Passive voice - Th th ng

Use of Passive -> Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: The pupils are punished. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that the pupils are punished. We do not know, however, who did it. -> Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, We focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but we do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.). Form of Passive S + [be] + Past Participle
Passive tense Simple Present Present Continuous Simple past Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Will future Future perfect Going to future Modal Structure am/ is / are + P.P+ am/ is / are being + P.P + was / were + P.P +.. was / were being + P.P +.. have / has been +P.P +. had been + P.P + will be +P.P + Will have been + P. P + Am / is / are going to be + P.P+ be + P.P Example

A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

The house is being painted. I wasnt invited. I was being watched. Has Mary been told? I had been forgotten. You will be told soon . Everything will have been done by Tuesday. Whos going to be invited? These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

Active -> Passive When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Tense Simple Present Subject Active: Rita Passive A letter : Active: Rita Passive A letter : Active: Rita Verb writes is written wrote was written has written Object a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter.

Simple Past

Present Perfect

Passive A letter : Future I Active: Rita Passive A letter :

has been written will write will be written can write can be written Verb is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. Object a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Modal verb

Active: Rita Passive A letter : Tense Subject Present Progressive Active: Rita Passive: A letter Past Progressive Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

Past Perfect

Future II

Conditional I

Conditional II

Passive sentences with 2 objects Active: S + V + Od + TO + Oi or S + V + Oi + Od (Oi = Indirect Object, Od = Direct Object) -> Passive 1: Od + [be] + P.P + TO + Oi (Note: BUY - for) -> Passive 2: Oi + [be] + P.P + Od Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Active: Passive1: Passive2: Subject Rita A letter I Verb wrote was written was written Object 1 a letter to me a letter Object 2 to me. (by Rita). (by Rita).

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is usually dropped. Personal and Impersonal Passive - Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. Example: They build houses. Houses are built. - Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says it is said

Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and 'that' are dropped). - Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
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Lu - Nu sau by l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta: by people, by sb th b hn n i. - Nu trong cu ch ng ch ng l nobody, no one, th khi i sang cu b ng, ng t s th ph nh. - Khi i sang b ng nhng thnh phn trong cu ch ng khng i: trng ng ch thi gian, ch a im, ... phi gi nguyn v tr nh trong cu ch ng (thng th cm t ch thi gian c a v cui cu/ mnh ). - Sau cc ng t nh will, can, must, have to, be going to, ... ta dng TO BE dng nguyn th ca n. Example: The new hotel will be opened next year. - Khng c dng cu b ng: - Cc th Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous i khi khng i c sang b ng.

- Cc ng t khng bao gi i sang b ng: seem, appear, have. - Cc ni ng t (ng t khng yu cu 1 tn ng no) khng c dng b ng: Example: My leg hurts.
- c bit khi ch ng chu trch nhim chnh ca hnh ng cng khng c chuyn thnh cu b ng.

Example: The US takes charge: Nc M nhn lnh trch nhim

- Th b ng ca MODAL VERB Cu trc 1: Active: S + modal verb + infinitive -> Passive: S + modal verb + BE + P.P Dng ch hnh ng xy ra trong hin ti hoc tng lai. Example: I must do this homework. - This homework must be done.

Cu trc 2: Active: S + modal verb + HAVE + P>P -> Passive: S + modal verb + HAVE BEEN + P.P Dng ch hnh ng cn phi lm trong qu kh, hoc hnh ngng l phi xy ra nhng khng lm, hoc hnh ng on bit chc hn phi xy ra. Example: I must do this homework. - This homework must be done. - BY hay WITH - Nu l ngi hoc vt trc tip gy ra hnh ng th dng BYnhng nu l vt gin tip gy ra hnh ng th dng WITH. Example: The bird was shot with the gun. The bird was shot by the hunter. - GET thay cho BE - i khi ngi ta dng GET thay cho be trong Passive Voice.

Example: This room get cleaned often. (Cn phng ny thng c lau)
- Dng get trong Passive Voice ni iu g xy ra vi ai hay vi ci g, thng th hnh ng khng d nh trc m xy ra tnh c. Example: The dog got run over by a car. (Con ch b mt chic xe hi cn

phi).
- Nhng khng phi lc no cng c th thay be bng GET.

Example: George is liked by everyone. (Mi ngi u thch George).

- Trong mt s trng hp to be/to get + PP hon ton khng mang ngha b ng m mang 2 ngha sau:

Ch trng thi, tnh hung m ch ng ang gp phi. Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone. He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday. Ch vic ch ng t lm ly The little boy gets dressed very quickly. - Could I give you a hand with these tires? - No thanks, I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts.

