METODOLOGIE DE CALCUL A PIERDERILOR DE PUTERE SI ENERGIE ELECTRICA IN LINIILE DE JOASA TENSIUNE CU SARCINI ECHIDISTANT REPARTIZATE POWER, ACTIVE ELECTRIC

ENERGY LOSSES CALCULATION AT A LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION LINE WITH EQUIDISTANT DITRIBUTED LOADS
Facultatea de Energetic, Universitatea Politehnica Bucureti, Romnia.

C. TOADER I. SILVAS

P. POSTOLACHE C. VLAD

B. NICOAR

FDFEE Muntenia Nord - SDFEE Ploieti, Romnia.

A. APOSTOLESCU

Rezumat. In lucrare sunt deduse relaiile de calcul pentru evaluarea pierderilor de putere active si energie electric pentru liniile electrice de distribuie de joas tensiune monofilare. Totodata se propune un model matematic pentru liniile electrice de distribuie de joas tensiune trifazate cu sau fr conductor de nul de exploatare. In fine este inclus un cuprinzator studiu de caz pentru o reea de distribuie de joas tensiune din cadrul FDFEE Muntenia Nord (ora Ploieti).

Summary. In the paper they are deduced the calculus relations to estimate the active energy and active power losses for the single phase low voltage distribution lines. At the same time it is proposed a mathematical model for three phase low voltage distribution lines with or without null conductor. In the end it is included an ample case study for a low voltage distribution network from FDFEE Muntenia Nord (town Ploieti).

1. Calculul pierderilor de putere i energie pentru o reea cu sarcina echidistant distribuit Aceast situaie se apropie cel mai mult fa de realitate, n ipoteza c sarcina oricrui consumator este egal cu I. Aceast situaie este redat n fig. 1.
n I
0 1 2 3

1. The power and energy losses calculation for a network with equidistant distributed load This situation is the closest one to the reality, supposing that each consumators load is equal with I. This is presented in fig.1
k - 1 k
c

n - 1

n
c

( a )

I
[ A ] n I
c

( n - 1 ) I

( n - 2 ) I

( n - 3 ) I

( n - k + 2 ) I

( b )
c c

( n - k + 1 ) I

( n - k ) I

2 I

I 0 l 2 l 3 l ( k - 1 ) l k l ( n - 1 ) l

n l

[ m ]

Fig.1 Schema reelei cu sarcin echidistant distribuit: (a) schema monofilar; (b) distribuia curenilor. Fig.1 The electric network diagram with equidistant distributed load: (a) the single phase diagram;(b) the currents distribution

Expresia complex a curentului Ic al fiecrei sarcini se The complex expression of current Ic of each load is admite de forma primei relaii (1), iar curentul din tronsonul admitted like the relation (1), and the current from the portion of line (k-1, k) is: (k-1, k) este: (1) I c = I c ( cos j sin ) ; I k 1, k = (n k + 1) I c Cderea de tensiune longitudinal U este dat de relaia: The longitudinal voltage drop U is given by the relation:
k =1

U = I c l0 (r0 cos + x0 sin )

(n k + 1)

(2)

Prelucrarea algebric a ultimei relaii conduce la expresia

The algebrical processing of the last relation leads to the expression:

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n +1 l Ic (r0 cos + x0 sin ) (3) 2 unde l=nl0 desemneaz lungimea total a reelei electrice. where l=nl0 designates the whole length of the electric Pierderile de putere activ se vor determina cu relaia: network. The active power losses will be established by the relation: U =
2 Ped = r0l0 I c

care dup efectuarea prelucrrilor algebrice devine:

P =
2 r0 l I c

k =1

(n k + 1)2
which, after the algebraical processings becomes:

(4)

