~ IIJIN
. . . .

m 1.

vt' MN-u
. . .

.m
. .

*94

f-

-n

P%3

IOr-

V10NN

-01

41

t4 C4LI I

tN 4

INN 40

(1 0m NC '

t' -.

LA -W* 5tE

Sttt*

NV0IM 00t

.)in

-4

4CC MC

%=

u-wC
-~~~~~

10 NU "I Nt m0 m 5.S'~O\O N NNNN t %I.e4f

N~ in'-J

NCS

NN58

r,

rq 0 I

-4 LA) LM

r-

In

'0

LI) W.

cc

In

c-

C', a e- %D

00 14

04

---

V -T

Ln0 -

nI -.

c-

4) +j

V)~ -4

0-4C 0(J3 4

N-4

"

*r'en o l3
* *

IT

nI I~n C I .4 r .( .N .) . .

nt Cc )I N-t-1 . . . .

-1 .

In

at)
*4

4
-

U),
002a IN M MI *d .n . ..

If. --

CC 'T .0r

-4 -

"

-% %

vr ' r-

07oiN 1. -

I'4 f-

o w

a.*r-.

wtol)

Vil"t)

~
a

-~

N t N

I.

(N

C%'3%0Z

59

4.1 v*l Oo -4 mLn.C. c z1-O

Cl -

-4 -4 -4

-4 -4

q -4

-6

'4.

00t

rIc

, .4,1.

tlt Ma

r'. N

cc

-m -

.0 1-

o 0 ,~ i IIr M

X
N~i V

.a ..

--.

00- -.

4C.I

-4'

.~ .

.iri

c -4

41

*n

-* r- C.tI* -4 - Z I~ 41 C

Zt

I-.

-4

-1

4.1

C4r

4r

NJ1N (C13

Z
-l

44L r, a,
C4

cc'

rn
.

-4rn r"

3t4-44

(4 r4-4'4

ua'i' M
44 4

r-.
P4-

-C
4:

'-5.1

r
I.-o

rtil (14 Nriir

tn

j'j

V.0 0---

.aL C) T -T --

fLiC T'TL.

--

lL

Z t

-A

V -nw

4.' .r ....... J J r 4. . . . .r . -

Cd-C
-

4-)

0Lnr

r-I

-ci

InIi-4N

It. V.

. . . . . . .

-.

C
., . .4 . t. A. . *

IN
-3N -

m
(

QC tr
4

Ln IN
Cl

I RT-I c(N ZInt" -^

=ci -M CEC.I

cc *I ' IN

I-T

C% t1 t-(

3
N I r. I . IN

< p-

o-%C

.'

(NIN (13(Nr'(

(14 r

rl

In Ln C, r!

If,

IN -3 r-N
N~ (N.IN Il

Nc -i 3N

3t~' .C4Z
tINJ C`4

tiI L

V4

C4IN

INi In::

-T

P-4 "4Oi

a-.

%0 C--

('4ir

-4

N e

u. . .

. .-

trr-l

1f'IT v

cI

LA.

C.

--

-.

C.

Go

'C

ri

cjr

cic

C%to

-1 t^

-iC

?t
-4 -,

*.t f-

4
f-

1,-~ .

eC) *34ri
?

4 ,4 -r-I
62

in -t

11

SS-4S.5 ISSI S

53-415 II I 1

IA 111

4J41

,,r.4
T. N1 I S4 T-

t.

~
"

I 1 zSI 1

1 5 6 15 1 N

nC t-

rv"

lL

X(N.)

4.5

6.3 11

T-n see

er

4.jc

~ ti

r-

3r-0i

In

'~

w
t-) r-4 tl r-

cc
.C

0
CO

0 C'4 4)

,4c4 tn t).

-4cc- t '4 t

AA

..

r4W-n

.4

, t- I

C'Zt nt n3Ln L)

(:4 0- "TC' tr 3~- v n

1 00NZ' -3~ ILn L L C StL

'-4

--

C~n 0

C1

5. V-. 3Lt z Ll.

LA u m~

qt fl

m~ CJ

t-

-*

..

