INTERDEPENDENCE AND GLOBALISATION A GLOBAL EDUCATION LEARNING EMPHASES

Dr. Susan Bliss Director NSW 2001-2010

Global Education on globalisation http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/pid/178

Global Perspectives: a framework for global education in Australian Schools (2008 p8) Interdependence describes the relationships of mutual dependence between all elements and life forms (including humans) within and across cultures, environments and social systems. It means that decisions taken in one place will affect what happens elsewhere. The dynamic nature of globalisation, when people, goods, money and ideas are moving around the world faster, more easily and more cheaply than before, means that an understanding of the interdependence of cultures, places, environments and social systems becomes vital for peaceful, just and sustainable development (p8) The study of Interdependence and Globalisation provides opportunities for students to identify and explore the ways that individuals and communities increasingly depend on each other. They recognise that interdependence has a number of features: cultural (e.g. arts, media, advertising, food, sport) economic (e.g. global consumerism; changing patterns of trade, investment and debt; struggle for development and human rights; development cooperation) environmental (e.g. global climate change, energy security, pollution, population growth, species conservation, protection of oceans) geographical (e.g. the spatial interactions between people and places and how they changeover time the growth of urban areas; resource distribution, use and management) political (e.g. international governance; bilateral and multilateral relationships; peace and security issues; regional and global governance; civil rights) religious (e.g. values, fundamentalism; interfaith cooperation) social (e.g. multiculturalism, migration, tourism, education, public health, people-to-people links) technological (e.g. impact of new technologies in different communities and countries; global communications and the movement of goods; the digital divide). They also learn to identify and analyse both positive and negative effects of interdependence and globalisation, such as how: increased trade may lead to more wealth for many, but also to more inequality the spread of new technologies may make life easier and healthier and promote new industries but it may destroy traditional livelihoods tourism brings economic benefits but may cause environmental harm and damage local cultures foreign investment can help industries to grow, but may lead countries and local communities to lose control of their own affairs.

They are able to identify ways in which interdependence and globalisation are accompanied by other, contradictory trends, such as: the exclusion or marginalisation of some communities from global processes rising awareness of, and resistance against, some of the negative effects of globalisation fragmentation within societies and states, including the break-up of some nation-states and movements for regional autonomy or independence in many parts of the world.

Interdependence and globalisation overlaps with the four other learning emphases cultural diversity, human rights and social justice, conflict resolution and sustainable futures. It emphasises the need to have a deeper understanding of increasing globalisation in this interconnected world leading action and participation (local-global citizenship)

Sustainable Futures

Identity and Cultural Diversity

FIVE LEARNING EMPHASES

Peace Building and Conflict Resolution

Social Justice and Human Rights

Interdependence and Globalisation

Topics covered on globalisation include: Curriculum links: secondary HSIE Globalisation: types, perspectives (benefits and problems) Impacts of globalisation: developed and developing countries, alleviate poverty? increase in economic growth? Technology and globalisation - Internet, mobile phones, call centres, digital divide Economic globalisation o Industry moves around globe - TNCs, wealth of large corporations compared with wealth of developing countries - equity o Fashion sweatshops, human rights, conflict and peace resolution o Global trade Fairtrade o Coffee trade poverty, landmines o Conflict and peace building o Social justice and human rights Cultural globalisation: disappearing cultures and languages. Americanisation/westernisation of global culture, Music Local-global citizenship Action and Participation, e-activism, impact of technology Graphs, maps, statistics, photographs, cartoons, definitions, ICT, debates, role play, discussion scaffold, literacy, numeracy and student activities

Example of NSW curriculum Links Overview: Integration of globalisation within Secondary HSIE curricula

Business Studies Global Business: International expansion, global markets, transnational corporations, technology, globalisation, global web (off shore, out sourcing), tax havens, illegal products, ecological sustainability. HSC Marketing: e.g. overseas markets. Business Management and Change (globalisation, cultural diversity, e-commerce, ecological sustainability); Financial Planning and Management (global financial links -banks, companies) HSC Employment Relations Outcome: evaluate processes and operations in global business. HSC Outcome: explain impact of global business environment on business role and structure and evaluate processes and operations in global businesses. Business Research Task (Year 11)-small business (most have global links) Geography Stage 4: Global Change; Global Issues and Role of Citizenship Stage 5: Australia in Its Regional and Global Context Stage 6: Biophysical Interactions; Global Challenges (Population; Development; Cultural; Political); Ecosystems at Risk; People and Economic Activity; World Cities. Legal Studies International law; migration; human rights; protecting global environment; interdependence of nation states; Indigenous peoples & self determination; world order; international agreements. Outcomes HSC: evaluate effectiveness of domestic law in responding to global challenges

GLOBALISATION

History Trade, colonialism, world wars, decline of nation states, migration Ancient: past globalisation-Rome Modern: Stage 6: World at beginning of 20th century; World War 1 and aftermath 1914-1921. UN as peacekeepers HSC: International Studies in Peace and Conflict

A GLOBAL EDUCATION

NSW SECONDARY HSIE

Economics Globalisation : trade, investment, technology, finance, labour; international business cycle; trade, financial flows; free trade; protection; trading blocs; agreements. Impacts of globalisation: international convergence, economic growth, development and quality of life, trade, investment, TNCs, distribution of income and wealth, environmental consequences, implications for government economic policies. Case Study: impact of globalisation on economy other than Australia and strategies to promote economic growth and development HSC Australia's Place in Global Economy: impact of changes-internal and external stability. Trade, financial flows, balance of payments, international competitiveness, structural change, exchange rates, free trade and protection. HSC Economic Issues Outcomes: analyse impact of global markets on Australian and global economies and evaluate consequences of contemporary economic problems and issues on individuals, firms and governments e.g. external stability, ecological sustainable development . HSC Economic Policies and Management: external stability, trade and industry policies, global influence on policy implementation. Outcomes: Explain role of markets within global economy and analyse impact of global markets on Australian and global economies. Preliminary Course-economies similarities and differences-between Australia and at least one other economy- economic growth, employment and unemployment, quality of life, environmental quality and role of government in health care, education and welfare payments. Financial markets- international lenders, share market, government and economy, international influences on government policies in Australia.

Society and Culture Globalisation; intercultural understanding; multiculturalism; diversity and commonality; interactions, continuity and change; social and cultural research; citizenship; crosscultural studies; stereotypes; cultural transmission; modernisation; empowerment; westernisation; social and cultural literacy. Popular Culture institutional power, influence, consumption, globalisation, change, conflict, music genre, comics, films, TV, toys, sport, cyber culture, fashion Belief systems: values, language, rituals, symbols, hierarchy, change, conflict, ideology, language, customs. Equality and Difference: socioeconomic status, human rights, prejudice, ethnicity, conflict, gender, health, age, religion, social class

SHRINKING WORLD Although globalisation is not new people, goods, money and ideas have moved around the world for centuries. In recent years the globalisation process has been rapid and widespread. One of the results has been the growth in large businesses that produce and sell goods in many countries. These businesses have a large influence on cultures all around the world. For example young people wear international brand clothes, eat fast food from other countries, watch films made overseas and listen to overseas bands. At the same time they have become informed, responsible active citizens influencing decision making at the local to the global scale. Today globalisation is like a web. This means that no matter how far apart we are geographically, we are all held together as members of the human race. It is like we are moving toward a borderless world.
Global Citizenship occurs when individuals, groups, governments, nongovernment organisations and intergovernmental organisations (e.g. United Nations) understand their global responsibility and work towards a more equitable, socially just and ecologically sustainable world. Global village: describes the world where people live without borders or boundaries Globalisation: the breakdown of traditional barriers between nation states allowing the movement of goods, capital, people and information A young monk prays beside an Internet sign in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The online population in the Asia Pacific surpassed the United States in 2009. Photo: Philippe Lopez/AFP (AusAID Focus Magazine Winter 2003 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/focus/winter03/focus_winter03.pdf, page 10

Global village As an Australian student living in the twenty first century you are part of the global village. Your Nike footwear is probably produced in China; CNN transmits news into your home by means of a Sony Japanese TV; clothes are shipped in from China, tea is grown in Sri Lanka, chocolate comes from the cacao tree in West Ghana and your Nokia mobile phone is owned by a company in Finland. You are able to move money around the world at the touch of a computer key. You can eat McDonalds, drink Coca Cola, buy jeans and watch satellite TV, in most countries around the world. Globalisation Globalisation brings people all over the world closer together. Goods, ideas, money, services and people move between countries. An idea that once took years to spread around the world, now takes seconds. Today people communicate instantly with their friends across the world by email and mobile phone and travel to other countries in the fast A380 airbus. On the Internet, Google Earth enables people to visit exciting places on the other side of the Earth with a tap on the computer keys. Large companies, called transnational corporations (TNCs) produce goods in most countries and farmers sell their produce almost anywhere in the world. Even the unfortunate death of Princess Diana is an example of a globalised world Where Have All the Leaders Gone by Lee Iacocca has a simple explanation of globalisation. The article below was adapted from the book http://www.achievemax.com/blog/2007/10/15/change-globalization/
Princess Dianna was an English princess with an Egyptian boyfriend who crashed in a French tunnel. The German car with a Dutch engine was driven by a Belgian who was drunk on Scotch whisky. The car was followed closely by Italian Paparazzi on Japanese motorcycles. After the accident she was treated by an American doctor using Brazilian medicines. This message can be found on the Internet using Bill Gates (USA) technology. Most people will read this message on a computer using Taiwanese chips, with a Korean monitor, assembled by Bangladeshi workers in a Singapore plant, transported by Indian lorry-drivers and trucked to you by New Zealanders

Globalisation is a mixture of economic, political, technological, social, cultural and environmental processes that are constantly changing.

Decreasing power of nations Increasing global movement goods (trade) resources (oil), people (migration, labour, tourism) capital (shares, loans), information (Internet, satellite)

Spreading American culture McDonalds, Nike, Simpsons Increasing cross-border exchange social, cultural, economic, political, technological and environmental exchange

Decreasing distance Internet, jet transport Increasing instantaneous communications knowledge and culture shared simultaneously around the world Increasing power and voice Non Government Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSO) Eg. Oxfam, Amnesty International (AI) Connections across national borders Local-global citizenship

Increasing economic links free flow of trade (goods and services) and money Increasing influence of global media networks flow of information between nations (Disney, cable TV)

Today individuals, communities and governments are increasingly linked: economically (trade, investment, finance, development cooperation and transnational corporations, resource distribution and consumption, fair trade, World Trade Organisation, stock exchange, child labour); socially (migration, refugees, labour, tourism, education, health, diseases, urbanisation, people to people links, gender roles, rights of women); culturally (arts, music, advertising, consumerism, food, fashion, sport, declining languages, global media networks); politically (bilateral and multilateral relationships, peace and security, regional and global governance and peace building initiatives, foreign aid, terrorism, United Nations); environmentally (global climate change, deforestation, declining biodiversity, global commons such as protection of oceans); technologically (communications, satellite, jet, mobile phones, call centres, Internet, eactivism) From a geographical perspective globalisation has always existed. This is because humans can not survive without air (atmosphere) and water (hydrosphere). In the last 50 years globalisation has been rapid and widespread. This is partially due to businesses, called transnational corporations (TNCs) which have moved into new countries. Today some of these businesses (e.g. Microsoft) are wealthier and more powerful than countries (e.g. Sierra Leone).

Perspectives The links and the perceived effects of globalisation excite strong feelings, tempting people to regard it in terms of black and white, when in fact globalisation is an extremely complex web of many things. The following table presents ten opposing points of view often expressed about globalisation.
Benefits of globalisation Economies of countries that engage well with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2 percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. Problems of globalisation There are social and economic costs to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries. The gap in incomes between the 20% of the richest and the poorest countries has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995.

1.

2.

Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Improved wealth through the economic gains of globalisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the world's population can expect to live for at least sixty years (that's twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!)

3.

Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. The AIDS crisis has reduced life expectancy in some parts of Africa to less than 33 years and delays in addressing the problems, caused by economic pressures, have exacerbated the situation. Globalisation has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems like the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990's.

4.

Increased global income and reduced investment barriers have led to an increase in foreign direct investment which has accelerated growth in many countries. In 1975, total foreign direct investment amounted to US$23 billion while in 2003 it totalled US$575 billion. Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies' imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources. Increasing interdependence and global institutions like WTO and World Bank, that manage the settlement of governmentto-government disputes, have enabled international political and economic tensions to be resolved on a "rules based" approach, rather than which country has the greatest economic or political power. Importantly it has bolstered peace as countries are unlikely to enter conflict with trading partners and poverty reduction helps reduce the breeding ground for terrorism. Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent.

5.

The environment has been harmed as agricultural, forest, mining and fishing industries exploit inadequate environmental codes and corrupt behaviour in developing countries. Agricultural seed companies are destroying the biodiversity of the planet, and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood. The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries

6.

7.

Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people

8.

Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world.

smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. The voluntary adoption by global companies of workplace standards for their internationalised production facilities in developing countries has made an important contribution to respect for international labour standards. Wages paid by multinationals in middle- and low-income countries are on average 1.8 to 2.0 times the average wages in those countries. Globalised competition can force a 'race to the bottom' in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a 'brain drain' of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries. Indigenous and national culture and languages can be eroded by the modern globalised culture.

9.

10.

International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights.

Sources: AusAID, 2004, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/ The World Bank, 2004, http://www.worldbank.org/ United Nations Development Programme, 2004 http://www.undp.org/

Activity: Students move around the room and find other students who can answer each question in the box. Fill in boxes and collate as a class activity. Discuss the impact of globalisation on the students' lives. Locate countries on a world map. Investigate one country and compare with Australia using CIA website. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
GLOBAL BINGO Dr. Susan Bliss Born outside Australia Name Country A Name a foreign car Name car Country E Travelled to another country Has a relative in another country Name Name Country B Watched overseas TV show Name show Country F Country C Ate food from another country Name food Country G Knows an overseas river Name Country D Knows an overseas mountain Name Country H Name the capital of a foreign country Name capital Country L Wearing something made in another country Name item Country P Knows an overseas airline company Name of airline Country T

Name a famous foreign singer Name a famous foreign actor Name a foreign head of government Name singer Name actor Name head of government Country I Learning a foreign language Name language Country M Played a foreign sport Name Country Q Country J Lives in a home where more than one language is spoken Name person Country/language N Learned something about another country Summary Country R Country K Visited a mosque/temple/synagogue Name Country O Read a book on an overseas place Name book Country S

Global culture using icons Present a collage of global icons.