(5) 6 iar pierderile de energie se calculeaz cu relaia: and the energy losses are calculated using the relation 2 (6) Wa = k f P t f n care kf este coeficientul de form al curbei de sarcin, where kf is the shape coefficient of the load curve, and tf iar tf este timpul de funcionare al consumatorului is the working time of the consumer In the case of the electrical network from fig. 2., the n cazul reelei electrice din fig. 2., diagrama curenilor se obine din diagrama din fig.1.b. prin translatarea currents diagram is obtained from the diagram from acesteia cu mrimea I0. Dac se admite pentru curentul I0 fig.1.b. through translation of this one of the size I0. If it relaia urmtoare: is admitted for the current I0 the next relation I0 = N Ic (7) n care N este numrul consumatorilor reprezentai de Where N is the number consumers represented by I0 I0 i care tranziteaz reeaua din fig. 2. and which transit the network from fig. 2. Curentul prin tronsonul (k-1, k) n acest caz devine: The current from the portion of line (k-1, k) in this case will be: (8) J k 1, k = I 0 + I k 1, k I0+nI I0
0 1 Ic 2 Ic 3 Ic k-1 Ic k Ic n-1 Ic n Ic

(n + 1) (2n + 1)

Fig.2. The single phase diagram with equidistant distributed load on which the transit load I0 is superposed.

Icu sarcinI I distribuit peste I care se I suprapune sarcina I de tranzit I I0 Fig.2. Schema monofilar echidistant

innd cont de relaiile (1) i (7) curentul Jk-1,k din (8) According to the relations (1) and (7), the current Jk-1,k are expresia from (8) has the expression: (9) J k 1, k = [(N + n + 1) k ] I c Cderea de tensiune longitudinal pentru reeaua din fig. 2. este dat de The longitudinal voltage drop for the network from fig. 2 is given by
n

U ed = I c l0 (r0 cos + x0 sin ) [N + (n k + 1)]

k =1

(10)

care dup efectuarea prelucrrilor matematice conduce la which after the mathematical processing leads to the expresia expression: 2 N + n +1 U ed = l Ic (r0 cos + x0 sin ) (11) 2 Pentru pierderile de putere activ este valabil ecuaia For the active power losses following equation is valid:
2 Ped = r0l0 I c

k =1

[N + (n k + 1)]2

(12)

care, dup efectuarea sumei analitice, permite evidenierea and, after we do the analytic sum, it allows us to notice the following shortcut relation: relaiei condensate urmtoare: (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2 (13) Ped = r0lI c N 2 + N (n + 1) + 6 The electric energy losses W afferent to the network Pierderile de energie electric W aferente reelei din fig. 2 se calculeaz cu expresia (6).Cu relaiile (11) i (13) from fig. 2 are calculated using the expression (6).With se poate aborda calculul acestor mrimi i pentru o reea the relations (11) and (13) we can attack the calculation of fr sarcini uniform echidistant distribuite (n0), dar care these sizes and for a network without equidistant uniform este tranzitat de o sarcin I0. n acest caz cderea de distributed loads (n0), but which is transited by a load I0.: In this case the voltage drop U and the power losses have tensiune U i pierderea de putere au expresiile the expressions:

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P = r0lI 2 N (N + 1) n timp ce pierderile de energie W sunt n continuare while the energy losses W are still defined by (6). definite de (6).

U = (r0 cos + x0 sin ) l I

(14)

