6th International Symposium on

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

LIGE (BELGIUM) 6.-8. SEPTEMBER 1994

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS CALCULATION OF EFFECTS THE SECOND EDITION OF IEC PUBLICATION 865
Wolfgang Meyer Gerhard Herold Elmar Zeitler
University of Erlangen-Nrnberg Federal Republic of Germany

Report 2.1

2.1 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS CALCULATION OF EFFECTS THE SECOND EDITION OF IEC PUBLICATION 865 Wolfgang Meyer Gerhard Herold Elmar Zeitler University of Erlangen-Nrnberg Federal Republic of Germany Abstract In 1993 the second edition of the IEC Publication 865-1 Short-circuit currents Calculation of effects was published. In contrast to the first edition, the new standard is valid for nominal voltages up to 420 kV. The methods for calculation of the tensile forces in flexible conductors is completely revised and now applicable on slack conductors as well as on strained conductors which are connected to portals with a span length of up to 60 m. This paper gives a short description of the new standard and derives and explains the equations for calculating the tensile forces in flexible conductors and the swing out. The comparison with test results is shown. INTRODUCTION In 1986 the Technical Committee 73 of the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC published the first international standard Calculation of the effects of shortcircuit currents [1]. It was only valid for rated voltages up to and including 72,5 kV and an extension to higher voltages should be done if simple methods are available for slack and strained flexible conductors. The investigations have been done in Study Committee 23 Effects of high currents Working Group 02 Substations of the International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems CIGR and published along with IEC TC 73 [2]. Immediately after the printing of the first edition, TC 73 decided to extend its work on higher voltages. In September 1993 the second edition of IEC Publication 865-1 Short-circuit currents Calculation of effects [3] came out after intense preparation and with the agreement of 19 National Committees. In parallel voting the members of the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CENELEC decided to publish it as European Standard EN 60865-1:1994. IEC PUBLICATION 865-1 (1993) The IEC Publication 865-1 (1993) is clearly organized Section 1 - General Section 2 - The electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors Section 3 - The thermal effect on bare conductors and electrical equipment Annex A - Equations for calculation of diagrams Annex B - Iteration procedure for calculation of factor It applies to a.c. single-phase and three-phase systems for rated voltages up to and including 420 kV. Section 1 contains the normative references, the lists of symbols and units, and the definitions for Sections 2 and 3. In Section 2, the method for calculating the forces and stresses in arrangements with rigid conductors was taken over from IEC 865 (1986) with some clarifications. Detailed information is given in [2]. 2.1.1 In the case of flexible conductors, IEC 865 (1986) was restricted to the calculation of swing-out and fall-of-span tensile forces in single conductors of up to 20 m span length which are connected to support insulators without consideration of the short-circuit duration. In high-voltage arrangements, the flexible conductors are often connected to portals with tension insolator strings and bundle conductors are predominant. Besides this, the conductor movement is of interest because minimum clearances to the neighbouring phase conductors and earthed parts of the structure have to be taken into consideration. The short-circuit duration has a great influence on the forces. On the basis of extensive tests the methods known from literature [2, 4-13] have been developed further for calculating the swing-out and fall-of-span tensile forces and the horizontal displacements [13, 14] and a new method for estimation of the tensile force due to the contraction of the bundle conductors is introduced [15-17]. Section 3 was taken over from IEC 865 (1986) with some clarifications. In the following, the methods for calculation of the forces and conductor displacement in arrangements with flexible conductors are derived. References to clauses, equations and figures of IEC 865-1 [3] are marked by an asterix (*). CONDUCTOR MOVEMENT AND TENSILE FORCES During or after line-to-line or three-phase short circuits, two main conductors swing away from each other, for example L1 and L2. Figure 1 [2] shows three typical conductor movements. Thereby the maximum swing-out angle m is the decisive parameter: m < 70: The span is displaced until the first reversal point is reached at m and then returns to the steadystate position with damped oscillations. During or at the end of the short circuit, the short-circuit tensile force Ft is at its maximum and the sag bct at m. 70 m < 180: The span is displaced and drops down from the position indicated by m in the direction of the suspension points. At the end of the first fall, the drop force Ff is at its maximum. The sag reaches its maximum at the time tt. 180 m: The electromagnetic forces accelerate the span so much, that it rotates once or several times, until the stored energy is exhausted. At the bottom of the curves, tensile-force peaks of approximately the same order as the maximum drop force Ff may occure at approximately equal intervals corresponding to the natural frequency of the span. The sag reaches its maximum at the time tt. The stresses occuring in line-to-line short-circuits and balanced three-phase short-circuits are approximately equal. However, for line-to-line short-circuits, conductor swing out typically results in decreasing minimum clear-

