THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 121 : 3191 3206, 2001 June

( 2001. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

K-BAND SPECTROSCOPY OF LUMINOUS YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS MIKI ISHII,1 TETSUYA NAGATA,1 AND SHUJI SATO
Department of Astrophysics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan

YONGQIANG YAO1 AND ZHIBO JIANG1

Purple Mountain Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

AND HIDEHIKO NAKAYA

Subaru Telescope, N ational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 Received 2001 January 17 ; accepted 2001 February 27

ABSTRACT We present spectroscopy from 2.0 to 2.33 km of 32 luminous young stellar objects (YSOs), which are presumed to be precursors of Herbig Ae/Be stars. From these stars, Brc, H , CO, He I, and Fe II were 2 found in emission with detection rates of 97%, 34%, 22%, 9%, and 3%, respectively. We compare the spectral features with those of Herbig Ae/Be stars in the literature to investigate the spectral behavior of intermediate- to high-mass YSOs and to search for their relations to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs). H emission is detected only in Class I SEDs with particularly large spectral indices. The detection of H 2 emission is related to the degree of the dispersal of circumstellar envelopes, where H mol2 ecules are 2probably excited by shocks from outows. On the other hand, Brc emission, which is generally thought to occur in stellar winds close to the stars, does not depend on the SEDs. This indicates that stellar wind from luminous YSOs does not change much from the embedded phase to the optically visible phase. CO emission is also independent of the SEDs, but the detection rate is much lower than that of Brc emission. Probably, more specic physical conditions regarding circumstellar disks and stellar radiation are necessary for CO emission to take place. Key words : circumstellar matter dust, extinction stars : premain-sequence
1.

INTRODUCTION

Near-infrared (NIR) moderate-resolution spectroscopy has been used in recent years to investigate the nature of young stellar objects (YSOs). For low-mass YSOs a number of objects have been observed with this technique (Greene & Lada 1996 and references therein). Greene & Lada (1996) statistically studied the spectral behavior of nearly a hundred low-mass YSOs through a moderate-resolution (R D 500) spectroscopic survey between 1.15 and 2.42 km. They found that many sources show absorption features similar to those of late-type main-sequence stars, such as Ca I, Na I, and CO, and the strengths of the absorption features are correlated with spectral energy distributions (SEDs) : the absorption-line strengths decrease from the Class III sources through Class II sources to Class I sources. This can be explained by a systematic increase in the veiling of an underlying stellar photosphere from Class III to Class I sources, because infrared excess increase from Class III to Class I. Moreover, the detection rate of the H emission 2 that the lines is higher for Class I objects, which indicates NIR spectral lines change with their circumstellar environments. Therefore the NIR lines can be used to determine the evolutionary stages of YSOs. For higher mass YSOs, the relations between the NIR spectral lines and their evolutionary stages are not known. The initial mass function predicts very few high-mass stars compared with low-mass stars. In addition, higher mass stars evolve faster. Thus the number of high-mass YSOs in a
1 Visiting Astronomer, Okayama Astrophysical Observatory of the National Astronomical Observatory, Japan.

single star-forming region is limited, resulting in a scarcity of statistical studies. Among higher mass YSOs, Herbig Ae/Be stars (HAeBes)intermediate-mass (210 M ) YSOs with the T _ Taurilike SEDshave been relatively well studied. Moderate-resolution spectra in NIR wavelengths have been taken for about 20 HAeBes (Porter, Drew, & Lumsden 1998 ; Harvey 1984 ; Rodgers & Wooden 1998). In those observations, NIR spectra of HAeBes are characterized by H I emission (sometimes absorption) lines. How about the NIR spectral properties of luminous YSOs with Class Ilike SEDs, which may be regarded as embedded HAeBes ? Spectroscopic observations of this type have been made by several authors (Thompson, Thompson, & Campbell 1981 ; Walther et al. 1991 ; Thronson et al. 1980 ; Thronson & Thompson 1982 ; Scoville et al. 1983 ; Porter et al. 1998). In those observations, H I emission lines are detected toward all the objects, and He I, Fe II, H , Na I, CO emis2 sion lines are detected toward some of them. However, in most cases each observation was limited to one or two well-known YSOs. In this paper, we present K-band spectra of 32 luminous YSOs, which, in the unbiased IRAS survey, show large infrared excesses similar to those of low-mass Class I objects. What kind of spectral features do they have ? Do the features show any dierence from those of HAeBes ? Do the features have any relation to the SEDs ? By pursuing these questions, we aim to understand the K-band spectral features of intermediate- to high-mass YSOs and to search for links to their evolutionary stages. 1.1. Sample The target objects are IRAS sources identied as luminous YSOs by Campbell, Persson, & Matthews (1989). 3191

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Campbell et al. (1989) selected bright IRAS point sources within ^5 of the Galactic plane, with mid- to far-infrared energy distributions similar to YSOs. Using NIR photometry, they further selected those with NIR color excess, which is interpreted as thermal emission from circumstellar dust heated to D1000 K, and listed them as YSO candidates. We refer to the sources as the CPM objects in the following. CO (J \ 1 0) emission has been detected from the regions around more than 90% of the CPM objects, indicating their association with molecular clouds (e.g., Wouterloot & Brand 1989). Luminosities are estimated from the kinematic distances. In Table 1 we list the luminosities, distances, and references. Kinematic distances are adopted in

most cases, and photometric distances of associated sources are adopted for four objects that are located in the antigalactic direction (objects 15, 16, 18, 21). The luminosities are computed from the IRAS ux densities using the equation given by Casoli et al. (1989), which attempts to estimate the total emission from dust between 5 km and 1 mm. The IRAS luminosity is a good approximation of the bolometric luminosity for the infrared sources.2
2 For comparison, we also calculated the uxes between D1 and 100 km using the data from Campbell et al. (1989) and IRAS. The results agrees with the IRAS uxes derived from the equation by Casoli et al. (1989) within ^30%, except for objects 07 and 40, whose NIR-to-IRAS uxes are about 2 times brighter than the IRAS uxes.

TABLE 1 OBSERVED SOURCES No.a (1) 01 . . . . . . 02 . . . . . . 04 . . . . . . 05 . . . . . . 06 . . . . . . 07 . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 02@ . . . . . . 03@ . . . . . . 04@ . . . . . . 09@ . . . . . . 11@ . . . . . . 12@ . . . . . . 13@ . . . . . . 15@ . . . . . . 16@ . . . . . . 17@ . . . . . . Sourceb (2) 00211]6549 00361]5911 01145]6411 02445]6042 02497]6217 03134]5958 04064]5053 04579]4703 05137]3919 05198]3325 05355]3039 05439]3035 05568]3206 06210]1432 06294]0352 06335]1057 06351[0055 06535]0037 20216]4107 21558]5907 22539]5758 23390]6524 06041]3012 06040]2958 06562[0337 19442]2427 20236]4058 20266]3544 20272]4021 21300]5102 21336]5333 21413]5442 Datec (3) 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov 14 10 13 13 13 10 16 13 12 10 13 18 13 16 12 18 10 18 13 13 13 10 13 13 12 18 14 14 14 10 16 16 Exp.d (s) (4) 960 1200 1620 1260 1620 1200 1440 1500 1260 1800 1260 1800 1620 1800 1800 1620 840 1800 1620 1200 1800 1080 1800 1800 1260 1800 1800 1620 1440 1200 1800 1980 Standarde (5) BS7917 BS1482 BS8607 BS8607 BS2383 BS8463 BS2647 BS8607 BS2025 BS8463 BS8607 BS2110 BS2383 BS8463 BS2629 BS2647 BS2714 BS2714 BS7784 BS2383 BS2383 BS1482 BS2383 BS2383 BS2838 BS7677 BS7784 BS7917 BS309 BS1482 BS8463 BS8607 d f(kpc) (6) 7.1 3.9 6.7 3.4 5.0 1.0 8.4 2.7 4.3 4.4 1.8 4 1.1 4.7 1.8 5.0 6.6 5.4 3.3 10.4 5.8 ... 4.7 4.7 7 2.1 1 ... 2 5.4 8.5 7.7 Ref.g (7) 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 1 8 8 10 11 12 13 1 1 1 L h (L ) IRAS sun (8) 2.7E]04 1.1E]03 9.2E]03 1.8E]03 1.4E]03 5.2E]01 3.6E]04 3.9E]03 7.9E]03 8.1E]03 2.6E]03 5.2E]03 3.0E]02 1.5E]03 2.8E]02 1.5E]03 4.8E]03 1.4E]03 1.1E]04 9.0E]04 2.9E]04 ... 2.2E]03 2.9E]03 1.7E]04 4.0E]04 2.6E]02 ... 2.1E]03 9.3E]03 4.2E]04 1.9E]05 ai (9) 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.6 [0.7 0.3 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.4 0.9 0.5 [0.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 2.4 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.1 1.4 2.2 Dustj (10) A E A/E A A/E N N A A E E E A E E E N N A N E N N A E A/E E E E A A/E A

a Reference number of sources listed in Table 1 and Table 3 of Campbell et al. (1989). A prime follows the number for the sources in Table 3. b IRAS point source name. c Date of the observations. d Exposure time. e Standard star. f Distance. g Reference to the distance. h IRAS luminosity. i Spectral index computed over 2.2 to 25 km. j 3 km dust features observed by Ishii et al. (1998). A, E, A/E, N represent those with 3.1 km H O ice absorption, those with 3.3 km 2 UIB emission, those with both of the two features, and those with neither of the features, respectively. REFERENCES.(1) Wouterloot & Brand 1989 ; (2) Persi, Palagi, & Felli 1994 ; (3) Wouterloot, Brand, & Fiegle 1993 ; (4) Casoli et al. 1986 ; (5) Massey, Johnson, & Degioia-Eastwood 1995 ; (6) Snell et al. 1988 ; (7) Tapia et al. 1997 ; (8) Kawamura et al. 1998 ; (9) MacCutcheon et al. 1991 ; (10) Bachiller, Perez, & Garcia-Lario 1998 ; (11) Barsony 1989 ; (12) Odenwald & Schwartz 1989 ; (13) Odenwald, & Schwartz 1993.