2. Discuie calitativ a modelelor sarcinilor 2. Qualitative debate on the loads models Modelul sarcinilor uniform distribuite conduce la erori The model of uniform ditributed loads leads to great mari fa de ultimul model propus i prezentat n paragraful errors compared to the last model proposed and introduced 1. Astfel, dac n relaiile (11) i (13) se admite notaia (7) in paragraf 1. So, if in the relations (11) and (13) we introduce ca i: the notation (7) as: I = n Ic (15) atunci acestea devin: then these become: (I + I c ) (2 I + I c ) I + Ic 2 (16) U = (ro cos + xo sin ) l I o + ; P = ro l I o + I o (I + I c ) + 2 6 Se observ c diferena dintre cele dou relaii poate fi It is noticed that the difference between the two semnificativ n funcie de mrimea sarcinii Ic. Astfel relations can be significantly varying with the size of the pentru cderea de tensiune, eroarea absolut este: load Ic. So, for the voltage drop, the absolute error is: I (17) (U ) = (r0 cos + x0 sin ) l c 2 sau, dac inem cont de (15) n modul avem otherwise, according to (15) in modulus we have: I (U ) = (r0 cos + x0 sin ) l (18) 2n iar pentru pierderea de putere activ eroarea absolut este and for the active power losses the absolute error is 2 3I I + I c (P ) = r0l I 0 I c + c (19) 6 care n situaia introducerii modulului relaiei (15) devine: which, in the situation of inserting the modulus of relation (15), becomes: 3 I0 + 2 I (P ) = r0l 20) I 3 n Analysing the relatins (18) and (19) it results that the Din analizarea relaiilor (18) i (19) rezult c erorile errors grow smaller by the encreasing of the number n of sunt cu att mai mici cu ct numrul n de sarcini echidisthe equidistant ditributed loads, in this manner resulting a tant distribuie este mai mare, n acest mod rezultnd i o diminution of the calculation errors between the two models. scdere a erorilor de calcul dintre cele dou modele. Astfel So for n=10 result (U ) 5% , and (P ) 6,67% , if pentru n = 10, rezult (U ) 5% , iar (P ) 6,67% , dac I0 = 0, altfel eroarea este mai mare. n concluzie susI0 = 0, otherwise the error is greater. In conclusion we agree inem c modelul matematic cel mai adecvat, dup evathat the most adequate mathematic model, after the evaluation luarea cazurilor anterior prezentate, este unul din cele preof the anterior presented cases, is one of these presented zentate n aceast lucrare. in this paper. 3. Particulariti topologice ale reelei de joas tensiune. Exemple de calcul. n continuare menionm faptul c la joas tensiune majoritatea consumatorilor sunt monofazai adoptndu-se racordarea lor ntre faze i nulul de funcionare. Menionm c metoda propus se poate aplica numai PT-urilor ce deservesc cel puin 3 consumatori monofazai. Astfel sunt redate doar dou moduri de legare a acestora la reeaua de distribuie a energiei electrice (neuniform, echidistant). Evident c numrul de posibiliti de repartizare conectare este impresionant de mare, dardispunerea lor se va realiza astfel nct curenii s fie, practic, ct mai echilibrai. RA, RB, RC, RN sunt rezistenele fazelor (A, B, C) i a nulului N parcurse de curenii de sarcin IA, IB, IC, IN afereni fazelor (A, B, C) i nulului N; IA, IB, IC, IN numrul de consumatori racordai pe fazele reelei de distribuie analizate; Nt - suma tuturor sarcinilor reelei analizate, definit de relaia (21), astfel: 3. The topology peculiarities of the low voltage network. Calculation examples Further on we mention that most of the costumers at a low voltage are single phase, that leads to their connection between the phases and the working null . We mention that the proposed method can be applied only to the stations which work for at least three single phases costumers. So are shown only two ways of connecting these at the electric energy distribution network (non-uniform, equidistant). Its clear that the number of distribution connection possibilities is very large, but the disposing of them will be implemented so that the currents to be as balanced as possible. RA, RB, RC, RN are the resistance of phases (A, B, C) and of the null N crossed by the load currents IA, IB, IC, IN afferent to the phases(A, B, C) and to the null N; IA, IB, IC, IN number of costumer connected on the phases of the analysed distribution network;

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Nt - sum of all the analysed network loads, defined by the relation Nt = NA + NB + NC (21) Between the currents values (IA, IB, IC, IN) and the ntre valoarea curenilor (IA, IB, IC, IN) i numrul acestora (NA, NB, NC, Nt) se pot defini relaii aproximative. number of these (NA , NB , NC, Nt) we can define the Astfel: approximate relations. N i = I i N t I e ; I e = I i ; i A, B, C , N (22)
i

