PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1

PSYCHOLOGY/INTRODUCTION/SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
2009 Define psychology and describe in brief about various schools of psychology 2008 What are the major approaches or perspectives in modern psychology? 2007 Define Psychology, give its scope and write in brief about various schools of Psychology. 2006 Comment on RECENT TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY, duly supported by factual data. 2005 Comment on recent trends in Psychology as viewed by Behaviorists. 2004 Describe the aims and methods of Structuralism and Functionalism. 2003 What makes Structuralism stand out as different from other schools and how it fits in recent rends in Psychology? Discuss. 2002 How did behaviorism differ from earlier schools of psychology? What were the main objections of Gestalt Psychologists about behaviorism? 2001 Critically evaluate different schools and systems of psychology. Discuss their scientific status in contemporary psychology.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
2009 2008 2007 2004 2003 2001 2000 Describe the development of Nervous System with special reference on the central nervous system. Identify and describe the major structures and functions of hind brain, mid brain and fore brain. Write down the function of central and peripheral nervous system, and briefly give the structure and function of cell. Name and define the three major subdivisions of Brain and describe their functions. Describe and explain the role of peripheral nervous system in determining the overt behavior of an organism. Describe central and peripheral nervous system and their impact on human behavior. All of our thoughts, feelings and behavior can ultimately be traced to the activity of neurons. Discuss.

EMOTIONS
2009 2008 2004 Describe the nature of Emotions in reflection to different approaches for understanding Emotions. Differentiate between motivation and emotions. Critically evaluate different theories of emotions Critically evaluate the theories of emotions.

LEARNING
2009 2008 2007 2006 2004 2003 2002 Introduce the various theories of learning and explain the concepts of classical conditioning. Describe the process of classical conditioning and recognize the principles in real life situations. Describe the significance of learning in life of an individual referring to different theories of learning. What is AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING? Describe as to how, if at all, this can be used to reduce the alarming rate of road accidents. Compare and contrast the principles of Operant and Classical conditioning and describe the impact of classical conditioning on everyday life. Give a comprehensive account of primary (major) and secondary parameters for including a desired response through Conditioning. How is Shaping used to condition a new response? In what ways principles of operant conditioning can be used for improving educational techniques?

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How would you define learning? Also compare and contrast different views about reinforcement. In your option which one is significant? Give reasons. It is believed that learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior, capability or attitude that is acquired through experience. How far do you agree with it? Discuss with reference to the theories of learning.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
2008 Define attitude. Discuss the relationship between attitude and behaviour.

PERSONALITY
2009 2008 2008 2007 2006 2005 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 List the various theories of personality and write about the best one in detail. Personality Tests Reinforcement Define personality. Write in detail the Psychoanalytic theory of personality. Describe the determining role of various factors in the development and grooming of PERSONALITY. How do you conceptualize self actualization? What stages, according to Maslow, it has to pass through to reach the goal? Discuss Describe the role of Home and School Environment in shaping of ones personality. Define Personality. Discuss in detail different type of personality tests. Describe the role of socio-cultural factors in the development of personality. Critically evaluate Freuds theory of personality development. Amongst the theories of personality, which theory explains the long lasting effects on individuals personality? Discuss.

SECONDARY/ LEARNT/ PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES + MEMORY

2007 2006 2003 2002 2001 2000 Define Motivation. List the various theories of Motivation and explain any one of them. Give a comparative account of various theories of MOTIVATION. Describe how and what secondary motives determine ones source of action in practical life. Elucidate the differences between biogenic and sociogenic motives. How does Maslows hierarchy of Motives explain the relative standing of these motives? Give examples In what ways biogenic motives differ with sociogenic motives? Support your views in the light of theoretical and experimental researches conducted recently. Elucidate this type of motive where the person is strongly motivated with the desire to perform an act to gain a reward or to avoid undesirable consequences.

PERCEPTION
2008 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Explain how a person's needs, beliefs, emotions and expectations can influence his or her perceptions? Highlight and describe the role of SUBJECTIVE and OBJECTIVE factors in the perception of objects in space. What is meant by Determinants of Perception? Describe at least 5 out of 8 such major factors. Define perceptual constancy. Explain the influences that allow us to perceive constant size, shape and brightness. Elucidates determinants of perception (any 5 out of listed 7) lodged within the individual alone. What are the main determinants of perception? Explain the effects of learning and motivation on perception. Explain what takes place in the perceptual process once the information from the situation is received by the individual.