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Since the luminosities of the CPM objects are D102104 L , they are mostly early-A to B stars, and the luminosity _ range overlaps with that of HAeBes (D10105 L ; e.g., _ Berrilli et al. 1992). We will examine the possibility that the sample includes more massive stars that could develop H II regions. It is likely that few of the CPM objects are those developing compact H II regions because (1) they were selected by Campbell et al. (1989) on the basis of not being identied with compact H II regions (see also Persson & Campbell 1987), and (2) their typical infrared SEDs are dierent from those of the compact H II regions (Henning, Pfau, & Altenho 1990). However it is possible that a few CPM objects are associated with ultra compact H II (UCH II) regions. Radio continuum observations were performed for eight objects, and nondetections were reported for ve of themobjects 01 by Wilking et al. (1989), 13 and 15 by Molinari et al. (1998), 35 by McCutcheon et al. (1995), and 04@ by Garcia-Lario et al. (1993). For the remaining three (objects 38, 09@, and 17@) UCH II regions were detected. For object 38, 3.6 cm radio continuum was detected by Jenness, Scott, & Padman (1995) with ux of 2.6 mJy. If we assume an optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung emission with an electron temperature of 104 K as the origin of the radio emission, the photon ux of the Lyman continuum is estimated to be 1045.91 s~1 (Brown 1987), which corresponds to a B1B0.5 ZAMS star (Panagia 1973). For object 09@, the UCH II region G60.884[0.128 was found 6A . 1 away from the position of the NIR source, and the observed radio ux corresponds to the spectral type of earlier than B0.5 (Kurtz et al. 1999). However we suspect that the NIR source is not directly connected with the UCH II region, because (1) the separation between them is large, and (2) we detect strong Brc emission apart from the NIR source, nearer to the UCH II region (see the Appendix). For object 17@, Miralles, Rodriguez, & Scalise (1994) found the UCH II region (21413]5442S) at the position of the NIR source (within the separation of 1.4A) and the spectral type of the ionizing source is estimated to be O7.5 by Shepherd & Churchwell (1996). From the above, except for object 17@, the CPM objects are probably intermediate-mass stars, and some objects with luminosities of more than a few times 104 L _ border on the class of OB stars. In order to quantify their SED class, we calculated the 2.225 km spectral indices a of the CPM objects from the relation a\ d log jF j. d log j (1)

similar to those of low-mass Class II objects (Hillenbrand et al. 1992). The evolutionary link between the CPM objects and HAeBes was discussed in Ishii et al. (1998) by comparing their infrared SEDs. Thus, the CPM objects are regarded as intermediate- to high-mass embedded YSOs from the facts of (1) emission from circumstellar dust (near- to mid-infrared excess), which is characterized as Class I SEDs, (2) association with molecular clouds (CO J \ 1 0 line), and (3) their luminosity (IRAS uxes). The CPM objects have been also classied into four types by Ishii et al. (1998) according to dust features in the 3 km bandthe 3.1 km H O ice absorption and the 3.3 km 2 unidentied infrared-band (UIB) emission. The four types are objects with the ice absorption (marked as A in col. [10] of Table 1), those with the UIB emission (marked as E ), those with both the ice absorption and the UIB emission (marked as A/E ), and those with neither of the two features (marked as N ). Each of the four types shows a distinct SED. In NIR wavelengths SEDs of the objects with the 3.1 km H O ice absorption are redder than those with 2 emission ; the color temperature T the 3.3 km UIB of K~L D1000 K seems to be the dividing point. In mid-infrared wavelengths, SEDs of the objects with the H O ice absorp2 tion are similar to those with the UIB emission, and they are redder than the SEDs of the objects with neither the ice absorption nor the UIB emission. Ishii et al. (1998) interpreted these variations in SED as dierent evolutionary phases : they regarded the objects with the ice absorption as the youngest type, and they evolve into those with the UIB emission and into those without either of the dust features.
2.

OBSERVATIONS

The K-band (and L -, M-, N-band when available) photometry by Campbell et al. (1989) and IRAS 12 and 25 km uxes were used for the calculation. IRAS uxes were not used for two objects (16 and 38), which are classied as type D SEDs with mismatched short- and longwavelength uxes by Campbell et al. (1989). Since the two sources show bright nebulosity in NIR (the J-, H-, K-band images ; Ishii et al. 2001) IRAS emission must be extended. The N-band data for object 05 were not used because of the 10 km absorption (see Fig. 7 in Campbell et al. 1989). The result, listed in Table 1, is that all but object 7 have nearly zero to positive values of a. Thus the CPM objects show SEDs similar to those of low-mass Class I objects, except for object 07 showing a Class II SED. The CPM objects may be precursors of HAeBes, many of which have SEDs

The observations were carried out on 1999 November 1018, at the 1.88 m telescope in Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, using the Okayama astrophysical system for infrared imaging and spectroscopy (OASIS, Yamashita et al. 1995 ; Okumura et al. 2000). OASIS is equipped with a NICMOS3, 256 ] 256 HgCdTe array, with each pixel corresponding to 0A . 96. The spectral resolution was j/*j D 500 with a 300 mm~1 grating and a 2A . 4 wide slit. The wavelength coverage was set to approximately 2.0 to 2.33 km. The slit length was about 230A and was aligned along the east-west direction. We observed 32 CPM objects. Since most of them were not seen on a slit viewer with image intensier CCD camera, the objects were rst searched for at K with the OASIS imaging mode before moving to the spectroscopic mode. In the case of a multiple source, the slit was centered on the K-band peak, as noted individually in the Appendix. Each object was observed about 10 times to reduce the eects of bad pixels with the telescope dithered along the 230A long slit. The exposure time was 2 to 3 minutes, depending on source brightness. The telescope was guided during the exposure time by monitoring the nearby optically visible stars (or objects themselves when they were visible) with the slit-viewing camera. We also observed standard stars (A V and G to K) for atmospheric correction, as well as for ux calibration. The dierence in air mass between the CPM objects and the standard stars was less than 0.1. Weather conditions were not stable on November 10 and 16. Typical seeing conditions were D2A FWHM. The seeing is good and stable on November 18 (D1A .6 FWHM), and slightly poor on November 16 (D3A

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FWHM). We present the date of the observations, the total integration time, and the standard star for each object in Table 1.
3.

DATA REDUCTION AND RESULTS

All data were reduced with IRAF.3 Each frame was darksubtracted and at-elded. The at eld was constructed by a set of two dome at frames taken with a illuminating lamp on and o. Wavelength calibration was done for each frame, because the wavelength sometimes shifts on the array during the observations. OH air-glow lines were used to obtain a wavelength solution ; we referred to the UKIRT Web site4 for the wavelengths of the OH lines. The accuracy of the wavelength determination was estimated to be D0.001 km. Background emission was subtracted by tting a third-degree polynomial function to the o-source region along the long slit (5A50A away from the object) to remove the OH lines, thermal background, and nebular emission.
3 IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. 4 See http ://www.jach.hawaii.edu/JACpublic/UKIRT/astronomy/ calib/oh.html.

Then individual spectra were extracted along 4 to 6 pixel wide aperture using the APALL task. The extracted spectra were leveled with each other and median combined to produce a nal spectrum. Spectra of objects were further divided by A V standard stars reduced in the same manner to remove atmospheric absorption features. Brc absorption in the A V standards had been removed with the SPLOT task after being divided by the late-type standards (G8 to K7), which show little Brc absorption (Wallace & Hinkle 1997). Finally the spectra were multiplied by Planck functions at blackbody temperatures corresponding to the A V standards. The blackbody functions were normalized to the ux at K. The K magnitudes were taken from the infrared catalog of Gezari et al. (1993), and those that are not in the catalog were derived from the V magnitudes, assuming the V [K colors of the spectral type (Tokunaga 2000). The reduced spectra are shown in Figure 1. The accuracy of ux level was estimated to be D20% from the change of signals obtained at dierent slit positions. For ve objects (12, 28, 31, 12@, 16@), however, the accuracy is worse (30% to 50%). This is probably because of unstable weather or unsuccessful guiding during the exposures. The use of V [K colors or cataloged magnitudes to derive the K magnitudes of standard stars also causes the ux level to be uncertain, although the uncertainty may be smaller than that because

FIG. 1.Medium-resolution (j/*j D 500) spectra of the observed sources. Fluxes are shifted vertically for clarity.