Configuraia echidistantoptim, const n aezarea The equidistantoptimum configuration, constited sarcinilor echidistant, difereniat pe fazele reelei de distribuie, in the arrangement of loads equidistant by, differenced on ca n fig.3, adic: the phases of distribution network, like in fig.3, so: pe tronsonul A1B1 curenii celor NA sarcini alocate on portion of line A1B1 the current of NA allocated fazei A, sunt aezai la o distan egal cu 3l, iar loads for phase A, are placed at a distance equal with 3l, and the specific load, afferented to the distributed sarcina specific aferent sarcinilor distribuite este iA pe tronsoanele A2B2 i A3B3, numrul de sarcini loads, is iA ; on portions of line A2B2 and A3B3, the number of echidistant distribuite este egal de asemenea cu NA, plasate la equidistant distributed loads is also equal with NA , distana 3l, iar curenii alocai sarcinilor este iB, placed at a distance of 3l, and the allocated currents respectiv iC ; for the loads is iB, respective iC ; pe tronsoanele C1-D1 i C2-D2, numrul de sarcini on portions of line C1-D1 and C2-D2, the number of echidistante este (NB-NA), fiind plasate la distana 2l, equidistant loads is (NB-NA), being placed at a distance iar valoarea sarcinilor este iB, respectiv iC ; of 2l, and the value of loads is iB, respective iC ; pe tronsonul E1-F1 numrul de sarcini echidistante on portion of line E1-F1, the number of equidistant loads is (NC-NB) that are placed at a distance of l este (NC-NB) ce sunt plasate la distana l ntre ele, iar mrimea sarcinilor este iC ; between them, and the size of loads is iC ; pe circuitul conductorului de nul intr curentul I N . on the null conductor circuit the current I N gets in. Distana l este definit de relaia: The distance l is defined by the relation: l = L (N A + N B + N C ) (23) Referitor la mrimea sarcinilor fiecrui abonat relaiile Relating to loads sizes of each costumer, the calculus de calcul sunt (22).n continuare, precizm valorile relations are (22).Further on, we specify the current values curenilor ce tranziteaz tronsoanele: which cross the portions of line: (24) A-A1 I A A1 = I A A2-C1 A3-C2 B-D1 D2-E1 C-F1
I A2 C1 = N A I B N B I A3 C2 = N A I C N C I B D1 = I B I D2 E1 = N B I C N C

(25) (26) (27) (28)

(29) I C F1 = I C n aceste condiii pierderile de putere activ, pe fiecare In these conditions the active power losses, on tronson, sunt: each portion of line, are: 2 (30) PA1 B1 = r0 l (N A 1) (2 N A 1) I A (2 N A ) ;
PA2 B2
PA3 B3

[ ] = [r l N ( N 1) (2 N 1) I ] (2 N ) ; = [r l N ( N 1) (2 N 1) I ] (2 N ) ;
0 A A A 2 B 2 B
0 A A A 2 C 2 C

(31) (32) (33) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36)

2 2 2 PC1 A2 = 2 r0 l N A IB NB ;

2 PA1 B1 = r0 l (N A 1) (2 N A 1) I A

PA2 B2
PA3 B3
PC =

[ ] (2 N ) ; = [r l N ( N 1) (2 N 1) I ] (2 N ) ; = [r l N ( N 1) (2 N 1) I ] (2 N ) ;
A

2 B

2 B

2 C

2 C

PC1 A2 =
2

2 2 r0 l N A

2 IB
2 NC

2 NB

A3

2 2 2 r0 l N A IC

2 2 2 PE1 D2 = r0 l N B IC NC ;

2 PA A1 = r0 l (N B + N C 2 N A + 3) I A ;

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2 PB D1 = r0 l (N C N B + 2) I B ;

499

(37)
2 IB

2 PD2 C2 = r0 l (N B N A 1) (N B N A ) (2 N B 2 N A 1) I C

PD1 C1 = r0 l (N B N A 1) (N B N A ) (2 N B 2 N A 1)

2 PN = r0 l (N A + N B + N C + 1) (2 N A + 2 N B + 2 N C + 1) I N /[6 (N A + N B + N C )] ;

(3 ) ; (3 N ).
2 NB 2 C

(38) (39) (40)

A B C F1 E1 (N C - N B ) D1 D2 C1 C2

A1 NA A2 NA A3 NA

B1 B2 B3

(N B - N A )

(N B - N A ) (N B - N A )

fig.3 Mod de aezare echidistant-optim a unui numr oarecare de abonai casnici la reeaua electric de j.t. fig.3 The equidistant-optimum lying type, of a certain number of low voltage domestic costumer.

(N C - N B ) N

NA

4. Exemple numerice n continuare sunt prezentate rezultatele calculelor pentru reelele precizate de ctre serviciul tehnic al SDFEE Ploieti. Astfel n tabelele 1, sunt cuprinse rezultatele msurtorilor curenilor ca i a datelor de material, ca i a numrului de abonai casnici (monofazai) racordai la aceste reele. n tabelele 2 sunt cuprinse rezultatele calculului pierderilor de putere activ pentru reelele ale cror date au redate n tabelele 1.