LEARNING
2006 2005 Probability Learning Highlight and describe the main Motivational Factors which regulate the degree and quality of Learning.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
2008 2006 2002 2000 Endocrine System Role of ENDOCRINE GLAND in human body. What is the endocrine system? Discuss the role of various hormones in regulating normal human development. Endocrine disorder

SOCIALIZATION
2008 2007 Socialization Explain the process of socialization. Write down the stages involved in formation of opinions, attitudes and prejudice 2006 what is SOCIALIZATION? Can the process of monitored socialization help to reduce the sectarian / ethnic group feelings? Discuss. 2005 What is implied by the process of Socialization? Enumerate and describe the impact of major agents of Social Change. 2000 Socialization process

GROUP
2007 2006 2005 2001 2000 What is group dynamics? Write down the structure and function of Group referring to the group norms. Group Solidarity What is Group Dynamics? Describe the role, in your opinion; it can play in diffusing the tension at national and international level. Discuss. Discuss nature of groups. Also explain riots, and social loafing. Ethnicity

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ATTITUDE

2009 2004 2003 2001 Write down the components that comprise attitudes, especially in reflection to the cognitive and affective reactions to social Events. How attitudes are formed? Discuss the role of learning and direct experience in formation of attitudes. How Prejudices are formed/ what role media can play in minimizing the hostile feelings? Discuss. Critically examine the theories of prejudice with special reference to social learning, and motivational approaches. Also suggest two social psychological techniques for reducing various aspects of prejudice and stereotyping. Discuss hoe political attitudes are formed, with specific reference of our cultural scenario.

2000

SENSATIONS
2000 2000 2009 Discuss the major determinants of sensations. Growing rate of suicide in Pakistan Write short notes on ANY FOUR of the following: 4. Transfer and interference 5. Maslow, theory of motivation 6. Emotions and characters 7. Frustration and conflict 8. Defense mechanism

1. Trends in psychology 2. Peripheral nervous system 3. Brain

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
2008 2004 2002 2001 Discuss Piaget's view of how mind develops and describe his cognitive stages. Describe the principles and stages of Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development. Describe Piagets view of the cognitive development process, and define the roles of schemes, assimilation and equilibrium in the process. Compare and contrast Piagets theory of cognitive development with information processing theory.

PSYCHOTHERAPY
2009 A. B. C. D. 2008 2007 Differentiate between ANY TWO of the following development area: Physical development- social development Sensory development- intellectual development Perceptual development- emotional development Personality development- fine motor development Discuss Sigmund Freud's Psychotherapy in detail, also give its name. Briefly explain any THREE of the following: (a) Somatic Therapies (b) Environmental Therapies (c) Psychoanalytic Therapies (d) Gestalt Therapy (e) Cognitive Therapies (f) Behavior Therapies What are the underlying principles and assumptions of behavior therapies? Discuss the role of behavior therapy in behavior modification? Give a critical appraisal of Rational Emotive Behavior therapy highlighting its merits and limitations. Compare and contrast the Rationale Emotive theory of Ellis and Cognitive theory of Beck. Describe basic milestones of Gestalt therapy and Humanistic-Existential therapy. In your opinion which therapy you would employ for treatment? What are the underlying principles and assumptions of behavior therapies? Discuss the role of behavior therapy in behavior modification.

2006 2003 2002 2001 2000

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFANCY

2008 2008 2005 2003 2003 2001 2000 Explain the environmental influences adversely affecting the development of neonate. What are the chromosomal abnormalities that can take place in prenatal stage? What measures can be taken to prevent them? Highlight and describe the Developmental irregularities during pre-natal period of development and their probable causes. Highlight the self-evident milestones in the process of development of logical thinking stage in early childhood. Describe the methods used for studying infant behavior with special reference to psychological and physical characteristics of infant. Explain major highlights of physical, perceptual and social development after birth of a child. What is meant by developmental irregularities? How does heredity contribute to chromosomal abnormalities?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND NATURE NURTURE ISSUE

2009 2009 2007 2007 2006 2006 2004 2002 2002 2001 2000 Define growth, development and maturation and explain the role of biological and sociological factors in the process of development. List various therapies used in psychological treatment and write about any two in detail. Explain the concepts of Genetic Factors, Heredity transmission and chromosomal abnormality with reference to developmental irregularities in children. Define Developmental Psychology. Describe the characteristics of Growth, Development and maturation in the light of methods of Developmental Psychology. How do biological factors interacting with environmental experiences to determine the course of development? What is meant by "developmental irregularities"? How does heredity contribute to Differentiate between growth and development. Describe the influence of nature on development. Discuss the growth, maturation and learning is considered important to our understanding of human development. What is chromosomal abnormality? Discuss the cause and consequences of chromosomal abnormalities for later development. What are different methods of Developmental Psychology and how do psychologists employ theory and research to answer questions and hypothesis of interest? How do biological factors interact with environmental experiences to determine the course of development?