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FIG. 1.Continued

of the spill of stellar light from the slit during the observations. In addition, it is very likely that some of the observed YSOs are variable, which also causes the uncertainty of ux level. However we did not include these factors to estimate the uncertainty of the line ux in Table 2. It was estimated from the change of signals obtained at dierent slit positions (D20%50%, as noted above) and from the rms noise of the local continuum. We compared the reduced spectra with the lowresolution spectra (j/*j D 40) taken with the PASP2 (Prism Array Spectrophoto/Polarimeter 2, Ishii et al. 1998) to check the consistency between the two data. While SEDs show the same trend between the OASIS and the PASP2 data, ux levels with OASIS are generally lower than those with PASP2. This is most likely because smaller aperture (2A . 4 wide slit) was used for OASIS than for PASPS2 (5A or 9A diameter), and most of the CPM objects are accompanied with nebulosity at K (Ishii et al. 2001). For two objects (38 and 09@), however, uxes with OASIS are brighter than those with PASP2, even if the errors are considered (we assume 20% for OASIS data and 15% for PASP2 data). The uxes with OASIS are 1.4 times and 3 times brighter than those with PASP2 for objects 38 and 09@, respectively. On the other hand, photometries by Campbell et al. (1989) measured with a 8A aperture are 1.3 times and 3 times

brighter than the OASIS data for objects 38 and 09@, respectively. It is possible that the dierent positions were observed between the OASIS and the PASP2, since the two objects are accompanied by bright nebulae (Ishii et al. 2001). In particular the PASP2 observation for object 09@ may be o the K-band peak, because it is too faint compared with the OASIS and Campbell et al.s observations. We searched for the molecular and atomic features that YSOs and/or normal stars show in the K-band spectra H I (2.166 km), H (2.122, 2.223, 2.248 km), He I (2.059, 2.113 2 km), Fe II (2.089 km), Mg I (2.281 km), km), He II (2.189 Mg II (2.137/2.144 km), Na I (2.206/2.209 km), Ca I (2.261/ 2.263/2.266 km), and CO (2.294, 2.323 km). We regard the features as detected if they are more than 3 p above the local continuum. Since the atmospheric absorption at the wavelengths around He I 2.059 km is deep and changes very steeply with wavelength, we were cautious of the detection of the line ; we excluded the lines that could be due to the atmospheric features, and those that are less than 5 p of the local continuum, from the detection. The detected features are Brc emission (31 objects), H emissions (11 objects), CO 2 bandhead emissions (seven objects), He I emission (three objects), and Fe II emission (one object). No absorption feature is found in the spectra of the CPM objects. The line widths are not resolved with our observations, so their

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TABLE 2 EQUVALENT WIDTHS AND FLUXES OF THE OBSERVED OBJECTS Brc NO.a 01 . . . . . . 02 . . . . . . 04 . . . . . . 05 . . . . . . 06 . . . . . . 07 . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 02@ . . . . . . 03@ . . . . . . 04@ . . . . . . 09@ . . . . . . 11@ . . . . . . 12@ . . . . . . 13@ . . . . . . 15@ . . . . . . 16@ . . . . . . 17@ . . . . . . Flux (W m~2) 2.0E-16 ^ 2.3E-17 4.1E-17 ^ 3.8E-18 1.8E-16 ^ 5.3E-17 6.0E-17 ^ 4.8E-18 6.2E-17 ^ 7.1E-18 7.1E-17 ^ 6.4E-18 5.0E-16 ^ 1.8E-16 1.0E-17 ^ 1.8E-18 2.3E-17 ^ 1.4E-18 6.3E-17 ^ 5.5E-18 1.1E-16 ^ 1.8E-17 3.8E-16 ^ 4.1E-17 4.8E-16 ^ 9.9E-17 1.1E-16 ^ 1.5E-17 6.3E-17 ^ 1.3E-17 6.6E-17 ^ 2.1E-17 1.0E-16 ^ 4.3E-17 1.2E-17 ^ 6.0E-18 1.0E-17 ^ 2.2E-18 1.9E-16 ^ 5.8E-17 2.3E-17 ^ 3.6E-18 4.1E-16 ^ 4.9E-17 4.6E-16 ^ 7.8E-17 6.7E-17 ^ 8.2E-18 4.9E-16 ^ 9.7E-17 \7.3E-19 1.7E-16 ^ 4.0E-17 1.4E-16 ^ 5.5E-17 5.9E-17 ^ 7.9E-18 5.8E-17 ^ 6.9E-18 6.8E-17 ^ 2.3E-17 2.7E-16 ^ 4.1E-17 EW (A )b 4.7 ^ 0.6 3.2 ^ 0.3 20.4 ^ 0.3 8.5 ^ 0.2 10.3 ^ 0.4 2.1 ^ 0.3 3.4 ^ 0.5 12.6 ^ 2.3 8.1 ^ 0.6 30.4 ^ 1.1 4.6 ^ 0.3 78.8 ^ 0.7 10.9 ^ 0.3 10.6 ^ 0.4 4.3 ^ 0.3 8.3 ^ 0.3 8.4 ^ 0.8 7.7 ^ 0.8 3.2 ^ 0.8 3.5 ^ 0.5 5.8 ^ 0.6 6.4 ^ 0.6 17.8 ^ 0.4 2.9 ^ 0.4 93.4 ^ 1.5 \3.8 12.9 ^ 0.4 28.6 ^ 1.0 7.9 ^ 0.6 14.5 ^ 1.2 30.5 ^ 1.4 69.6 ^ 1.1 H V \ 1 0 S(1) 2 Flux (W m~2) \7.8E-18 \1.9E-18 \7.7E-18 \1.1E-18 1.6E-17 ^ 1.8E-18 \5.1E-19 \1.0E-16 4.8E-18 ^ 8.9E-19 1.5E-17 ^ 9.4E-19 1.4E-17 ^ 1.2E-18 \5.2E-18 1.7E-17 ^ 1.8E-18 \2.3E-18 \4.2E-18 \9.7E-18 \1.3E-18 \2.8E-17 \6.3E-18 1.6E-17 ^ 3.2E-18 \1.4E-18 2.0E-17 ^ 3.2E-18 \1.2E-18 \1.2E-17 \4.1E-18 3.6E-17 ^ 7.0E-18 2.4E-17 ^ 5.0E-18 \9.3E-18 \9.5E-18 \6.7E-18 \2.3E-18 3.1E-17 ^ 1.1E-17 1.5E-17 ^ 2.3E-18 EW (A ) \1.6 \1.2 \1.3 \0.8 2.7 ^ 0.5 \0.8 \1.3 7.4 ^ 2.4 5.7 ^ 1.2 6.3 ^ 0.9 \0.9 3.5 ^ 0.5 \0.8 \1.2 \0.5 \1.3 \1.3 \2.9 5.2 ^ 1.0 \1.3 5.2 ^ 0.6 \1.0 \1.1 \0.9 6.7 ^ 0.4 10.5 ^ 1.1 \1.0 \2.0 \1.6 \1.9 14.0 ^ 1.9 4.5 ^ 0.3 CO V \ 2 0 Flux (W m~2) \4.4E-18 \6.1E-18 4.1E-17 ^ 1.2E-17 \2.3E-18 \6.4E-18 \1.5E-17 9.7E-16 ^ 3.6E-16 \1.4E-19 3.1E-17 ^ 2.0E-18 \2.8E-18 1.3E-16 ^ 2.1E-17 \3.4E-18 \9.2E-17 \5.4E-18 5.3E-17 ^ 1.1E-17 \4.7E-18 \1.3E-17 \1.3E-17 \3.4E-18 \8.2E-17 \3.5E-19 3.4E-16 ^ 4.0E-17 \1.3E-18 2.4E-16 ^ 3.0E-17 \7.7E-18 \6.8E-19 \2.2E-17 \1.2E-17 \5.9E-19 \1.1E-17 \2.7E-18 \3.6E-18 EW (A ) \4.1 \1.9 4.3 ^ 0.7 \2.8 \6.3 \6.8 5.9 ^ 0.4 \6.2 9.0 ^ 1.3 \8.7 4.9 ^ 0.4 \5.6 \2.7 \2.9 3.4 ^ 0.7 \3.0 \2.8 \5.3 \4.6 \4.1 \3.2 5.1 ^ 1.2 \3.1 10.3 ^ 0.6 \7.7 \6.6 \1.5 \9.2 \4.9 \5.1 \3.8 \4.2

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a Same as col. (1) of Table 1. b A positive EW corresponds to emission.