4. Numerical examples Further on there are presented the calculation results for the specifed networks by the engineering departament of SDFEE Ploieti. So in the tables 1, the results of the currents mesurements and also the material data are included, and the number of single phase domestic costumers which are connected to these networks. In the table 2 the results of active power losses calculation for the networks whose data are written in the tables 1 are included.
PT 438 122 55,28 33,93 43,1 27,11 31 40 51

Tab.1 DATE INITIALE reelele de joas tensiune ale posturilor de transformare PT PT 510 PT 432 PT 420 PT 506 PT 325 Numar de consumatori racordati la PT Ntot 93 75 94 53 75 Curentul monitorizat pe faza A IA 49,43 72,75 16,6 99,07 35,36 Curentul monitorizat pe faza B IB 54,42 100,8 18,44 89,26 28,46 Curentul monitorizat pe faza C IC 73,88 97,5 21,31 100,2 61,78 Curentul monitorizat pe Nul IN 54,15 37,58 8,245 23,82 32,21 Numr de abonati racordate la faza A NA 26 20 28 16 17 Numr de abonati racordate la faza B NB 28 27 31 18 21 Numr de abonati racordate la faza C NC 39 28 36 19 37 Rezistenta specifica a conductorului faza (3x70mm2) r0 0,437 0,208 0,874 0,437 0,437 Rezistenta specifica a conductorului de nul r0 0,612 0,612 1,224 0,612 0,612 (50mm2) Lungimea retelei L 1200 975 800 950 1500 Tab.2 SCHEMA DE CALCUL pierderi de putere n reelele de joas tensiune ale PT-urilor Tronsonul retelei A1 - B1 A2 - B2 A3 - B3 C1 - A2 C2 - A3 E1 - D2 A - A1 B - D1 Nul de exploatare D1 - C1 D2 - C2 C - E1 TOTAL
PT 510 337,81 13,58 12,90 28,80 27,36 15,86 247,99 217,09 729,43 0,04 0,02 3,68 1634,56 PT 432 265,11 13,96 12,15 30,15 26,23 23,90 257,60 82,42 286,54 6,86 6,38 2,36 1013,67 PT 420 54,35 1,95 1,94 4,13 4,09 2,50 28,70 17,70 22,78 0,03 0,02 0,19 138,38 PT 506 1117,16 44,78 50,65 98,62 111,54 70,58 615,04 187,23 113,09 0,39 0,35 2,61 2412,04 PT 325 169,70 4,24 6,43 9,28 14,08 10,75 295,05 127,42 323,85 0,45 0,14 10,23 971,64 PT 438 290,78 2,12 2,11 4,46 4,43 3,68 315,25 48,25 136,60 0,95 0,58 0,97 810,16

abon A A A A abon abon abon /km /km m

0,437 0,612 900

UM W W W W W W W W W W W W W

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Precizm c la aceste reele electrice sunt racordai numai consumatori casnici, care au numai receptori monofazai. n tabelul 3 sunt centralizate rezultatele calculului pierderilor de putere activ pentru 6 configuraii de reele electrice de distribuie de joas tensiune, din patrimoniul SDFEE Ploieti, precizate i alese mpreun cu acordul serviciului tehnic al acestei sucursale de distribuie i furnizare a energiei electrice precizate.

We specify that at these electric networks only domestic costumers are connected, who have only single phase receivers. In the table 3 the results for 6 active power losses calculation of low voltage distribution networks are centralized, property of SDFEE Ploieti, specified and chosen together with the engineering departament from SDFEE Ploieti.

