MAHENDRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Mahendhirapuri

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT-I (BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW) 1. A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete cycle of four processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is 340 kJ. The system completes 200 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each item, and computes the net rate of work output in kW. Process Q (KJ/min) W (KJ/min) U (KJ/min) 12 0 4340 23 42000 0 34 - 42000 -73200 41 2. A gas of mass 1.5kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p=a+bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000KPa and 200KPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20m3. The specific internal energy for the gas is given by the relation u=1.5PV-85 KJ/kg, where p is in KPa and V is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and net work transfer of the gas attained during expansion. 3. Air at a temperature of 20C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 25 m/s where its temperature is raised to 900C. It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 25 m/s and expands until at a velocity of 55 m/s to a nozzle where if expands until the temperature has fallen to 400C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate: i) The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger, ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss, and iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss. Take enthalpy of air as h=Cpt, where Cp is the specific heat capacity equals to 1.005 KJ/kgK andt the temperature.

4. 1 kg of gas at 1.1bar, 27C is compressed to 6.6bar as per the law PV1.3= C. Calculate work and heat transfer, if i) When the gas is ethane with molar mass of 30kg/kmol and Cp of 2.1KJ/kgK. ii) When the gas is agron with molar mass of 40kg/kmol and Cp of 0.52KJ/kgK. 5. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600kg/hr. At inlet to the nozzle, pressure is 2MPa and temperature is 127C. The exit pressure is 0.5MPa. Initial air velocity is 300m/s. Determine i) Exit velocity of air ii) Inlet and exit area of nozzle. 6. A centrifugal pump delivers 2750kg of water per minute from initial pressure of 0.8bar absolute to a final pressure of 2.8bar absolute. The suction is 2m below and delivery is 5m above the center of pump. If the suction and delivery pipes are of 15cm and 10cm diameter respectively, make calculation for power required to run the pump. 7. A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 293K and consumes a power of 15KW. The inlet and outlet velocities of air are 100m/s and 150m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air as 1.005 KJ/kgK. 8. A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18KW power and three 100W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 0.0222kg/s enters with an enthalpy of 84KJ/kg and leaves with an enthalpy of 59KJ/kg. If each person puts out heat is to be removed by a 0.175 KJ/s, determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by a room cooler, so that a steady state is maintained in the room. 9. One litre of hydrogen at 273K is adiabatically compressed to onehalf of its initial volume. Find the change in temperature of the gas, if the ratio of two specific heats for hydrogen is 1.4.

10. The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzles are 50m/s and 2800KJ/kg respectively. The enthalpy at the exit of nozzle is 2600KJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and insulated so that no heat transfer takes place from it. Find i) Velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle ii) Mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is 0.09m3 iii) Exit area of the nozzles, if the specific volume at the exit of the nozzle is 0.495 m3/kg. 11. A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275K. Every time the door is opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an average of 420KJ, but making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is opened 20times a day, and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The cost of work is Rs.2.50 per KWhr. What is the bill for the month of April for this refrigerator? The atmosphere is at 303K. 12. Establish the inequality of Clausius. 13. Derive an expression for the work transfer in an isothermal process. 14. A work done by substance in a reversible non-flow manner is in accordance with V= (15/p) m3, where p is in bar. Evaluate the work done on or by the system as pressure increases from 10 to 100 bar. Indicate whether it is a compression process or expansion process. If the change in internal energy is 500KJ, calculate the direction and magnitude of heat transfer. 15. In a Gas turbine installation, the gases enter the turbine at the rate of 5kg/s with a velocity of 50m/s and enthalpy of 900KJ/kg and leave the turbine with 150m/s and enthalpy of 400KJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surroundings is 25 KJ/kg. Assume R= 0.285 KJ/kgK, Cp = 1.004KJ/kgK and inlet conditions to be at 100KPa and 27C. Determine the work done and diameter of the inlet pipe.