.1

-6 --

-4-

4 -1-

4-

4-

4 -

'-64

--

--

1,

f-

. -

lZzc --

r-

.J

LMI '-T

IL

-- V--

I'--

---

V -n

. .N

%,

'-

nL

nL

""41N

*-4 N

C)C

oc o=-cV
J

c
'J

fr.

cc-t'

-C

IL S-

IL J

O L L LI

-7 N

L~ t-LI

.. .- .

. . .. .. . ...

-. CC '4-1 C uU L

44J *

~*
04

N N'L' C

'41 '4.

65

4 U, -4
*

~--44
*
..,

4 0
n

(a4 -4
n00

.~-tJ4
A .

-q

-4 -4

-4 P-

-4

---

--

-- -

-~

-4

-4 -

-4

q -4

-4

tf~

-T

C)

m'~

r-

'-T

C) cC.............................
-

441 ch

I,

~l

co

4..

n4

00L

-t

4t 4tl.

4Cj

.O

0 w

CZ~~ 4

41%4e

ClLS00I

n CI Nn

C.C.nC

Mc m

000 m tn M

0n

~.

~J~4C

(66

4J

4JJ Itt~

.t).

*i

i s,

Slim

C-z

:,
.. 4J eq

=
r

,T
i14r

C
sri r

'

4-

I.)

MJ

III III

Il

.-

~4

-D
OOn

In

N 4~JC

~~I
67

CNC~

aii

it4

ii

i7d

Z.u01ts V)cr I

iID

mitci 1. N 'rCl1 r

iii

r--

is

i's

isin 4 tC% N C`4 to

iiin0

trc.

fn

I(4J . =~

= i wC' (14I (4iir its

4iir5

wis 5

i 1

C-

-44 4-4-

(1 N6

iN N

NN is NNN Nit

C1

CI It i

C I n

1116

00 U

.1. M YIII

II CIS IlI -I

.4.5

r-

r- III

IN

rcI I T c

!r

= 4.-5

. .

(1 4 --

I I l t 3 en 41c ti

II

I1 n I r4 M ell

1 --! j CI T IT VI N CI r"I es 11 el tl

(14

S-.
Xt'4 N ) CI 4

:1) :ca ZO

7.Z

NC'

iZ

S:

-IJ

['I .9

"4 *

('1 ~ N3 ("I~-1-4 f~cc ~ 1"4

,1 3L~

' NrJ I['

69

--

14

-4

-1--

14

.*

.*

.-

v0 f,

jlr-R tllI

zr

In

co I

vo m C. 11O.1

4.1

14.

Cl

11'Z L

IN

%A

1'.:

1 In

N %0 -

4 N

a r~4 CN

N . -4 C

Ci
41

In
e

DI

"C,

%,t-DL

4NC

-0

-4

u 4)

4. vT 0n0 N":*r T-r-, C

In 0

0n

r- 1 *

Ir.L

I3Ll3 *

(1

to) 1

07

V,*

Li

%3

400

=In.

-:rP -

f-e

--

--

-Tr

C4.1
.

I
. .. . ..

v0r
..

nt

-0 . .

in -T t-

') rn tjf
...

)I
..

nto

)f
..

IT- LM4

)C1 'I 'trtn L

T Z C%Vr--

N CW in r4 L

00 41 141^ (** '^ -n V4

-n M tn -n -0 -

r^a -

-l W)

to

oG
v ITL

AL--nI

nL

n~

71

* . 01

*,

gel,

r - CO In

r-

-4

%0

4.1 Xn
--

Ln .0.

Ll

C) C% LmLm
-

;J

coI

0*

n-

nV

= -,

"4 s' +.j

4nU~J~ MC IN II ("3'rI~ c i (1

lC. Iq 8~ I

-lz(

e'-z

IN 1- 0 .0~~f2
0 M -TI "I M

t INS i

U4

S.S.J

e-N('4

NN '

SI

3......