FWHM is less than 600 km s~1, with the exception of the line width of H V \ 1 0 S(0) for object 04@, which has FWHM of D7002km s~1. Equivalent widths were measured over a 0.01 km wide interval centered at the detected lines, except for CO V \ 2 0 whose measurement was from 2.289 to 2.313 km. The continuum for the equivalent width measurements was determined by tting a straight line to the pixels shortward and longward the features with a width of D0.008 km. The uncertainty of the equivalent widths was estimated following Ali et al. (1995), which is given as p J2 ] N *j cont , pixels cont (2)

CPM objects. The results are noted individually in the Appendix.

4.

DISCUSSION

4.1. Detection Rate Since Brc, H , and CO emissions are frequently seen in 2 CPM objects, we compare the detection the spectra of the rates of these lines with those in other types of YSOs in the literature (Table 3). The detection rates in low-mass YSOs are taken from Greene & Lada (1996), which are derived from the systematic, ux-limited survey within the o Oph molecular cloud. Since equivalent widths of more than D0.5 A are measured in Greene & Ladas observations, their detection limit is similar to or a little better than our , observations. HAeBes are selected from those listed by The De Winter, & Perez (1994), except for WL 16 and 1548 C27, which are regarded as HAeBes by Najita et al. (1996). The data for HAeBes are taken from various observations as noted in column (5) of Table 3. Since the observational method and the detection limit are dierent for those observations, the derived detection rates should be taken with caution. For low-mass stars, Brc emission is found with similar detection rates from Class I to Class II objects, and not
4.1.1. Brc, H , and CO 2

where N , *j, cont, and p are the number of pixels pixels cont within the full extent of the line (7 to 8 pixels), dispersion (13 A pixel~1), continuum, and rms noise of the continuum, respectively. Since the signal-to-noise ratios, cont/p are cont D100, 1 p of the equivalent widths is typically D 0.5 A . In Table 2, the equivalent widths and the uxes of the Brc, H V \ 1 0 S(1), CO V \ 2 0 are presented. When a line is 2 detected, 3 p is presented as an upper limit. not We also searched for emission from nebula or nearby stars along the long slit. When such emission was found, the spectrum was extracted with the same manner as for the

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TABLE 3 DETECTION RATES OF Brc, CO, AND H LINES IN YSOS 2 Type (1) Low-mass YSOs : Class Ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flatb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class IIc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class III d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intermediate- to high-mass YSOs : Herbig Ae/Be stars e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPM objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brc (%) (2) 60 60 50 0 D93 97 CO V \ 2 0 (%) (3) 10 0 0 0 D15 22 H V \ 1 0 S(1) (%) 2 (4) 30 10 4 0 D4 34 Reference (5) 1 1 1 1 2 3

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a 10 YSOs in oOph. b 10 YSOs in oOph. c 24 YSOs in oOph. d Nine YSOs in oOph. e 28 objects for Brc, 26 for CO, and 25 for H . 2 REFERENCES.(1) Greene & Lada 1996 ; (2) Harvey 1984 ; Carr 1990 ; Rodgers & Wooden 1998 ; Porter et al. 1998 ; Nisini et al. 1995 ; Geballe et al. 1987 ; Carr 1989 ; Simon & Cassar 1984 ; Hamann & Simon 1986 ; Clark & Steele 2000 ; Thompson & Reed 1976 ; McGregor, Hyland, & Hillier 1988 ; (3) this paper.

found in Class III objects. Even the highest detection rate in the low-mass stars60% in Class I objectsis lower than the rate in the CPM objects (97%). CO emission is rarely found in low-mass stars. In the o Oph sample, it is detected in only one object (WL 16), resulting in the detection rate of 10% in Class I objects. Considering that WL 16 is sometimes regarded as a Herbig Ae star (e.g., Najita et al. 1996), the detection rate may be nearly 0%. The situation does not change even if we consider all the objects observed by Greene & Lada (1996) ; CO emission is detected for only two (WL 16 and IRAS 04239]2436) out of 96 objects with luminosities of 0.1 to 50 L . Thus we consider that the _ detection rate of CO emission in low-mass stars to be 0%2%, which is much lower than the rate in the CPM objects (22%). The rate in the CPM objects is comparable to the rate found in higher mass stars with luminosities of 1104 L (25%, Carr 1989). H emission is more frequently _ less evolved SEDs 2of low-mass stars. Class I found in objects show the highest detection rate (30%) among the low-mass sample ; the rate is comparable to that for the CPM objects. The comparison of the detection rates between the CPM objects and the low-mass stars indicates that (1) the rates of Brc and CO emission are higher in the CPM objects than in the low-mass stars, and (2) the rates of H in the CPM 2 objects is similar to that in the Class I objects that show similar SEDs to the CPM objects. The detection rates of Brc and CO emissions seem to relate to mass of the stars, while the rate of H emission seems to relate to SEDs. For HAeBes the2data are taken from many investigations in the literature, which makes the comparison with the CPM objects complicated. When a feature is not detected in HAeBes we checked whether the detection limit is comparable to or lower than ours. The detection rate of Brc emission is 93% (26/28) in HAeBes, similar to that in the CPM objects. Since HAeBes without the emission (V1686 Cyg and WW Vul) are taken from Rodgers & Wooden (1998), where EWs of more than 1 A are measured, the comparison between the CPM objects and HAeBes is not aected by the dierence in the detection limits. Observations of CO emission for HAeBes are taken from Carr (1989), Geballe & Persson (1987), Porter et al. (1998),

Rodgers & Wooden (1998), Greene & Lada (1996), Harvey (1984), and McGregor, Hyland, & Hillier (1988). The upper limits of the EWs of the nondetected sources are estimated to be [4 A ,5 which is similar to or better than our observations. The detection rate of CO emission in HAeBes (15%, 4/26) is similar to that in the CPM objects (22%). However, the rate in HAeBes depends on how we dene the sample. Three out of the four HAeBes with CO emission, MWC 349, WL 16, and 1548 C27, do not fulll the original criteria as HAeBes by Herbig (1960). When we exclude such et al. objects and only select those listed in Table 1 of The (1994), which were originally recognized as true members or potential candidates of HAeBes, only one (V645 Cyg) out of 21 objects shows CO emission, resulting in a detection rate of 5%. On the other hand, there are two other objects with CO emission, CPD [572824 and GG Car (McGregor et al. 1988), which are listed as candidates of HAeBes by The et al. (1994) but not included in our sample because of their unknown evolutionary states. Including the two sources to the HAeBe sample results in the detection rate of 21% (6/28). Thus the detection rate of CO emission in HAeBes ranges from 5% to 21%. Observations of H emission for HAeBes are taken from Rodgers & Wooden 2(1998), Porter et al. (1998), Clark & Steele (2000), Greene & Lada (1996), Carr (1990), Harvey (1984), Simon & Cassar (1984), Hamann & Simon (1986), and McGregor et al. (1988). The upper limits of the EWs of the nondetected sources are estimated to be 12 A except for D5 A for HD 259431 (Harvey 1984) and CD [4211721 (McGregor et al. 1988).6 Thus the most HAeBes
5 We estimate the upper limit of the EWs of the nondetected sources to be (1) D1 A for Rodgers & Wooden (1998) and Porter et al. (1998) from the minimum of the measured EWs ; (2) [3 A for Harvey (1984) from the continuum levels in the gures, assuming the lower limit for line uxes of D4 ] 10~16 (W m~2) ; (3) D4 A and 23 A for McGregor et al. (1988) and Carr (1989), respectively, from the upper limits in the tables. 6 We estimate the upper limit of the EWs from (1) the minimum of the measured EWs for Rodgers & Wooden (1998), Porter et al. (1998), Clark & Steele (2000), and Greene & Lada (1996) ; (2) the continuum levels in the gures or K magnitudes, assuming the lower limit of line uxes for Harvey (1984), Simon & Cassar (1984), Hamann & Simon (1986), and McGregor et al. (1988) ; (3) the continuum levels in the gures or K magnitudes and the upper limit of line uxes in the tables in Carr (1990).

