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Test on transformer

Testing of Transformers The structure of the circuit equivalent of a practical transformer is developed earlier. The performance parameters of interest can be obtained by solving that circuit for any load conditions. The equivalent circuit parameters are available to the designer of the transformers from the various expressions that he uses for designing the transformers. But for a user these are not available most of the times. Also when a transformer is rewound with different primary and secondary windings the equivalent circuit also changes. In order to get the equivalent circuit parameters test methods are heavily depended upon. From the analysis of the equivalent circuit one can determine the electrical parameters. But if the temperature rise of the transformer is required, then test method is the most dependable one.

There are several tests that can be done on the transformer :1.Winding resistance test 2. Polarity Test 3 .Open Circuit Test 4 .Short Circuit Test 5. Dvdf Test 6. Hv Test 7. T.T.R Test

1.

Winding resistance test:-

Winding resistance measurements in transformers are of fundamental importance for the following purposes: - Calculations of the I2R component of conductor losses. - Calculation of winding temperature at the end of a temperature test cycle. - As a base for assessing possible damage in the field. Transformers are subject to vibration. Problems or faults occur due to poor design, assembly, handing, poor environments, overloading or poor maintenance. Measuring the resistance of the windings assures that the connections are correct and the resistance measurements indicates that there are no severe mismatches or opens. Many transformers have taps built into them. These taps allow ratio to be increased or decreased by fractions of a percent. Any of the ratio changes involve a mechanical movement of a contact from one position to another. These tap changes will also be checked during a winding resistance test. Regardless of the configuration either wye or delta, the measurements are made phase to phase and comparisons are made to determine if the readings are comparable. If all readings are within one percent of each other, then they are acceptable. Keep in mind that the purpose of the test is to check for gross differences between the windings and for opens in the connections. The tests are not made to duplicate the

readings of the manufactured device which was tested in the factory under controlled conditions and perhaps at other temperatures

2.

Polarity Test:-

transformer polarity test are used two know about the poalrity of a transformers .for these purpose to transformer are used and his low voltage winding and high voltage winding are coonected in parallel to each other the secondary windings of a transformer which has commonly high voltage winding fuse are connected to his secondary side of a transformer a man point to be noted here that a wire used for fuse are so small rating similarly when the polarity of autotransformer same no current will be flow as a reason the dont blow. otherwise when the polarity are different the current will be flow and fuse will be blow out

3.

Open Circuit Test

Method :The secondary of the transformer is left open-circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is optional since the applied voltage is same as the voltmeter reading. Rated voltage is applied at primary. If the applied voltage is normal voltage then normal flux will be set up. As the Iron loss is a function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron loss is maximum at rated voltage. This maximum iron loss is measured using the wattmeter. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch. Thus the wattmeter measures only the iron loss. It should be noted that the iron losses consist of the hysteresis loss and the eddy current loss. This test only measures the combined loss. Although the hysteresis loss is less than the eddy current loss, it is not negligible. The two losses can be separated by driving the transformer from a variable frequency source since the hysteresis loss varies linearly with supply frequency and the eddy current loss varies with the square. Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary draws only no load current which will have some copper loss. This no load current is very small and because the copper loss in the primary is

proportional to the square of this current, it is negligible. There is no copper loss in the secondary because there is no secondary current. Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and powe factor angle. Another method of determining the series impedance of a real transformer is the short circuit test.

Calculation:The current is very small. If is the wattmeter reading then,

The above equation can be rewritten as,

Thus,

Impedance:By using the above equations, calculated as, and can be

Thus, or

Admittance:The admittance is the inverse of impedance. Therefore,

The conductance

can be calculated as,

Hence the suspectance, or

Here, is the wattmeter reading is the applied rated voltage is the no load current is the magnetizing component of no load current is the core loss component of no load current is the exciting impedance is the exciting admittance

4. Short Circuit Test:-

The test is conducted on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage and this voltage is applied across primary. The core losses are very small because applied voltage is only a few percentage of the nominal voltage and hence can be neglected. Thus the wattmeter reading measures only the full load copper loss.

Procedure:-

For carrying short circuit test on power transformer:1. Isolate the power transformer from service. 2. Remove HV/LV jumps and disconnect neutral from earth/ground. 3. Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral 4. Energise HV side by LV supply. 5. Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents

Calculations:is the Full load copper loss is the applied voltage is the rated current is the resistance as viewed from the primary is the total impedance as viewed from the primary is the reactance as viewed from the primary

Analysis:If neutral current is near to zero transformer windings are operational. If neutral current is higher or equal to line current between LV phase one of the winding is open.

5. Dvdf Test:-

The DVDF (double voltage double frequency) test is an overvoltage withstand test. It is performed by applying a higher than nominal voltage (2 times) to the transformer for a relatively short period of time (usually 1 minute). Since a prolonged (significant) overvoltage will cause the transformer to overexcite, the volts per hertz are kept constant by applying a higher than nominal frequency (2 times in this case).

6. Hv Test:Seperate source voltage withstand test (High Voltage tests on HV & LV). This test checks the insulation property between Primary to earth, Secondary to earth and between Primary & Secondary. HV high voltage test:-LV winding connected together and earthed. HV winding connected together and given 28 KV ( for 11KV transformer) for 1 minute. LV high Voltage test :- HV winding connected together and earthed. LV winding connected together and given 3 KV for 1 minute. Equipment used:-High Voltage tester ( 100 KV & 3KV).

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