TABLE 2A

RESULTS OF TIHE LIMIT CYCLE TEST in. Twist)

Rifle SN 023199 (1:12

Rd. No. 40
,41

175 Meters L.C. V (deg.) (ft/sec) 2.1

.5

Rd'. No. 86
87

253 Meters L.C. V (deg.) (ft/sec) 2.8

.4

2559
2557

2162
2193

42 43 44 47 48 49 50 51
8316

8317 8319 8320

8321

1.6 .2 .6 .2 .3 .3 .3 .4 .5 .2 .2 .7
.3

2546 2521 2525 2495 2571 2596 2512 2556

2515

88 89 90 92 93 .94 95 96
8353

.6 1.3 .2 1.3 .3 2.2 1.5 2.0

2.4

2148 2163 2216 2178 .2175 2206 2198 2166

1986

8323 8324 8326 8327 8483 8484 8485

8486

.4 1.3 .4 2.2 .3 .2 .3
.1

2500 2510 2520 2560 2530 2565 2531 2455 2543 2569 2621
2540

8354 8355 8356

8357

.4 .2 2.4
.4

2145 2182 2212

2163

8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8386 8387

8388

.3 1.9 2.0 2.2 .3 2.3 2.3

1.4

2166 2138 2153 2094 2176 2192 2193

--

8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493

1.3 .8 2.1 1.8 .2 .2 .8

2562 2547 2506 2517 2534 2513 2573

8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8494 8395

2.4 2.3 .2 .3 2.2 2.0 .5

2148 2176 2203 2175 2119 2147 2177

Avg.

.69

2538

Avg.

1.37

2164

73

TABLE

2A

.RESULTS

OF TIHE

LIMIT CYCLE TEST in. Twist)

Rifle

SN 023199

(1:12

(Continued)

Meters S339

450 Meters Rd. No. 72 L.C. (deg.) 2.5 V (ft/sec) 1551 -1518 1560 1452 1507 1549 1463 1574 1508 1578 1517 1617 1599 1525 1531 1534 1570 1472 1444 14S5 1595 1527 1578 1587 1543 1529 1518 1515 1589 1575 1502 1535

Rd. NO. 2

L.C." (deg.)

V (ft/sec) 1929 1938 1927 1943 1900 1918 1956 -1909 1905 1872 1884 1887 1865 1909 1877 1917 1891 1879 1871 1896 1912 1925 1858 1900 1867 1901 1903 1923 1909

3
4 5 6 8

"9
10 11 12 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439

2.0 .2 2.0 .3 2.2 2.7 2.3 .3 2.0 2.6 2.3 .3 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.3 .3 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 .2. 2.2 2.4 1.2 .2 2.1 .2 2.4

74
75 76 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8407 8408 8409 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 Avg.

1.4
2.9 2.4 3.1 2.3 2.5 3.1 .8 2.7 .6 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.5 .2 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.29

Avg.

1.65

1902

7A4

TABLE 2B

RESULTS OF THE LIMIT CYCLE TEST (1:14 in. Twist)

Rifle SN 789076

Rd. No. 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 9349 8350 8351 8352 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 Avg.

175 Meters L.C. V (deg.) (ft/sec) 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 3.4 2.3 2.4 .2 3.1 2.9 2.1 o4 1.4 2.2 .6 2.4 2.2 2.2 .4 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.5 2.3 .6 .8 2.4 3.0 2.1 2.1 1.96 2483 2520 2485 2447 2341 2466 2408 2360 .2474 2468 2384 2415 2465 2490 2496 2407 2490 2455 2487 2417 2473 2501 24S5 2520 2504 2495 2501 2470 2496 2496 2485 2444 2462

Rd. No. 103 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8370 8371 8372 8373 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8382 8383 8384 8385

253 Meters L.C. V (deg.) (ft/sec) 3.6 2.9 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.5 3.1 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.4 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.6 2.0 2128 1997 2032 2141 2103 2133 2182 2128 2185 2116 2017 2141 2140 2138 2150 2067 2051 2026 1994 2037 2051 2125 2126 2086 2124 2186 2195 2205 2115 2055 2194

Avg.