Brand images: Nike, Shell, Media: Time Warner, News Corp, Disney, Viacom Religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism Hotels: Sheraton, Marriott, Holiday Inn, Westin Airlines: Qantas, British Airways Communications: Telstra, Microsoft, IBM Food: McDonalds, Hungry Jacks Credit cards/Banks: Visa, American Express, MasterCard Global organisations: World Bank, United Nations Sports: World Cups, Olympic Games Fashion: Levi jeans, Billabong, Gucci, Chanel. Music: indigenous, country music, Beatles, Eminem TV: Simpsons, Friends. Cars: BMW, Subaru

Perspectives: something to think about!! Inward-Outward journey Write a report on where you are in the global village? Compare your lifestyle IF WE SHRINK THE EARTHS POPULATION TO A VILLAGE OF 100 PEOPLE THERE WOULD BE: 57 Asians 21 Europeans 14 from the Western Hemisphere, both North and South America 8 Africans 52 female 48 male 70 non-white 30 white 70 non-Christian 30 Christian 89 heterosexual 11 homosexual 6 people possess 59% of worlds wealth; all 6 from the United States. 80 live in substandard housing 70 unable to read 50 suffer from malnutrition 1 near death 1 near birth 1 college education 1 a computer 60 would mistrust their own government 60 would live within 62 miles of a coastline 29 would believe in witchcraft. 20 would live on less than US $1 a day. 17 would be under 18 years old
Sources: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNICEF, Population Reference Bureau (PRB), Habitat for Humanity and others.

Perspectives: ponder the following!!

Source: http://www.life-cycles-destiny.com/for/100people.htm If you woke up this morning with more health than illness...you are more blessed than the million who will not survive this week. If you have never experienced the danger of battle, the loneliness of imprisonment, the agony of torture, or the pangs of starvation...you are ahead of 500 million people in the world. If you can attend a church meeting without fear of harassment, arrest, torture, or death...you are more blessed than three billion people in the world. If you have food in the refrigerator, clothes on your back, a roof overhead and a place to sleep...you are richer than 75% of this world. If you have money in the bank, in your wallet, and spare change in a dish someplace ... you are among the top 8% of the worlds wealthy. If your parents are still alive and still married ... you are very rare, even in the United States and Canada. If you can read this message, you just received a double blessing in that someone was thinking of you, and furthermore, you are more blessed than ever, two billion people in the world that cannot read at all...

Impacts of globalisation As a geographer it is important to understand different views or perspectives on a subject, such as globalization. For example one view advocates that globalization brings benefits such as cheaper products (clothes), instant communication (Internet) and economic growth. Others argue that globalization is causing cultures to disappear and become more westernized. For example the Harry Potter books are published in 200 countries and written in 64 languages and the TV show, The Simpsons, is shown in 70 countries in 20 languages. A side effect of globalisation is countries have less control over terrorism, people trafficking, transnational crime, arms smuggling, diseases (e.g. avian flu) and drug trade (Figure 6). For example in Afghanistan the Taliban grow opium which is converted into heroin and sold in Australia, causing addiction and death. In a globalised world the profits from heroin sales return to Afghanistan to finance bullets to shoot at Australian soldiers. Case Study: Harry Potter Harry Potter is a global cultural product of the twentieth century. The book has sold more than 380 million copies and its four movies made $US4 billion. The book conveys ideas and values that can influence readers around the world. Some say this could lead to a global culture or the conflict between cultures. People are already protesting that the book undermines their traditional culture. Some Christian schools in Australia and some Islamic countries have banned the books. Photo: http://static.rbytes.net/full_screenshots/f/r/free-harry-potter-screensaver.jpg

Growth of global citizenship Since the 1980s, with the aid of the global media and the Internet, the voice of the ordinary person is heard around the world. People power led to a growth in non government organisations (e.g. World Vision). People lobbied international organisations (e.g. World Trade Organisation) and expressed views on international agreements (e.g. Kyoto Protocol). The Live 8 (2005) concert motivated millions of people to work as active citizens to reduce global poverty - an important United Nations Millennium Goal (2000-2015). All these factors contributed to the growth in global citizenship, as individuals and organisations work towards a more equitable, socially just and ecologically sustainable world.
Transnational corporation (TNC): a company or organisation which possesses and controls the means of production, such as factories, mines, farms and financial organisations, in more that one country Non government organisation (NGO): a not for profit organisation, with a charitable, community or environmental focus Millennium Goals (Mugs) are eight development goals that 189 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organisations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include halving extreme poverty.

Understanding What is globalisation? Complete student activities on defining globalisation http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/pid/1481 Explain how globalisation brings people closer together Describe the different perspectives on globalisation Discuss the growth of global citizenship over the last 30 years Refer to the article on Princess Dianas death and underline the words that show we live in a globalised world. Globalisation is about making connections between your community and the rest of the world. List all the global links in your home (e.g. furniture, clothing) and your local community (e.g. restaurants, cars). Write a diary for a day listing all the global links (e.g. went on a Mercedes bus to school) Prepare a collage of advertisements promoting global products and services. Choose two examples from the collage and explain the message and the targeted image they are conveying to their audience Collect a media file on four global issues. Arrange them into technical, economic, cultural/social and environmental (e.g. climate change) sections. Select two of these issues and explain whether they are attempting to convince readers by logical discussion or sweeping statements and bias Discuss the aim of the Live 8 concert and its links to globalisation and global citizenship Select a TNC and describe its main activity, size, its country of origin and the countries in which it has investments and businesses. Use the Internet to assist your research. For example Coca Cola www.cocacola.com; Unilever www.unilever.com; Reuters www.reuters.com; News Corporation www.newscorp.com; Nestle www.nestle.com; IBM www.ibm.com; General Motors www.gm.com; Yves Saint Laurent www.ysl.com; Citicorp www.citicorp.com; Microsoft www.microsoft.com

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TECHNOLOGY - THE DEATH OF DISTANCE

Masai man in Kenya with mobile phone http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/archives/images/set2/AMB%2520Single %2520Masai%2520on%252.jpg In what is being touted as a world first, Kenya's biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Indias mobile phone market fastest in the world 2009 http://vaniviswanathan.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/indian_kids_mobile_phone.jpg

Most of the world is linked to the growing global communications system via the mobile phone and the Internet. Farmers in the AsiaPacific region can now prepare against plant disasters by connecting to PestNet www.pestnet.org. Activists via the mobile phone can view human rights abuses in Darfur, Sudan. Despite these advantages the global electronics boom has problems, such as: spam emails, viruses, credit card scams, pornographic websites and the illegal downloading of music and movies to avoid paying royalties to artists Internet world It is a chaotic time for television, now the Internet video has arrived. Broadband has made TV on the PC a reality and YouTubes popularity, shows how media technology is changing. Most of the Internet users live in the Asian region. China has the largest number of Internet users with 253 million people compared to Australias 16.4 million uses. On the other hand only 19% of the Chinese population have access to the Internet compared to 80% of the Australian population. The Internet is a giant public library. It is used to search for information, buy and sell products (e-bay) and shares (e-commerce), transfer money (e-banking), view a movie, see photographs (flikr), listen to podcasts, find directions to a friends place (Google Earth), vote electronically (e-voting), and act as a global citizen (e-activism). E-mail is the most common Internet activity. About 33% of users log into entertainment websites and chat rooms are generally used by the young and anonymous. Face books 60 million active members have posted 3 billion photos. Mobiles outgrow internet By 2009, 3 billion people had a mobile phone and 200 million people accessed the Internet via a mobile. Africa is experiencing the greatest growth in the mobile phone. For example 97 percent of the people living in Tanzania have access to a mobile (their own, a friends, or rented), compared to only 28 percent who have access to a landline phone. Without the need for expensive fixed phone lines by 2010, 90 percent of the worlds population will have mobile coverage. This means the mobile has the potential to reduce the digital divide between developed and developing countries Decreasing digital divide The impact of information and communities technologies (ICT) on global communities is uneven. Millions of people living in developing countries and disadvantaged people living in developed countries do not have a phone let alone a computer. This is due to lack of money, government policies and unreliable electricity supplies. Today the divide is decreasing as communities provide access to the Internet, at telecentres and Internet cafes. Even in remote Indian rural villages, as buses pass through a village, email and public information is transmitted to village computers. In Bombay groups set up computer projects to monitor water quality. In Maharashtra, India computers linked to the Internet, provide 100 children in four nomadic camps with an education. Low cost technology is emerging, such as solar power, recycled computers, and non-copyright software, enabling more people access to the global information supermarket.

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Connect the world International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations agency for information and communication technology (ICT). It helps the world communicate via broadband Internet, latestgeneration wireless technologies, radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology.The ITU, Connect the World, aims to close the digital divide in Africa by expanding broadband and providing last mile access in rural areas.
Information and communications technology (ICT): the study of the technology used to handle information and help communication Telecentre: community centres in remote areas with computers linked to the Internet to help people enjoy the benefits of global communication Digital divide: refers to the gap between those people with access to digital and information technology and those without. Developing countries: term used to describe and worlds poorest countries generally located in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. Developed countries: term used to describe the worlds richest countries generally located in the United States, Western Europe, Japan and Australia

World Internet Users by World Regions Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Internet Use: Top twenty countries Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm

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Declining digital divide - Internet Usage Growth 2000-2009 World Regions Africa Asia Europe Middle East North America Latin America/Caribbean Oceania / Australia World Total Usage Growth 2000-2009 1,033.2 % 408.1 % 267.0 % 1,178.8 % 130.6 % 700.3 % 168.1 % 3886.10 %

Globalisation and technology: Cartoon Literacy http://blog.taragana.com/index.php/archive/outsourcing-homework-to-india/ and http://aeshumanities8shuk.blogspot.com/ (Globalise me!)

Look at the cartoon and answer the following questions What information does the poster convey? (e.g. caricatures, stereotyping, mood, facial expressions) What is meant by outsourcing? Why are call centres located overseas, in countries such as India? Explain the message on globalisation and technology Air transport In 1947 Qantas began flying the longest airline route in the world - the `kangaroo route' from Sydney to London. The journey took 94 hours with 56 hours of actual flying time. The four-engine Constellation carried 28 passengers at a cruising speed of 480 kilometres per hour. Sixty year later in 2007 the A380 Airbus A380 arrived in Sydney. It holds 525 people, travels at 900 kilometres per hour and travels 15,200 kilometres without stopping. With 50% more floor space than the Boeing 747 it provides more space for passengers to stretch their legs. Describe the changed in 60 years to air travel. How has changing technology in air travel helped the globalisation process? Discuss the environmental problems of air travel.

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Understanding Read the case study Hello the world's calling http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/pid/1450 and answer the questions. Source: Focus Vol. 18 No. 2 Winter 2003 (AusAID) http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/focus/focuspdfs/winter03/focus_winter03_9.pdf What are the advantages and disadvantages of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)? How is the Internet and mobile phone linked to increasing globalisation? What is the purpose of the ITU? Discuss how the digital divide is closing Rank the World Internet Users by World Regions from the largest to smallest. Calculate the difference between the number of Internet users in Australia and the following countries: China, USA, India, Iran and Japan. Brainstorm all the things you do in your daily life with Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Discuss how ICT is changing relations locally (individual, community) and nationally (Australia) and globally (China, Africa). Describe the role of technology (ICT, air transport) in the globalisation process Imagine you are a reporter writing a story on `how modern communications have changed people's lives in the last twenty years'. Interview two older members of your family or neighbours to gain their ideas on the topic. Present your findings as a PowerPoint. As a group design a survey on the use of the Internet. Present the survey to ten people. Collate and draw the results as a graph. Present your findings as an oral report Go to www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive1 and click on the Nairobi Sandals weblink for this chapter. How have these slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya improved their life opportunities through the use of the Internet? International Telecommunication Union (ITU) The UN specialised agency for telecommunications, has its eye on ICTs and is recognised around the globe as the leading provider of telecommunication/ICT statistics and trends. Global regional maps, graphs and statistics on technology http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/statistics/index.html Global Eye http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Default.aspx Global View http://sp2007.idvsolutions.com/ITU/default.aspx (Microsoft Virtual earth) will give you the latest GDP, telephone, mobile, broadband and internet users in Africa ITU project, Connect the World, aims to bridge the digital divide by 2015 http://www.itu.int/partners/index.html World Information Society Report 2007 http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/worldinformationsociety/2007/index.html Internet World Statistics and graphs http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (good up to date source of information)

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INDUSTRY MOVES AROUND THE GLOBE Today businesses are no longer confined to national borders. They produce goods in one country and sell them in others. For example the Australian surfing industry is riding on a wave of success when the following companies moved from down under to become multibillion - dollar global businesses: Quiksilver sells products in 90 countries; Mambo has 22 stores around the world; Billabong has 2,200 product lines with 50% of its sales in the US; and Rip Curl, Curl operates stores in Europe, USA and Israel and most of its clothes are manufactured in China. Australians win many of the world surfing championships. This world acclaim resulted in the increased global demand for Aussie surf wear brands. A recognised global brand gives a business a marketing advantage, such as Rip Curls wave, Nikes swoosh and McDonalds big M. At present Coca-Cola is the No. 1 global brand and Google the fastest growing brand. Famous sports people such as David Beckham are paid millions to promote global brands

Aussie Rip Curl is an Australian global company http://www.kingofwatersports.com/images/rip_curl_boardshort.jpg

What is economic globalisation? Economic globalisation led to the development of bigger market places. Just visit your local shopping centre and there are goods from all around the world. The free movement of goods between countries is promoted by the international World Trade Organisation (WTO) Money moves around the world fast. With a click on a computer key, you can obtain money from your Japanese bank account, buy and sell American shares, and purchase a ticket to Antarctica. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) keeps an eye on the global movement of money by monitoring a countrys foreign exchange rate and balance of payments: exchange rate helps people work out how much it will cost to buy food in India or attend the U2 concert in the US. The Big Mac Index, or the price of a Mc Donalds Big Mac in different countries, is as an easy way to work out the approximate exchange rate. A Big Mac is generally cheaper in countries with low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) such as Nepal and more expensive in countries with high GDP such as Britain balance of payments measures a countries exports (goods and services leaving a country) and imports (goods and services coming into a country). Countries aim to increase wealth by increasing exports Transnational corporations (TNC) A transnational corporation (TNC) is a large business organisation with a home base in one country but operates in other countries. They generally move their production to countries, where wages and taxes are low, environmental standards poor and trade unions weak. On the positive side, TNCs increase the quality of life of poor people by providing employment. Levi Strauss is an example of a TNC. Levi sold his first jeans to miners in the California Gold Rush in 1853. Today jeans are made in China, Bangladesh, Mexico and the Philippines and are worn by both rich and poor in all countries. There are many different types of TNCs. Some are known for their links with food (Nestle), cars (BMW), oil (Exxon Mobile), retail (Woolworths), banks (Citicorp) and computers (Microsoft). Many of these TNCs are wealthier than countries. Wal-Mart is the world's largest retailer, with 4,600 facilities visited by 110 million customers each week. General Motors, the world's largest automaker, manufactures in 33 countries and sells in 200 countries.
Gross Domestic product (GDP): a measure of a countries wealth World Trade Organisation (WTO): an international organisation designed to supervise international trade. International Monetary Fund (IMF): an international organisation that oversees the global financial system Transnational Corporation (TNC) is a large business organisation that has a home base in one country but operates in other countries Exchange rate: specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other Balance of payments: measures the goods, services and money that flow between countries Economic globalisation: is the integration of national economies into the international economy.