16. Apply steady flow energy equation for a nozzle. State the assumptions made. 17. A gas occupies 0.3m3 at 2bar. It executes a cycle consisting of processes: (1) 1-2; constant pressure with work interaction of 15KJ. (2) 2-3; compression process which follows the law PV=C and U3=U2 (3) 3-1; constant volume process, and change in internal energy is 40KJ. Neglect change in KE and PE. Draw PV diagram for the process and determine network transfer for the cycle. Also show that first law is obeyed by the cycle. 18. A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2m3/min air at 0.11MPa, 298K which it delivers at 1.5MPa, 384K to an after cooler where the air is cooled at constant pressure to 298K. The power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15KW. Determine the heat transfer in i) the compressor ii) the cooler. State your assumptions. 19. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density of 1000kg/m3 the conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given below: Inlet Exit Pressure 1.15Mpa 0.05MPa Velocity 30 m/s 15.5m/s Height above datum 10m 2m 3 If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40m /s, estimate the net energy transfer from the fluid as work. 20. Show that Cp Cv =R for an ideal gas. 21. A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400KPa and 30C is connected by a valve to a piston cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 200KPa is required to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed to flow into the cylinder until the pressure of the tank drops to 200KPa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding such that the entire air remains at 30C at all times. Determine the heat transfer for this process.

22. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of a simple duct with resistance wire. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15KW electric heating system. Air enters the heating section at 100KPa and 17C with a volume flow rate of 150m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200W, determine the exit temperature of air. 23. Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100KPa and 12C to a pressure of 800KPa at a steady rate of 0.2kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80%, determine the exit temperature of air and the required power input to the compressor. 24. Derive the steady flow energy equation applied to flow systems and deduce to nozzle, steam turbine and centrifugal compressor. 25. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 2kg of nitrogen at 100KPa and 300K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4=C until it reaches a final temperature of 360K. Calculate the work input during this process. 26. What do you understand by path function and point function? Show that work is path function and not a property. 27. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, friction less piston so the pressure in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (P=a+bV). The internal energy of the fluid is given by the following equation U= 34 + 3.15PV, where U is in KJ, P in KPa and V in m3. If the fluid changes from an initial state of 170KPa, 0.03m3 to a fluid state of 4000KPa, 0.06m3, with no work other than that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer.

28. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5MPa, 0.2m3 to 0.05m3 according to the law, PV1.3 = C. Determine the change in enthalpy, internal energy and entropy and the heat transfer and work transfer during the process. 29. A piston-cylinder device operates 1 kg of fluid at 20atm pressure. The initial volume is 0.04m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversible following the process PV1.45=C, so that the volume becomes double. The fluid is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes back to the original position. Keeping the piston unaltered. Heat is added reversible to restore it to the initial pressure. Draw the PV diagram and calculate the work done in the cycle. 30. A fluid having a temperature of 150C and a specific volume of 0.96m3/kg at its initial state expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume is 1.55m3/kg. Find for 1kg of fluid, the work, the heat transferred and the final temperature if the fluid is air. 31. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170KJ. The system completes 100cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method for each item, and computes the net rate of work output in KW. Process ab bc cd da Q (KJ/min) 0 21,000 -2100 W (KJ/min) 2170 0 U (KJ/min) -36,600 -

32. 0.5kg of air compressed reversible and adiabatically from 80KPa, 60C to 0.4MPa, and is then expanded at constant pressure

to the original volume. Sketch these processes on the PV and TS planes. Compute the heat transfer and work for the whole path. 33. 25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10 x 8m and have a 5 m ceiling. Each person gives up 350KJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely sealed off and insulated, calculate the air temperature rise occurring in 10 minutes. Assume Cv of air 0.718KJ/kgK and R=0.287 KJ/kgK and each person occupies a volume of 0.005m3. Take P=101.325KPa and T=20C. 34. Air flows at the rate of 0.5kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7m/s, 100KPa and 0.95m3/kg and leaving at 5m/s, 700KPa and 0.19m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 90KJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58KW. i) Compute the rate of shaft work input to the air in KW and ii) Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to outer diameter. 35. A system contains 0.15m3 of air at 4bar and 150C. A reversible adiabatic expansion takes place till the pressure falls to 1.01bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till the enthalpy increases by 62KJ. Calculate the total work and heat transfer and change in entropy. Draw the process on PV and TS diagrams.