ances when the adjacent conductors carrying short-circuit current move towards one another after the short circuit. In the case of a balanced three-phase short-circuit, the center conductor moves only slightly because of its inertia and the alternating bidirectional forces acting on it. Consequently Ft, Ff and bh are calculated for a line-to-line short circuit. In the case of short circuits far from genera = 3/2 I k3 [18]. In contrast, Fpi is to be calculated tor, I k2 in a single-phase system for the line-to-line short-circuit current I k2 and in a three-phase system for the three . phase short-circuit current I k3 Figure 1 Spans L1, L2 side-by-side during a line-to-line short circuit For calculation of the maximum swing-out angle ###m the movement of the span is described by the nonlinear physical pendulum, which obeys the differential equation  + mg s sin = M (t ) J (1)
n

where m = dm nms l
s= J = M

mass
2 b 3 c
2

y( x) d m
m
2

distance to center of gravity moment of inertia exciting moment

lbc y d m 15 nms = F ( x ) y ( x ) cos d x

The approximations apply to usual spans where bc l for the static sag holds. The period of conductor oscillation for small angles ### and constant sag bc is given by
T = 2 b J 2 0,8 c mgn s gn

(*23)

Figure 1 Short-circuit location curves in the middle of the span for two adjacent phases in the case of a line-to-line short circuit in L1 and L2 [2] left side: movement of the conductor right side: surface area required locus during current flow locus after current flow MAXIMUM SWING-OUT ANGLE m In the following, the sag of the conductor is assumed to be a parabola and the shape remains in a plane during swing out, Figure 2. The angle between the plane and the vertical axis is the swing-out angle (t). The longitudinal and transversal conductor waves are excluded. Each main conductor consists of n sub-conductors with , the cross section As , and the the mass per unit length ms actual Young's modulus Es. The spring constant of both supports S and the Young's modulus Es are subsumed under the stiffness norm
N =
1 1 + Sl nEs As

The double integration of (1) can only be done numerically. Because the period of oscillation of the span is long compared with the period of the short-circuit current, the time history of the current can be substituted by the initial short-circuit current, whereby the force becomes independent of time. If the moment is calculated by a substitute force on the center of gravity averaged over the swing-out angle ~+n ~ ) k ls cos , (2) M = F ( m
d

(1) can be integrated analytically twice. F is the constant force per unit length caused by the initial short-circuit current I k2 :
F = ) 0 ( I k2 a
2

(3)

After the breaking of the current at = k, the moment M ~ und n ~ from [3], here marked by a is zero. The factors m tilde to distinguish them from other variables used, consider the a.c. and d.c. components of the short-circuit current and kd the averaged influence of the angle . Integration of (1) with d 2 /d = 2 leads to: for 0 k with the initial values =  = 0

 =

8 T

(*25)

( rres sin + cos 1)

(4)

2.1.2

 for k < with the initial values = k and  = k

 =

8 T

(5). Inserting (4) with = k leads to the maximum swingout angle, which is only dependent on rers and k:

( cos cos k ) + k2

~+n ~) k F ( m d G

(5)

m = arccos (1 rers sin k ) = arccos

(7)

where rres is the ratio of electromagnetic force per unit gn length to gravitational force per unit length G = nms
rers =

The course of m(k) reaches its maximum at k = 90 and then decreases. Because Tk Tk1, the worst case k = 90 is also decisive. So it follows that:

(6)

1 rers sin k 1 rers

for 0 k 90 for 90< k

(*30)

For the second integration of (4), the following substitutions are inserted to calculate the angle k at the end of the short-circuit current:

The value m =180 is obtained at = 1. If < 1, the span rotates. A comparison with test results [11, 14] shows that m is too low when calculated by (7). This is due to the simple model of a constant force per unit length in (2) on the one hand, and the pendulum movement superposed by longitudinal oscillations of the conductor on the other hand. Therefore, the following corrections are made in (7): Small swing-out angles are adjusted by a constant factor of 1,25 and large angles with the addition of 10, which gives continuation at m = 50 and 180. Hence
1,25arccos m = 10+ arccos 180 for for for 0,766 1 -0,985 < 0,766

* = 1 ,

1 k

sin

*
2

k = sin

1
2

by which the span swings around the steady state position 1 = arctan rers :

 =

8
T

1 + rers

( 1 k 2 2 )(1 2 )

Separation of variables gives an elliptic integral of the first kind; the result is the Jacobis elliptic sinus amplitudinis function sn [19]. Taking the initial value * = 1, one gets after substituting back:
t = 1 + 2 arcsin k sn 2 , k T 2 pend

(*31)

< -0,985

For the usual range 0 < rres < 10 a simple approximation can be given, which is derived from the linearization of equation (1) for small angles and contains the amplitudedependent periodicity of the sn-function by approximation: t ( t ) = 1 1 cos 2 Tres with the resulting period during short-circuit current flow:
Tres = Tpend 1 1 64 90
2 2

For short-circuit durations greater than 0,1 s the influence ~ can be disregarded. of the d.c. component is low and m ~ For distribution networks usually n = 1. The calculation of factor kd is not easy. As 0,9 < kd < 1 applies for usual spans, kd = 1 can be used [2, Figure 4.2.6]. Accordingly, (6) becomes: F rers r = (*20) G SHORT-CIRCUIT TENSILE FORCE Ft Figure 3 shows the sectional view of a span. The forces per unit length are acting on a conductor element:
radial tangential

T 2 2 1 4 1 + r 2 1 res 64 90

(*24)

R = F sin + G cos + my2 nms y = F cos G sin

Therefore, the angle at the end of the short-circuit current flow is with t = Tk1:
1 cos 2 Tk1 1 Tres k = 2 1 for 0 Tk1 Tres 0,5

R is the radial force per unit length, which changes very slowly compared with the eigenvalue of the conductor as a swinging cord. The integration of the second equation with the initial value (t = 0) = 0 and insertion in to the first one leads to

for 0,5 <

Tk1 Tres

(*29)

When Tk1/Tres > 0,5, the maximum value of k for Tk1/Tres = 0,5 is to be inserted, because the actual shortcircuit duration Tk can be lower than the short-circuit duration Tk1 given by the protection concept, and the worst case shall be considered for design purposes. The maximum swing-out angle is obtained as follows: In the reversal point of the movement = m it is  = 0 in Figure 3 Swing out of the conductor in midspan and forces during current flow

2.1.3

R = 3r sin + 3 cos 2 G

(8) Figure 4 Conductor movement in midspan for calculating the tensile force Ff

R reaches its maximum at

1 = arctan r

(*21)

if k 1, i.e. Tk1 Tres/4, otherwise at = k, if Tk1 < Tres/4. The change in conductor length by increasing the radial = G to Rt = G ( 1 + ) becomes with the force from Rst change-of-state equation for a conductor:
lt lst = Nl ( Ft Fst )

The upper limit follows with f = 0:

Ff = Fst 1 + 4 (1 cos m )

(11)

(9)

The approximate lengths of the conductor with = t,st

3 R l l R l = 2 sinh l + G 24 F F 2

and with the approximation 1 - cos m (2/) m:

Ff = Fst 1 + 8 180

(12)

are inserted in (9)

2 3 R 2 l Rt st = Nl Ft Fst 24 Ft Fst

In general the velocity and hence the potential energy of the conductor are not zero and drop forces are observed in tests which are greater than those calculated with (12). This can be taken into considered by a factor of 1,2: (10)
Ff = 1,2 Fst 1 + 8 m 180

(*35)

Hence the short-circuit tensile force Ft is estimated as:

Ft = Fst ( 1 + )

(*34)

The drop force only needs to be calculated if m 70, which occures if r > 0,6. When 0,6 < r < 2, the approximation

follows from (8)

