2nd National Conference in Intelligent Computing & Communication Organized by Dept.

of IT, GCET, Greater Noida, INDIA

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD FOR POWER FLOW EQUATIONS IN MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

Bijender Kumar Faculty of EEE Department Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Rahul Kumar Dwivedi Department of EEE Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Yasir Khan Department of EEE Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Shashank Tomar Department of EEE Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Shatanand Sharma Department of EEE Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a simplified version of the well-known NewtonRaphson power-flow solution method, which is based on the current balance principle to formulate a set of nonlinear equations. Although there exist several powerful power flow solvers based on the standard NewtonRaphson (NR) method, their corresponding problem formulation is not simple due to the need for calculation of derivatives in their Jacobian matrix. Derivation of Jacobian matrixs updating formulae is illustrated in comparison with those of the standard NewtonRaphson method. The effectiveness of the proposed method was examined by computer simulations through test systems. Its convergence and calculation time were observed carefully and compared with solutions obtained by the standard NR power flow method. The results show that the proposed NR method spends less execution time than the standard method does with similar convergence characteristics. Keywords: Power-flow solution NewtonRaphson iterative method Floating-point operation counting Quadratic convergence

NR method is still employed as the main solution framework. This approach can simplify a very long and complicated mathematical formula to a very simplistic and short mathematical expression. With this simplification, reduction of the overall execution time is expected. To achieve this goal, expressions to obtain elements of Jacobian updating matrix formulae must be derived.

2. NR Load Flow in Distribution Systems Different types of distribution systems are given as follows:

1. Introduction The main function of electric power systems is to deliver electric energy to its loads sufficiently, efficiently and economically.The steady-state performances of an interconnected power system during normal operation can be analyzed based on nonlinear nodal analysis to form power flow equations and must be solved by some efficient iterative methods, two widely-used numerical methods (the Gauss Seidel: GS and the NewtonRaphson: NR) to solve this problem and therefore referred to as the GS and the NR power-flow solution methods, respectively. As broadly known, the NR method has been successfully developed and accepted as the most powerful algorithm for the power flow analysis in electric power systems. In this paper, the iterative

i. Radial or weakly meshed topologies Most of the distribution systems are radial or weakly meshed types. The increase in requirements for reliability and outgoing distribution generation has made the structure of distribution systems more complex. Therefore, the power flow analysis in such distribution systems has become more difficult. ii. High R/X ratio of the distribution lines Transmission networks are composed mainly of overhead lines thus, the ratio is usually lower than 0.5. In distribution networks where both overhead lines and cables are used, the R/X ratio is high ranging from 0.5 to as high as 7, where high ratio values are typically for low voltage networks. iii. Unbalanced operation Three-phase unbalanced orientation greatly increases the complexity of the network model, since phase quantities have to be considered including mutual couplings.

ISBN: 9788175157538

2nd National Conference in Intelligent Computing & Communication Organized by Dept. of IT, GCET, Greater Noida, INDIA
iv. Loading conditions Most of the load flow methods were developed assuming a static load model. But, a practical load model is required for getting reliable results. v. Dispersed generation Distributed generation is being increasingly used to meet the fast load increase in the deregulation era. The utilities have to analyse the operating conditions of the radial-type systems with distributed sources. vi. Non-linear load models Widespread use of non-linear loads such as, rectifiers in distribution system distorts the current drawn from the source. Separating the real and imaginary parts,

Algorithm 1. Input data. 2. Form the BIBC matrix. 3. Form the BCBV matrix. 4. Form the DLF matrix. 5. Iteration k = 0. 6. Iteration k = k + 1. 7. Solve for the three-phase power fl ow and update voltages. 8. If |Vk+1| - |V k| > tolerance, go to Step 6, else calculate the active and reactive power losses and print the results. 9. End.

A typical bus of the power system [1] 3.Equations Referring to the above fig. equations are formulated as:

Flowchart The flow chart[3] of the given Newton-Raphson method is given below:

Jacobian matrix[2] is given as:

ISBN: 9788175157538

2nd National Conference in Intelligent Computing & Communication Organized by Dept. of IT, GCET, Greater Noida, INDIA

[7] Start with a definition of all buses along with, loads, machines and shunts connected to the system

