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Contents [hide] 1 Introduction 2 Voltage Considerations 3 Available Short-Circuit Current 4 Calculation Approach 5 Partial Fault Currents 5.1 Short-Circuit Current from Batteries 5.2 Short-Circuit Current from DC Motors/Generators 5.3 Short-Circuit Currents from Chargers 6 References
Introduction
Scope of the IEEE 946-1992: This recommended practice provides guidance for the design of the DC auxiliary power systems for nuclear and non-nuclear power generating stations. The components of the DC auxiliary power system addressed by this recommended practice include lead-acid storage batteries, static battery chargers and distribution equipment. Guidance for selecting the quantity and types of equipment, the equipment ratings, interconnections, instrumentation, control and protection is also provided. This recommended practice is intended for nuclear and large fossil-fueled generating stations. Each recommendation may or may not be appropriate for other generating facilities; e.g., combustion turbines, hydro, wind turbines, etc. The AC power supply (to the chargers), the loads served by the DC systems, except as they influence the DC system design, and engine starting (cranking) battery systems are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. For more informations please refer to the standard itself IEEE 946-1992 .
Voltage Considerations
The nominal voltages of 250, 125, 48, and 24 are generally utilized in station DC auxiliary power systems. The type, rating, cost, availability, and location of the Figure 1. 125 VDC system key diagram connected equipment should be used to determine which nominal system voltage is appropriate for a specific application. 250 VDC systems are typically used to power motors for emergency pumps, large valve operators, and large inverters. 125 VDC systems are typically used for control power for nest relay logic circuits andthe closing and tripping of switchgear circuit breakers. 48 VDC or 24 VDC systems are typically used for specialized instrumentation.
Figure 2. Recommended voltage range of 125 V and 250 V DC (nominal) rated components (for designs in which the battery is equalized while connected to the load)
Calculation Approach
As defined in "Industrial power systems data book" [2], there are two calculation ways to acquire the fault current: 1. Approximation Method: All the network is converted into the equivalent impedance (Req, Leqare used for the time constant) and the system voltage is being used for the fault current calculation:
2. Superposition Method: The fault current is calculated for each source individually, while other, not observed sources, are being shorted out (with their internal resistances). The voltage for each partial current is the rated voltage of the source. The total current is the sum of the partial currents. This approach shall be described in following articles.
Where EB is the battery rated voltage and I8hrs is the 8-hour battery capacity. The maximum (or peak) short-circuit current is:
RBBr is the sum of the battery internal resistance RB and the line resistance RBr up to the fault location. The initial maximum rate of rise of the current at t=0 s is as follows:
And the fault current from the battery for the time t:
of the cables between the motor and the fault. A complete expression for the short-circuit current is:
Where: ia per-unit current, e0 is the internal emf prior short-circuit (p.u.), rd steady-state effective resistance of machine (p.u.), r'd transient effective resistance of machine (p.u.). The frequency is 60 Hz. Typically, for motors e0=0,97 p.u., and for generators e0=1,03 p.u. The machine electrical parameter are to be calculated in case when no additional data is known for observed machine. Normally, it is more practical to use the real machine data given by the manufacturer. The machine inductance is derived from the following equation:
Where P is the pole number, nn nominal speed, UMnominal voltage and IM nominal current. Cx depends on the machine type: Cx =0,4 is for motors without pole face windings, Cx =0,1 is for motors with pole face windings, Cx =0,6 is for generators without pole face windings, and Cx =0,2 is for generators with pole face windings. The base resistance of the machine is derived from:
Or in p.u.:
The factor K2 is taken from the diagram of sustained fault current factor versus rectifier terminal voltage, zC is the commutating impedance per unit and IR is the rated rectifier current. The commutating impedance includes AC side impedance with transformer (RC and XC ).If the commutating impedance is in per-unit value then it should be converted.
The current Ida is used to determine equivalent rectifier resistance and inductance on the DC side, which are then given by:
Figure 4. Peak fault current factor as a function of system constants
Where Eda is the assumed voltage at the rectifier terminals during the fault and equals e0 (p.u.) x System Voltage (Volts). If the fault current is calculated using the superposition method, then the following relations are used: When: Then:
When:
Then:
Where the factor K1 is taken from the diagram and is in function of K3 and K4, which are calculated as follows, for the full-wave bridge connected rectifier:
Note: The value Eda = eda ED should be within 10% of the calculated value Edc, the rectifier terminal voltage under sustained short-circuit current. The iterative process is repeated until the desired tolerance is achieved. K1 - peak fault current factor K2 - sustained fault current factor K3 - reactance constant (used to determine K1) K4 - resistance constant (used to determine K1) Index "RBr" refers to the combined resistance of the rectifier and the branch up to the fault location
References
1. IEEE 946-1992: IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Auxiliary Power Systems for Generating Stations 2. Industrial power systems data book, General Electric, 1956