Relay

A Relay is an automatic device which sense an abnormal condition. In an electric circuit and closed its contact. These contact interms close circuit breaker trip coil circuit. Thereby is opens the circuit breaker and faulty part of electric circuit is disconnected from rest of the healthy circuit.

Definitions Pick up level- The value of actuating quantity (current or voltage) which is on the border above the relay operates and closed it contact Reset level- This is the value of current and voltage etc. Below which a relay opens its contact ands come back to its original position Operation Time- It is given by the time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity exceed the pick up value to the instant. When the relay contact close Reset Time- It is given by the time which elapse between the instant when the actuating quantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant. When the relay returns to its original position. Restraining Force- It is force which opposes the operating force and tends to prevent the closer the relay contact. Primary Relay- The relay which are connected directly in the circuit to be protected

Secondary Relay- The relay which are connected in the circuit to be protected through the current and potential transformer. These relay are the secondary line of depends. Auxiliary Relay- These relay which operates in response in the opening or closing operating circuit to assist another relay in the performance of its function. This relay may be instantaneous or may be have a time delay. Reach- A distance relay operates whenever the impedance seen by relay is less than a pre specified value. This impedance or the corresponding distance is known as reach of the relay. Reach of the relay may be define as the limiting distance covered by the protection. Over Reach- The tendency of the relay to operates at impedance larger than its setting is known as over reach. This can occur with some high speed relay if the current applied is not symmetrical. Under Reach- The extra impedance introduced by an arc into the fault loop occur effect. The distance measured by the relay and causes it to under reach. Under reach is just reverse the over reach.

Classification of relay 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Electromagnetic attraction type Electromagnetic induction type Electro dynamic type Moving coil type Electro thermal type Static

Types of Relay

1. Hinged armature type

2.Plunger type 3.Watthour meter structure 4.Induction cup electromagnetic relay 5.Permanent magnet moving coil relay 6.Buccholz relay 7.Thermal relay 8.Induction type non directional over current relay 9.Induction type directional over current relay 10.Directional impedance relay 11. Mho relay 12. Differential relay 13. Translay relay

Watthour meter type relayConstruction- The construction of this relay is similar to the watthour meter commonly used everywhere. It consist of a E shaped electromagnet a U shape electromagnet. With a disc free to rotate in between. E shaped magnet is called upper magnet and U shaped magnet is called lower magnet.

WorkingThe E shape electromagnet carry two windings, the primary and the secondary. The primary winding carry a relay current I1 while the secondary winding is connected to the winding of U shape electromagnet. The primary current induced emf in the secondary and so circulate the current I2 in it. The flux 2 induced in the lower magnet by the current in the secondary winding of the upper magnet will lag behind the flux 1 by an angle . The interaction

between these fluxes the resultant torque induced on the disc. Most of the modern induction relay are of this type.

Advantage1. Its construction is of very simple type. 2. Due to this type of construction provide the larger phase angle between and 2. 3. Its operation can be controlled by opening or closing the secondary winding circuit

Induction type non directional over current relay This type of relay works on the induction principle and initiates corrective measures when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined. The actuating source in a current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These relays are used on AC circuit only and can operate for fault current flow in either direction.

ConstructionThe important constructional details of a typical non directional induction type over current relay. It consist of a metallic (Aluminium) disc which is free to rotate in between the poles of two electromagnet. The upper electromagnet has a primary and secondary winding. The primary is connected of the secondary of the CT in the line to be protected and is tapped at intervals. The tappings are connected to a plug setting by which the number of active turns on the relay operate coil can be varied, thereby given the desired current setting. The secondary winding is energized by induction from primary and is connected in series with the winding on the lower magnet. The controlling torque is provided by a spiral spring. The spindle of the disc carries a moving contact which bridges to fixed contact (connected to trip circuit). When the disc rotate

through a preset angle. This angle can be adjusted to any value between 0 to 360 . By adjusting this angle, the travel of the moving contact can be adjusted and hence the relay can be given any desired time setting.