Number of FLOPs per iteration to update the mismatch vectors.[4] Load modeling[5] Balanced load that can be modeled either as constant power, constant current, constant impedance, composite load or as an exponential load is considered here. The general expression of load is shown below. P=P0(a0 +a1V+a2V2 +a3Ve1 ) Q=Q0(b0 +b1V+b2V2 +b3Ve2 ) where P0 and Q0 are nominal real and reactive power respectively and V is the node voltage. For all the loads, Eqs. Are constrained as: a0 +a1 +a2 +a3 =1.0 b0 +b1 +b2 +b3 =1.0 For constant power (CP) load a0 = b0 = 1 and ai = bi = 0 for i = 1, 2, 3. For constant current (CI) load a1 = b1 = 1 and ai = bi = 0 for i = 0, 2, 3. For constant impedance (CZ) load a2 = b2 = 1 and ai = bi = 0 for i = 0, 1, 3. Composite load modeling is combination of 40% CP, 30% CI and 30% CZ. For exponential load a3 = b3 = 1 and ai = bi = 0 for i = 0, 1, 2 and e1 and e2 are 1.38 and 3.22 respectively Rendition in Matlab The implementation of the data dictionary in Matlab is done by means of sparse arrays, structures and cells of types real and character. The common format file _CFF. can be created to describe this system. The CFF[6] is not sufficient to describe all the necessary information. Thus, additional assumptions will be made as needed. To implement the data dictionary, one needs to first establish the necessary structures for all the base data types and the corresponding fields _or attributes. of each data type. Some data types _such as Misc. contain only scalar or simple text attributes. The complete definition for the Misc data type subset is:

[8] Likewise, all structures for lines can be initialized:

[9] Next we construct the Y-bus matrix:

[10 ] We then illustrate the code to construct the complete power flow Jacobian for any system.

[11 ]

ISBN: 9788175157538

2nd National Conference in Intelligent Computing & Communication Organized by Dept. of IT, GCET, Greater Noida, INDIA
Simulation results The results are reflected in graphs shown below (using Matlab environment) for different bus systems Node-voltage/branch-current convergence for 85-node radial distribution test system.

Conclusions Power flow calculation is one of the most essential parts in electric power system operation in order to analyze, simulate, design and control the steady-state system performances properly. Although there exist several powerful power flow solvers based on the standard NR method, their problem formulation gives complication due to the need to calculate derivatives in the Jacobian matrix. With performance evaluation, as seen in the graphs a total number of operations required by the proposed NR method is linearly proportional to the size of the Jacobian matrix, while that of the standard NR method is quadratic. This means that the calculation time of the standard NR method increases more rapidly as a total bus number increases than that of the proposed NR method does. From this advantage, the calculation time consumed by the proposed NR method is expected to be less than that of the standard one.

[12] (a) Sensitivity of the PM to wide variations of load modeling for 15-node test system. (b) Sensitivity of the PM to wide variations of load modeling for 85-node Test System.[13]

References [1] Duncan Glover J, Sarma Mulukutla S, Overbye Thomas J. Power system analysis and design. 5th ed. Thomson Learning; 2011. [2] Stott B, Alsa O. Fast decoupled load flow. IEEE Trans Power Appl Syst 1974:85969. [3] Amerongen RAM. A general purpose version of the fast decoupled load flow. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1989:76070. [4] Monticelli AJ, Garcia A, Saavedra OR. Fast decoupled load flow: hypothesis, derivations and testing. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1990:1425 31. [5] Lee SC, Park KB. Flexible alternatives to decoupled load flows at minimal computational costs. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2003;25:31926. [6] Moura AP, De Moura Adriano AF. NewtonRaphson decoupled load flow with constant matrices of condutance and susceptance. In: 2010 9th IEEE/IAS international conference on industry applications (INDUSCON); 2010. p. 16.

ISBN: 9788175157538

2nd National Conference in Intelligent Computing & Communication Organized by Dept. of IT, GCET, Greater Noida, INDIA
[7] Kothari DP, Nagrath IJ. Modern power system analysis. McGraw-Hill; 2004. [8] Natarajan R. Computer-aided power system analysis. Marcel Dekker; 2002. [9] Weedy BM, Cory BJ. Electric power systems. Johns Wiley & Sons; 1999. [10] Sambarapu KM, Halpin SM. Sparse matrix techniques in power systems. In: The 39th southeastern symposium on system theory, Macon, Georgia; 46 March 2007. p. 2126. [11] Chan KW. Parallel algorithms for direct solution of large sparse power system matrix equation. IEE Proc Gener Transm Distr 2001;148:61522. [12] Stott B. Decoupled Newton load flow. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1972;91:19559. [13] Stott B. Fast decoupled load flow. IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst 1974;93:85969.

ISBN: 9788175157538