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Top ten global brands http://prnet.at/grafik4free/upload/brand0907.jpg

Commercial organisations with global brands sponsor top European football clubs

http://www.bized.co.uk/images/mufc.jpg Image: Vodafone have been Manchester United's principal sponsor since June 2000. Title: David Beckham, Roy Keane. Copyright: Getty Images, available from Education Image Gallery

Big Mac Index http://www.young-germany.de/uploads/RTEmagicC_bigmac03.gif.gif

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Worlds largest corporations 2009 Revenue and Profits The global economys winners are the big TNCs, mostly based in rich developed countries. The worlds largest 500 corporations control over 70% of world trade
W orld's W e a lthiest Corporations 2008 Revenue ($US) Profits ($US)

$400,000,000,000.00 $350,000,000,000.00 $300,000,000,000.00 $250,000,000,000.00

Reve nue $200,000,000,000.00 and Profits ($US)

$150,000,000,000.00 $100,000,000,000.00 $50,000,000,000.00 $Royal Dutch Shell DaimlerChrysler Exxon Mobil General Motors Toyota Motor ConocoPhillips Wal-Mart Stores Chevron Total BP

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Globa l Rank of Country

Developing countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP) smaller than TNCs revenue
GDP ($US 000) of Poor Countries 2008

450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000

Countrie s

250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 So Tom Kiribati: and Prncipe Marshall Islands Palau Tonga Solomon Vanuatu Islands East Timor: Samoa

GDP ($US 000)

Understanding What is economic globalisation? Give ten examples of economic globalisation (industries and organisations) Discuss how jeans and surf wear are global products and Levi Strauss and Rip Curl are TNCs What is the Big Mac Index? Draw the picture graph as a line graph. List three countries where a Big Mac is cheaper than in Australia What company receives a) highest revenue and b) highest profits? What is the difference in the revenue between Exxon and Total? What industries dominate the wealthiest TNCs? Compare the revenue of Exxon with the GDP of Kiribati and the revenue of Toyota with the GDP of East Timor. Rank them in order of wealth. Design a collage with twenty global brands TNCs are wealthier than some countries. Explain this statement using examples and statistics Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs What is the link between global brands and sport? Research five famous sports people and find out what global brand is sponsoring them? Google Earth links to two of the most important global economic organisations, the WTO and IMF http://www.satellite-sightseer.com/id/1325/United_States/New_York/New_York_City/World_Trade_Center_site. What is the purpose of these organisations? What are their views on globalisation?

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FASHION PEKING TO PARIS

Milan fashion parades http://www.fashion-drawing.com/fashiondesign/fashion%20drawing/fashion%20design %20sketch.jpg

Fashion connects people and places around the globe. Why do the phrases Made in Italy and Made in China gives us different ideas about clothes? How is a child making jeans in Vietnam for twenty six cents an hour linked to their sale in a top fashion store in Paris for $300? Also International Fashion Week takes place in cities located in developed countries (e.g. Milan, Paris and New York) but many clothes are manufactured in developing countries (e.g. China and India). Clothes 40,000km journey The retail shop is one stop on the clothes 40,000km journey across the globe. Clothes travel through fields (cotton, silk), factories (well paid labour to sweatshops), oceans and air (exports), into shops and onto our bodies. Thin models, advertisements, fake labels and transnational corporations (TNCs) are part of the globalisation of fashion. Today most clothing companies subcontract their work around the globe. An example is the Li & Fung Hong Kong Textile Company with 80 offices in 40 countries. Its designs come from Europe, materials from Vietnam, dyes from India, clothes assembled in China and finished article exported to the US. Sweatshops Once we pull on a T-shirt made by sweatshop labour, we are caught in an unfair system that benefits us at the expense of others. Sweatshops are places of employment. They generally employ poor, unskilled women and children who receive low pay, work long hours, and receive $2 from the sale of a $40 shirt. In the Dominican Republic some work so hard they are able to sew a shirt in 6.6 minutes. In 2004, Gap a TNC retailing company, visited 8500 factories. The company found unsafe machinery, environmental hazards, long working hours and low wages in India, Cambodia and Vietnam. On the positive side even though wages were low, most workers who laboured 10 hours a day were able to move above the $2 per day poverty level. Also developing countries received money from exported goods, which could be invested in hospitals, schools and roads. Global citizenship Human rights violations were found in Chinese sweatshops licensed to supply goods for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Some companies employed 12 year olds who worked 15 hours a day, seven days a week. In response, International organisations (United Nations and the International Labour Organisation) and non-government organisations (Fair Wear and PlayFair) lobbied businesses using sweatshops, and urged the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to take responsibility for poor labour practices in the sporting goods industry. Clothes, such as jeans, have social, economic and environmental costs. China produces 30% of the worlds jeans but many are made by sweatshop labour. Bangladesh with the cheapest workers pays thirteen cents per hour. In Benin, West Africa cotton is grown to make jeans but workers die from pesticides sprayed on the crop. In India, indigo used to die the jeans, leaches into streams and kills fish. Concern about low wages, health and the environment are a luxury to poor people, when the alternative is no job and no food on the table. Informed global citizens can make a difference to the lives of these people by: boycotting goods made by companies who use sweatshop labour writing letters and sending petitions to the company and politicians. wearing recycled clothes, such as Worn Again Trainers made from car seats, parachutes and towels.

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Sweatshops: is a working environment where workers receive low wages, work long hours, have poor working conditions, and few rights. Child and slave labour may be used United Nations (UN): an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) that promotes equity, human rights, peace and ecological sustainable environments International Labour Organisation (ILO): is part of the United Nations that deals with labour issues such as equal pay for equal work. It works against sweatshops, child and forced labour.

Cost analysis of a $40 sweatshirt http://www.gearnosweat.com/frameset/swetshrt.gif

TNCs produce fashion goods in developing countries.

Country % of people living on a $1 a day (extreme poverty) 36.0% 34.1% 16.6% 20.1% 20.0% 31.1% 7.5% 17.7% Hourly wage paid clothing TNC A$ 0.13 0.44 2.38 1.62 1.38 0.49 0.34 0.26 by

Bangladesh Cambodia China Costa Rica Dominican Republic El Salvador Indonesia Vietnam

Understanding Why is fashion global? List the advantages and disadvantages of sweatshops Explain why TNCs favour developing countries to produce their goods Draw a bar graph showing the price of the shirt at the factory, importer and retailer levels. What was the wage paid to the labourer in the factory? Draw two line graphs showing: a) % of people living on a $1 a day b) the hourly wage. How many hours are required to work in Bangladesh, China and Vietnam to live on $2 a day? What are the social, economic and environmental costs of clothes? How can citizenship make a difference to the lives of sweatshop workers? Explain each of the global links in the fashion industry. For example model on the catwalk, designer, shop assistant, shop, exporter, manufacturer, Olympic Games participant, labourer, advertiser, fake copies and consumer. Present as an oral report Imagine your clothes could talk. Use a world map and draw a travelling pair of jeans from the farm to the hips over its 40,000km journey. Locate the places on the map and label what happens at each stage in the globalisation process.

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Sweatshops A sweatshop is a workplace that is physically and/or mentally abusive, compelling workers to work long hours for minimal wages. Many critics assert that the middleman makes his profit by finding the most desperate workers, often unskilled, poor women and children. Sweatshops are sometimes implicated with bonded labour, slave labour and human trafficking. Sweatshops often exist in countries that do not abide with the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. A summary from the International Forum on Clean Clothes, listed the following characteristics of sweatshops: wages below the legal minimum and often below subsistence level arbitrary deductions from the workers salaries for food, lodging and transport delayed payments of salaries obligatory overtime and no extra payment no compensation for workplace accidents wages reduced for failure to achieve high, unrealistic production targets fines for minimal absence from work different wage scales for men and women unhealthy working conditions such as lack of ventilation and space resulting in higher accident rates factory doors locked, representing a danger in the case of fires lack of sanitary facilities, especially for women prohibition of trade unions denial of collective conventions arbitrary dismissals without compensation denial of the right to strike existence of child labour, in workshops or in their homes
Photo: http://www.nosweat.org.uk/files/images/Sweatshop%201.preview.jpg The Kuk Dong factory in central Mexico. Sweatshop conditions reported by workers in factories supplying leading brands.

Sweatshops are the basis of developing countries economies like India, China, Vietnam, and Honduras. These countries encourage the outsourcing of work from developed countries to factories within their borders in order to provide employment for their poor population and profits to their employers. The shift of production to developing countries is part of the process known as globalisation. Map of Gap 2003 code violations Asia (percentages of number of factories). Source: adapted from Gap Inc., 2004, pp. 1415 http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/2392/formats/DD205_2_rss.xml

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Citizenship The Global Alliance for Workers and Communities is an alliance of private, public and non profit organisations concerned with the global exploitation of millions of workers. It aims to improve the lives of workers involved in the global manufacturing and service companies. Members of the Global Alliance include Nike and the World Bank. Nike a global company
Words: Countries, environmental standards, globalisation, industrialised, offshore sovereignty, taxes, transnational corporations, unions, wages Complete: Nike is a -----1 (TNC) that possesses and controls the means of production outside USA, where it was established in the 1960s. It is a large, wealthy company that has moved ---- 2 to other ----3 where -----4 are lower, -----5 are lower, ----6 are poorer and the power of ----7 weaker or non-existent. Nike concentrates its decision making processes in a few ----8 countries but its power and influences reaches across the world. It has integrated its research, production, sales, finance and marketing on a global scale and threatens the --9 of states. Its power has been reinforced with increasing --10 Answers 1. transnational corporation; 2. offshore 3. countries 4. wages 5. taxes 6. environmental standards 7. unions 8. industrialised 9. sovereignty 10. globalisation. The global swoosh One of the ways Nike has spread the global word has been through its brand image the swoosh. Nikes identity is more than the swoosh brand logo but is a symbol of Nikes relationship with the global citizen. What does this mean? List the clothing and equipment produced by Nike

Nikes code of conduct There shall be no discrimination based on race, creed, gender, marital or maternity status, religious or political beliefs, age or sexual orientation. Wherever Nike operates around the globe, the company is guided by its Code of Conduct and the corporate responsibility initiatives set forth by its chairman and CEO, Philip H. Knight, in 1998. Nike and its manufacturing partners jointly commit to the principles of this Code, which is required to be posted in all major work places, translated into the languages of the workers and management. Nike's factory partners must endeavour to train workers on their rights and obligations as defined by this Code and applicable labour laws. Nike is still working earnestly to address workplace issues while simultaneously being benchmarked by industry and business leaders seeking best practices in protecting the rights of workers to a safe and healthy working environment. By working collaboratively alongside human rights groups and various NGOs and companies in forums such as the U.N. Global Compact, Fair Labor Association (FLA), and Global Alliance for Workers and Communities, Nike seeks to demonstrate that good business practices and human rights can peacefully co-exist. http://www.nikebiz.com/media/n_onlinelook.shtml. Why is code of conduct important? Do you think Nike works to fulfil its code of conduct commitments? Nike releases first corporate responsibility report On October 9, 2001 Nike released first Corporate Responsibility Report in an attempt to assess and communicate the impact of how the company runs its business. The report includes a series of detailed reports of Nike's efforts at developing environmental sustainability; its efforts toward understanding and managing global labour compliance; its commitment to diversity and the company's involvement in local communities. How has Nike become more socially responsible? Do you think active citizenship has been responsible for some of the changes made by Nike over the last 10 years? Fairwear Using the FairWear website, students identify one of their favourite retailer/manufacturer who are not yet accredited to the code, and write a letter to the company including arguments to change their practices. (Sample letters can be found on the FairWear website at www.fairwear.org.au