3 1 + r 2 1 = +1= G ( r + 1) 3 sin cos Rmax for k 1 for k < 1

m = arccos (1 r sin k ) arccos (1 r )

(*32) applies, which with (11) gives us (22) in IEC 865 (1986); m=180 in (12) results in (23) there. HORIZONTAL SPAN DISPLACEMENT (*28) Into the change-of-state equation in the case of elastic and thermal elongation
2 2 G 2 l Rt = ela + th 24 F F st t

With the stress factor

(10) becomes

( n mslgn ) 2 =
3 24 Fst N

+ ( 2 + ) + ( 1 + 2 ) ( 2 + ) = 0
2 3 2

(*33)

with which can be determined by 0 1 or taken from Figure *7. DROP FORCE Ff At the highest point of the conductor movement m according to Figure 4, the maximum potential energy is stored: Epot = (1 cos m ) nms lgn s During the fall the energy is partially or completely converted into elongation energy depending on height and movement of fall: 1 2 2 E ela = Nl Ff Fst 2

the sags in the midspan 2 2 G l R l , bc = bct = t 8 Fst 8 Ft are inserted and solved for bct:
2 3 l bct = bc 1 + ela + th = CD bc 8 bc

(11)

CD corresponds to (*38). The elastic elongation is generated due to the change of the tensile force from Fst to Ft

ela = N ( Ft Fst )

(*36)

From the height of fall one obtains the balance of the complete energy conversion:
1 2 Nl Ff2 Fst ( cos f cos m ) nms lgn s = 2

and the thermal elongation due to the heating by the shortcircuit current

th =

2 th I k2

2 I k2 T = cth T A c A

(*37)

and from this:

Ff = Fst 1 + 4 ( cos f cos m )

with the material constant cth according sub-clause *2.3.2.4. The maximum sag bct for Tk1 Tres/4 is reached at the angle 1 and for Tk1 < Tres/4 at the end of the current flow at k . Thus T is:

2.1.4

 Tres / 4 T= Tk1

for Tk1 Tres / 4 for Tk1 < Tres / 4

THE PINCH EFFECT OF BUNDLED CONDUCTORS (*37) Figure 5 shows a contracted regular twin-bundle. Regular, here, means that the position of the cross sectional centres of the n sub-conductors of the bundle are marked by the corners of a regular polygon. Sub-conductors are considered to clash effectively if the clearance as between the midpoints of adjacent sub-conductors, as well as the distance ls between two adjacent spacers fulfill either (*43) or (*44) as/ds 2,0 and ls 50 as as/ds 2,5 and ls 70 as (*43) (*44)

Because the shape already differs from the parabola with low values of r and approaches a triangle with high values of r, the actual sag is higher than that estimated with (13). The correction is made using the form factor CF with linear interpolation in the range 0,8 < r < 1,8:
1,05 CF = 0,97 + 0,1 r , 115 for r 0,8 for 0,8 < r < 0,8 for r 1,8

(*39)

CF is derived from tests, because it is only possible numerically to get the form factor for each span. The maximum horizontal displacement is the projection of the sag onto the horizontal axis with slack conductors:
CF CDbc bh = CF CDbc sin m for m 90 for m < 90 for m 1 for m < 1

A calculation of the bundle force then does not have to be done; in this case it is sufficient to add 10 % to the tensile force Ft in (*34) [20]. The calculations for contraction of the bundle described in the literature up to now can only be solved numerically. Hence, the parabola model is introduced below, based on equations and diagrams which can be solved analytically for the most occurring cases of clashing sub-conductors and by diagrams or numerically for non-clashing subconductors. Physical model for regular n-conductor bundles The sub-conductors touch each other in the range 2xP - ls < x < 0. When considering the bundle in its static steady state of contraction and assuming the shape of the curve of the non-clashing section a parabola, the equation for the first quadrant is: x 2 y ( x ) = yA + yP (14) xP The flexural stiffness of the conductor which acts above all near the spacers is ignored, so that for the ratio of the transversal and the longitudinal component of the tensile force between two adjacent spacers the following holds
Fy ( x) dy y x = =2 P dx Fx xP xP

(*40)

with strained conductors:

