Nationalism Around the World, 1919-1939

Nationalism in the Middle East Nationalism in Africa and Asia Revolutionary Chaos in China Nationalism in Latin America

Nationalism in the Middle East

Objectives: 1. Explain how nationalism led to the creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia 2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration made Palestine a national jewish homeland

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The empire of the Ottoman Turks had been growing steadily weaker the sick man of Europe France seized Algeria and Tunisia and Great Britain took control of Egypt; Greece also declared its independence in the 19th century

reformers seized control of the empires government and adopted a constitution *Abdulhamid II, suspended the new constitution and ruled by authoritarian means He feared of assassination and had pets taste all his food

Impact of World War I

World War I was the nal blow The British sought to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula by supporting Arab nationalist T. E. LawrenceLawrence of Arabia, governor of Makkah declared Arabia independent from Ottoman rule British troops seized Palestine

Massacre of the Armenians

During the war, the Ottoman Turks had alienated the Allies with their policies toward minority subjects The Christian Armenian minority had been pressing the Ottoman government for its independence Violent reaction killing Armenian men and expelling women and children

1.5 million Armenians had been killed and 500,000 deported *genocide or *ethnic cleansing the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

Emergence of the Turkish Republic

Ottoman Empire collapsed Great Britain and France divided up the Ottoman territories in the Middle East Turkey remained under Ottoman control; Greece invaded Turkey *Colonel Mustafa Kemal led the creation of a new Republic of Turkey created in 1923

The Modernization of Turkey

President Kemal, known as *Atatrk (Father Turk) created the modern state of Turkey Turkish language with Roman Alphabet, European style names, Factories, Secular state Religion is like a heavy blanket that keeps the people of Turkey asleep

Men were forbidden to wear the fez, the brimless cap worn by Turkish Muslims Women were forbidden to wear the veil (also given the right to vote in 1934) The Turkish Republic was the product of Atatrks efforts

The Beginnings of Modern Iran A similar process of modernization was underway in Persia The discovery of oil in the southern part of the country in 1908 In 1921, Reza Khan led a military mutiny that seized control of *Tehran, the capital city

*Reza Shah Pahlavi tried to follow the example of Kemal Atatrk in Turkey; Persia became the modern state of *Iran in 1935 He created a Westernstyle education system Reza Shah Pahlavi drew closer to Nazi Germany

Arab Nationalism
Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan were assigned to Great Britain; Syria and Lebanon to France For the most part, Europeans created these Middle Eastern states; Europeans determined the nations borders and divided the peoples. *Ibn Saud united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula*Saudi Arabia

The Problem of Palestine In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arabs came into conict because both groups viewed the area as a potential national state Zionist movement and the Jewish state *Balfour DeclarationBritain expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine

Objectives: 1. Explain how nationalism led to the creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia 2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration made Palestine a national jewish homeland

Nationalism in Africa and Asia

Objectives: 1. Describe how peoples in Africa and Asia began to agitate for independence 2. Relate how Japan became an aggressive military state 3. Characterize how Soviet agents worked to spread communism around the world

Movements toward Independence in Africa Black Africans had fought in World War I in British and French armies. Many Africans hoped they would be rewarded with independence after the war Germany was stripped of its African colonies and transferred to Great Britain and France Britain and France now governed a vast portion of Africa

African Protests
Africans became more active politically, learning new ideas about freedom and nationalism in the West (liberty and equality) Reform movements in *Kenya in 1921 organized by Harry Thuku A struggle against Italian rule in Libya also occurred in the 1920s guerrilla warfare against the Italians Some reforms were made by was too latethey wanted independence, not reform

New Leaders

New Leaders emerged inuenced by *W.E.B. Du Bois African American; Harvard University, leader if a movement of uniting africans and make them aware of their cultural heritage

*Marcus GarveyJamaican who lived in Harlem, New York City Stressed the unity of all Africans and *Pan-Africanism Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the peoples of Africa

The Movement for Indian Independence *Mohandas Gandhi Indias Great Soul or *Mahatma

