Measurement

Chapter 1 Instrumentation and Measurement

Dr. Leow Pei Ling P08-219, Dept. of Control & Instrumentation Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Tel: 07-5535421 Email: leowpl@fke.utm.my

Industrial measurement Liquid and gas flow Material temperature Radiation Toxicity Level Volume pH

Measurement
Medical measurement Blood pressure Blood flow Body temperature Heart beats
Olefins Plant

Chemical Process Plants

Paper Mill

Acrylic Manufacture

Copper Concentrator

Modern Process Control Systems: Computer-based

The ideas

A pharmaceutical plant control room

A petrochemical plant control room

Webster, medical instrumentation: application and design 4th ed, Page 10

AEROPLANE

http://www.ctscorp.com/automotive/default.htm

Basic principles

Chapter 2 in John G. Webster Chapter 13 in H S Kalsi

Resistive sensors Inductive sensors Capacitive sensors Piezeoelectric sensors Radiation sensors

Resistive sensors: Change of resistance due to change in some physical phenomena.

potentiometer (mechanical resistance) Strain gauge (strain resistance) Resistance thermometer (heat resistance)

Bridge
Wheatstone Bridge (Measurement of resistance) There are many different type of bridges available for different measurement application. Wheatstone bridge is the most accurate and popular method for laboratory use. For low resistance measurement Kevins bridge can be used. Maxwells bridge; hay bridge; wiens bridge

Balance Wheatstones Bridge

Check from Boylested. For more derivation of Wheatstones bridge.

 Inductive sensors:

Capacitive sensor

Where n is the number of turns of coil, G is the geometric form factor and is the effective permeability of the medium
0 : dielectric constant r : relative dielectric constant A : Area of parallel plates x : distance between plates

Piezoelectric sensor
Piezoelectric materials (crystal, Rochelle salt) generate an electric potential when mechanically strain. q (charge) is proportional to force, f The voltage across the system. (WHY?)

Radiation sensor can be classified into TWO general categories: Thermal sensor Quantum sensor E.g. Thermal sensor (pyrometer) absorbs radiation and convert it into heat. The change of temperature change the polarization of the crystal. This proportional relation was used for thermal measurement. E.g. quantum sensor absorbs energy from individual photons such as phototube and photodiode.

Temperature transducers

Linear Displacement transducers

Thermocouple, thermister and resistance thermo detector (RTD).

The World's Smallest Linear Displacement Sensor! Differential Variable Reluctance Transducer (DVRT)

Potentiometer, LVDT, strain gauge, Nozzle flapper and laser interferometer. Discuss the schematic diagram, operations, advantages & disadvantages of the transducers & its applications in industries.

Angular displacement transducers

Level transducer

Potentiometer, RVDT, encoders, resolver and synchro.

Level measurement determines the position of the level relative to the top or bottom of the process fluid storage vessel. A variety of technologies can be used, determined by the characteristics of the fluid and its process conditions

Magnetostrictive Level Sensors

Flow Transducers
Differential pressure meters. Variable area flowmeters, positive-displacement flowmeters, turbine flowmeters, Electromagnetic flowmeters, ultrasonic flowmeters.

Used primarily by the pharmaceutical, food and beverage, specialty chemical, and liquid petroleum gas industries, magnetostrictive level sensors provide accurate and reliable process level measurement and inventory tank gauging control.

Pressure Transducers
U-tube manometer, Dead-weight gauge, bellows, bourdon type, thermocouple gauge, pirani gauge, thermistor gauge, ionization gauge & intelligent pressure transducers.

Sonar Fish Finder

http://www.sperrymarine.northropgrumman.com/Products/Fishing_Track_Plotters/fishmasterfs/featur es/

Sonar Fish Finder is more than just a sonar fish finder, it enables fisherman to display high quality electronic charts with detailed user-generated data such as successful tows, known fishing hazards and bad ground.

Navigation Echo sounder

Research

Navigation Echo Sounder provides accurate depth readings in shallow to deep waters with six operating ranges from 10 to 2000 meters being available.

PROTOM (UTM)

TWO PHASE FLOW VISUALIZATION

TWO PHASE FLOW RESULT

ECT System
Pipeline diameter : 110mm Pipe wall thickness : 6mm

10% water, 90% air flow

Water Level
20% water, 80% air flow

Experiment illustration (apply different level of water inside pipeline)

WATER-OIL-AIR THREE PHASE FLOW VISUALIZATION

THREE PHASE FLOW RESULT

ECT System

10% water, 10% palm oil, 80% air flow

Air Level Oil Level Water Level

20% water, 20% palm oil, 60% air flow

Experiment illustration

Electrochemical sensing in paperbased microfluidic devices

Microfluorimeter with disposable polymer chip for detection of coeliac disease toxic gliadin
bDepartment

Zhihong Nie a, Christian A. Nijhuis a, Jinlong Gong a, Xin Chen a, Alexander Kumachev b, Andres W. Martinez a, Max Narovlyansky a and George M. Whitesides *a of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Email: gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu; Fax: +1 01 617 495 9857; Tel: +1 01 617 495 9430 of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6

aDepartment

Teresa Mairal, Ines Frese, Enrique Llaudet, Carmen Bermudo Redondo, Ioanis Katakis, Frithjof von Germar, Klaus Drese and Ciara K. O' Sullivan Lab Chip, 2009, 9, 3535 - 3542, DOI: 10.1039/b914635k

Gliadin is a glycoprotein present in wheat

Microfluidic paper-based electrochemical sensing devices (PEDs) comprise paper-based microfluidic channels patterned by photolithography or wax printing, and electrodes screenprinted from conducting inks (e.g., carbon or Ag/AgCl). The PEDs are capable of quantifying the concentrations of various analytes (e.g., heavy-metal ions and glucose) in aqueous solutions. The analytical device is useful for applications in public health, environmental monitoring, and the developing world.

