Biology Common Mark Scheme Answers

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light hitting leaf is not used by chloroplasts - Due to reflection - Incorrect wavelength - It is transmitted, not hitting the chloroplasts Structures in a chloroplast involved in light dependent reactions - Thylakoids - Made of membranes - Arranged as stacks of grana - Contains chlorophyll Oxygen from Light dependent reactions - Energy from light - Photolysis occurs - Of water - Produces oxygen Energy from light is made available in ATP molecules for synthesis - Thylakoid membrane - In Granum - Electrons become excited due to increase in light energy/Photoexcitation - Electrons released from chlorophyll - Taken by an electron carrier - Series of redox reactions occurs - Photophosphorylation occurs - Synthesis of ATP from ADP + P - Electrons from photolysis replace those which have been lost Role of microorganisms in the recycling of the carbon from these Compounds. - Decomposition - Respiration - Releases CO2 for photosynthesis - Methane is released in anaerobic respiration Site of carbon fixation is the Stroma of a chloroplast Carbon Fixation - Produces GP - GP is converted into starch - Faster carbon fixation means faster production of starch - Increased GPP of crop Net primary productivity - Rate of production of energy incorporated into biomass - Losses in respiration in plants - GPP

ECOSYSTEMS
Explain what is meant by the term NICHE: - Role/Purpose/Interaction - Of an organism - It is predator controls prey population/it is prey provides food for other animals - Provides shelter for some animals

GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming - Less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide & methane - Greenhouse gases cause greenhouse effect - Absorb/trap infrared radiation - Reflected from the earth - Decrease in greenhouse gases means decrease in greenhouse effect - Temp of earths surface is less likely to rise - Reduced climate change for example ice caps melting & crop failure Reduction of fossil fuels will not prevent global warming - Carbon dioxide is produced when using fossil fuels - There is no evidence that CO2 causes global warming - CO2 is released by respiration & population is growing - Evidence from past is being used lacks temporal - Scientists may be bias in research Changes for concentration in RuBP & GP - RuBP rises due to regeneration - Falls as being used to fix carbon dioxide - GP drops due to less Carbon dioxide to convert into GP

SPECIATION/EVOLUTION
Reproductively isolated populations - No mating or reproduction - Due to geographical barrier - Different behaviours - Incompatible genitalia - Restricted gene flow Genetic diversity in a species - Variety of alleles - In a gene pool

Two species from a single population - Original population spreading to a wider diversity of habitats - Mutations may occur - Reproductive isolation may occur - Restriction in gene flow between extremes in populations - Different environmental factors in each region - Plants adapt to the region - Change in allele frequency over time Genetic Mutation - Change in nucleotides - In DNA - Causing a change in the sequence of amino acids Plants growth - Pioneer communities - Able to grow in little/no soil - Break up rock fragments to form thin soil - Plants with short roots can grow in thin soil - Soil structure changes allowing shrubs to grow - Competition could affect growth Climax community - Both animals and plants have high biodiversity - Species can interact with each other - Balanced equilibrium of species - Stable without any human influence

FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS/DNA ANALYSIS

Gel electrophoresis - Source of DNA sample, blood, saliva, semen - Small samples of DNA can be amplified by PCR - Restriction enzymes can be used to break down DNA - Stain the DNA fragments/samples - Show up as bars to compare - Number of bands that match indicate similarity of DNA

Estimate time of death - More than one species of insect present - Succession will have occurred - Life cycles of insects are known/used - This depends on the environmental temperature Body temp. Drop in body temp. is linked to time after death Factors affect the temp. body size/clothing/environmental temp Only useful for short period of time after death

State of decomposition - Body decomposes in a specific sequence with time - Factors affect decomposition environmental temp/wounds - Not useful if all body has decomposed Factors that can influence the rate at which a body cools after death: Body Mass Clothing Gender/Age Temperature Primary Structure of a Protein - Sequence of bases determines the amino acid sequence - One triplet codes for an amino acid - DNA acts as a template - Transcription occurs - mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm - Translation occurs - tRNA carries an amino acid - Peptide bonds form between amino acids - Primary structure is the sequence of the amino acids Fibrous & Globular Proteins - Fibrous linear chains, Globular spherical - Globular are folder, Fibrous are not - Globular are soluble, Fibrous are not DNA - Pentose present in nucleotides - Phosphodiester bonds - Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine RNA - Polymer formed from a single strand of nucleotides Transcription - DNA strands unzip - One strand acts as a template - Complementary base pairing occurs - Hydrogen bonds form - DNA helicase Translation - Anticodon attaches to the codon/triplet on mRNA - Peptide bonds are formed

DNA profiling - Assumes every individuals DNA is unique - apart from identical twins - DNA profiling analyses non-coding blocks - There is a large number of non-coding blocks - Many combinations at each locus

MICROORGANISMS & DISEASE

HYDROLYSIS - type of chemical reaction involved in the digestion of cellulose by enzymes. GLUCOSE - most likely product of the digestion of cellulose by the bacteria. Chemical nature of cellulose - Polysaccharide - Unbranched chain - 1-4 glycosidic bonds Special adaptations for bacteria - Low pH / Oxygen - Acid destroys bacteria - Anaerobic respiration - Resistant to stomach enzymes Effect of temp. on the rate of growth - Enzymes involved in growth - Molecules have more kinetic energy as temp. increases - Enzyme & substrates collide more & more enzyme substrate complexes are formed - Some enzymes denature - Rate of growth decreases as less enzyme molecules available High light intensity investigation - Each temp. has same light intensity - Must be above the compensation point - Below which, no photosynthesis takes place - So temp. is the limiting factor not light Non specific/Phagocytosis stages - Bacteria with antigens enter the blood - B cells produce antibodies which bind to antigens and label bacteria - Labelled bacteria attach to antibodies receptors on macrophage - Macrophage engulfs labelled bacteria by forming vacuoles - Enzymes is released into the vacuoles to destroy the bacteria Specific response - Antigens are specific to each bacteria - Antibodies need to be complementary to antigens - So binding can take place

Antibodies already present from passive immunity/breast feeding

How organisms are taken up by macrophages - Bacterium recognises it as nonself - Phagocytosis occurs - Vacuole is formed advantage of using monoclonal antibodies, rather than polyclonal - specific antigen - specific monoclonal antibody - specific treatment can be given - more likely to be effective

PATHOGENS/ANTIBIOTICS/HIV/TB
Active immunity - Vaccine contains the antigen - Activates specific lymphocyte - B memory cells are produced - Body can produce specific antibody at a higher concentration INVESTIGATE DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTICS ON BACTERIA GROWTH - Distribute bacteria on plate of agar - Control of antibiotic conc. - Using aseptic techniques - Incubate at a suitable temperature - Measure inhibition - Repeat with same & different bacterium Both Viruses and Bacteria are involved Antibiotics only target bacteria So other medication is needed for viruses Reduction of antibiotics - Some bacteria can resist antibiotics - This can be passed on genetically HIV Infection & CD4 Lymphocytes - Glycoprotein on virus - Binds with receptors - On membrane of lymphocytes - Viral RNA enters the lymphocytes - And is used to produce Viral DNA - Using reverse transcriptase - T killer cells destroy T helper cells

HIV enters through T cells and phagocytic cells - Binds to CD4 receptors - On cells - Fusion of virus with cell membrane - Phagocytosis macrophage