- Mi s bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2 gi nguyn. - B ng ca cu trc "nh ai lm g" Active: S + have/ get + sb + (to) Vinf -> Passive: S + have/ get + sth + P.P

Example: I have my father repair my bike. -> I have my bike repaired by my father.
- B ng ca ng t i sau n l mt ng t dng V-ing

Cc ng t nh love, like, dislike, enjoy, fancy, hate, imagine, regret, mind Active: S + V + sb + Ving -> Passive: S + V + sb/ sth + BEING + P.P

Example: I like you wearing this dress. -> I like this dress being worn by you.
- B ng kp 1. Khi main verb thi HIN TI + Active: People/ They + think/ say/ suppose/ believe/ consider/ report ... + THAT + clause -> Passive 1: IT'S + thought/ said/ supposed/ believed/ considered/ reported ... + THAT + clause

Example: People say that he is a good doctor. -> It's said that he is a good doctor.
+ Active: People/ They + think/ say/ suppose/ believe/ consider/ report ... + THAT + clause (S + V simple present + O) -> Passive 2: S + am/ is/ are + thought/ said/ supposed/ ... + TO + Vinf

Example: People say that he is a good doctor. -> He is said to be a good doctor.
+ Active: People/ They + think/ say/ suppose/ believe/ consider/ report ... + THAT + clause (S + V simple past or present perfect + O) -> Passive 2: S + am/ is/ are + thought/ said/ supposed/ ... + TO + HAVE + P.P

Example: People think he stole my car. -> He is thought to have stolen my car. (= It's thought that he stole my
car.) 2. Khi main verb thi QU KH + Active: People/ They + thought/ said/ supposed/ believed/ considered/ reported ... + THAT + clause -> Passive 1: It was + thought/ said/ supposed/ believed/ considered/ reported ... + THAT + clause

Example: People said that he is a good doctor. -> It was said that he is a good doctor.
+ Active: People/ They + thought/ said/ supposed/ believed/ considered/ reported ... + THAT + clause (S + V simple present + O) -> Passive 2: S + was/ were + thought/ said/ supposed/ ... + TO + Vinf

Example: People said that he is a good doctor. -> He was said to be a good doctor.
+ Active: People/ They + thought/ said/ supposed/ believed/ considered/ reported ... + THAT + clause (S + V simple past or present perfect + O)

-> Passive 2: S + was/ were + thought/ said/ supposed/ ... + TO + HAVE + P.P People thought he stole my car. -> He was thought to have stolen my car. (= It was thought that he stole my car.) They thought he was one of famous singers. -> He was thought to have been one of famous singers. It is said that = ngi ta ni rng He is said to = ngi ta ni rng anh ta - B ng ca 7 ng t: 1. suggest 2. require 3. request 4. order 5. demand 6. insist (on) 7. recommend Active: S + suggest/ recommend/ order/ require/ ... + THAT + clause (S + infinitive + O) -> Passive: IT + WAS/ IS/ HAS BEEN/ WILL BE/ ... + P.P (of 7 verbs) + THAT + sth + BE (infinitive) + P.P Example: He suggested that she buy a new car. -> It was suggested that a new car be bought. - B ng ca ng t MAKE/ LET Active: S + make/ let + sb + Vinf -> Passive: S + BE + MADE/ LET + TO+ Vinf

Example: My parents never let me do anything by myself. - I'm never let to do anything by myself.
- TO BE MADE + gii t
to be made of: c lm bng ( cp n cht liu lm nn vt) Example: This table is made of wood.

to be made from: c lm ra t ( cp n vic nguyn vt liu b bin i khi trng thi ban u lm nn vt) Example: Paper is made from wood.

Example: to be made out of: c lm bng ( cp n qu trnh lm ra vt)

This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk.

Example: to be made with: c lm vi ( cp n ch mt trong s nhiu cht liu lm nn vt)

This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices. - MARRY v DIVORCE - Phn bit thm v cch dng marry v divorce trong 2 th: ch ng v b ng. Khi khng c tn ng th ngi Anh a dng get maried v get divorced trong dng informal English.

Example: Lulu and Joe got maried last week. (informal)

Lulu and Joe married last week. (formal) After 3 very unhappy years they got divorced. (informal) After 3 very unhappy years they dIvorced. (formal) - Sau marry v divorce l mt tn ng trc tip th khng c gii t: To mary / divorce sb Example: She married a builder.

Example: Andrew is going to divorce Carola

- To be/ get married/ to sb (gii t to l bt buc) Example: She got married to her childhood sweetheart. Example: He has been married to Louisa for 16 years and he still doesnt understand her. - B ng ca cu trc ch ng gi IT Active: IT + [be] + adj. (+ FOR sb) + TO V sth. -> Passive: IT + [be] + adj. + FOR sth + TO BE + P.P Example: It is difficult for me to finish this test in one hour. -> It is difficult for this test to be finished in one hour. - Cc trng hp c bit 1. Active: It's your duty to + Vinf -> Passive: You're supposed to + Vinf Example: It's your duty to make tea today. -> You are supposed to make tea today. 2. Active: It's impossible to + Vinf -> Passive: S + CAN'T + BE + P.P Example: It's impossible to solve this problem. -> This problem can't be solve. 3. Active: It's necessary to + Vinf -> Passive: S + should/ must + BE + P.P Example: It's necessary for you to type this letter. - This letter should/ must be typed by you. 4. Active: Mnh lnh thc + Object -> Passive: S + SHOULD/ MUST + BE + P.P Example: Turn on the lights! - The lights should be turned on.
Ms Moon: thuhangtr@walla.con, hangtt0909@cntp.edu.vn

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