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without H emission were observed with detection limits 2 similar to our observation (12 A ). For HAeBes, H emis2 in a sion is found in only one object (PV Cep), resulting detection rate of 4%. The low detection rate is similar to that in low-mass Class II objects. Therefore, the comparison of the detection rate between the CPM objects and HAeBes indicates that (1) Brc emission is found with similar rates in regard to both, (2) it is not clear if CO emission is found in HAeBes with a similar rate as that for the CPM objects, and (3) the H emission is more 2 frequently found in the CPM objects than HAeBes. Trends 1 and 3 can be regarded as a relation between the Class I and Class II SEDs both in the low-mass and higher mass stars : while Brc emission is found with similar detection rate between the two SED classes, H emission is more 2 frequently seen in Class I SEDs than in Class II SEDs.
4.1.2. He I and Fe II

He I emission and Fe II emission were found in three and one of our samples, corresponding to the detection rates of 9% and 3%, respectively. Both emissions are found in early-type emission-line stars. For classical Be stars, He I emission and Fe II emission are occasionally found in stars of spectral types earlier than B3, and in stars of B7B1, respectively (Clark & Steele 2000). The emissions are also seen in the two Herbig Be stars LkHa 101 and MWC 297 (Simon & Cassar 1984 ; Porter et al. 1998). For massive YSOs (BN-type objects and Herbig Be stars) observed by Porter et al. (1998), the detection rates of He I emission and Fe II emission are 50% and 30%, respectivley. The much higher detection rates by Porter et al. (1998) than the rates in our sample is puzzling, because Porter et al.s YSOs seem to belong to similar category to ours, as inferred from the fact that CPM objects in the southern hemisphere are included in their sample. For He I emission, our strict limitation to the detection ( 3) lowers the detection rate. If we automatically pick up the emission above 3 p of the local continuum, in the same way as for other lines, the detection rate of He I emission would come up to 25%, but it is still lower than Porter et al.s rate. The low detection rates of He I and Fe II emissions in our sample may be because our sample includes smaller number of early-B stars than Porter et al.s sample, supporting our inference that most of our objects are intermediate-mass stars ( 1.1). 4.2. Brc Emission In Figure 2, the Brc equivalent widths and line luminosities of the CPM objects and HAeBes in the literature are plotted ; The CPM objects and HAeBes are represented by lled circles and triangles, respectively. In the case of nondetections, upper limits are presented as crosses and slashes for the CPM objects and HAeBes, respectively. In Figures 2a and 2b, Brc emission is shown against a , the spectral indices ranging from 225 km. Note that 2h25 the CPM objects occupy the region of positive indices, indicating their Class I SEDs. On the other hand, HAeBes tend to occupy the region of negative indices : most of them show the indices of [1.6 to 0, which approximately corresponds to Class II SEDs. In Figure 2a, most of the CPM objects show equivalent widths of a few to 30 A , and only three of them show EWs of more than 70 A . Except for the three objects, the equivalent widths of the CPM objects are similar to those of HAeBes. The similarity between the

FIG. 2.Brc emission : (a) equivalent width vs. spectral index ; (b) line luminosity vs. spectral index ; (c) equivalent width vs. source luminosity ; (d) line luminosity vs. source luminosity. The CPM objects with Brc emission are marked as lled circles. For those without a detection, 3 p upper limits are marked as crosses. We also plot Herbig Ae/Be stars as triangles in the gures ; equivalent widths are taken from Porter et al. (1998), Rodgers & Wooden (1998), Greene & Lada (1996), and Clark & Steele (2000) ; uxes are taken from Nisini et al. (1995), McGregor et al. (1988), and Carr (1990) ; photometry from 2 to 25 km is taken from Hillenbrand et al. (1992) or the infrared catalog of Gezari et al. (1993) to compute the spectral index.

CPM objects and HAeBes can also be seen in the line luminosities in Figure 2b. Thus it seems that Brc emission does not change from Class I SEDs to Class II SEDs, consistent with its similar detection rates in Class I and Class II SEDs ( 4.1.1). In Figures 2c and 2d, Brc emission is shown against the source luminosities. In Figure 2c, lower luminosity sources tend to show small EWs. For example, the sources with luminosities less than 100 L show EWs less than 10 A , _ more than 1000 L show while those with luminosities _ EWs up to D90 A . The tendency can also be applied to low-mass stars. For example, only three out of 50 low-mass stars with Brc emission observed by Greene & Lada (1996) have EWs of more than 10 A . Thus lower mass stars show small EWs, while some luminous stars show large EWs. This conrms the larger detection rate of Brc emission in higher mass YSOs ( 4.1.1). It has been shown that the Brc luminosity of HAeBes correlates with the source luminosity

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(Persson et al. 1984). We found similar correlation for the CPM objects in Figure 2d, where the line luminosities are plotted against the source luminosities. Brc emission seems to be correlated with the sources luminosities rather than the SEDs. Brc emission of the CPM object resembles that of HAeBes in the (1) equivalent widths, (2) line luminosities, and (3) correlation to the source luminosities. Thus we infer that the Brc emission of the CPM objects arises with the same mechanism as that of HAeBes. H I lines of HAeBes and other massive YSOs are thought to arise from stellar wind. The line width indicates the typical wind velocities of 100200 km s~1 (Persson et al. 1984). Applying the wind model to the H I lines of HAeBes derived the mass-loss rate of 10~610~8 M yr~1 (Nisini et al. 1995 ; Benedettini et al. _ model tting, Benedettini et al. (1998) 1998). From the showed that the H I lines of HAeBes occur in an ionized region within D10 R . * How could the correlation between Brc and source luminosities be explained ? Although previous observations of embedded YSOs and HAeBes have also shown similar correlation, the interpretation varies among the authors (Persson et al. 1984 ; Nisini et al. 1995 ; Corcoran & Ray 1998). In the NIR H I line observations of HAeBes, Nisini et al. (1995) interpret the correlation between the stellar luminosity and the line luminosity as the correlation between the stellar wind and the stellar mass (stellar-driven wind). On the other hand, in the observations of [O I] and Ha lines of HAeBes, Corcoran & Ray (1998) interpret the correlation as reecting the correlation between the accretion luminosity and the line luminosity, and they conclude that winds from HAeBes arise in the same manner as those from T Tauri stars (accretion-driven wind). 4.3. CO Emission In Figures 3 and 4, the CO equivalent widths and line luminosities of the CPM objects and HAeBes in the literature are plotted ; the symbols are the same as those in Figure 2. In Figures 3a and 3b, CO emission is not correlated with the SEDs over 225 km. Although no CO emission is detected in redder SEDs objects (a Z 1), the tendency 2~25 does not seem to be meaningful, because very embedded YSOs such as BN, NGC 1333 SSV 13, and S106-IR show the CO emission (Geballe & Persson 1987 ; Carr 1989). The equivalent widths and the line luminosities are similar between the CPM objects and HAeBes : i.e., the CO emission does not change from Class I SEDs to Class II SEDs. In Figure 3c, the CO equivalent widths of the CPM objects are not correlated with the source luminosities. In the range of luminosities of 102105 L , there is no tendency for the _ more luminous sources to have either larger EWs or the higher detection rate. On the other hand, CO luminosity is correlated with the source luminosity in Figure 3d, as was pointed out by Carr (1989). CO emission and Brc emission are similar in the correlation with the stellar luminosity. We investigate the relation between the CO emission and Brc emission. In Figure 4a, CO line uxes are plotted against the Brc uxes. The uxes are converted to luminosities in Figure 4b. In those gures, CO emission is correlated with the Brc emission for both the CPM objects and HAeBes. As Carr (1989) pointed out, however, since most of the objects with Brc emission do not show CO emission, the relation between CO and Brc

FIG. 3.CO emission presented in the same way as Fig. 1. Filled circles, crosses, triangles, and slashes represent the CPM objects with CO emission, those without a detection, Herbig Ae/Be stars with the emission, and those without the emission, respectively. The data of Herbig Ae/Be stars are taken from Carr (1989) and Geballe & Persson (1987).

could not be the direct one, although both of them may be related to stellar luminosity. The CO emission occurs in a region with a density of Z1010 cm~3 and a temperature of 3000 4000 K (Scoville et al. 1983 ; Carr 1989). Such a dense, hot, and neutral condition could be satised in a circumstellar disk or neutral stellar wind. While the both situations have been modeled by several authors to t the CO observations, the accretion disk models with mass accretion rates of 10~810~7 M _ yr~1 more successfully reproduce the observed features of the CO emission than the wind models where unreasonably high mass-loss rates are needed (Chandler, Carlstrom, & Scoville 1995 ; Carr 1989 ; Calvet et al. 1991 ; Najita et al. 1996). In addition, all of the four HAeBes with CO emission have some features indicating the presence of disks : asymmetric nebular morphology, the presence of outow, a jet, or an H-H object for V 645 Cyg, MWC 349, and 1548 C27 (Goodrich 1986 ; Schulz et al. 1989 ; White & Becker 1985 ; Leinert 1986 ; Dent & Aspin 1992 ; Mundt et al. 1984), and a prole of the CO bandhead emission for WL 16 (Carr et al. 1993 ; Najita et al. 1996). Therefore CO emission presumably arises in circumstellar disks.

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absorption lines (Fig. 7 of Calvet et al. 1991). It can be also possible that some objects lack the disks. Thus the rarity of CO emission seems to result from a subtle combination of the stellar and disk properties. 4.4. H Emission 2 In Figures 5 and 6, the H equivalent widths and line 2 and HAeBes in the literluminosities of the CPM objects ature are plotted ; the symbols are same as in Figure 2. In Figure 5a, the CPM objects with H emission have 2 a of Z 0.5, while those without the emission tend to 2 h 25 show bluer SEDs. In Figure 5b, seven HAeBes taken from Carr (1990) are plotted together with the CPM objects. In HAeBes whose SEDs are Class IIlike we nd only one detection of H in the literature ( 4.1.1). The HAeBes with 2 H emission (represented as a triangle) also shows relatively 2 large a . Thus H emission clearly depends on the SEDs 2h25 2 from Class I to Class II, and it is detected only in Class I SEDs with particularly large spectral indices. In Figures 5c and 5d, H emission is shown against the 2 source luminosities. In Figure 5c there is no clear corre-

FIG. 4.Relation between Brc emission and CO emission. (a) CO ux vs. Brc ux. Filled circles, crosses, triangles, and slashes represent the CPM objects with CO emission, those without the emission, Herbig Ae/Be stars with the emission, and those without the emission, respectively. (b) CO line luminosity vs. Brc luminosity. Each symbol is the same as in (a).