INTELLIGENCE
2008 Discuss both genetic and environmental influences on intelligence. Support your answer with evidence.

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS)

2009 2009 2006 Describe the role of biological and sociological factors in development of maladjustment and criminal behaviour and explain the treatment strategies. List the different types of assessment procedures\tools used for clinical diagnosis and explain the significance of clinical judgment in the process of assessment. Describe the criteria that can be used to distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" behavior. What are the different sources of information that you will recommend for clinical diagnosis? Describe the potential, sources of information on which Reliable Clinical Diagnosis can be based. Elucidate the sources of information used in clinical diagnosis. What are the different sources of information in clinical diagnosis? Why training and official permission is essential for a practicing psychotherapist? Describe the criteria that can be used distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior. What are the different sources of information that you will recommend for clinical diagnosis?

2005 2003 2002 2000

RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
2002 Compare and contrast Longitudinal and cross sectional methods, identifying the advantages and limitation s of each.

NEUROSIS
2007 2005 List the various Psychoneurotic disorders and write in detail about any TWO of them. Briefly describe the distinguishing features of each of the following.

Psychoneurotic disorder

Psychosis Psychosomatic disorder Character disorder

How will you differentiate between psychoneurotic and psychosomatic disorders? Give an account of anxiety disorders.

THE CONCEPT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR & MENTAL ILLNESS

2005 2004 2004 2008 2004 2003 What is implied by Maladjustment? Can increasing rate of crime be attributed to this factor alone? Discuss. Discuss the ways in which abnormal behavior has been defined. Define Behavior theory. Describe its basic features and assumptions on which it is based. Describe the Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorders and discuss the causes of Schizophrenia. Discuss biological and psychosocial theories that attempt to explain schizophrenia. State the major criticism for each theory. Briefly describe as each of the following as being identified characteristically distinct from each other.

Psychosomatic Psychosis Character disorders Psychosomatic disorders

2000

How will you differentiate between psychoneurotic and psychosomatic disorders? Give an account of anxiety disorders.

MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

2009 2005 2007 2004 2001 Define intelligence in reference to factors of intelligence and write how intelligence test can be used for identification of disability in general and mental retardation in specific. Comment on mental retardation and describe as to what best can be done to cope with? Discuss. Define intelligence. Emphasize the role of IQ testing in identification of Mental Retardation referring to a few tests of intelligence testing. What do you understand by Intelligence? How can be intelligence assessed? Define intelligence and Mental Retardation. Differentiate between IQ and EQ.

INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
2007 What is the role of Psychology in an industrial setting? Write down the significance of group dynamics in improving work situation. Identify the important determinants of job satisfaction for workers in an industry. What in your opinion, needs to be looked into by an industrial psychologist to ensure the smooth functioning of an industrial organization? Discuss. What is job-satisfaction? Describe the role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors as determiners of job-satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Identify the important determinants of job satisfaction for workers in an industry.

2006 2005 2003 2000

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
2009 i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. 2008 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2007 Define any five of the following: Infancy Genetics Chromosomal abnormalities Motor development Emotional pattern Mental retardation Character disorder Juvenile delinquency Group dynamics What is drug addiction? What are the factors that instigate an adolescent? List the components that interact to influence drug addiction in Pakistan. Suggest practical remedies. What psycho-sociological factors can be identified as mainly responsible for juvenile delinquent behavior with reference to Pakistan? Discuss and suggest practical remedies. Give a critical appraisal of biological and sociological factors contributing to maladjustment of youth and crime in our society. Discuss reliable and valid psychological tool to measure personality of Pakistani adults and children. Discuss the role of biological and sociological factors in crime and drug addiction. Describe in brief the distinguishing features of any TWO of the following: (a) Physical Development and Emotional Development (b) Sensory and Motor Development. (c) Intellectual and Personality Development (d) Perceptual and Cognitive Development Discuss the roll of work incentives on the basis of theories of Reinforcement. All of our thoughts, feelings and behavior can ultimately be traced to the activity of neurons. Discuss.

2001 2000