2.35

2109

75

TABLF 2B

RESULTS OF TIlE LIMIT CYCLE TEST in. Twist)

Rifle SN 789076 (1:14 (Continued) 339 Meters L.C. V (ft/sec) (deg.) 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.1 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.9 2.9 1.6 2.S 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.4 2.2 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6
2.5
--

Rd. No. 33 35 37 38 39 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449 8450 8451 8452 8454 8455 845b 8457 8458 8459 8460 84b1 8463
8464 8465

Rd. No. 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515
8516 8517

450 Meters L.C. V (ft/sec) (deg.) 3.3 1.5 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.6 3.1 3.2 .2 3.0 .4 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.8 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.5 2.6 3.4 2.0 2.4
-3.3

1839 1785 1858 1900 1846 1828 1902 1805 1906 1764 1819 1815 1844 1748 1792 1839 1831 1758 S8453 1821 1858 1806 1750 1788 1812 1797 1792 1813 1813
1748 1834

1449 1464 1392 1418 1478 1435 1457 1425 1540 1488 1521 1490 1465 1525 1407 1459 1520 1499 1494 1465 1463 1521 1507 1454 .1480 1494 1483 1569
1509 1491

8518 8S19 Avg. 2.48 1817 Avg.

2.1 3.3 2.74

1532 1526 1482

I
_

76

TABLE 2C

RESULTS OF TIlE LIMIT CYCLE TEST (1:12 in. Twist) 253 Meters V (ft/sec) 2162 2193 2148 2163 2216 2178 2175 2206 2198 2166 2021 2182 2220 2251 2201 2204 2175 2191 2131 2214 2230 2231 2186 2214 2241 2213 2156 2184 2215

Velocities Corrected to 70F Rifle SN 023199 175 Meters V (ft/sec) 2559 2557 2546 2521 2525 249S 2571 2596 2512 25S6 2515 2500 2510 2520 2560 2530 2565 2531 2455 2543 2S69 2621 2540 2562 2547 2506 2517 2534 2513 2573 2538

Rd. No. 40 41 42 43 44 47 48 49 50 51 8316 8317 8319 8320 8321 8323 8324 8326 8327 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491' 8492 8493 Avg.

Rd. No., 86 87 88 89 90 92 93 94 95 96 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8386 8387 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395

Avg.

2188

77

TABLE 2C

RESULTS OF THE LIMIT CYCLE TEST

Velocities Corrected to 700 F Rifle SN 023199 (i:12'in. Twist)

(Continued) 339 Meters V (ft./sec) 2

3

Rd. No.

Rd. No. 72
75

450 Meters V, (ft/sec) 1551

1518

4 S 6 8 9 11 12 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439

1929 1938 1927 1943 1900 1918 1956 1909 1905 1900 1913 1916 1894 1938 1906 1946 1920 1908 1900 192'5 1941 .1955 1887 1929 1896 1923 1930 1949 1935

76 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8407 8408 8409 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 Avg.

1560 1452 1507 15'49 1463 1574 1508 1578 1540 1642 1624 1548 1554 1558 1594 1495 1466 1477 1620 1550 1602 1611 1567 1S52 i541 I1S38 1613 1599 lS2S 1551

Avg.

1922

78

TABLE 2D

RESULTS OF TIHE LIMIT CYCLE TEST to 700r in. Twist) 253 Meters V (ft/sec) 2128 1997 2032 2141 2103 2133 2182 2128 2185 2116 2017 2185 2184 2183 2195 2110 2094 2068 2035 2080 2094 2170 2170 2130 2169 2232 2241 2251 2159 2098
2240

Velocities Corrected Rifle SN 789076 175 Meters V (ft/sec) 2483 2520 2485 2447 2341 2466 2408 2360 2474 2468 2384 2415 2465 2490 2496 2407 2490 2455 2487 2417 2473 2501 2455 2520 2504 .2495 2501 2470 2496 2496
2485 2444

(1:14

Rd. No. 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8473 8474 8475 847o 8477 8478 8479 8480
8481 8482

Rd. No. 103 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8370 8371 8372 8373 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8382 8383 8384
838S

Avg.

2462

Avg.