In the disk models, disks are heated by the stellar radiation in addition to the viscous heating due to accretion. The correlation between the CO luminosity and the stellar luminosity can be explained in terms of the disk irradiation by the central star (e.g., Carr 1989, Fig. 4). Dierent origins between Brc and COstellar wind and circumstellar diskwould explain why most of the objects with Brc emission lack CO emission. The lower detection rate of CO emission than that of Brc emission implies a more strict condition for CO emission relating to disk properties such as mass accretion rate or inclination to the line of sight. Calvet et al. (1991) modeled an optically thick accretion disk with a temperature inversion in the upper disk atmosphere due to the stellar irradiation. In their model, whether CO emission occurs depends on the mass accretion rate relative to the stellar eective temperature : an increase of the accretion rate for a xed stellar temperature cancels the eect of stellar irradiation, resulting in the CO bands in absorption. For example, at a stellar temperature of D10,000 K, an accretion rate of more than Z10~6 M yr~1 makes CO bands disappear or turn into _

FIG. 5.H V \ 2 0 S(1) emission presented in the same way as Fig. 1. Filled circles, 2 crosses, triangles, and slashes represent the CPM objects with H emission, those without the detection, Herbig Ae/Be stars with the 2 and those without the emission, respectively. The data of Herbig emission, Ae/Be stars are taken from Carr (1990).

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FIG. 6.Relation between Brc emission and H emission. (a) H ux vs. 2 2 CPM Brc ux. Filled circles, crosses, triangles, and slashes represent the objects with H emission, those without the emission, Herbig Ae/Be stars 2 and those without the emission, respectively. (b) H line with the emission, 2 luminosity vs. Brc luminosity. Symbols are the same as in (a).

lation between the equivalent widths and the source luminosities. In Fig. 5d, the H uxes seem to be correlated with 2 in the case of Brc in Figure 2d. the source luminosities as We investigate the relation between H emission and Brc emission. In Figure 6a, H uxes are 2relatively constant against Brc uxes. On the 2other hand, H and Brc lumi2 in Figure 6b. nosities seem to be correlated with each other We suspect the correlation is only supercial, which comes from the scale expansion by the distance squared eect. To infer the emission mechanism, we calculate the ratio of the 21 S(1)/1 0 S(1) lines of H of the CPM objects. H 2 2 21 S(1) is detected in only one object (04@), and the ratio is 0.3 ^ 0.1. For the other 10 objects with H 1 0 S(1), upper limits of the ratio are given ; 0.3 for object 235 and D0.1 for the others. Generally, the line ratios of D0.1 are observed in shocked regions, and those of D0.5 are observed in photodissociation regions (PDRs) (Martini, Sellgren, & DePoy 1999 ; Shull & Beckwith 1982, and references therein). The small ratios for the CPM objects could support the excitation by shock. There is another possibility, however, that

the H emission occurs in dense PDRs with densities of 2 Z105 cm~3 where the 21 S(1)/1 0 S(1) ratios could be similar to those in shocked regions (Luhman, Engelbracht, & Luhman 1998 ; Draine & Bertoldi 1996). For seven objects that are marked as E or A/E in Table 1 out of the 11 CPM objects with H , the 3.3 km UIB emission have 2 been observed by Ishii et al. (1998). Since the UIB emission is closely associated with UV photons it is possible that H 2 emission of the seven objects occur in PDRs. Whether the H emission of the CPM objects occurs in shocks or dense 2 PDRs cannot be distinguished from the 21 S(1)/1 0 S(1) ratio alone. It will be necessary to observe several other H 2 lines to distinguish the two excitation mechanisms. On the other hand, there are some observational signatures indicating outows or shocks for most of the CPM objects with H . Two objects, 09@ and 17@, are known as 2 molecular outow sources (Barsony 1989 ; Shepherd & Churchwell 1996), and an additional four objects (06, 15, 35, 04@) are candidate outow sources because of their wing(s) or wide velocity widths of their CO (J \ 1 0) line (Bachiller, Perez, & Garcia-Lario 1998 ; Wouterloot & Brand 1989 ; Wilking et al. 1989 ; McCutcheon et al. 1991). Water maser emission at 22 GHz may also indicate the presence of shocks because it is closely connected with molecular outows (e.g., Codella, Felli, & Natale 1996 ; Henning et al. 1992). The maser was detected for ve objects13, 15, 38, 09@, and 17@ (Wouterloot et al. 1993 ; Henkel et al. 1986 ; Palla et al. 1991 ; Henning et al. 1992). Finally, object 38 shows bipolar morphology in optical and infrared (Cohen et al. 1989 ; Ishii et al. 2001). Therefore, the presence of outows or shocks is suggested for eight out of the 11 CPM objects with H by the CO (J \ 1 0) proles, water masers, 2 or a nebular morphology. The fact that H emission is found for those with Class I 2 SEDs (Fig. 5a) indicates that the emission is closely associated with the circumstellar envelopes. In Figure 7, the IRAS (1225)-(25 60) two-color diagram, the CPM objects with H ( lled circles) show larger (1225) than the CPM objects 2 without H (open circles). The redder (1225) color indicates 2 from circumstellar dust heated to D100300 that emission K is stronger in the CPM objects with H than in those 2 as crosses in without H . HAeBes, which are represented 2 the gure, show bluer (1225) than the CPM objects with H emission. Thus the CPM objects with H are dierent 2 the objects without the H in the presence 2 of emission from 2 from warm dust. There is another point suggesting the association with the extended material : all the CPM objects with H emission are nebulous in NIR (Ishii et al. 2001), clearly 2 indicating the presence of extended circumstellar matter. We examine the possibility of H emission arising in 2 regions away from the stars. The H emissions of objects 16 2 and 09@ (and probably 38) are more extended than the stellar continuum, and the H emissions separated from the objects are also detected for 2 objects 38 and 09@ (Appendix). For other objects the H emissions cannot be distinguished 2 continuum, but the slit width in from the extent of stellar our observation covers extended regions because the distances of the CPM objects with H range from 2 to 8 kpc. 2 Thus it is possible that the H emission of the CPM objects 2 extends to 0.03 0.1 pc within the slit. From the association with molecular outows and with the extended circumstellar material, we infer that H emis2 sion of the CPM objects arises from the shocks between outows and envelopes.

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FIG. 7.Relation between the H emission and IRAS colors. In the IRAS (1225) vs. (25 60) diagram, 2 CPM objects with and without H 2 emission are plotted as lled circles and open circles, respectively. Herbig Ae/Be stars with and without the H emission are also plotted as pluses 2 and a triangle, respectively.

FIG. 8.Relation between the CO emission and IRAS colors. In the IRAS (1225) vs. (25 60) diagram, CPM objects with and without CO emission are plotted as lled circles and open circles, respectively. Herbig Ae/Be stars with and without the CO emission are also plotted as crosses and a triangle, respectively.

It is striking that only one of the CPM objects with H shows CO bandhead emission. The rare coincidence of H2 2 and CO was also noted by Carr (1989), who ascribes it to the dierent emitting regions. The following points also point to the dierence between H and CO. (1) While H 2 (1225) color (Fig. 7), 2 emission is correlated with the IRAS no correlation with the IRAS color is seen in the case of CO emission (Fig. 8). (2) While all the CPM objects with H are nebulous in NIR, about half of the CPM objects with2 CO do not show nebulosity (Ishii et al. 2001). (3) CO emission is not detected for objects with intense Brc emission, while the detection of H emission does not depend on Brc emission : 2 are only found in those objects whose Brc the CO emissions EWs are less than 20 A , while those with H emission shows the Brc EWs of D093 A (Table 2). The 2rst and second points may indicate that CO emission is not associated with the extended circumstellar material. The third point may indicate that CO emission arises from outer layers of the inner disk, adjacent to the region of H I recombination line emission. 4.5. Comparison with the 3 km Dust Features Ishii et al. (1998) classied the CPM objects into four types on the basis of the dust features in the 3 km band, and they found that SEDs of the four types are distinct from each other ( 1.1). In this section, we investigate the K-band spectral features in their relation to the 3 km dust features and to the continuum emission in NIR. In Table 4, we compare the detection rates of the K-band spectral features for each type of the 3 km feature. Brc emission and CO emission do not depend on the 3 km dust features. H emission is not detected for the objects without 2 the dust features. This is mostly related to the fact that the objects without the dust features are distributed in bluer

part of the IRAS (1225) versus (25 60) diagram (Ishii et al. 1998), which overlaps with the region of the objects without H emission in Figure 7. 2 In Figure 9, equivalent widths of (1) Brc emission, (2) CO emission, and (3) H emission are plotted against the spectral indices over 1.32 4.2 km. The CPM objects are marked according to the dust features. Note that the objects with the H O ice absorption (open circles and crosses) are distrib2 the redder (more rightmost) part of the gures than uted in the objects with the UIB emission ( lled circles and slashes), as we mentioned previously. The gures show that the equivalent widths of the K-band spectral features are related to neither the classication using the 3 km dust features nor the SEDs over the H, K, and L bands. NIR SEDs of the CPM objects are characterized by emission from circumstellar dust with temperatures of 6001500 K (Ishii et al. 1998). Thus the NIR continuum occurs in
TABLE 4 DETECTION RATES OF BRc, CO, AND H LINES ACCORDING TO THE 2a 3 kM FEATURES ICEb (percent) ICE and UIBc (percent) UIBd (percent) No Featurese (percent)