OperationThe driving torque on the aluminium disc is setup due to the induction principle. This torque is opposed by the restraining torque provide by the spring. Under normal operating condition restraining torque is greater than the driving torque produced by the protective circuit exceed the preset value. The driving torque becomes greater than the restraining torque. Consequently the disc rotate under moving contact bridge the fixed contact when the disc has to rotate at preset angle. The trip operates the circuit breaker which isolate the faulty section. Induction type directional over current relay The directional relay is disused above is unsuitable for used as a directional protective under short circuit condition. When a short circuit occurs, the system voltage falls to a low value and they may be* insufficient torque developed in the relay to cause its operation. The directional over current relay which is designed to be almost independent of system voltage and power factor.

Construction The construction of a typical induction type over current relay. It consist of two relay elements mounted on a common case viz 1. Directional element-It is essentially a directional relay which operates when power flow in a specific direction. The current coil of the element is energized through a CT by the circuit current. The trip contacts(1,2) of the directional element connected in series with the secondary circuit of the over current element. Therefore the later element cant start operate until its secondary circuit is completed.

Non directional element- It is an over current element similar in all aspect to a non directional over current relay. The spindle of the disc of this element carry a moving contact which close the fixed contact after the operation of the directional element. It may be noted that plug setting bridges is also provide in the relay for current setting but has been omitted for clarity and simplicity. The tapping are provide on the upper magnet of a over current element and are connected to the bridge 2. Operation3. Under normal operating condition power flow in the normal direction in the circuit protected by the relay. However when a short circuit occurs there is a tendency for the current of power flow in the reverse direction. Upper element rotate to bridge in a fixed contact 1 and 2 this completed the circuit for over current element. This operates the circuit breaker which isolate the faulty section. The two relay element are so arranged that final tripping of the current control by them is not made till the following condition are satisfiedA. Current flow in a direction such as to operate the directional element B. Current in the reverse direction exceed the preset value C. Excessive current persists for a period corresponding to the time setting of the current element

Translay system This system is modified form of voltage balance system. Although the principle of balance voltage is retained it defers from the above

voltage balanced system in that the balance or opposition is between voltage induced in the secondary coil wound on the ralay magnets not between the secondary voltage of the line current transformers since the current transformers used.

ConstructionThe simplified diagram illustrating the principle of Translay scheme. It consist of two identical double winding induction type relay fitted at either end of the feeder to be protected. The primary circuits of these relays are supplied through a pair of current transformer. The secondary winding of the two relays are the connected in series by fault wires in such way that voltage induced in the former opposes the other. The compensating device nuetralised the effect of fault wire capacitance current and of inherent lack of balance between the two current transoformer.

OperationUnder healthy condition current at the two ends of the protect feeder is the same and the primary winding of the relay is carry same current. The windings induced equal emfs in the secondary windings. As these winfing are so connected that there induced voltage are in opposition no current will flow through the pilots or operating coils and hence no torque will be extracted on the disc of either relay. In the event of fault onn the protected feeder current leveling the feeder will defer from the current entering the feeder. Consequently unequal voltage will be induced in the secondary winding of the relays and current will circulate between the two winding causing the torque to be extracted on the disc of each relay. As the direction of secondary current will be opposite in the two relays therefore the torque in one relay will tend to close the trip circuit while in the other relay. The torque will hold the moment in the normal un operated position. It may be noted that the resulting operating torque upon the position and nature of the fault in the protected zone and atleast one element of either relay will operate under any fault condition. It is worth while here to mention the roll of closed copper rings in naturalizing the effects of pilot capacitive currents. Capacitive leads the voltage impressed across the faults by the 90 and when they flow in the operating winding, they produced fluxes that also fault pilot voltage by 90 since pilot voltage is that induced in the secondary winding it lacks by a substantial angle behind the fluxes in the field magnet air gaps A and B. The closed copper rings are so adjusted that this angle approximately 90 in this way fluxes acting on the disc are in phase and hence no torque is extend on the relay disc.