CF CDbc sin 1 bh = CF CDbc sin m

(*41)

because they swing out almost horizontally [13], so that bh is a maximum at about 1. EXTENSION ON STRAINED CONDUCTORS The methods written above are only valid for slack conductors, which are connected to support insulators, and hence represent a homogenious arrangement. In long spans, the mass of the insulator strings is a multiple of the conductor mass and is essentially decisive for the sag. The period T according to (*23) contains only the sag. To take the insulator strings into account, an equivalent static conductor sag at midspan is defined:
bc = Gl
2

(15)

8 Fst

(*22)

which is for slack conductors, the actual static sag, for strained conductors, the sag, when the actual arrangement is replaced by an arrangement of conductors with the same conductor type and static tension, but without insolator strings. As the electromagnetic force acts only on the conductor, the difference between the conductor length lc and the span length l is to be taken into account in (3):
F = 0 I k2 2 a

The longitudinal component Fx is local independent. On the other hand, the transversal component per unit length Fy is local independent with respect to (15)
Fx d y dx
2 2

= Fy ( x) = 2

yP xP
2

Fx

(16)

At the location xP of the spacer, (15) becomes

Fy ( xP ) = 2 yP F xP x

(17)

and according to (16) yields

Fy ( xP ) = xP Fy ( xP )

( )

lc l

(18)

(*19)

where lc = l lc = l 2li

for slack conductors, for strained conductors, where li is the length of one insulator chain.

With both assumptions a good concurrence is achived with test results [13]. Figure 5 Idealized geometry of a clashed twin-bundle 2.1.5

Fy ( xP ) is the electromagnetic force per unit length acting

on a parabolic arc caused by the other n-1 sub-conductors of the bundle. The tensile force on the bundle clamp for n sub-conductors consists of the static tensile force Fst and the tensile force Fela brought about by the lengthening of the span and the bending of the dead end structure
Fpi = nFx = Fst + Fela
1 l = Fst + 1 NFst l

Electromagnetic force To determine Fy( x P ) , the electromagnetic force on a parabolic arc of the length xP through the n - 1 sub-conductors of the bundle is to be calculated:
I xP Fy ( x P ) = ( n 1) 0 2 n asw
2

(19)

With k equidistant spacers in the span one obtains by the approximation for the curve lengthening of the parabolic arcs
l = ( k + 1) 4 yP 3 xP
2

with the effective short-circuit current I of the main conductor and the effective centre-line distance asw between sub-conductors. With (15) the transversal component becomes 2 I xP xP Fx = ( n 1) 0 (24) 2 n asw 2 y P The effective distance asw between the sub-conductors depends on yP and can be approximated with the equation of a parabola. The electromagnetic force is estimated at the location xP with the distance 2y(x) of the parabolic arcs according to (14) x I 2 P dx Fy ( xP ) = ( n 1) 0 2 n 0 2 y ( x ) The integration and the comparision with (24) leads to:
asw = 2 yA yP / yA arctan yP / yA

(20)

By substituting equations (16) and (20) in equation (19) the equation for determining xP or yP is:
x P Fst x P y P 2 nFy
3

k +1 4 Nl 3

yP = 0

(21)

If xP or yP are related to their maximum values and abbreviated by 1/ and

l lc 1 with xP,max = s = 2( k + 1) 2 xP,max yP as ds 1 with yP,max = = 2 sin( 180/ n) yP,max = 1 xP

(25)

then (21) becomes

According to (18) and (24), the local independent transversal force per unit length Fy( x P ) is maximum, if the sub-conductors clash in one point, i.e. if (22)
yP = yPmax = as ds 2 sin( 180/ n)

3 3 + st 2 pi f = 0
with the strain coefficients
2 Fst ls N

st =

2 a d s s 3

180 sin n

(*47)

3 3 F ls N 180 pi = n sin 8 a d 3 n

then yA = ds / [ 2 sin( 180/ n) ] , and asw becomes its maximum: as / ds 1 ds asw,max = = as3 (*A.7) sin( 180/ n) arctan as / ds 1 with the abbreviation 3, and gives the electromagnetic force according to (23) I 2 ls F = ( n 1) 0 (26) 2 n as3 In any case, f is thus equal to the quotient of the effective distances and depends on the conductor geometry:
f = Fy Fy , max = asw ( y P,max ) asw ( y P ) 1