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ICT Global Education webquests http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go Examine 'players' in the production of clothing and footwear. Develop code of conduct for use when purchasing clothing and footwear SimSweatshop www.simsweatshop.com. The pace of work is difficult to conceptualise. The online game allows you to become a virtual sweatshop worker. You are invited to enter the world of the sports shoe maker. The clock ticks away while you frantically try to put the trainers together. If you work hard you will be paid your full wage. If you make a mistake you will be punished. What is the labour behind the label or brand? http://www.labourbehindthelabel.org/ Go to www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive1 and click on the Fair Wear weblink for this chapter. o Outline the Fair Wear code that exists for both retailers and manufacturers of garments. o What campaigns has Fair Wear undertaken in schools? o Outline the campaign that Fair Wear undertook in Myanmar (Burma) against the underwear company, Triumph. What is Global Trade Watch? Discuss five of the economic globalisation issues that concern this organisation http://www.tradewatchoz.org/guide/winners&losers.html. Select two TNCs involved in the fashion industry. Describe how global citizenship is forcing these companies to become more socially responsible http://www.cleanclothes.org/companies.htm Read personal stories from sweatshop workers http://www.fairwear.org.au/engine.php?SID=1000022. Summarise two stories. What is fair school wear? http://www.fairwear.org.au/engine.php?SID=1000009 Write a report on global citizenship has improved the lives of many people. Refer to these websites o www.labourbehindthelabel.org o www.cleanupfashion.co.uk o www.cleanclothes.org o www.ethicalconsumer.org o www.tuc.org.uk/extras/playfari.pdf Videos for the classroom Internet: The Travelling T-shirt - Follow around-the-world adventure of a six-dollar T-shirt. Travelling from a West Texas cotton field to a Chinese factory (Shanghai) and from trade negotiations in Washington to a used clothing market in Africa. Who makes your T-shirt? Videos 3X 7 minutes on the Internet DVD-T SHIRT TRAVELS - T-Shirt Travels from an urban charity clothing store in the US to a poor fishing village in Zambia, Southern Africa. Investigate second hand clothes business, and growing inequalities between developed and developing countries. Teacher's notes, 56 min. NI Imaginative journey Reflect on the lives of sweatshop workers Discuss: o Who would work in a sweatshop? o Why dont they just get another job? o What is the effect on the families of workers? o What future is there for these people? o Why do companies use sweatshops to make their goods? Reflection Tasks: Choose one or more of the following activities. Each activity requires students to think more deeply about the situations of workers in sweatshops. o Task 1: As a worker in a sweatshop, write a letter to your family talking about the issues you face at work. o Task 2: Write a senses poem reflecting on what you may see, smell, taste, feel (touch) and hear whilst working in a sweatshop. o Task 3: Write a poem on sweatshops. o Task 4: Your sister is a sweatshop worker. Write a letter to their government telling of your sisters situation. The letter should include: What needs to change? Why it should be changed How it could be changed What needs to change? Considering the working conditions in sweatshops, students are to devise a plan for an alternative. They will need to specifically look at: Wages Working conditions Hours of work Holiday leave / Sick leave Safety Upon completion, students discuss their proposals with peers

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Perspectives Below are two media articles on sweatshops. Both articles cover a variety of perspectives. Read the articles and answer the questions. Article 1: In Praise of the Maligned Sweatshop
Nicholas Kristof, New York Times, June 6, 2006 WINDHOEK, NamibiaAfrica desperately needs Western help in the form of schools, clinics and sweatshops. On a street here in the capital of Namibia, in the southwestern corner of Africa, I spoke to a group of young men who were trying to get hired as day laborers on construction sites. "I come here every day," said Naftal Shaanika, a 20-year-old. "I actually find work only about once a week." Mr. Shaanika and the other young men noted that the construction jobs were dangerous and arduous, and that they would vastly prefer steady jobs in, yes, sweatshops. Sure, sweatshop work is tedious, grueling and sometimes dangerous. But over all, sewing clothes is considerably less dangerous or arduousor sweatythan most alternatives in poor countries. Well-meaning American university students regularly campaign against sweatshops. But instead, anyone who cares about fighting poverty should campaign in favour of sweatshops, demanding that companies set up factories in Africa. The problem is that it's still costly to manufacture in Africa. The headaches across much of the continent include red tape, corruption, political instability, unreliable electricity and ports, and an inexperienced labour force that leads to low productivity and quality. The anti-sweatshop movement isn't a prime obstacle, but it's one more reason not to manufacture in Africa. Imagine that a Nike vice president proposed manufacturing cheap T-shirts in Ethiopia. The boss would reply: "You're crazy! We'd be boycotted on every campus in the country." Some of those who campaign against sweatshops respond to my arguments by noting that they aren't against factories in Africa, but only demand a "living wage" in them. After all, if labour costs amount to only $1 per shirt, then doubling wages would barely make a difference in the final cost. One problem ... is that it already isn't profitable to pay respectable salaries, and so any pressure to raise them becomes one more reason to avoid Africa altogether. One of the best U.S. initiatives in Africa has been the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which allows dutyfree imports from Africaand thus has stimulated manufacturing there.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sweatshops in Africa? How can Africa become a wealthier nation without sweatshops?

Article 2: Nike to the Rescue

Africa needs better jobs, not sweatshops. Source: Dollars and Sense The Magazine of Economic Justice, John Miller A Better Alternative? It is hardly surprising that young men on the streets of Namibia's capital might find sweatshop jobs more appealing than irregular work as day labourers on construction sites. The alternative jobs available to sweatshop workers are often worse and, as Kristof loves to point out, usually involve more sweating than those in world export factories. Most poor people in the developing world eke out their livelihoods from subsistence agriculture or by plying petty trades. Others on the edge of urban centres work as street-hawkers or hold other jobs in the informal sector. As economist Arthur MacEwan wrote a few years back in Dollars & Sense, in a poor country like Indonesia, where women working in manufacturing earn five times as much as those in agriculture, sweatshops have no trouble finding workers. But let's be clear about a few things. First, export factory jobs, especially in labour-intensive industries, often are just "a ticket to slightly less impoverishment," as even economist and sweatshop defender Jagdish Bhagwati allows. Beyond that, these jobs seldom go to those without work or to the poorest of the poor. One study by sociologist Kurt Ver Beek showed that 60% of first-time Honduran maquila workers were previously employed. Typically they were not destitute, and they were better educated than most Hondurans. Sweatshops don't just fail to rescue people from poverty. Setting up export factories where workers have few job alternatives has actually been a recipe for serious worker abuse. In Beyond Sweatshops, a book arguing for the benefits of direct foreign investment in the developing world, Brookings Institution economist Theodore Moran recounts the disastrous decision of the Philippine government to build the Bataan Export Processing Zone in an isolated mountainous area to lure foreign investors with the prospect of cheap labour. With few alternatives, Filipinos took jobs in the garment factories that sprung up in the zone. The manufacturers typically paid less than the minimum wage and forced employees to work overtime in factories filled with dust and fumes. Fed up, the workers eventually mounted a series of crippling strikes. Many factories shut down and occupancy rates in the zone plummeted, as did the value of exports, which declined by more than half between 1980 and 1986. Kristof's argument is no excuse for sweatshop abuse: that conditions are worse elsewhere does nothing to alleviate the suffering of workers in export factories. They are often denied the right to organize, subjected to unsafe working conditions and to verbal, physical, and sexual abuse, forced to work overtime, coerced into pregnancy

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tests and even abortions, and paid less than a living wage. It remains useful and important to combat these conditions even if alternative jobs are worse yet. The fact that young men in Namibia find sweatshop jobs appealing testifies to how harsh conditions are for workers in Africa, not the desirability of export factory employment. Antisweatshop Activism and Jobs Economists Ann Harrison and Jason Scorse conducted a systematic study of the effects of the antisweatshop movement on factory employment, they found no negative employment effect. Harrison and Scorse looked at Indonesia, where Nike was one of the targets of an energetic campaign calling for better wages and working conditions among the country's subcontractors. Their statistical analysis found that the antisweatshop campaign was responsible for 20% of the increase in the real wages of unskilled workers in factories exporting textiles, footwear, and apparel from 1991 to 1996. Harrison and Scorse also found that "antisweatshop activism did not have significant adverse effects on employment" in these sectors. Campaigns for higher wages are unlikely to destroy jobs because, for multinationals and their subcontractors, wages make up a small portion of their overall costs. Even Kristof accepts this point, well documented by economists opposed to sweatshop labour. In Mexico's apparel industry, for instance, economists Robert Pollin, James Heintz, and Justine Burns from the Political Economy Research Institute found that doubling the pay of nonsupervisory workers would add just $1.80 to the production cost of a $100 men's sports jacket. A recent survey by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that U.S. consumers would be willing to pay $115 for the same jacket if they knew that it had not been made under sweatshop conditions. More and Better African Jobs In the meantime, international policies establishing a floor for wages and safeguards for workers across the globe would do more for the young men on Windhoek's street corners than subjecting them to sweatshop abuse, because grinding poverty leaves people willing to enter into any number of desperate exchanges. And if Namibia is closing its garment factories because Chinese imports are cheaper, isn't that an argument for trying to improve labour standards in China, not lower them in sub-Saharan Africa? Abusive labour practices are rife in China's export factories, as the National Labour Committee and Business Week have documented. Workers put in 13- to 16-hour days, seven days a week. They enjoy little to no health and safety enforcement, and their take-home pay falls below the minimum wage after the fines and deductions their employers sometimes withhold. Spreading these abuses in sub-Saharan Africa will not empower workers there. Instead it will take advantage of the fact that they are among the most marginalized workers in the world. Debt relief, international labour standards, and public investments in education and infrastructure are surely better ways to fight African poverty than Kristof's sweatshop proposal. What are the advantages of sweatshops?

What are the alternatives to sweatshops? What are the advantages of the anti sweatshop movement? What are the advantages and disadvantages of strikes for improved wages and working conditions? List some human rights abuses experienced in the workforce? Kristof is convinced that the anti sweatshop movement hurts the very workers it intends to help. But in practice does it? How can international policies improve the life of people living in poverty rather than resort to sweatshop labour?

Debate for and against sweatshops. Below are some ideas to assist the debate Arguments for sweatshops (refer to TNC and globalisation websites) e.g. Nike http://www.nike.com.au/g1/au/index.asp
developing countries will increase economic growth by doing something that they do "better" than wealthy industrialised countries (e.g. charge less but do the same work)

Arguments against sweatshops Anti-sweatshop movement

effective legislation within countries e.g. the first significant law to address sweatshops (Factory Act 1833) was passed in the United Kingdom at about the same time that slavery was outlawed (1834) formation of the International organisations e.g. Labour Organisation and UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) more recently, the anti-globalisation movement opposes corporate globalisation a process by which transnational corporations (TNCs) move their operations overseas in order to lower their costs and increase profits anti-sweatshop movement has much in common with the anti-globalisation movement. Both consider sweatshops harmful, and both have accused many companies (such as the Walt Disney Company and Nike) of using sweatshops. outsourcing and subcontracting of manufacturing has made human rights abuses of sweatshop workers more likely.

developed countries will be better off because their workers can shift to jobs that they do better (greater specialisation, greater use of education and skills) wages and working conditions appear inferior by the standards of developed nations but they are improvements over what people in developing countries had beforehand sweatshops offer an improvement over subsistence farming, prostitution or no work at all

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increase economic growth and reduce poverty

absence of the work provided by sweatshops can lead to malnourishment or starvation.

wages paid to workers in Honduras is insufficient to live in the US but could be enough to live in Honduras, where prices are lower. For example, the $0.15 that a Honduran worker is paid to produce a designer-brand shirt, is comparable, in terms of purchasing power, to $3.00 in the US (purchasing power parity) sweatshop workers don't earn enough money to buy the products they make, even commonplace goods such as t-shirts

increase exports helps reduce overseas debt

1997 UNICEF study showed that 5,000 to 7,000 Nepalese children turned to prostitution after the US banned the export of the country's carpets in the 1990s. After the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution." The UNICEF study found these alternative jobs "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production." (Wikipedia 2007) sweatshops provide skills especially uneducated, unskilled rural poor women. They tend to migrate to urban areas or Export Processing Zones (EPZ) to work in the garment industry

tends to be a "race to the bottom," as TNCs move from one low-wage country to another searching for lower production costs. This causes an insecure workforce wages in sweatshops are below nominal wage rates in other countries. For example, in 2003, Honduran factory workers were paid $0.15 to make a Sean John-brand t-shirt that cost its U.S. bulk importer $3.65 and sells at retail for $40.00 anti-sweatshop movement combines the notions of a living wage and trade unions with a feminist understanding of sweatshops. This makes grassroots approaches more sustainable because they better understand the nature of the problem negative aspects of sweatshops have a disproportionate impact on women. This suggests that efforts to combat the poor working conditions in sweatshops should focus more on empowering women National Labor Committee brought sweatshops into the mainstream media in the 1990's when it exposed the use of sweatshop and child labor to sew Kathie Lee Gifford's WalMart label. The International Labor Rights Fund filed a lawsuit on behalf of workers in China, Nicaragua, Swaziland, Indonesia, and Bangladesh against Wal-Mart charging the company with developing purchasing policies relating to price and delivery time that are impossible to meet while following the Wal-Mart code of conduct. Labor unions, such as the AFL-CIO, have helped support the anti-sweatshop movement out of concern both for the welfare of people in the developing world and that companies will move jobs from the United States elsewhere in order to capitalise on lower costs.

some companies have acceded to public pressure to reduce or end their use of sweatshops. A number of organisations publish lists of companies that pay their workers a living wage.

Discussion scaffold: literacy Gone are the days when companies produced and consumed most of their goods within their home country. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the growth of global businesses such as Nike
Statement of the issue A statement outlining the issue and a short explanation of the main arguments for and against the issue

Arguments for An argument is made up of a series of points with explanations

Arguments against An argument is made up of a series of points with explanations

Summary and recommendations Use the following language features: generalised nouns present tense emotive words logical connectives e.g. therefore, however, on the other hand quantify words e.g. usually, probably

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GLOBALISATION: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Australian Geography Teachers Association (AGTA) produced a series of five posters featuring cartoons by Peter Nicholson, The Australian newspapers cartoonist. AGTA http://www.agta.asn.au/. Contact Geography Teachers Association for copies. Questions related to the poster are on the web.

Setting the scene Before you start to interpret the poster complete the following Internet research on the key concepts on the poster. For example: sweatshops and their unfair work conditions conflicting with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) relating to labour a. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Labour (1948) http://www.ohchr.org/english/; http://www.un.org/rights/ Article 23 Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Every one who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. b. Human Rights for Workers http://www.senser.com/ Human Rights for Workers focuses on how globalisation affects working men and women and on how it creates the need to incorporate the human rights of workers into global rules and practices at the national, regional, and international levels through governmental, quasi-governmental, private enterprise, labour unions, and non-governmental organisations. It noted that despite the work of activists and international and national laws to support and enforce the basic human rights of workers that in reality another picture has emerged. For example Human Rights for Workers reported: December 1 2006 an investigation by Business Week that sweatshop owners in China commit labour abuses despite codes of conduct that prohibit those abuses and despite widespread onsite monitoring of compliance. November 27 2006 an article titled Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops, reports that many factories "have just gotten better at concealing abuses." The techniques they use include: tutoring workers on the "right" answers to questions from outside auditors. keeping a second set of books with false data meeting the pay and overtime standards of China's laws and regulations. ordering underage workers to stay outside the factory and dormitory areas during monitoring periods. As a result, on-site monitoring of labour conditions in China's factories "has mushroomed into a multibillion-dollar industry."