2137

79

TABLE 2D

RESULTS OF THE LIHMIT CYCLE TEST (1:14 in. Twist)

Velocities Corrected to 700F Rifle SN 789076

(Continued)

Rd. No. 33 35 37 38 39 8440" 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447
8448

339 Meters V (ft/sec) 1839 1785 1858 1900 1846 1840 19.14 1817 1946 1801 1857 1853 1883
1784

Rd. No. 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8494 8495 8496 8497 "8498 8499
8500

450 Meters V. (ft/sec) 1474 1490 1416 1443 1503 1460 1482 1450 1567 1514 1548 1516 1491 1550 1432 1484 1546 1525 1520 1490, 1489 1547 1533 1479 1506 1520 1509
1596

.8449 6450 8451

8452

1830 1878 1869

1795

8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461

8463

1821 1897 1844 1787 1826 1850 1835 1830 1851

1851

8501 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514
8515

8464
8465

1784
1872

8516
8517

1535
1517

8518 8519 Avg. 1845 Avg.

1559 1553 1508

8o

:'J:' ................ '... ......... , ." .......... . .. h. 1111 :, :::i ... .. ,,, ,,, , . ... : - : ...

p.:

TABLE 3

DISPERSION RESULTS

Serial No.

(10 rds) mils 125 F

(15 rds). mils

(25 rds) mils

023199 023294 78907o 791707 790787 IIall

.859 .981 .947 1.114

1.223 .779 1.345 1.254

1.154 .882 1.466 1.205 3.067 3.638

700F 023199 023294 789076 791707 790787 023199 023294 789076 791707 .847 1.01 1.853 1.016 1.942 1.095 1.110 3.021 .867 -30 F 023199 023294 789076 791707 1.077 1.187 2.436 3.030 -650 F 1.207 I.OZ5 3.832 3.403 1.233 1.127 5.388 3.396 OF 1.030 .768 1.652 1.307 1.581 .860 .980 .2.599 1.598 1.071 .954 1.891 1.203 1.752 1.117 1.048 2.806 1.334

023199
023294 789076 791707 Hall

1.746 2.099 6.833 5.497

1.074
1.588 6.771 6.837

1.391 1.810 6.6.72 6.567 2.391

81

TABLE 3

DISPERSION RESULTS (Continued)

C.I.*

C.I.*

C.I.*

Serial No.

(10 rds) in. 12S F

(IS rds) in.

(25 rds) in.

023199 023294
789076
-

791707 790787 Hall

2.04/.33/ 2.10/.24/

.IS .70
2.89

1.18/- .11/ -1.68/-

.08 .89
4.58
-

1.00

.56/

57

1.52/.08/ 1.84/.43/ 1.70/.08/-

.11 .81
3.90

.74 1.90 .IS

70 0 F 023199
023294 789076 791707 790787

-10.18/
5.25/

9.92
7.95 2.17 6.52 8.64

-9.87/
-5.69/

8.96
8.67

- 9.99/
5.51/

9.32
8.38 1.18 6.22 9.13

.22/9.13/ 7.00/

.05/-9.17/ -6.62/ OF 00F

52
6.02 9.45

.06/9.15/
6.77/

023199
023294 789076 791707

-10.31/
3.84/ 8.49/

11.55
8.03 10.47 9.76

-9.54/
-3.80/ -7.18/ -8.81/ -30F0

10.62
8.58 9.63 9.85

- 9.85/
3.82/ 7.67/ 8.75/

10.99
8.36 9.45 9.81

8.67/

023199 023294 789076 791707

7.14/ 10.84 8.74/ 7.38 8.41/ 10.38 9.64 7.16/

-7.14/ -9.14/ -9.20/ -9.46/

9.87 7.98 8.93 9.47

7.14/ 8.98/ 8.88/ 8.54/

10.26 7.74 9.51 9.54

-65F
023199

023294
789076

791707 ilall

9.12 8.92/ -10.49/ .7.77 4.16 .70/ .80 .16/-

-9.57/

8.88

-9.72/
-1.38/

7.61
3.40

3.68/

.74

9.31/ -10.03/ - 1.11/ 2.20/ 1.87/

-

8.98

7.67
3.70

.14 2.58

*Centers of impact at the same range 82

TABLE 3

DISPLRSION (Continued)