(*48)

the electromagnetic force per unit length also related to the maximum value Fy f = 1 Fy,max and the substitution
F = Fy,maxls

(23)

For the solution of (22) one must decide whether or not the sub-conductors are clashing or only reducing their distance. If the sub-conductors touch at one point, then = = f. In this case pi = 1 + st follows from (22). The quantity
j=

asw(yP) and asw(yP,max) are determined with (25). The effective short-circuit current has been inserted in (24) without stating the functional connection between I . The time elapsed and the initial short-circuit current I k until the contraction of the bundle is complete, Tpi may be assessed from the boundary value problem for the middle of the bundled conductor. It is far easier to establish analytically, assuming a close bundle and the usual shortcircuit currents, by stating a constant force. The results are in good accordance as long as the assumptions are observed. In this case with the formula for a mass element

pi
1 + st

(*49)

indicates: j1 j<1

the sub-conductors are clashing, the sub-conductors have reduced their distance, but are not clashing.

2.1.6

 accelerated by constant electromagnetic force per unit ms length 2 as n 1 0 I sin( 180/ n) 2 ms t y = ms 2 2 2 n as

Here, an overswing factor e is introduced, which accounts for the dynamic process in the clashing of bundled conductors and has still to be determined more exactly. Non-clashing of sub-conductors If the sub-conductors reduce their distance without clashing, then xP,max = ls/2 and yA = as/(2sin180/n) - yP according to Figure 4. (22) becomes with = 1:

Tpi becomes for y = ds:

Tpi = sin 1 180 n

( as d s ) ms
0 I n 1 2 n as
2

1 I k
f I

(27)

3 + st pi f = 0

(*62)

with the abbreviation

1 = f
sin

1 180 n

( as d s ) ms
0 I k n 1 2 n as
2

(*46)

Here, the nonlinear factor f must be considered, too, which is a function of as/ds. Therefore, the quantity can only be numerically determined dependent on j and the parameters st and as/ds, whereby 0 < < 1. Instead of determining (j) by (*62), an analytical solution j() can be obtained from (*49) with the inverse function:
j=

f means the frequency of the power system. The natural frequency of the bundled conductors as oscillating strings is in the range of a few cycles and therefore well below the excitation frequency of 50 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. Thus, the time-averaged values of the force per unit length as well as of the short-circuit current are relevant for the pinch force. Therefore:
I2 = 1 Tpi
Tpi

(1 + st ) f

3 + st

(*61)

From (19) the tensile force in the clamp can be given with the overswing factor e:
e 2 1 Fpi = Fst + st

(*54)

i 2 (t ) dt

(29)

For long contraction periods, like those occuring with wide bundles, the squared current may be approximated ~ taken from [3]. For ~ and n by using the the factors m short contraction periods, however, it is absolutely necessary to resolve (29) exactly. With
2 sin( t ) + e i (t ) = I k

t /

sin

for short circuits far from generator, where is the time constant of the network and = arctan(2f) [4]. fTpi is the solution of (27), here abbreviated by: with 2 = I / I k , where Tpi is dependent on I. Figure *8 shows 2 as a function of 1, which converges more and ~ according to Figure *12a for increasing . more to 1 + m 1 Substituting I in (26) gives the electromagnetic force which is to be inserted into (*48):
F = ( n 1) 0 I k ls 2 2 n as 3
2

1 = fTpi 2
2

(*A.5)

Dynamic overswing factor The calculation of the pinch force Fpi has been based on quasi-static considerations of the geometry and forces observed with the final state of the contracted bundle. In practice, however, the sub-conductors are accelerated by the electromagnetic force acting upon them. The kinetic energy thereby absorbed is converted into elongation work of the system. The elongation work required to reach the final state of contraction, however, is lower than the kinetic energy absorbed until the final static position has been reached for the first time. The balance is converted into collision, deformation, and frictional energy, as the sub-conductors oscillate around their final position. Thereby, the first overswing movement leads to the actual maximum of the pinch force. So far, the above situation has been accounted for by a constant factor, which in practice, however, will be dependent upon the geometry of the bundle and the boundary conditions of the contraction. On a differential portion of a sub-conductor, the electromagnetic force performs the differential work dWm. Taking into account the number of sub-conductors and spacers, and assuming the shape of the curve of the clashed conductors to be a parabola, the summation of these differential works along the non-clashing section gives the work performed on the whole bundle, as:
Wm = n 2( k + 1)
xP y ( x )