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What is the message in the poster? Interpret the poster by referring to Dr. Grant Kleemans article on cartoons at http://www.nzgs.co.nz/Cartoon.aspx Answer the following questions What information does the poster convey? (e.g. context, symbolism, visual metaphors, caricatures, exaggeration, stereotyping, satire, mood, facial expressions) What perspective is conveyed on the poster? What geographical concepts relate to the issues on the poster? What are the geographical implications of the issue addressed by the cartoonist? Information that will help you answer the questions Context - political, social, cultural, environmental, global Symbolism four Nike swooshs - on sweatshop owner and shoes Visual metaphors text e.g. Just Do It Indonesia Sweatshops Fair Work Conditions Human Rights Caricatures sweatshop owner, subservient sweatshop workers, activist Exaggeration larger sweatshop owner indicating power compared to smaller activist and sweatshop workers dependent/subservient relationship; white/coloured skin, wealth versus poverty; TNCs versus individual rights; Stereotyping sweatshops focus on Indonesia a developing country but the practice also occurs in developed countries Satire to ridicule the global practice of sweatshops that abuse labour basic human rights. Poor, unskilled workers in developing countries producing goods for transnational corporations to be consumed by wealthy consumers in developed countries. Working conditions for Nike workers in Indonesia are against the UN Declaration of Human Rights (exploitation, low wages, and long hours) led to global citizenship (activism) that protests against this unfair practice. At the same time their protests have been stamped out by the sweatshop owner/CEO (foot in the face of the activist) Mood sympathetic, pessimistic, emotive Facial expression anger of boss, fear of worker (face and body language), squashed face of activist Perspective sympathy towards the worker. Ignores perspectives of: the manager/CEO of TNC producing sweatshop shoes; poor, unemployed families who now earn an income (moving them out of the vicious cycle of poverty); poor developing countries that now exports shoes to reduce their overseas debt; and Nike is not the only corporation using sweatshop labour. Geographical concepts human rights, citizenship, transnational corporation, globalisation, labour, developed and developing countries (dominant/subservient; core/periphery relationships) Implications it aims to provide Geography students with a deeper knowledge of the contemporary, contentious global issue of sweatshops. This will hopefully be acquired by their understanding of a diversity of conflicting perspectives surrounding the issue. By developing critical literacy skills aimed to reduce bias and stereotyping, students will be better able to act as an informed, responsible global citizen working towards social justice and equity globally Concepts to help you understand the poster. Link Column A with the definition in Column B. Column A Column B
AI Bonded labour Child labour Dependency theory Developed country Developing country Exploitation Export Processing countries that have a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) labour intensive manufacturing centres that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products. person's obligation to respect and protect their environment and people around them while thinking on a global scale. increasing interdependence, integration and interaction amongst people, governments, NGOs and corporations in disparate locations around the world. all people, governments and corporations embrace the inherent and universal nature of human rights. International Labour Organisation is the UN specialised agency which seeks social justice, human rights and labour rights legislation that regulates labour in the interests of the community factory that imports materials and equipment on a tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing

Zone

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(EPZ) Fair trade Free trade Free Trade Zones (FTZ) Global citizenship Globalisation HRW Human rights Human rights. ILO labour legislation Maquiladora Multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) NGO Nike Slavery Sweatshop Trafficking in human beings UDHR

and then re-exports the assembled product usually back to the originating country. Many are located near the US-Mexican border use sweatshop labour corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. actively lobbies and demonstrates for better working conditions for sweatshop workers e.g. antisweatshop groups. workplace that is physically and/or mentally abusive form of unpaid/forced labour major American manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (1948) outlining human rights guaranteed to all people. commercial trade of human beings, who are subjected to involuntary acts such as working in sweatshops. Human Rights Watch works to protect human rights world wide idealised market model, often stated as a political objective, in which trade of goods and services between countries flows unhindered by government-imposed tariff and non-tariff barriers. act of utilising something in an unjust, cruel or selfish manner for one's own advantage. organised social movement which promotes equitable standards for international labour, environmentalism, and social policy in areas related to the production of Fairtrade labelled goods. Amnesty International works to protect human rights world wide means of paying off loans with direct labour instead of currency or goods employment of children under an age determined by law or custom (generally under 15 years). worldview that suggests poor underdeveloped nations are exploited by wealthy developed nations, in order to sustain economic growth and remain wealthy. high income per capita and a high Human Development Index (HDI) countries. Countries include USA, Europe, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. one or more areas of a country where tariffs and quotas are eliminated and bureaucratic requirements are lowered in order to attract overseas companies

Answers: AI Amnesty International works to protect human rights world wide e.g. labour rights Bonded labour means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods e.g. child labour in the carpet industry in Nepal and Pakistan Child labour employment of children under an age determined by law or custom (generally under 15 years). This practice is considered exploitative by many countries and international organisations. Child labour was not seen as a problem throughout most of history, only becoming a disputed issue with the beginning of universal primary schooling and the concepts of labourers and children's rights. Dependency theory worldview that suggests poor underdeveloped states are exploited by wealthy developed nations, in order to sustain economic growth and remain wealthy. Focus of sweatshop labour Developed country high income per capita and a high Human Development Index (HDI). Should be noted that the United Nations has no established convention for the designation/definition of "developed" and "developing" countries. Developed countries include USA, Europe, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan and are the headquarters of TNCs that control production of goods in developing countries Developing country relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, dependence on the export of a few agricultural commodities and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI). In developing countries, there is generally low per capita income, widespread poverty and low capital formation. Most of these countries are located in Africa, Asia and Central America where sweatshop goods are generally produced Exploitation act of utilising something in an unjust, cruel or selfish manner for one's own advantage. For example payment of low wages to sweatshop workers while CEOs of TNCs earn millions in wages Export Processing Zone (EPZ) one or more areas of a country where tariffs and quotas are eliminated and bureaucratic requirements are lowered in order to attract overseas companies Fair trade is an organised social movement which promotes equitable standards for international labour, environmentalism, and social policy in areas related to the production of Fairtrade labelled goods. The movement focuses in particular on exports from developing countries to developed countries. Free trade idealised market model, often stated as a political objective, in which trade of goods and services between countries flows unhindered by government-imposed tariff and non-tariff barriers. This would allow cheaper goods from developing countries to enter developed countries Free Trade Zones (FTZ) labour intensive manufacturing centres that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products. Global citizenship is a person's obligation to respect and protect their environment and people around them while thinking on a global scale. In terms of international relations, global citizenship refers to a nation-state's responsibility to act with awareness of the world as a global community, by both recognising and fulfilling its global obligations, and recognising the rights of global citizens. Whilst a judgement of 'good' global citizenship is a subjective one, good global citizenship should include the upholding of the UN Declaration for Human Rights. Many nations struggle to strike a balance between being a 'good' and 'effective' global citizen. Globalisation increasing interdependence, integration and interaction amongst people, governments, NGOs and corporations in disparate locations around the world. It refers to complex economic, social, technological, cultural, environmental and political interrelationships HRW Human Rights Watch works to protect human rights world wide e.g. labour rights

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Human rights defined in international and domestic laws advocates that all peoples, governments and corporations embrace the inherent and universal nature of human rights. Human rights refers to the concept of human beings as having universal natural rights, or status, regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localising factors, such as ethnicity, nationality, and sex. Evident in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). ILO International Labour Organisation is the UN specialised agency which seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognised human and labour rights Labour legislation regulation of labour in some form or another, whether by custom, royal authority, ecclesiastical rules or by formal legislation in the interests of a community Maquiladora is a factory that imports materials and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing and then re-exports the assembled product usually back to the originating country. Many use sweatshop labour Multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. NGO Non government organisations actively lobby and demonstrate for better working conditions for sweatshop workers e.g anti- sweatshop groups. These organisations are not directly affiliated with any national government but often have a significant impact on human and labour rights of the country or region involved Nike major American manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. Slavery form of unpaid/forced labour. Sweatshop workplace that is physically and/or mentally abusive (e.g. work long hours for minimal or no wages). The rights acknowledged in the Universal Declaration were separated into two distinct Covenants, respectively, the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and the "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights," both of which were adopted by the General Assembly in 1966. They entered into force in 1976, and have been ratified by more than 130 states. Taken together, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights along with the two legally binding Covenants form the "International Bill of Rights." Trafficking in human beings is the commercial trade ("smuggling") of human beings, who are subjected to involuntary acts such as unfree labour (eg. involuntary servitude or working in sweatshops). Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud, deception, or other forms or coercion or intimidation to obtain, recruit, harbour, and transport people. UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (December 10, 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris), outlining the organisation's view on the human rights guaranteed to all people. It covers the right to employment, paid holidays, protection against unemployment, and social security as well as freedom from torture or cruel, inhumane treatment or punishment in the workplace

LOCAL GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AND ICT The Stop Sweatshops Curriculum is comprised of multiple activities and information resources. It contains role play, research guide for students quotes from sweatshop workers key terms and world wide web resources at http://www.uniteunion.org/sweatshops/teach/curric.html Refer to Sweatshop Watch http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/. What is meant by shopping with a conscience? What are the criteria you should adopt when you are purchasing goods? Give examples of companies that support workers globally ensuring they are able to: work in healthy, safe conditions; wages and benefits sufficient to support their families' basic needs; treated with respect, dignity, justice and freedom to organise and collectively bargain and decide workplace policies. Sweatshop Watch's Corporate Accountability work aims to hold retailers and garment manufacturers accountable for the conditions of workers who sew their clothes. What are their strategies? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=48 What is the No Sweat Campaign? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/nosweat/index.htm What is the Lajat/Levis Campaign? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=85 What is the aim of the Nike campaigns? Have they been effective in reducing human rights abuses? http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/sweatshops/nike/; http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/labour/index.html; http://www.saigon.com/~nike/ Behind the label you can make a difference. What does this mean? http://www.behindthelabel.org/ Labour is cheaper in Mexico than in the Unites States, as a result many factories make products in Mexico near the US border. These factories are known as "maquila" or "maquiladora. When women are hired, they are tested to see if they are pregnant. If they are pregnant, they are fired. If a worker arrives 15 minutes late, they must work for 3 days without pay and when one man was sick for a day, he lost a week's pay. Do you think this is social justice? Give reasons for your answer. What is the maquiladora solidarity network? What are some of their campaigns? Have their campaigns been effective in improving working conditions in sweatshops? http://www.web.net/~msn/ Judith Yanira Viera stands outside a 'Gap' clothes store in Toronto, Canada. She holds up a Gap T-shirt. "In Canada, you pay $34 for this shirt. In El Salvador, we were paid 27 cents to make it." Companies like the Gap don't own the factories where their clothes are made, and

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they don't need to have contact with the people who make them. What is the Gap campaign? Has it been effective in improving the rights of the sweatshop worker? http://live.newint.org/easier-english/Garment/Gprotest-p.html The Ethical Trading Action Group (ETAG) released its second Transparency Report Card (TRC) (December 2006) comparing public reporting on labour standards compliance by 30 top apparel retailers and brands selling clothes in the Canadian market, including Levi Strauss, Nike and Adidas. Revealing Clothing shows that companies are improving labour standards, but tackling labour rights abuses requires more worker involvement. Summarise the TRC findings into positive and negative points. Research changes since 2006 http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/campaigns/reportcard/report%20card%202006/index.htm Finally some major brand-name apparel and footwear companies are responding to the call for greater transparency and accountability. What is the purpose of the campaign for factory disclosure regulation? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/resources/disclosure/index.htm Read the article at http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/campaigns/nike/nike_report2005.htm. Do you think the 2005 Nike Corporate Responsibility Report is a great leap forward or more PR hype? What is a company Code of Practice? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/resources/codes/primer1.htm#Part1 What can your company do to ensure your products are made under humane conditions? What are the eight steps to cleaner clothes? How can a company put its Code into practice? What is workers fights training? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/ There are many anti-Nike organisations: Global Exchange, Campaign for Labor Rights, Clean Clothes Campaign, Community Aid Abroad , Fair Wear Australia, The Living Wage Project, Justice Do It Nike and several other NGOs. These organisations work together to persuade Nike to treat their overseas workers fairly. Research three of these organisations. List what they have achieved and their future plans for improved rights for Nike workers. Here are some Internet sites that may help you http://www.clrlabor.org/; http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/labour/index.html The World Cup is over for another few years but the game is not up for giant sportswear companies that fail to respect workers' trade union rights in their supply chain, yet make millions of dollars in profit through their sponsorship of sporting stars. The press conference on 24 May 2006 in Jakarta, Indonesia, to launch Offside! It resulted in workers rights and sportswear production in Asia, receiving widespread international media coverage. Here're links to two of the radio interviews (they require real audio to listen): http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/s1648183.htm; http://dynamic.rte.ie/av/morningireland/2143163.smil. Summarise the views expressed in the media. Were the views balanced? The Nikewatch Campaign Ever wondered, as you slipped on your sneakers or pulled on a pair of jogging shorts, what life might be like for the person who made them? Nike promotes sport and healthy living, but the lives of workers who make Nike's shoes and clothes in Asia and Latin America are anything but healthy. They live in extreme poverty and suffer stress and exhaustion from overwork. Oxfam Community Aid Abroad is part of an international campaign to persuade Nike and other transnational corporations to respect workers' basic rights. http://www.caa.org.au/campaigns/nike/. What have they achieved and what are their future projects? What is a sweatshop? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18; http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html What is a maquila? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/resources/maquilas/whatis.htm Why do sweatshops still exist? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=36; http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html Where are sweatshops found? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18; http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html Why do countries allow foreign companies to enter their country and exploit their workers? http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html Describe a typical sweatshop worker? http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html Why do some companies employ child labour? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/resources/child/index.htm Which companies use sweatshops? http://www.feminist.org/other/sweatshops/sweatfaq.html