Things to Think!!! What can we improve?

Automated teller machine (ATM)

Washing Machine Electric Kettle Television Radio Rice Cooker ATM Machine Car Ship Aero plane Motorcycles Automatic Doors Burglar Alarm Car Alarm

Transducers
A device that receives energy from one system and transmits it to another.

Transducers: Sensors and Actuators

Two general types of transducer
Electrical (sensor) Mechanical (actuator)

Sensors Actuator
Converts an electrical signal to a physical output. Something that convert energy into motion e.g. : solenoid valve Pumps, motors or drives. Flow transducer, turbine flow convert current force to motion and the motion representing the flow rate. A sensor converts a physical parameter to a direct or indirect electric output. Direct: electrochemical sensor convert chemical reaction on the electrode surface to electrical signals (current) Indirect: potentiometer, resistance of the circuit change and caused change in the electrical signals.

Transducer
Provides a usable output in response to a specified input measurand (physical quantity, property or condition. Active transducer: generates an electrical signal directly in response to the physical parameter and does not require an external power source in order to operate Passive transducer: operate under energy controlling principles. Need external electrical source to operate and depend upon the change in an electrical parameter (R,L,C)

SELECTING A TRANSDUCER

Range/Span
Minimum and maximum values of a quantity that the instrument is designed to measure or The range of the sensor is the maximum and minimum values of applied parameter that can be measured Eg. Measuring range between -50 and 200 C (-58 and 392 F) What is out of range and dead band?

Accuracy
How close an instrument measures the true or actual value of the process variable being measured or sensed
The degree of veracity. How close the arrow to the bullseye at the target center.

Accuracy Precision
The concept of precision refers to the degree of reproducibility of a measurement. In other words, if exactly the same value were measured a number of times, an ideal sensor would output exactly the same value every time
High precision, but low accuracy

The transducer should have the accuracy needed for the application e.g. thermal transducer for body temperature measurement for H1N1 patient What do you think the accuracy should be?

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Repeatability
The closeness of output readings when the same input is applied repetitively over a short period of time, with SAME measurement conditions, SAME instrument and observer, SAME location and SAME conditions of use maintained. Repeatability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item and under the same conditions. A measurement is said to be repeatable when this variation is small.

Reproducibility The closeness of output readings when the same input is applied repetitively over a short period of time, with CHANGE measurement conditions, CHANGE instrument and observer, CHANGE location and CHANGE conditions of use maintained the variation arising using the same measurement process among different instruments and operators, and over longer time periods.

Sensitivity
Measure of the change in instrument output which occurs when the quantity being measured by a given amount. Two slopes plotted from transducer A and B on a graph paper. How to identify the sensitivity of the transducers?

Offset
The offset error of a transducer is defined as the output that will exist when it should be zero

48

Response time time required for a sensor output to change from its previous state to a final settled value within a tolerance band of the correct new value
49 50

Hysteresis
transducer should be capable of following the changes of the input parameter regardless of which direction the change is made, hysteresis is the measure of this property

Choosing the transducer

Choosing the transducer

Physical quantity that to be measured E.g. Temperature, pressure, flow etc Availability of transducer Examine the available transducer principles for measurement of desired quantity. The type of transducer selected must be compatible with the type and range of the quantity to be measured and the output device Invasive or non-invasive measurement Lifetime Cost

Electrical connection or signal conditioning Compatibility Installation Maintenance Technical supports

52

Ease Of Installation
available with a variety of body fittings and core assemblies Common or standard body fittings and connectors

Lifetime

R.F. Admittance is a measurement technology used for determining level of liquids, granulars, slurries & interface in almost any containment and process environment

Specify the lifetime and reliability of the transducer chosen 53

Cost Electrical Connection

The choice of standard connections include:Types available - PVC, PTFE, Polyurethane and armored cables.
Rheonik RHM 160 - The world's largest Mass flow meter - Coriolis

Within budget & Method of payment Credit facilities? Advanced payment?

Computer tomography (C.T.) scanner in hospital

Extension of wires and cables for thermocouple are crucial

Turbine Flowmeters

Delivery

SENSORS CLASSIFICATION
SELF GENERATING (active transducers) electrical signals are produced from nonelectric inputs without the application of external energy Examples of self generating transducers are thermocouple, photovoltaic cell and piezoelectric Produce very small signals, which may need additional signal conditioning

Another parameter thats occasionally overlooked is the time it takes the product to be delivered to you after you order it

combines two ultrasonic rear sensors with a compact, wireless digital display to alert you when you're approaching an unseen object as you reverse your car
A solar cell, made from a poly-crystalline silicon wafer

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SENSORS CLASSIFICATION
MODULATOR Normally are passive transducers require external power source for power conversion Examples of modulator type transducers are potentiometer, strain gauge, thermistor, resistance thermo detector (RTD), variable capacitance gauge and linear variable differential transformer (LVDT).

SENSORS CLASSIFICATION Modifier a particular form of energy is modified rather than converted; the same form of energy exists in both the input and output stages e.g. gear box, float level transducer and chemical reaction sensors