Type

Brc . . . . . . 100 (9/9) 75 (3/4) 100 (12/12) 100 (7/7) CO . . . . . . 22 (2/9) 25 (1/4) 17 (2/12) 29 (2/7) H ...... 44 (4/9) 75 (3/4) 33 (4/12) 0 (0/7) 2 a The number of detections over the number of samples are in parenthesis. b Objects with 3.1 km H O ice absorption. c Objects with both 3.1 2 km H O ice absorption and 3.3 km UIB emis2 sion. d Objects with the 3.3 km UIB emission. e Objects with neither of the 3 km features.

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FIG. 9.Equivalent widths of (a) Brc emission, (b) CO emission, (c) H 2 emission are plotted vs. spectral indices computed over 1.3 4.2 km. The indices are calculated from the H-, K-, L -band photometry by Ishii et al. (1998). The CPM objects are classied as in Ishii et al. (1998) : open circles, lled circles, half-lled circles, and triangles represent the CPM objects with the 3.1 km H O ice absorption, those with the 3.3 km UIB emission, 2 3 km features, and those without the 3 km features, those with both the respectively. When the K-band spectral features are not detected, upper limits are plotted separately according to the 3 km features : crosses, slashes, back slashes, and pluses represent the CPM objects with the 3.1 km H O ice absorption, those with the 3.3 km UIB emission, those with 2 3 km features, and those without the 3 km features, respectively. both the

dierent regions from those where the K-band lines occur : the continuum-emitting region is cooler than the regions of Brc and CO emission because dust evaporates at temperatures higher than D1500 K, and hotter than the regions where H emission occursthe circumstellar envelope. 2 Therefore it is not surprising that the K-band lines are unrelated to the NIR continuum. Since Brc and CO do not change within the Class I to Class II SEDs ( 4.2, 4.3), it is natural that the emissions are not related to the classication using the 3 km dust featuresH O ice absorption and UIB emission. On the other hand, 2 H emission is not detected for the objects with 2 features, while the emission is detected in neither of the two both the objects with H O ice absorption and those with 2 detection rates, line uxes, and UIB emission with similar equivalent widths. The nondetection of H emission for the 2 to their lower objects without the dust features is consistent amounts of cold circumstellar dust and their being in a more evolved phase than the objects with the 3 km features (Ishii et al. 1998). 4.6. Relation of the Spectral L ines and the SEDs It is well conrmed that the evolutionary stages of lowmass young stars are represented by their infrared SEDs. Class I objects, which are surrounded by massive envelopes,

evolve into Class II objects, which are surrounded by circumstellar disks but lack envelopes, while Class III objects, which lack both envelopes and disks, are the most evolved (e.g., Adams, Lada, & Shu 1987). In this context, the behavior of the infrared spectral lines is studied in relation to the infrared SEDs (Greene & Lada 1996). We compare our sample of high-mass YSOs with low-mass YSOs in the relation between the K-band spectral lines and the SEDs. For low-mass stars, Brc emission is detected both for the Class I and Class II objects with a similar rate, but it is not detected for Class III objects (Table 3). In the case of our sample of high-mass YSOs, Brc emission does not dier between the CPM objects and HAeBes : i.e., Brc emission does not dier between Class I SEDs and Class II SEDs as in the case of low-mass stars. On the other hand, two HAeBes with Class III SEDs in our sample (HD 37490 & HD 53367) also show Brc emission with intensities similar to other HAeBes (Fig. 2b). In addition, the detection rate of Brc emission is much higher for our sample than for lowmass stars. The dependence of H emission on Class I to 2 Class III SEDs does not dier between low-mass and highmass YSOs. The emission is most frequently detected in Class I SEDs, and it is not detected in Class III SEDs. CO emission is detected in a certain fraction of our sample and seems not to be related to SED, but the emission is rarely detected in low-mass stars. In summary, H emission depends on the SEDs of both 2 low-mass and high-mass YSOs, while Brc and CO emission are more aected by the stellar luminosity than by the SEDs. For high-mass YSOs, evolutionary sequence according to infrared SEDs is not well established (e.g., Lada & Adams 1992 ; Hillenbrand et al. 1992 ; Fuente et al 1998). Even so, the spectral behavior of our sample of high-mass YSOs could be explained in the following way, assuming evolution from Class I SEDs (CPM objects) to Class II SEDs (HAeBes). Brc emission arises in the ionized wind close to stars ([10 R ). The property of the stellar wind does not change from * Class I to Class II SEDs, but rather depends on the stellar luminosities. H emission occurs in 2 The emission is shocks between outows and envelopes. detected in those with Class I SEDs surrounded by envelopes, and it comes to be detected less frequently in those with Class II SEDs, where outows have already distracted the envelope material. CO emission occurs in dense, hot, and neutral regions, presumably circumstellar disks. The relatively lower detection rate of this emission compared with Brc and H is probably due to the emission 2 disk and the stellar properties. depending on both the Although the CO emission does not depend on Class I to Class II SEDs, the rare coincidence with H emission could 2 indicate relation to the evolutionary sequence, or relation between the outows and disks. 4.7. He I Emission He I emission at 2.06 km is detected for three objects (21, 04@, and 17@). These objects show some common characteristics. First they have Brc emission with largest equivalent widths in our sample ([70 A ). In the observations of massive YSOs by Porter et al. (1998), there are no objects whose Brc EWs more than 50 A . Thus Brc emission of the three objects is especially strong among massive YSOs. Second, the three objects are particularly luminous in our sample (Table 1). They are estimated to be late-O to early-B stars (Tapia et al. 1997 ; Bachiller et al. 1998 ; Shepherd &

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Churchwell 1996) and two of them (objects 21 and 17@) are associated with (ultra compact) H II regions (Tapia et al. 1997 ; Miralles et al. 1994). Finally, the three objects show H emission. The rst and second characteristics indicate 2 that He I emission in these objects arises in H II regions associated with OB stars. These objects may be the most massive in our sample. On the other hand, the presence of H emission probably indicates that the H II regions have 2 yet evolved. not 4.8. Absence of Absorption Features We do not detect any absorption features in our sample. For low-mass Class II and Class III objects, absorptions of Na I (2.21 km) and Ca I (2.26 km), with equivalent widths of about [2 A , and CO (2.29 km), with equivalent widths of about [5 A , are detected (Greene & Lada 1996 ; Casali & Matthews 1992). Such absorptions could have been detected in our observations where uncertainties of equivalent widths are D1 A . For optically visible OB stars, on the other hand, He I absorption at 2.11 km is found for late-O to early-B stars, and He II absorption at 2.19 km is found for O stars (Hanson, Conti, & Rieke 1996). Since the equivalent widths of these features are about [1 A , it could have been possible to detect these features in our observations. The absence of those absorption features may indicate that our sample includes neither low-mass stars nor OB stars, conrming that our sample is in the same mass range as HAeBes. However, it is more likely that the continuum emission from the circumstellar material dilutes the photospheric features, as is the case for low-mass Class I objects (Greene & Lada 1996 ; Greene & Lada 2000). Spectroscopy at higher resolution with high signal-to-noise will be necessary to detect the photospheric absorption features in our sample. Observations in the J and H bands, where thermal emission from dust becomes negligible, will also be helpful.
5.