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Where can I get a list of companies that do not use sweatshops? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18 How can I find where my clothes are made? http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/campaigns/disclosure/index.htm Where can I get information on companies and their labour policies? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18 Compare wages between garment workers or CEOs of TNCs http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18 Why do companies use child labour? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18 What laws protect garment workers? Are they effectively enforced? http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/index.php?s=18 Why are organisations concerned about working children? http://www.workingchild.org/ What is the government organisation in Australia concerned with human rights http://www.hreoc.gov.au/ Nike has been accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan. Examine the claims and describe the industry and its impact on labourers and their working conditions. http://www.american.edu/TED/nike.htm Design your own fashion show script http://www.maquilasolidarity.org/tools/campaign/sfsscript.htm Go to Clean Clothes site and summarise some positive socio-economic changes to the management of Nike http://www.cleanclothes.org/urgent/06-05-16.htm Describe a workplace that supports human rights

Jeans the global garment Describe the link between jeans and sweatshops. http://live.newint.org/easierenglish/Garment/jeansintro.html. What jeans companies use sweatshop labour? What should you do as an informed, responsible active citizen? Why is the manufacture of jeans moving from developed to developing countries? What effect does it have on both countries? http://live.newint.org/easierenglish/Garment/jobsN2S.html Should blue jeans be green jeans? http://live.newint.org/easierenglish/Garment/bluegreen.html Other resources Anti Sweatshop Labour League http://www.geocities.com/whydoyoukeepdeletingme/ASSLLeague.html Campaign for Real Equitable Economic Development http://home.earthlink.net/~nicadlw/creed.html CISPIS Anti Sweatshop Campaign http://www.blank.org/sweatgear/cispes.html Clean Clothes Campaign http://www.cleanclothes.org/ Fair Labor Association http://www.fairlabor.org/ Fair Wear http://www.fairwear.org.au/engine.php Human Rights for workers http://www.senser.com/cl.htm Human Rights sites http://www.abc.net.au/civics/rights/resources.htm Sweat Free Communities http://www.sweatfree.org/ Sweatshops in Australia http://www.actnow.com.au/Issues/Sweat_shops_in_Australia.aspx "Sweatshops in the World Economy" www.wheatonma.edu/Faculty/JohnMiller.html

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TRADE IS GLOBALISATION MOVEMENT OF GOODS AROUND THE WORLD FAIR TRADE: EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE Australians benefits economically, culturally and politically from international trade but social justice problems arise when imported clothes made by sweatshop labour, blood diamonds from Africa, illegal drugs from Afghanistan and carpets made by child labour from Nepal, arrive on our shores. From an equity perspective the benefits of international trade are not evenly distributed as it favours large developed countries to the detriment of small developing countries. Within a country unfair distribution of trade wealth was behind Bougainvilles conflicts when most trade money ended up in transnational corporations bank accounts and little in the worker s hands. Non government organisation: Oxfam Free trade is the trade of goods and services between countries unhindered by government restrictions such as tariffs and quotas and government financial assistance to farmers such as subsidies. Two thirds of Australias agricultural products are exported but as farmers do not receive agricultural subsidies they find it difficult to compete with the $2555 government subsidy per cow in Japan and $1057 in USA. Non-government organisations (NGO) such as the Community Aid Abroad, Oxfam and World Vision support free trade and oppose socially unjust trade agreements, developed countries blocking agricultural imports from developing countries, and agricultural subsidises. Even though the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promotes a fair trade system smaller countries often bow to pressure from larger, wealthier countries with more influence. Oxfam argues that international trade in agricultural products is socially unjust, forcing millions of farmers to live in extreme poverty ($1 a day). To reduce this inequity their trade campaigns aim to: stop rich countries dumping subsidised farm products in developing countries that ruin the livelihoods of local farmers. improve the price paid to small farmers for their products ensure bilateral trade agreements between rich countries such as Australia and poorer countries do not undermine development and livelihoods Billions of people who live on less than $2 a day are sliding into hunger as the cost of basic food skyrockets around the world. Population growth, global warming and food crops used for biofuel, signals a potential human disaster requiring governments to change their agricultural policies towards sustainability, hunger prevention, and economic justice for farmers Fair trade: Citizenship Fair trade aims to improve the lives of small producers in developing nations by the payment of a fair price to farmers who export goods such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, cotton, wine and fresh fruit. Fair trade involves a labelling system that guarantees the income generated from the products will go back to the farmers and their communities. Australia is a member of the International Fair Trade Association (IFAT). By 2009 Australian sales of Fairtrade-labelled products reached $11 million. Coffee accounted for 75% of the sales, followed by chocolate, tea and sports balls. On a global scale 8 million producers and their families have benefited from fair trade funded infrastructure and community development projects. The Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand (FTAANZ) reported that 284,000 children in West Africa were working under dangerous conditions on cocoa farms. Many were subjected to forced labour and earned $30 per year. The Stop the Traffik campaign, Australias largest chocolate fondue party, aims to end to child exploitation and trafficking in the cocoa trade in West Africa. Just remember every time you bite into a piece of imported chocolate, chances are youre at the consumption end of child labour. Active global citizenship http://www.fairtrade.com.au/files/fondeposter_screen.pdf
Tariff: tax imposed on goods when they move across a political boundary. Increases the price to both importer and exporter Quota: physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. Subsidy: financial aid given by a government to an individual or group to reduce the price of a good or service Fair trade: organised social movement advocating the payment of a fair price for producers in developing countries. It focuses on exports from developing countries to developed countries, most notably coffee, cocoa, sugar and tea

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Advantages and disadvantages of trade to Australia

Advantages Greater variety of goods and services Access to cheaper goods and services (especially under Free Trade Agreements) One in five Australian jobs are reliant on trade Improved quality of life Australias population of 21 billion people has a limited market and through trade has the potential to reach 7 billion people Small and medium sized businesses account for 80% of Australian exports Greater productivity from overseas competition Disadvantages Companies can not compete with cheaper imported goods - they lose capital and workers lose their jobs When Australians imports are greater than exports it increases our balance of payments debt. This occurs when the prices of resources (e.g. coal, wheat) drop or when the Australia dollar rises making exports more expensive Over reliance on essential imports (e.g. oil) are a problem if there is a natural disaster, war or price increases Unable to enter markets because of trade barriers especially agricultural products Illegal drugs and goods made by child and slave labour imported into the country

Restricted trading links

Restrictions in trade Governments free Tariff Impose tariffs (taxes) on goods coming into a country. EU aims to slash farm tariffs by 60 percent Australias general tariffs are 5%. Tariffs are cancelled under most free trade agreements Quota Limited number of goods imported into the country. Aims to end quotas for freer trade. Australia has quotas placed on cheese exports to the EU and the US Subsidy Government pays farmers to produce goods e.g. wheat, rice, sugar EU and US farm subsidies to be reduced Australia has no agricultural subsidies

Changes

Australias top ten agriculture export destinations http://www.daff.gov.au/market-access-trade Fair trade agricultural products http://www.integral-planning.org/Projects/Fairtrade.jpg

Fair trade agricultural products http://www.integral-planning.org/Projects/Fairtrade.jpg

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Understanding Explain how tariffs, quotas and subsidies restrict trade Discuss the principles of fair trade Explain the role of a non-government organisation is relation to trade Rank in order from highest to lowest the percentage of Australias agricultural exports. Calculate the total percentage of agricultural goods exported to the top ten countries. Draw the percentages as a composite bar graph. Discuss the disadvantages of agricultural subsidies to the Australian farmer What is the message about our trade in chocolate? Where will the function be held? Who are the sponsors? What should we do as informed, responsible active citizens? Design a poster Make Trade Fair Australia has made stronger regional trade links with its neighbours and lowered its tariffs against imported textiles, clothing and footwear (TCF). Make a list of five items of personal clothing that is imported. Explain how these imports might be an equity and social justice issue for workers who were previously employed in Australias TCF industry. Suggest how some of these local TCF industries have survived in fiercely competitive markets. Explain the social justice and equity issues surrounding Australias international trade Analyse the cultural, economic and geopolitical advantages and disadvantages of international trade to Australia As an informed citizen suggest responsible actions that could be taken to ensure all people gain from international trade. Investigate imported goods made by sweatshop labour and child labour Organise a school assembly on fair trade and follow Oxfams Take a Coffee Break to help improve the lives of farmers in some of the poorest parts of the world. Coffee Break during Fair Trade Fortnight www.oxfam.org.au/coffeebreak for a free Fairtrade Coffee Break pack, including Fairtrade tea and coffee samples, the Coffee Break DVD, promotional materials and a Where to Buy Fairtrade guide. In theory, every country both rich and poor should have the opportunity to benefit from international trade. But the reality is very different. Discuss ICT Explain how aid contributes to trade http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/aid4trade_e.htm Fair trade action http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/fair-trade/take-action/ Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand http://www.fairtrade.com.au/ Fair Trade Association http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/ IFAT World Fair Trade Organisation http://www.ifat.org/ million cocoa kids in the worst forms of labour View the video http://www.donttradelives.com.au/dtl/. Research where your chocolate comes from Watch the fair trade video http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/fair-trade/

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GLOBALISATION: COFFEE

Coffee is a global commodity. It is the worlds most traded product, second in value to oil. The coffee industry employs millions of people around the world through in growing, processing and trade. Since 1995 coffee is the worlds most popular beverage. More than 500 billion cups of coffee are served worldwide each year. Global output growing and is expected to reach 7.0 million tonnes by 2010 compared to 6.7 million tonnes in 1998 - 2000. Transnational coffee companies rule shopping malls and supermarkets and dominate the $80-billionplus coffee industry. While the coffee trade is vital to the politics, survival and economies of many developing nations, the industrys pricing and futures are decided in conference rooms and on stock exchange floors in some of the worlds wealthiest cities. When we pay for luxury lattes and cappuccinos, the prices paid to coffee farmers remain so low that many have been forced to abandon their fields. Coffee culture Coffee is an integral part of global culture. In some regions, a coffee shop is a gathering place where people sip and converse. There are many ways to prepare coffee, ranging from the convenience of instant to espresso. There are strong Turkish and Indonesian coffees, specialist gourmet blends, organic, no caffeine varieties, latte and cappuccino. The list goes on Overview of facts Coffee comes from the Latin form of the genus Coffea, a member of the Rubiaceae family which includes 6,000 species of tropical tress and shrubs. Around 850 the first coffee is discovered. Goat herder Kaldi of Ethiopia noticed goats are friskier after eating red berries from a shrub. 1672 the first Parisian caf opens in 1713. King Louis XIV is presented with a coffee tree. Scandinavia has the highest per-capita coffee consumption in the world 8% more coffee is being produced than consumed. The price of coffee has fallen by almost 50% in the past three years. It is at a 30-year low. 52 % of the adult population of the U.S. over 18 years of age drink coffee every day representing 107 million daily drinkers. Of these 29 million Americans adults drink gourmet coffee beverages every day, whether specialty coffee, espresso-based beverages (latte, espresso, caf mocha, cappuccino) or frozen and iced coffee beverages. Coffee drinkers consume on average 3.3 cups of coffee per day. 35% percent of all coffee is consumed at breakfast; 28% between meals and 8% at all other meals. Arabica coffee represents 70 percent of the worlds coffee production. Coffee houses or bars have appeared all over the world making coffee an important part of social gathering places. In many communities coffee bars have become innovating: some provide personal computers to that customers can surf the Internet, while other provide match making services. In London many coffee houses went on to become some of the worlds most powerful businesses. Lloyds Coffeehouse became Lloyds of London. The Baltic Coffeehouse became the East India Company. Globalisation: journey from the farm to the cup A typical coffee bean changes hands 150 times on its journey to the cup. Coffee is grown in more than 50 countries in South America, Central America, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.

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Most coffee is grown in developing countries between the tropics but consumed in developed countries in temperate climates Global business: The world coffee market is dominated by transnational corporations. Four major conglomerates -- Nestl, Philip Morris, Procter & Gamble, and Sara Lee -- dominate world coffee markets. They account for 60% of U.S. sales and 40% of the global coffee trade. Global process - producers, importers and consumers. The top 10 coffee-importing countries, in order of amount imported, are the United States, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Spain, Canada, the United Kingdom, Poland and the Netherlands. Brazil produces more than a third of the world's supply of coffee, almost three times as much as the No. 2 producer, Vietnam.

Top producing countries

Top Ten Green Coffee Producers 2008 (millions of metric tons) 2.59 Brazil Vietnam Colombia Indonesia Mexico India Ethiopia Guatemala Honduras Peru World Total 0.8 0.70 0.65 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.19 0.17 7.80

Who gets the money? Bliss and Paine Geoactives 1, John Wiley/Jacaranda

Global Inequalities and Global Citizenship Wealth generated from the coffee trade is not equitably distributed. The price paid for a cup of coffee exceeds half the daily income of many smallscale coffee farmers. Developed countries depend on developing countries for coffee. Less than 10% of earnings end up in the hands of coffee farmers. Profits for coffeeproducing countries have declined. By 2003, the average price of coffee was the lowest price (adjusted for inflation) in 100 years. This price fall impacted on 25 million farmers worldwide depend on growing coffee for their economic livelihood. It undermined the economic sustainability of countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa. In Central America, 600,000 coffee farmers and workers lost their jobs as a result of the coffee crisis. Small scale producers are responsible for producing half the worlds coffee beans. Some 70% of the worlds coffee is grown on farms of less than 10 hectares. These farmers are poor, earn little money and work very hard. Some earn half a dollar a day while the rich sip a $5-$10 coffee.

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Activity: Look at the short videos at http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blackgold/film.html Workers earn less than 50c a day Activity: Movie - Black Gold: Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee. Tadesse Meskela manages the Oromia Coffee Farmers Co-operative Union, representing over 74,000 coffee farmers. The union buys coffee from 101 individual co-operatives spread across southern Ethiopia. The movies BLACK GOLD follows Meskela on his mission to save struggling coffee farmers from bankruptcy. As his unions farmers strive to harvest some of the highest quality coffee beans on the international market, Meskela travels the world to find buyers willing to pay a fair pricea better price than the one set by the international commodities exchange. Coffee harvested needed to buy a Swiss army knife http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpubl ications/publications/research_reports/mugg ed/mugged_coffee_report.pdf What have been the changes since 1990? Why do you think it is more difficult for the poor coffee growers to buy a Swiss knife?