RESULTS

a Serial No. 1 mils

a 2 mils 125 F

a 3 mils

Weighted Average mils

023199 023294 789076 791707 790787

.31 .35 .34 .40

.44 .28 .48 .44

.41 .321 .. .4 1.09

37 47

70 F 023199 023294 789076 791707 790787 .30 .36 .51 .36 .69 .37 .27 .46 .46 .S6 OF u23199 023294 789076 791707 .39 .39 1.07 .31 .30 .3 .92 .57 -30F 023199 023294 789076 791707 .38 .42 .86 1.07 .43 .36 1.36 1.20 -6S 023199 023294 789076 791707 Hal 1 .62 .74 2.42 1.94 .38 .so 2.39 2.42 .4. .4 1.201 1.219 "4 1.19 .403 .3 .99 .4"71 .38 76 .3 M .S .42f .62 .36 .47

F
.4 .641 2.36 2.32 .85 "S6 2.32 "

63

%0 Il-

00 C'M0

&LAco

os

r0a af

00rw0000'n

V *4

M -e

.*

o0
+. .0 .C4 C4 N

at w 0,S 0~
tnC4I

r-t m w 0
o

It.I C4 10

* 00

00

%f'o D co
L 0

00 N-

ta

U) U

00

qe M m %QLn'
00

~
1

41

Pt

ov

ba

-T

W0l

0L

0~

41

0000l C iftn 0
00000000w

14 (4

~
ft r' r-fl0 o'o '0 '0 '0

00 r-Ur

Iqr * -4 .000 410

v0

M0

\
4 \
co

0Ift0 00
4-00

-4

4~ ~

- 40
. . . . .*

0014 00 100c
.+

-4-4

-4

-4

>

U)l

I,.

co

4)r

4D m al '0
14 -4 "4'.4 1.4

00 N
('4

M C% cc

N
414 14

C4

(4.4144)4184________

TABLE S No. IVt. (grams) 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Avg 1A* 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10A Avg 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 Avg 3.549 3.529 3.540 3.538 3.547 3.S64 3.532 3.S59 3.564 3.528 3.546 L (in.) .745 .742 .746 .748 .73S .727 .740 .746 .749 .741 .741

PHYSICAL d (in. .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .224 .223 .223 .223 .224 .223 .223 .223 .224 .223 .223 .226 .224 .223 .223 .223 .223 .223 .223 .223 .223

PROPERTIES Ix (gm-in 2 ) .0184 .0182 .0182 .0181 .0182 .018s .0183 .0185 .0185 .0181 .0183 .0182 .0182 .0180 .0181 .0185 .0181 .0181 .0182 .0179 .0181 .0182 .0183 .0182 .0180 .0182 .0182 .0184 .0183 .0182 .0183 .0182 I y (gmn-in
2

cg inches from b-asel Unfired .303 .300 .303 .301 .299 .296 .300 .304 .303 .302 .301 .303 .301 .302 .300 .296 .303 .305 .303 .303 .302 .306 .302 .300 .306 .299 .303 .298 .309 .304 .303 .303

.1145 .1140 .1148 .1154 .1147 .1151 .1139 .1159 .1152 .1145 .1148 .1141 .1130 .1152 .1144 .1151 .1133 .1160 .1152 .1139 .114S .1161 .1174 .1128 .1182 :1145 .1139 .1162 .1186 .1132 .1133 .11S4

Recovered 3.532 .745 .742 3.514 Not recovcred .749 3.522 3.530 .735 .727 3.564 .740 3.517 3.544 .747 .750 3.546 .741 5.512 3.531 3.534 3.531 3.520 3.54S 3.534 3.521 3t 3.561 3.567 3.520 3.524 3.536 .742 .750 .743 .735 .751 .734 .741 .743 .704 .741 .732 .743

Recovered

.1150 .0182 .303 .223 .742 3.534 Avg** * The A's are rounds recovered from the group having the same number. **Average for 19 rccovered rounds. 85

LA e4

*P .

..

. . 3.