(*45)

Clashing of sub-conductors If the sub-conductors are clashing, then f = 1 and (22) becomes with = 1:

+ st pi = 0

(*51)

It contains constant coefficients. is analytically calculable, dependent on j with the parameter st, whereby j2/3 j holds. From (19) the tensile force in the bundle clamp can be given e Fpi = Fst (*50) 1 + st

0 yP,max

0 I dy dx ( n 1) 2 n 2 y( x )

(30)

with y(x) according (14). With the energy conservation law and neglecting the bending stiffness of the conductor as well as the friction between the individual conductors it is: Wm + Wkin + Wspring = 0 (31) This means that the electromagnetic work performed has been converted into elongation work and kinetic energy at 2.1.7

that point in time when the final static position has been reached for the first time. The elongation work of the spring is: 1 1 l Wspring = l (32) 2 N l Subsequently, the kinetic energy causes a further elongation of the equivalent spring of the overall system and thus an additional variation in length of the sub-conductors, l+: 1 1 l+ l+ Wkin = (33) 2 N l At the time of maximum contraction of the bundle and in analogy to (19) the tensile force becomes
1 l l+ Fpi = nFx = Fst 1 + 1 + l NFst l

cuit. Therefore, in most cases, the tensile forces Ff after a short circuit are maximum for high temperatures. The tensile forces Fpi caused by the pinch effect are also maximum for the coldest conductor. To be shure to get the worst case, it is necessary to do the calculations on the basis of the static tensile force Fst at the local minimum winter temperature, e.g. -20C, at the maximum operating temperature, e.g. 60C. For each tensile force, the worst case shall be taken into account. COMPARISON BETWEEN CALCULATIONS AND TESTS Extensive tests have been carried out to verify the calculation methods given above, e.g. see references in [2]. In the case of flexible strained conductors, Figure 6 compares the calculations according IEC 865-1 (1993) with the results of more than 110 tests described in [2, 13-17, 21] with 123 kV and 420 kV arrangements. In addition, the location of the relative error of -25 %, 0 % and +25 % is depicted as broken lines. As can be seen, the relative errors, as they are not on save side, lie within the technical limit of about 25 % and are sufficient small. The outcome of these tests confirm the calculation methods. OUTLOOK

and comparison with (*50) and (*54), respectively, results in the overswing factor e, which is weighted by a factor of 1/2 in order to account for energy dissipation due to deformation, friction, emission of sound, etc.:

e =

1 l+ 1 + 2 l yA 1 yP

From (31) with (30), (32) and (33) it is found

l+
3 9n( n 1) Nl 0 I 2 x P yA = arctan 4 1 l yP 4( k +1) 2 n y P

Hence the different overswing factors e for the cases of clashing and non-clashing sub-conductors can be calculated, i. e. (*52) and (*55). YOUNG'S MODULUS FOR STRANDED CONDUCTORS Young's modulus for aluminium-steel stranded conductors is extremely non-linear in the range of relatively low stress (< 50 N/mm2), as is usually found with outdoor substations, and may even take on values far below those given by standards or furnished by manufacturers, respectively. Since on the one hand, Young's modulus is an important parameter for calculating the tensile forces, but on the other hand, an exact establishment of the modulus by expensive tensile testing is neither possible nor desirable. As a result of extensive tests, an empirical expression for the approximate calculation of Young's modulus is given:
F Fst st 90 fin (*26) E s = E 0,3 + 0,7 sin for n As nAs fin