USA coffee consumption vs. soft drinks consumption in gallons per capita http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/mugged/mugged_co ffee_report.pdf The oversupply of coffee is a problem for coffee growers. What is competing with coffee to cause its decrease? Design a poster to promote coffee that will help the coffee producers.

Empathy exercises Read the following stories Coffee impacts on education Bruno Selugo, 17, and his brother Michael, 15, who live in Mpigi District, Uganda, have both had to drop out of school because they cannot afford the fees. I cant be successful if I dont go to school, says Bruno. I will just be left here, growing a little food. I have been sent home again and again from secondary school They just send you away if you dont have the fees This is the main coffee season. Everyone used to go back to school with the money from coffee, but now the money is not there. The price is so low people are not even picking coffee I wish the people who use our coffee could give us a better market. All I want is to go to school. Patrick Kayanja, head teacher at Brunos school, explains, The number of students is very low. Much as we try to reduce the fees, the parents cannot pay. They always took cash from selling coffee but now it is gone. There was a time, between 1995 and 1997, when we had 500 students. Three years ago we had 250. Last year we started with 140 and ended with 54. This year we cannot go beyond 120, the way I see the situation with farmers. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/mugged/mugged_co ffee_report.pdf How has the price of coffee affected Bruno? What has been the impact on the education of young people living on coffee farms in Uganda? How does Brunos life compare with your own?

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Fair Trade- citizenship Fair trade guarantees farmers a fixed minimum price for their coffee, which can equal nearly two or three times the unsubsidised market price. Fair trade also eliminates the middlemen exporters involved in the coffee trade, who often pay farmers below market rates and then sell at the rates set by the New York Coffee Exchange, pocketing the excess money for themselves. Coffee-producing countries must also lessen their export dependency on coffee and diversify into alternative crops. But this is far easier said than done. Poor African countries are dependent on coffee: Burundi, Uganda and Ethiopia derive more than half their export earnings from coffee alone. When coffee prices fall, the economic and social effects are enormous. Making coffee production more sustainable, like Tadesse Meskelas co-operative in the BLACK GOLD movie), would grant smallscale family farmers, who produce 75 percent of the worlds coffee supply, a living wage. Coffee was the first, most commonly fair-trade-certified product. Fair trade coffee must meet several criteria. Growers must be organised into democratically run cooperatives. The cooperatives must agree to independent inspections. They must use sustainable methods of agriculture. Growers are guaranteed a living wage of at least $6 per kilogram for their coffee (15 cents more if it is grown without pesticides). Fair trade coffee constitutes only 2% of the world's coffee supply Consumer demand for fair trade coffee has grown in the United States. It can be bought at 7,000 retail outlets across the United States. More than 100 brands of fair trade coffee are sold worldwide. TransFair USA states that more than 600,000 producers, in more than 32 countries, sell coffee, tea and cocoa through fair trade There are more than 300 fair trade cooperatives worldwide for coffee Globally Fair Trade is small business, comprising 1-3% of sales of all instant, roast and ground coffee products, but the rate of growth is averaging 8% per annum Local to global citizenship Intergovernmental organisation The International Coffee Organisation (ICO) is the main intergovernmental organisation for coffee. It consists of 77 producing and consuming countries. It tackles the challenges facing the world coffee through international cooperation. Cooperative Coffees is a green coffee importing cooperative. It is comprised of 23 community based coffee roasters in the USA and Canada. They are committed to building equitable and sustainable trade relationships for the benefit of farmers. They strive to promote fair trade and sustainable development alternatives in both developing and developed countries Oromia's members farm in southwest Ethiopia growing their coffee at altitudes of up to 2,000 metres. 11 of Oromia's 74 co-operatives are Fairtrade certified and produce 3,000 tonnes of Fairtrade coffee each year. Tadesse Meskela in the movie BLACK GOLD is General Manager of Oromia Coffee Kids is an international, non-profit organisation. It works with local organisations in Latin America to create education, health care, micro-credit, and community-based programs for coffee farmers and their families. These efforts allow coffee farmers to reduce their dependence on the volatile coffee Oxfam provides over $1.6m of annual support to a range of development programs in coffee producing regions These programs seek to strengthen the position of poorer coffee farmers in the market by increasing their business and technical skills and supporting their research, advocacy and campaigning. They also help small farmers to diversify out of coffee and to improve the quality of their coffee.

Co-operative Coffees (roasters)

Oromia Coffee Farmers' Cooperative Union in Ethiopia (farmers) Coffee Kids

Oxfam (NGO)

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World (NGO)

Vision

Roaster companies such as Kraft, Nestl, Procter & Gamble, and Sara Lee Good news story

World Vision and Jasper Coffee, Australia's leading premium Fairtrade coffee company have organic certified coffee from Ethiopia. Here 10-year-old Mikreu shows a basket of Yirgacheffe coffee beans. Life is improving for children like Mikreu as their parents receive better wages through fair trade. The Yirgacheffe beans come direct from a community called Kochore, where World Vision has assisted the farmers to gain Fairtrade and Organic accreditation for their world class coffee. It is recommended that they: commit to paying a decent price to farmers; commit significant resources to tackle the coffee crisis (including a financial contribution to aid packages that deal with the crisis); label coffee products on the basis of their quality; commit to buying increasing volumes of coffee under Fair Trade conditions directly from producers.

E-Caf: Coffee Project in Ethiopia Establishing a Coffee Learning Center in Aleta Wondo, Sidamo A Coffee Learning Center in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia has been established where coffee farmers and their children receive ongoing education about three essential values: Coffee Quality, Sustainability and Coffee Business. The project has a business centre and a coffee tasting laboratory. The goal is to improve the livelihoods of coffee farmers and to establish a model that can be replicated in other communities around Ethiopia. http://www.ecafefoundation.org/ Coffee and landmines http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/RESOURC E/CoffeeGeog.htm Coffee is grown mainly in the former colonial lands of the low latitudes. In too many cases, the post-colonial legacy includes inequality, uneven development, and violence. The Coffeeland Landmine Victims' Trust was established to help address one particularly tragic reminder of violence that can outlast any peace treaty. In Nicaragua, for example, the civil wars have ended, but the land mines still lurk in some coffee fields where they have been long forgotten. Coffee and the environment The main negative environmental impacts from coffee production are clearing forests, soil and water degradation and pesticide use. Reduce environmental impacts by increasing the longevity of each planting of coffee so the owners will not move to other areas and clear more land. Also diversify crops grown. Think about the way coffee is consumed. While there are environmental risks in the way that coffee is produced, the biggest environmental danger coffee poses is the waste of coffee cups, filters, grounds and stir sticks. But there are alternatives. Trying using your own mug (not those little plastic cups that come out of the machines at the train station) or reusing your coffee grounds to make your garden grow. Coffee grounds make wonderful fertiliser.

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Coffee versus cash crops in Ethiopia

Coffee Non-food Primarily export market High policy attention & intervention (R&D, market support & control, etc.) Large and small scale production Teff Food (high value) Primarily domestic market Limited policy attention & intervention (R&D, market support & control, etc.) Small-scale production

Productivity strategy: Niche markets, speciality & Productivity strategy: purchased fertiliser (and organic, low chemical inputs seeds) Labour intensive with seasonal labour bottlenecks New institutions: Cooperatives & Unions

Group activity: food

Divide the class into four groups. Each group will research one of the following staple items: chocolate, sugar, tea and bananas. Divide each group again into four to research these topics: Globalisation: Where is it produced? Where is it consumed? Is it a global product from farm to the table? (trade). What are the links to culture? What are the links to transnational corporations? How has technology made a difference? Inequalities: How much does the grower get? Are growers rich and/or poor? Who gets the greatest share of the retail price? Is trade fair? Are workers exploited? Who controls the most profitable part of the trade? Environment: What is the physical environment required to grow the crop? What is the process or seasonal activities on the farm? What are the environmental problems? Global Citizenship: What is being done to improve equity and the environment from the local to the global (international organisation, governments, NGOs, grassroots organisations) local to global Prepare a presentation on the staple item. Extra marks will be given to maps, statistics, photographs and graphs Quotes: Summarise the quotes in one paragraph http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/mugged/?searchterm =mugged

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Globalisation and coffee Follow your coffee dollar from the growers, local traders, shippers, roasters, retailers as it goes along the coffee chain. It is an interactive website at http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/guatemala.mexico/coffee1.html. Global Eye: Interactive student activities: Coffee trade http://www.globaleye.org.uk/secondary_autumn04/eyeon/coffeetrade.html. Compete coffee culture questions, interactive production map and futures market etc Fairtrade quiz (suitable for year 7-8 and primary) http://www.cafod.org.uk/resources/primary_schools/fairtrade Role play Split the class into five groups and give them a role (grower, exported, shipping company roaster, retailer) Give each group a short time to think about their role - what problems might they face and what strengths do they have? Hand out the cards and let them rethink their problems and strengths. Hold up a jar of coffee and tell them it costs $10 to buy in Australia. Ask each group to decide how much of the selling price they should get for their work. Record student findings on the whiteboard. Students debate what they should get (give reasons). Re-do the amount after agreement. Then look at what each group actually gets. Was it close? Talk about fairly traded coffee. Adapted from: http://www.dep.org.uk/activities/ge-activities/13/ge13rolecards.htm

Coffee growers You live in a rural part of Colombia. You have about two acres of land to farm and your main source of income is from growing and selling coffee. You plant the coffee trees and weed the ground. The trees require lots of regular work and attention to keep them healthy so they bear fruit well. You harvest the coffee 'cherries' by hand when they are ripe. You dry them in the sun and sell them to a visiting buyer. The money you earn from the coffee is essential to pay for your children's school and the family's medical bills. Every 15 years you need to buy seedlings to replace old trees.

Coffee exporters You visit the growers to buy their coffee. The growers are scattered over a wide area, so you have to pay for transport and fuel to collect the coffee. Your factory processes the coffee 'cherries' to extract the 'green beans'. You sort the beans, pack them in bags and transport them to the coast where you sell them to a shipping company. The market for coffee is unpredictable, so you sometimes have to pay to have it stored. You also need money to renew and repair expensive machinery in the factory and to pay skilled people to operate it.

The Shipping Companies You buy the bags of 'green' coffee beans from the coffee exporter, load them on to your ship, and transport them to the UK, where you sell them to the coffee roaster. You have to pay highly skilled people to operate your ships. There are risks involved and you have to take out insurance for the ships and their cargoes, as well as pay for fuel. You also need to pay fees for using the ports and taxes for importing the coffee.

The Roasters You buy the 'green' coffee beans from a shipping company and mix the different varieties of bean to get a 'blend'. You roast the beans and process them to make instant coffee then package it into jars and sell it to the retailers. It is a very competitive business and so you have to spend large amounts of money to advertise your brand and to provide attractive packaging. You constantly need to invest money to improve the taste of your blend and keep ahead of the competition.

The Retailers You buy the instant coffee from the wholesaler (the roaster), store it until you need it, label it with the price, put it on display and sell it to the customer. You have to pay high rents to sell your goods at a busy location. You have to make your shop attractive, which means expensive decoration and you need to train and pay a large sales force to provide a good service to the customer.

Coffee in Guatemala and Mexico http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/guatemala.mexico/ Read the story of the coffee in these countries. Summarise into a paragraph. What was the effect of the Coffee crises on Guatemala and Mexico? Describe the impacts of the Coffee crises on the abandoned Baluarte estate.

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Understanding Ethiopia, the birthplace of coffee, is one of the world's oldest civilisations. Its quality Sidamo beans can fetch up to $25/lb. at Starbucks. Yet, Ethiopia's 1.2 million smallholder coffee farmers earn less than $2/day and the country's per-capita GDP is $130one-fifth the SubSaharan Africa average. Do you think this is fair? Do a survey of your local supermarkets and coffee shops - how many sell fair trade coffee? Contact one of the large coffee transnational companies and find out what they do to look after their suppliers. Find out recent news on coffee in Colombia at www.globalexchange.org/economy/coffee/update.html Find out more on the coffee crisis at Oxfam's Make Trade Fair website How many ways can you drink your coffee? How many different brands of coffee are in the local supermarket? Provide prices and country from where the crop was grown, where they were packaged etc. Compare price of Fair Trade coffee with other brands What are two different meanings to wake up and smell the coffee? How can you be a responsible consumer of coffee? What is the coffee culture in Australia? Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn there have been coffee problems. What were the problems? What does coffee have to do with the environment? The coffee production system in some areas is monocultural, relying on high levels of fertilisers and pesticides and large consumption of water. How could this be sustainably managed? Growing coffee rather than food crops. Is this a good idea for developing countries? Coffee has long stood for both privilege and poverty. What does this mean? Debate cash crops versus coffee in developing countries Coffee-making paraphernalia abounds domestic kitchens. More recently, gourmet and organic blends have made a come-back, heralding the return of the coffee-shop. What product compete with coffee? Websites A fair price for our coffee: activities for lower ability students or primary school http://www.cafod.org.uk/var/storage/original/application/phpVty7pL.pdf Coffee Kids http://www.coffeekids.org/ Co-operative coffees http://www.coopcoffees.com/ Fair trade resource network http://fairtraderesource.org/ Global exchange and fair trade http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/background.html International coffee organisation http://www.ico.org/ Learn more about coffee at National Geographic http://www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee/ Resources http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blackgold/more.html Trouble in coffee lands http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr2002/q2/coffee.pdf Whats behind the label http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blackgold/beans.html World coffee and cocoa map http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Coffee_tcm4337607.jpg Poverty in your cup of coffee http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/mugged/?se archterm=mugged
The global coffee industry has endured changes over the past fifty years. Production of beans has shifted from country to country. Consumption of the product has increased almost exponentially through huge sales at retail outlets such as Starbucks. But not all involved in the coffee market have benefited equally. Small coffee farmers have suffered tremendous loss. Environmental degradation has increased as forests have been cleared. Countries have lost export industries as transnational corporations purchase the cheapest beans. And no country has felt the pain of these changes greater than some of the poor developing countries. Discuss