ability of the emission may depend on disk properties, such as mass accretion rate or inclination to the line of sight, and on the stellar luminosity. 5. He I and Fe II emissions, indicative of a massive YSO, were detected in only three out of the 32 CPM objects ; our sample includes few massive YSOs, precursors of OB stars. We would like to thank the sta of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory for the observations. We also thank D. Kato for the help in the observation. This work has been supported in part by Grants-in-Aids for Scientic Research by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan. Y. Y. and Z. J. are supported by NSFC grant 19803005. APPENDIX NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL OBJECTS 02. IRAS 00361]5911 is a binary aligned in north-south direction with 2A separation. The brighter northern source (0h38m59s . 4, ]5927@49A)7 was centered on the slit. 05. IRAS 02445]6042 is a binary aligned in southeastnorthwest direction with 3A separation. The brighter southeast source (2h48m25s . 7, ]6055@5A) was on the slit. 07. IRAS 03134]5958 shows a Class II SED, which is the bluest in our sample. In the K-band spectrum, only Brc emission with the smallest equivalent width in our sample is et al. (1994) as a candidetected. This object is listed by The date HAeBe. 15. A bright star located 10A west from IRAS 05137]3919 was also in the slit. This nearby star (5h17m12s . 9, ]3922@19A) is visible on the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) plate. Its K-band spectrum shows Brc in absorption (EW \ 7.2 ^ 1.3 A ) on the blue continuum. 16. IRAS 05198]3325 is a cluster associated with bright nebulosity (Ishii et al. 2001). In our K-band spectroscopy the brightest object at K (5h23m8s . 4, ]3328@38A) was centered on the slit. H emission of this object is a little more extended than the2 stellar continuum. A spectrum of a nearby star (5h23m7s . 6, ]3328@38A) was also taken. It shows no line on the blue continuum. 21. The kinematic distance derived from the CO (J \ 1 0) radial velocity and a rotation curve of the Galaxy is 16.5 kpc (Wouterloot & Brand 1989). However Tapia et al. (1997) concluded from their JHK imaging observations that the IRAS source is a cluster which is 3 4 kpc away from us with a visual extinction of D15 mag. We adopt the latter distance. The Ha image reveals the photoionized region around the IRAS source (Tapia et al. 1997). In our observation the K-band peak (5h47m12s . 5, ]3036@14A), which corresponds to Gy 2-18 object 11 by Tapia et al. (1997), was centered on the slit. The spectrum shows 2.06 km He I emission (EW \ 5.6 ^ 1.2 A ), strong Brc emission (EW \ 78.8 ^ 0.7 A ), and H emissions. In addition, a spec2h47m12s trum of the nearby star (5 . 3, ]3036@12A ; corresponds to Gy 2-18 object 9 by Tapia et al. 1997) was also taken. The spectrum is redder than that of the K-band peak,
7 R.A. and decl. (J2000.0) are taken from the K-band images obtained by Ishii et al. (2001).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate-resolution spectroscopy from 2.0 to 2.33 km has been done for 32 YSOs. These objects are IRAS sources identied as luminous, embedded YSOs by Campbell, Persson, & Matthews (1989), which we refer to as CPM objects. Since the luminosities of the CPM objects are comparable to those of Herbig Ae/Be stars, these objects can be regarded as the precursors of optically visible Herbig Ae/Be stars. The main results in this paper are the following. 1. We detected Brc, H , CO, He I, and Fe II, all in emission, with detection rates2of 97%, 34%, 22%, 9%, and 3%, respectively. No absorption features were found in the K-band spectra. 2. Brc emission was found in most of the CPM objects. The similarity of the detection rate and line intensity to those of Herbig Ae/Be stars in the literature indicates that the wind from luminous YSOs is sustained from the embedded phase represented by the CPM objects to the optically visible phase represented by Herbig Ae/Be stars. 3. H emission was found preferentially in the red CPM objects 2 with molecular outows, and it was rarely found in the bluer CPM objects and in Herbig Ae/Be stars. We infer that the H emission arises from the shocked region of out2 envelopes. ows striking 4. CO emission was found in the CPM objects, as well as in Herbig Ae/Be stars, independent of the SEDs. The detect-

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and shows H emissions [EW \ 11.3 ^ 1.4 A for 1 0 S(1), 2 3.7 ^ 0.7 for 1 0 S(0), and 1.3 ^ 0.9 for 21 S(1)] and Brc emission (EW \ 6.4 ^ 1.2 A ). While the H emissions are 2 stronger than those of the peak position, Brc emission is weaker. 38. IRAS 22539]5758 is a bipolar nebula. The K-band spectrum was taken at the peak of the southern nebula (22h55m59s . 8, ]5814@43A), which roughly corresponds to the optical peak (position D of Cohen et al. 1989). Cohen et al. (1989) suggest from their optical spectroscopic observations that the position coincides with an early-to-middle B star seen directly along the axis, which is sufficiently inclined to our line of sight. The K-band peak also coincides with the UCH II region (with the separation of 1A . 3) detected by Jenness, Scott, & Padman (1995). In our observations, H emission is also detected 5A west of the object 2 (22h55m59s . 2, ]5814@43A), where no stellar component, but a bright nebular knot, is found in the K-band image by Ishii et al. (2001). The equivalent widths are 23.6 ^ 5.0 A for 1 0 S(1) and 16.3 ^ 5.1 A for 1 0 S(0). The continuum is nearly at and a little redder than that of the peak position. 04 . The K-band spectrum of IRAS 06562[0337 is unusual among our sample of objects ; it shows 2.08 km Fe II emission (3.5 ^ 1.0 A ), in addition to 2.06 km He I emission (EW \ 12.0 ^ 2.5 A ), H emissions, and Brc emis2 sion. Although the object had previously been considered a protoplanetary nebula, CO and CS observations revealed the YSO nature ; the IRAS luminosity derived from the CO velocity is 2 ] 104 L , corresponding to a B0B2 ZAMS _ star (Bachiller et al. 1998). In the 6 cm continuum observation, there was no detection, giving a 3 p upper limit of 0.1 mJy (Garcia-Lario et al. 1993). In the optical spectrum, permitted and forbidden line emissions vary dramatically in a timescale of several years (Kerber, Lercher, & Roth 1996 ; Alves et al. 1998 ; Garcia-Lario et al. 1993). Kerber et al. (1996) referred to the object as the Ironclad Nebula from the presence of a wealth of permitted and forbidden Fe II lines. 09 . IRAS 19442]2427 lies in the S87 region. In our observation the K-band peak (19h46m19s . 4, ]2435@25A) was centered on the slit. The spectrum is the only example in our sample that does not show Brc emission and instead shows relatively strong H emission. On the other hand Brc and H emissions from 2the nearby positions were detected : (1) 2 strong Brc emission (EW \ 55.4 ^ 4.0 A ) and H emissions 2 1 0 S(0), [EW \ 30.8 ^ 2.9 A for 1 0 S(1), 11.9 ^ 2.9 for and 10.2 ^ 2.4 for 21 S(1)] are found 5A east from the K-band peak ; (2) weak H and Brc emission are found to be 2 extended around the object within D30A east and D10A

west ; (3) a spectrum of a nearby star (19h46m20s . 4, ]2435@25A) was also taken ; it shows Brc emission (EW \ 45.7 ^ 5.5 A ) and H emission [EW \ 20.1 ^ 2.9 A 2 for 1 0 S(1), 11.8 ^ 3.0 for 1 0 S(0), and 5.5 ^ 2.7 for 21 S(1)]. The continuum of these nearby emissions is at and bluer than that of the peak position. At the nearby emission (1) (19h46m19s . 8, ]2435@25A) no stellar component, but a bright nebular knot, was found in the K-band image by Ishii et al. (2001). The position is D4A south from the UCH II region G60.884[0.128, where diuse, extended radio continuum emission at 3.6 cm was found by Kurtz et al. (1999). 13 . The spectrum of a faint nearby star (20h29m4s . 3, ]4032@1A), which is located 4A west from object 13@ (20h29m4s . 6, ]4032@3A), was also taken, and no lines on the at continuum were detected. 15 . The spectrum of a nearby star (21h31m44s . 1, ]5115@37A), which is located 10A west from object 15@ (21h31m45s . 1, ]5115@37A), was also taken, and no lines on the at continuum were detected. 16 . IRAS 21336]5333 is a binary aligned in an east-west direction with 4A separation. While we centered the slit on the brighter eastern source (21h35m21s . 3, ]5347@12A), the western source (21h35m20s . 8, ]5347@12A) was also on the slit. Spectrum of the western source shows Brc emission (EW \ 60.6 ^ 2.9 A ), and H emission (EW \ 3.9 ^ 1.9 A ) on the at continuum which 2 is bluer than that of the eastern source. While the Brc emission of the western source is stronger than that of the eastern one, H emission is weaker. 2 17 . IRAS 21413]5442 is the only object in our sample that shows He I emission at 2.11 km (EW \ 5 ^ 0.4 A ) in addition to 2.06 km He I emission (EW \ 51.7 ^ 0.8 A ), H 2 emission, and Brc emission. The IRAS luminosity of 2 ] 105 L , corresponding to a O6O6.5 ZAMS star, is the largest in _ our sample, which may be related to the strong He I emissions. The UCH II region (21413]5442S) was detected by Miralles et al. (1994) at the K-band peak (21h43m1s . 5, ]5456@19A) within the separation of 1A . 4, and the spectral type of the ionizing source is estimated to be O7.5 by Shepherd & Churchwell (1996). The radio observation by Miralles et al. (1994) reveals that the spectral index between 5 and 15 GHz (0.99 ^ 0.01) is dierent from that of an optically thin H II region. This may be related to the bipolar outow found by Shepherd & Churchwell (1996). In our observations a spectrum of a nearby star (21h43m0s . 9, ]5456@19A), which is located 5A west from object 17@ was also taken. It shows H emissions 2 A [EW \ 11.3 ^ 2.4 A for 1 0 S(1), and 10.7 ^ 1.8 for 1 0 S(0)] on the nearly at continuum.

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