. -- 14 -4

C4 C4- (4

coo

coo

II

0000c

IA

-4

4 "4

.41

4(-C40

40 Vg

U.

Wl '~' 0000

6 0

M en m LA toe 00 I6

- IV 000.

-W V ID,(nN

U)

.V, 40 .d . tA

SD V 1.4-4 S

N at tco 5

so1 N- N-

t4('4D n

f00

.3~~C cc

N-- N- M

..

4) > 1

N. to)

r- ChL c %

oU. 0

Ln% C MOC 0

0G

md'

'0

at r-U' m co

0 C 40

to

(h CA 0tol o)tn0
C44 N

'O,0fI% ca h 4 0
-

71m %

o C% 0

c a
fc4t

w 0
'04

t~nf'O0
N3

?"VomrJ~ d' E-

C4NE-c

~l0

I-6

OC

-n M fl)

rt

1-4

en 4 M L4 l

-I

qw

Ln

C-

LA

LnLn LM

cc mr-

%C

00000

M0I l
*~ .

~ . *

00
. .

'0

"0

LA

C4) c ... 4iCi 0 t'I U

M m. to) aN.-erI-e N4.r4mt Nt)N

0 -S

Goj4%0r

N)

1-

00-r-r

00

t-m

Unclassified
Securit- Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA. R U... Army Aoerdeen Researcn anu Uevelopment Center Ballistic Research Laboratories .. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
3. REPORT TITLE

0. Ucassified Uncl

(Security claaMilication of title, body of abstrfct and Indefing annotatlo must be enfeiwd when M46 overall eport to claslsifed) 1. O0IGIINATIN4 ACTIVITY (Crporate author) 20. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIICATION

*,.

COIPARISON OF THE EY2':RIOP. BALLISTICS OF TilE k-193 PROJECTILE LAUNCIIED FROM 1:12 IN. AND 1:14 IN. TWIST NI'A1 RIFLES
4. OCSCRIPTIVE NOTES (7'ype of rePoUt and Inclusive defes) S. AU THOR(S) (First name, middle Initial, fasl name)

IVE.N

Maynard J.
A. REIPORT CAT&

Piddington
7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES ,?. NO OP r REaS

October

1968

92".
Sa. ORIGINATORS REPORT NU''r9IESl

7 1943
Iamy he meelgied

Se. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

.,ROJECTNO.

1T650212D620
.S.

Memorandum Report No.

OTHER RMEPORNT NOI(S (Any ather numbere t tWe mpOrt)

10. OISTRIUTION STATIEMENT

This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign val f CQmmanlading. ?nly wito ror may iernments or foreign glatiopals g gG eeo dmade i be Researc AD eroeen rovng rou U.S. eve opment tCe ter, and 8?,rn my Berdeen S Arm ery M.ary ana.
II. SUPPLE.4ENTARY NOTES

I.
,TRCT

112. SPiONSORING MILITARY

ACTIVITY

U.S. Army :.ateriel ,S 18). ARISTRACT ,

Command

jWashington,

D.C.

of the 4.193 ball projectile test of an exterior tallistics -,.Thc results Rifles are presented and discussed. when launched from the t1(-A1 rifle ,SLa twists of 1 turn in 12 inches and 1 turn* in .14 inches were used in at the small firings Data were gathered from test tests. tie Research Acerodynamics Range and the Transonic Range of the Ballistic Laboratories and from a termporary range set up in the Climatic Hlanar at Tests at ig.lin were conducted at air tile Eglin Air Force IBase, Florida. temperatures ranging from +125 deg. F' to -65 deg. F.

V!

*1

473I
I

EL

0FRM11.I

AI4.34C

ISI

D.-.,.

1473

:PON -- "OSIOSE

ARMY USE.

" "-

U~a~fe '"Unclassified ' acuty Clasifi~fcation

Unclassified
Security Classification
14. e OD LINK A MOLe WT LINK KLINK JMOLS WT I OLR C FIT

Aerodynamic characteristics M1l6Al rifle Small arms IM193 projectile Temperature variations

'4

Io S.C a qt7ia ssficP