TC 73 is going to publish a Report 865-2 Short-circuit currents Examples of calculation of the effects of shortcircuit currents, in which the calculation procedures for 6 examples with rigid and flexible conductors are shown. A standard for calculation of the effects of short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations is in preparation. For flexible conductor arrangements the effects on droppers, the stiffness and dynamic behaviour of portals and foundations are to be investigated. The extension of the methods for voltages above 420 kV is to be checked by comparing with tests as well as the use for spans with lengths more than 60 m. REFERENCES [1] IEC Publication 865, Calculation of the effects of short-circuit currents, Genve: IEC, 1986. [2] IEC TC 73/CIGR SC 23 WG 02: The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations, Genve: IEC, Paris: CIGR, 1987. [3] IEC Publication 865-1, Short-circuit currents Calculation of effects, Genve: IEC, 1993. [4] W. Lehmann, P. Sieber, Mechanische Kurzschlubeanspruchung durch Leitungsseile in Schaltanlagen, VDE-Fachberichte, vol.24, pp. 149-153, 1966. [5] L. Mcks, Die Teilfeldlnge in Bndelleitern, Bull. SEV, vol. 59, pp. 726-723, 1968. [6] G. Hosemann, Berechnung der Kurzschlustrme und -krfte in der Normung, etz-A, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 298-303, May 1976. [7] B. Engel, Mechanische Beanspruchung von Leiterseilen in Anlagen nach einem Kurzschlu, Elektrizittswirtschaft, vol. 78, pp. 186-189, 1979. [8] B. Engel, Vereinfachte Berechnung der Seilauslenkungen durch Kurzschlukrfte bei Gerteverbindungen in Schaltanlagen. Archiv fr Elektrotechnik, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 287-292, 1979.

where fin = 5107 N/m2 is the lowest value of , when Young's modulus becomes constant. The final Young's modulus E for stranded conductors shall be used. DESIGN LOAD For designing the substations, the following should particularly be noted: In most cases, the tensile forces Ft during a short circuit are maximum for the coldest conductor. The higher the span temperature the higher the span displacements and the tensile forces Ff after a short cir-

2.1.8

Figure 6 Results of tests versus calculation a) Maximum Fmax of tensil forces Ft and Ff b) Pinch force Fpi c) Horizontal displacement bh The forces are related to the respective static tensile forces. Indices: m measured; c calculated

[9] L. Gauffin, J.L. Lilien, Mechanical effects of shortcircuit currents in substations with strain bus systems Medium complexity calculation methods, in CIGR Symposium 06-85, Bruxelles, Report 330-01, pp. 1-6, 1985. [10] J.L. Lilien, The pendulum model, CIGR SC 2381 (WG 02) 11-IWD, 1981, unpublished. [11] M. Waeber, Bestimmung der Ausschwingbewegung von schwach gespannten Leiterseilen und des Fallseilzugs in Schaltanlagen bei Kurzschlssen, etzArchiv, vol. 5, pp. 103-107, 1983. [12] B. Olszowsky, Computation of jumper swings of EHV-substations under short circuit currents, CIGR SC 23-85 (WG 02) 36-IWD, 1985, unpublished. [13] B. Herrmann, N. Stein, G. Kieling, Short-circuit effects in substations with strained conductors Systematic full scale tests and a simple calculation method, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 1021-1028, 1989. [14] G. Kieling, Das Seilspannfeld als physikalisches Pendel eine analytische Lsung der Kurzschluvorgnge, Archiv fr Elektrotechnik, vol. 70, pp. 273-281, 1987. [15] G. Kieling, Kurzschlukrfte bei Zweierbndeln Messungen und analytische Lsung mit dem Parabelmodell, etzArchiv, vol. 10, pp. 53-60, 1988. [16] G. Hosemann, I. Landin, W. Meyer, Progress in international standardization: mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in substations with flexible conductors, in 4th International Symposium on Short-Circuits in Power Systems, Lige 3-4 September 1990, Report 3.3, pp. 3.3.1-3.3.8. [17] E. Zeitler, Contraction of bundled conductors in outdoor substations determined by the parabola model, ETEP, vol. 3, pp. 285-291, 1993. [18] IEC Publication 909, Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c. systems, Genve: IEC, 1988. [19] G.A. Korn, T.M. Korn, Mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers, New York; McGraw-Hill, 1968. [20] M. Mathejczyk, N. Stein, Kurzschluseilzge enggebndelter Doppelseile in Schaltanlagen, etz-A, vol. 97, pp. 232328, 1976. [21] Y. Serizawa, Behaviour of dead-end suspension double-conductor bus during short-circuit, JIEE of Japon, vol. 11, pp. 2269-2278, 1967

2.1.9