Protest and Reform

Gandhi protested British laws by using the methods of *civil disobediencerefusal to obey laws considered to be unjust British troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters in the city of Amritsar In 1935, Government of India Act expanded the role of Indians in the governing process

A Push for Independence The Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 Under its new leader, Motilal Nehru, the INC wanted to push for full independence Gandhi taught that hate could only be overcome by love, not through force Home spun and Salt March

New Leaders and New Problems

*Jawaharlal Nehru studied law in Great Britain; Part of the intellectual and upper classas was his rebellion Gandhi was religious, Indian, and traditional By 1930, the Muslim League led by Ali Jinnah created the separate Muslim state of Pakistan (land of the Pure)

The Rise of A Militarist Japan A Zaibatsu Economy The Japanese economy concentrated the zaibatsu, a large nancial and industrial corporation Ination in food prices led to food shortages and riots

The Great Depression struck, workers and farmers suffered the most hardships called for a return to traditional Japanese values Many demanded that Japan use its own strength to dominate Asia and meet its needs

Japan and the West

Japanese leaders began to have difculty nding sources of raw materials The US was especially worried about Japanese expansion Japanese industrialists began to expand into new areas and came under increasing pressure to nd new sources for raw materials abroad

The Rise of Militarism Japan moved toward a more democratic government New problems led to the emergence of militant forces that encouraged Japan to become a militaristic state Some of the militants were civilians convinced that the parliamentary system had been corrupted by Western ideas

1930s civilians formed extremist patriotic organizationsBlack Dragon Society One group of middle-level army ofcers invaded *Manchuria without government approval in 1931 All political parties were merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association

Nationalism and Revolution in Asia The Marxist doctrine of social revolution had no appeal for Asian intellectuals After the revolution in Russia in 1917, the communist ideal had become more attractive and a Worldwide Organization of Communist Parties advanced the communist revolution

Communist Parties in Asia

The local Communists were briey able to establish a cooperative relationship with existing nationalist parties in a common struggle against Western imperialism An Example in French Indochina, the Vietnamese Communists were organized by the Moscow-trained revolutionary *Ho Chi Minh in the 1920s

Revolutionary Chaos in China

Objectives: 1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kaishek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist alliance 2. Discuss Mao Zendongs belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban working class

Nationalists and Communists By 1920, central authority had almost ceased to exist in China. Two political forces began to emerge as competitors for the right to rule China: *Sun Yat-sens Nationalist Party and the *Chinese Communist Party

In 1921, Staff from the Beijing University founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in *Shanghai *Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Nationalists welcomed their cooperation In 1923, these parties formed an alliance to drive the imperialist powers out of China

They mobilized and trained a revolutionary army to march north and seize control of China By 1926, they took control of all of China south of the *Chang Jiang (Yangtze) river Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and was succeeded as head of the Nationalist Party by the general *Chiang Kai-shek

In 1927, he struck against the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai, killing thousands*Shanghai Massacre In 1928, Chiang Kaishek founded a new Chinese republic at *Nanjing

The Communists in Hiding After the Shanghai Massacre, most of the Communist leaders went into hiding in the city They were led by the young Communist organizer *Mao Zedong. He was convinced that a Chinese revolution would be driven by the povertystricken peasants

Though outnumbered by Chiangs forces, Mao made effective use of *guerrilla tacticsusing unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to ght the enemy

The Peoples Liberation Army (*PLA) broke through the Nationalist lines and began its famous Long March Moving on foot through mountains, marshes, and deserts, the PLA traveled 6,000 milesmany froze or starved 90,000 to 9,000

The Long March

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

In the meantime, the Nationalists would use their dictatorial power to carry out a land-reform program and to modernize industry He tried to bring together modern Western innovations with traditional Confucian values of hard work, obedience, and integrity

New Life Movement the goal was to promote traditional Confucian social ethics (integrity, propriety, and righteousness) *redistribution of wealth the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority

Objectives: 1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kaishek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist alliance 2. Discuss Mao Zendongs belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban working class