Tab.3.Comparaie ntre valorile pierderilor cu consumatorii concentrai la captul liniei i valorile pierderilor cu consumatorii echidistant distribuii. Tab.3 Comparison between the values of the loses and the concentrated consumers at the end of the line and the values of the loses and the equidistant distributed consumers. Puterea consumat Consumed power P kW 35.790 50.880 10.940 27.770 65.440 27.480 Consumatorii echidistant distribuii The equidistant distributed consumers Pfaze kW 0.465 0.591 0.063 0.122 1.210 0.426 Pnul kW 0.244 0.074 0.008 0.021 0.041 0.161 Ptotal kW 0.709 0.665 0.071 0.143 1.251 0.587 tot % 1.980 1.307 0.650 0.514 1.912 2.136 nul % 0.681 0.145 0.071 0.074 0.063 0.587 Consumatorii concentrai n captul liniei The concentrated consumers at the end of the line Pfaze kW 1.344 1.928 0.179 0.255 9.651 4.170 Pnul kW 0.569 0.172 0.022 0.048 0.303 1.050 Ptotal kW 1.913 2.100 0.201 0.303 9.954 5.220 tot % 5.345 4.126 1.844 1.095 15.211 18.994 nul % 1.590 0.338 0.205 0.173 0.463 3.821

PT

510 432 420 348 506 325

5. Concluzii n urma efecturii calculelor pierderilor de putere activ pentru cteva reele electrice reale, din cadrul FDFEE Muntenia Nord, se pot remarca urmtoarele concluzii: utilizarea algoritmului propus n lucrare pentru cteva reelele electrice reale, conduce la valori ale pierderilor de putere activ cuprinse n domeniul tot [0,514; 2,136]%; pierderilor aferente conductorului de nul, raportat la puterea aciv total, este cuprins n intervalul nul [0,06; 0,68]%, pentru reelele electrice de joas tensiune reale; ponderea pierderilor de putere activ aferente conductorului de nul nul fa de pierderile de putere activ totale tot, este cuprins n domeniul nul tot [3 ,29 ;34 ,4 ] %; comentnd rezultatele din tabelul 3, precizm c valoarea pierderilor de putere activ procentuale totale este acceptabil (<5%). Bibliografie (References)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

5. Conclusions As a result of the calculation of the active power losses for some real electric networks, from FDFEE Muntenia Nord, we can remark the following conclusions: the utilization of the suggested algorithm in this paper for some real electric networks, leads to values of the active power losses that are included in the range tot [0,514; 2,136]%; the null conductor losses, reported to the total active power, are included in the range nul [0,063; 0,68]%, for the real low voltage electric networks; the share of the active power losses afferent to the null conductor nul compared to the total active power losses tot, is included in the range nul tot [3 ,29 ;34 ,4 ] %; discussing the results from table 3, we specify that the value of the total percentage of the active power losses is acceptable (<5%).

Albert, H., Mihilescu, A. - Pierderi de putere i energie in reelele electrice. Editura tehnic, Bucureti, 1996. Albert, H. - Pierderi de putere i energie in reelele electrice. Metodologie de calcul. Editura tehnic, Bucureti, 1984. Albert, H., Florea, I. Alimentarea cu energie electric a intreprinderilor industriale. 2 vol. Editura tehnic, Bucureti, 1987. Ionescu, G.T., Pop, O. - Ingineria sistemelor de distribuie a energiei electrice. Editura tehnic, Bucureti, 1998. * * * - PE 139/1997. Instruciune privind determinarea CPT n reelele electrice. Centrul de Informare i Documentare Energetic (CIDE). ICEMENERG, Bucureti, 1997. Iacobescu, Gh., Iordnescu, I., Eremia, M., Tudose, M., Dumitriu, C., Toader, C., enovici, R., Enache, R. - Reele electrice pentru alimentarea ntreprinderilor. Culegeri de probleme pentru ingineri. Editura tehnic, Bucureti, 1985. Georgescu, Gh., Gavrila, M., Rdanu, D. - Calculul i reducerea pierderilor de putere i energie n reelele electrice. Editura Spectrum. Iai. 1997. Iordnescu, I., Toader, C., Dumitriu, C., Scutariu, M., Tritiu, I. - Determinarea pierderilor de putere i energie pe conturul SD Ilfov. Contract de cercetare tiinific CMIM 019 / 1999. Postolache, P., Toader, C., Surdu, C., Btrnu, F. - Impactul tehnico-economic al ncrcrii neutrului reelelor de joas tensiune asupra funcionrii acestora i a calitii serviciului de furnizare a energiei electrice n cadrul S.D. Constana. Lucrare de cercetare tiinific nr.EDU-02-01 din 29.01.2001