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McDONALDISATION OF OUR GLOBAL SOCIETY CULTURAL GLOBALISATION Wherever you travel in the world today there are signs of American culture. Examples include the familiar golden arches of the McDonalds fast-food chain and the colourful neon advertisements promoting fast foods such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Burger King, Wendys and Starbucks. Even trekking on steep, cold Mount Everest, the local Sherpas who carry your camping gear wear Levi jeans and Nike T-shirts. McDonalds goes global McDonalds is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants. It has 31 000 restaurants in 118 countries and supplies food to 54 million people each day. The Speedee Service System introduced in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. Today the company is a symbol of globalisation with the successful expansion into other countries and the spread of the American way of life. McDonalds has agreements with large TNCs such as Coca-Cola and Disney to co-promote and sell their products. McDonalds contract with Disney ensures exclusive marketing rights to Disney characters, including film, video, theme parks and television. McDonalds global influence is reinforced by the Economist that uses the simple Big Mac Index (the price of a Big Mac in different countries), to compare world currencies. McDonalds and resistance McDonaldisation is a process where society takes on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant, like McDonalds, such as efficiency, predictability and control. The process copied all over the world, is found in shopping centres with controlled, predicable environments of approved design and efficient management. It is copied by travel agencies when they transport middle class Australians to ten European capitals, each experiencing similar hotels, restaurants, and other predictable controlled experiences. Advertising, the Internet and travel have accelerated the McDonaldisation of our global society. In developing countries, western fast food is threatening the livelihoods of street vendors who sell fresh food such as kebabs and fish. Some countries resist this cultural onslaught by banning hamburger chains or prohibiting the advertisement of fast food on television. In response global products have been adapted for local markets. For example Mc Donalds sells rice meals in Hong Kong and salads in Australia. McDonalds and global citizenship McDonalds supports an ecological sustainable world. It contributes to climate change by conserving natural resources, by recycling and reusing materials. McDonalds in Japan offered Big Macs at a discount to customers who showed a card proving they had reduced their carbon footprint. McDonalds in France placed solar panels on 20 new restaurants. McDonalds as an active global citizen provides: aid to orphanages in Eastern Europe; 150,000 dictionaries to children in rural China; 1,300 hearing aids to children in Mexico; and assistance to 200 childrens health organisations worldwide. Ronald McDonald Houses, located in 44 countries, provides a home-away-from home for families of seriously ill children. On the negative side McDonalds is linked to obesity. The TNC fought back by selling healthy food, low in fat, salt and calories.
McDonalisation is a process where society takes on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant, like McDonalds, such as efficiency, predictability and control, These factors have been copied all over the world. Global citizen: individuals, groups, governments and non-government organisations act to improve a global issue such as poverty, human rights abuses and environmental degradation

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Original founding of at least one McDonalds restaurant around the world http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:McDonaldsWorldLocations.svg (This map has added light grey for none and dark grey for former McDonalds)

Understanding What is meant by McDonaldisation? Draw up a list of pros and cons of McDonald's operating in a developing country. Describe how McDonalds has adapted to global changes Discuss how McDonalds has become an active global citizen Construct a sketch map of your local area showing global fast food chains Refer to the McDonalds map (Fig. 1) and an Atlas. Name one country where a McDonalds restaurant was located in 1940, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1995. List the American fast food outlets in Australia Describe the impact of American fast food on indigenous peoples diets Research some foods eaten by a culture other than your own and create a new McDonald'sstyle meal to cater for this culture. Discuss the statement that McDonalds moved from developed (rich) to developing (poorer) countries over time. Go to www.jaconline.com.au/geoactive/geoactive1 and click on the McDonald's weblink for this chapter. Explain why McDonald's is considered a good global citizen.

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GLOBALISATION AND CULTURE Culture includes beliefs, customs, languages and traditions. As trade, migration and tourism spread around the world, cultures changed. Today satellite TV, cinemas, DVDs, video games and the Internet have become the new cultural tools transmitting ideas and knowledge globally Culture linked to communication The media, entertainment, and information transnational corporations, such as Disney, contributed to the spread of American culture. Cultural integration occurred when people living in other countries absorbed American culture and wanted to sing like Britney Spears, eat McDonalds, watch the Simpsons, and wear Levi jeans. Half of Hollywoods revenue comes from overseas. In Japan, the US has 50% of the film market. Even the nomadic Berbers, living in the Sahara desert, view the American soapie, The Bold and the Beautiful. In Australia, 55% on free-to-air TV is local content and 10% on paid TV. If this trend continues Australians fear local shows, such as Home and Away, could disappear. Disappearing cultures About every two weeks another language dies taking human knowledge and cultures with it. In a few generations, over 50% of the 7,000 languages spoken in the world may disappear. For example the Ainu, who are the indigenous people of Northern Japan, have only 20 fluent speakers. Most of these endangered languages are clustered in small geographic areas or hotspots. Some people fear globalisation is creating a world-wide mono culture instead of one based on localities or nations. This fear is based on the knowledge that English is the main language on the Internet and by 2050 half the world will speak and write English. As language plays an important role in preserving cultural heritage, the United Nations declared 2008 the International Year of Languages. American culture, icons and media are intruding into other cultures. Indias Bollywood movies, AlJazeera English language channel and Australias SBS channel, provide alternatives to American culture. Iran, China and Singapore restricted American software and programs, to filter political views and pornography. International organisations work towards protecting threatened cultures, such as Survival International and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, adopted by 185 countries in 2001, aims to preserve and promote cultural diversity. Media The Western/American multi media giants such as Disney, Time-Warner (USA), Bertelsmann (Germany) and Murdoch (Australia) used to control global news and entertainment (music, TV, films). Today the new media giants (Microsoft, Google and Sony) and the new media tools (Internet, cable TV and mobile phones) entered the industry. Interactive cable TV, Mashups, iPods, online social networks (MySpace, Facebook) and virtual worlds have emerged. Blogs enable people to become content creators expressing conflicting views with the traditional media (e.g. newspaper).
Culture: includes beliefs, customs, languages and traditions. Cultural integration: the blending of different cultures where communities adapt to and absorb external influences Mashups: are the new geographical tool that brings together two or more data sources to provide a new perspective, such as mapping (e.g. Google Earth) and statistics (e.g. population distribution). Indigenous people: the descendants of the original inhabitants of an area

Read the article and answer the questions The young Australian is on his way to have his lunch in the park. In one hand he carries a burger in a bag displaying McDonalds Golden Arches, in the other, a bottle of Coke. He wears Levis jeans and Nike sneakers. His T-shirt is emblazoned with the words Rip Curl on his head is a cap printed with Lakers. His eyes are hidden behind wrap-around French sunglasses and he is listening to American hip-hop music on his Japanese Walkman. A familiar sight? Of course one you could see any day in thousands of cities around the world. Our young man demonstrates an aspect of globalisation that is attracting an increasing amount of attention. Barriers between cultures are increasing. Examples of cross-cultural influence confront us at every turn: an American baseball cap on an Indian taxi driver; a Japanese truck doing deliveries in Saudi Arabia; a Sydney market-goer filling a Kenyan shopping bag; a Scottish teenager listening to Swedish pop music; a German banker negotiating a deal in English.
Adapted from: Globalise me! A Students Guide to Globalisation, Global Education, Curriculum Corporation (2005)

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List things that came from overseas in paragraph 1? What are the global links in paragraph 2 What are the American items? As far as many Australians are concerned, when theyre thinking about culture, globalisation may mean Americanisation. Take a look at your own way of life and make an assessment of the American influence you see there. Look at the vocabulary you use, the clothes you wear, the TV and films you watch, the books you read, the food you eat, the sports you follow, the music you listen to and the DJs you hear. Compare your findings with others in the class What is the global influence of Australian culture? Compare your findings with others in the class

Words? Clothes? TV? Films? Books? Food? Sports? Music? DJs? Words? Clothes? TV? Films? Books? Food? Sports? Music? DJs?

The Simpsons: American cultural dominance Short stories about Springfield and its yellow-skinned populace The Simpsons is the longest-running American sitcom and the longestrunning American animated program. 2007 marked the 20th anniversary of The Simpsons franchise. Mark Liberman, director of the Linguistic Data Consortium, remarked, "The Simpsons has apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions."The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: "D'oh!" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe. DVDs, videos, films and merchandise can be purchased around the world Explain how The Simpsons television show is part of the globalisation process. What impact might The Simpsons have on non-American audiences? (language, culture) Watch one of The Simpsons episodes on TV. What is the story? What roles do the characters play? What comments or actions were particularly American? Cartoon: Bliss and Paine, Geoactives 1, John Wiley/Jacaranda Music Music conveys the values and ideas of different cultures. About 82% of the global record industries revenue goes to five transnational record corporations based in Europe, Japan and the US. The Internet enables musicians and music groups to reach the global audience and bypass the record industry. Entertainers such Madonna and Justin Timberlake provide four free minutes of music on the Internet to increase sales. Radiohead distribute their album online without the backing of a music label. This practice and the illegal downloading of music resulted in decreased sales for the music industry The nature of the music industry has changed. Today the Internet allows consumers to acquire music at high quality for little or no cost through file sharing or swapping. This method of acquiring music has caused a decline in sales of recorded music. Supporters of file sharing blame record companies for high prices of CDs and recorded music. The technology will become more sophisticated in the coming years. Many artists have difficulties in getting their music heard because of the dominance of the quick buck mega marketing of the current top acts. For them, the Internet may provide a useful means of distributing their music to fans around the world. Whatever the arguments, the music industry faces the challenge of meeting a changed market place and how they respond to such changes is going to be crucial in their success and the continued development of the music industry as a whole.

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Produce a report on the current state of the music industry. Your report should be around 500 words in length. The research you will undertake should follow these steps: Research the music industry market - ensure you understand what the industry consists of and how it is made up Identify the problems - this will need to be from the music industry angle and the file swappers side Provide some facts and figures to support the two sides - sales of CDs, profit levels, market shares Identify possible ways in which the changing market situation can be addressed Arrive at an informed conclusion Music the global language How does file-sharing and CD burning impact on Australian music? Write an article outlining your personal attitudes towards local music. Comment on the quality of Australian artists and their global impact. Research recent facts and figures from the Internet try the Australian Music Web Site: http://www.amws.com.au/ Do a survey of your own music collection to determine what proportion has resulted in royalties being paid to the artists. Compare your results with others in your class. Construct a table to show where people in your class get their music. Include such options as purchased from store, purchased online, downloaded from Internet, taped from radio/TV, taped or copied from others originals. Make a generalisation about the results. Write a short report on the state of music downloading today. What has been done by the music industry to minimise the damage from downloaded and copied music? DVD: the online music revolution This documentary is an exciting insight into the online music revolution that is shaking the foundations of the music industry. In the era of the internet, many bands are bypassing the traditional music company giants in favour of internet marketing and delivery, and achieving massive success. Featuring interviews with Mizlopi, Mick Hucknell from Simply Red and many industry heavyweights, this program clearly outlines the future of the new music revolution. 29 minutes (2006), Teachers notes and student activities. VEA E-mail vea@vea.com.au Website www.vea.com.au Global music industry Market Share of the Music Industry. Source IFPI; http://www.ifpi.org/site-content/press/20030909.html List the corporations in order of largest to smallest market share Describe the control of music by the large corporations? http://www.bmg.com/ - Bertelsmann Music http://new.umusic.com/overview.aspx - Universal Music http://www.emigroup.com/About/Overview/Default.htm EMI http://www.timewarner.com/corp/index.html - Warner Group Global growth of digital music http://media.arstechnica.com/news.media/musicsales.gif Currently, income from digital music among the main record companies is 10%-20% of total revenue. The global digital music market by 2010 is expected to reach US$12 billion Global music sales will drop to $23 billion in 2009, just over half of 1997s $45 billion and down 16% from 2006. The biggest reason for the steep decline is a drop in CD sales. Describe the changes from 2005 to 2010 Do you think this is fair to the writers, musicians and singers? Is piracy to blame for decline in music sales?

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Complete crossword
Across 9. WWF 10. TNC 11. WB Down 1. IMF 2. NGO 3. WTO 4. AI 5. UN 6. Bank lends money to assist the development of the worlds poorest nations 7. international selling and buying of goods and services 8. process of increasing global interdependence between nations Answers: Transnational Corporation TNC World Bank WB International Monetary fund IMF World Trade Organisation WTO United Nations UN Non Government Organisation NGO Amnesty International AI World Wildlife Fund WWF Trade - international selling and buying of goods and services World - bank lends money to assist the development of the worlds poorest nations Globalisation - process of increasing global interdependence between nations

Research 1. Write a diary for a day listing all your global links 2. Describe the changes to Australias place in the world since 1788? 3. Explain what is meant by the term globalisation 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of globalisation to Australia and its citizens 5. Explain why Australias future will focus on the Asia-Pacific region 6. List ten Australian global sporting links 7. Explain how improved communications increased Australias global links 8. Describe how Australias culture has spread around the world 9. List Australias recent defence links 10. Explain how treaties/agreements can improve equity and social justice around the world 11. Fieldwork/Excursion:: Research a global company illustrating Australia-global links e.g. Rip Curl, McDonalds, Coca Cola 12. Vegemite tales: Globalisation has meant that some people living in other countries have heard about Australia. What are some tales you have heard about Australia and Australians? Do you think they are correct? Describe the typical Australian 13. You can now eat a McDonald's meal in 123 countries, and Coca-Cola is the top global brand. Prepare a collage of advertisements promoting global products and services. Discuss the diversity of messages and the targeted customers. 14. Select a TNC that interests you and make a poster to describe its main activity, size, its country of origin, countries in which has businesses and its links to Australia. 15. Discuss how a geographically isolated country is linked to the rest of the world via aid, communication, culture, defence, migration, tourism, trade and sport
Trade agreements, international organisations and treaties Austrade www.austrade.gov.au International Labour Organisation www.ilo.org United Nations www.un.org/ UNDP www.undp.org/ World Food Program www.wfp.org/ World Bank www.worldbank.org/ World Trade Organisation www.wto.org

UPDATED JANUARY 2010

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