Genetics Timed Trials 2013.

Term 1 Wk 9

Genetic Timed Trial 1 (Epistasis & Chi squared) 10 min

Answers

The flowers of the sweet pea plant are either purple or white. Flowers are purple if they contain anthocyanin pigment, and white if they do not. Two independently assorting genes, C and P, are involved in anthocyanin synthesis. Each gene has a recessive allele that abolishes pigment production (i.e. cc is epistatic over P, and pp is epistatic over C). White flower Variety 1 has the genotype CCpp whilst white flower Variety 2 has the genotype ccPP. The two varieties are crossed to obtain F1 offsprings, which all had purple flowers. The hybrids were then intercrossed to give a F2 generation. (a) (i) Draw a genetic diagram to show the gametes and the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 and F2 generations of the two crosses. Give the ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation. [4] White flowers CCpp Cp CcPp All purple flowers CcPp CP Cp cP cp x CP CcPp Cp cP cp x White flowers ccPP cP

Parental phenotypes: Parental genotype: Parental gametes: F1 genotypes: F1 phenotypes: Intercrossing F1: F1 gametes:

Punnett square showing F2 genotypes CP Cp cP cp CP Cp cP cp CCPP CCPp CcPP CcPp (purple) (purple) (purple) (purple) CCPp CCpp CcPp Ccpp (purple) (white) (purple) (white) CcPP CcPp ccPP ccPp (purple) (purple) (white) (white) CcPp Ccpp ccPp ccpp (purple) (white) (white) (white) Purple flowers 9 White flowers 7

F2 phenotypes: F2 phenotypic ratio:

Genetics Timed Trials 2013. Term 1 Wk 9

Mark scheme:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Parental genotype Parental gametes (circled) F1 genotypes F1 phenotypes F1 gametes Punnett square and F2 genotypes F2 phenotypes Correspond to genotype F2 phenotypic ratio

(ii) Suggest the biochemical basis for this form of epistasis. [1.5]

each dominant allele produces an enzyme/protein that controls a step in the synthesis of anthocyanin from a biochemical precursor if a dominant allele is not present (or if both alleles of the gene present are recessive), its step in the biosynthetic pathway is blocked and anthocyanin is not produced

(b) The number of sweet pea plants with purple flowers and white flowers in a natural population was found to be 114 and 62 respectively. The chi-squared test was performed on these data. (O E ) 2 2 = v=c1 E where = sum of v = degrees of freedom c = number of classes O = observed value E = expected value

A chi-squared table. degrees of freedom 10% 1 2.71 2 4.61 3 6.25 4 7.78

5% 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49

probability, p 2% 1% 5.41 6.64 7.82 9.21 9.84 11.35 11.67 13.28

0.1% 10.83 13.82 16.27 18.47

(i) Calculate the value of 2 applicable to these data. [1] Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between the observed and expected values. Any difference is due to chance. Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is significant difference between the observed and expected values. Any difference is not due to chance.

Genetics Timed Trials 2013. Term 1 Wk 9

Classes Purple flowers White flowers Total

Observed number (O) 114 62 176

Expected ratio 9 7 16

Expected number (E) 99 77 176

No. of degrees of freedom 2 = (O E ) 2 E (114 99) 2 (62 77) 2 = + 99 77 = 5.19

=c1 =21=1

Since the calculated 2 value 5.19 > critical 2 value 3.84 at p = 0.05, Reject null hypothesis. Accept alternative hypothesis. Conclusion: The results of the 2 test suggest that there is significant difference between the observed and the expected values at the 5% level. Any difference is NOT due to chance.

The observed numbers does not fit the expected phenotypic ratio of 9:7
NOTE THE MARK SCHEME FOR CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS [ mark for each pt] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 null hypothesis AND alternative hypothesis total number = 200 expected ratio = 2:1:1 AND expected number = 100, 50, 50 no. of degrees of freedom = 2 calculated value = 4.59 2 critical value = 5.99 at p = 0.05
2 2

Award pt 8 & 9 only if calculated value is correct. 8 9 Reject null hypothesis / accept alternative hypothesis significant difference between the observed and the expected values / differences between the observed and the expected values are not due to chance

Genetics Timed Trials 2013. Term 1 Wk 9

(ii) Use the 2 table provided to find the probability of the observed results departing significantly by chance from the expected ratio. [1] Probability = 0.02 to 0.05 or 2% to 5%
Explanation: From the table for d.f =1, the calculated value of 5.19 lies between 3.84 and 5.41, which represents the probabibilities 0.05 and 0.02, respectively. In order words, we can say that there is a 0.02 to 0.05 probability that there are significant differences between the observed and expected numbers.
2 2

degrees of freedom 1 2 3 4

probability, p (Probability that chance alone could produce the difference) 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.64 10.83 4.61 5.99 7.82 9.21 13.82 6.25 7.82 9.84 11.35 16.27 7.78 9.49 11.67 13.28 18.47

Genetics Timed Trials 2013. Term 1 Wk 9

Genetic Timed Trial 2 (Linkage) 5 min

Answers Genetics Timed Trial 5 (Linkage) 5min In plant species X, gene for flower color and the gene for shape of pollen grains are found on the chromosome 5. Pure bred pink plants with round pollen grains is crossed with pure bred yellow plants with long pollen grains. The resulting F1 are all Pink with long pollen grains. When F1 plants are selfed, the following F2 phenotypes are observed: Pink plant, round pollen grains 300 Pink plant, long pollen grains 599 Yellow plant, long pollen grains 302

Ratio: 1:2:1

Using appropriate symbols, use a genetic cross to explain the F2 generation results. [3] Symbols: P allele for Pink flowers p allele for yellow flowers plant L allele for long pollen grains l allele for round pollen grains Allele for Pink flowers (P) is dominant to allele for yellow flowers (p) Allele for long pollen grain (L) is dominant to allele for round pollen grain (l)
F1 phenotypes: F1 genotype: Pink flowers, long pollen grains Pl pL F1 gametes: Pl pL Pl x Pink flowers, long pollen grains Pl pL pL

F2 genotypes:

Pl Pl

Pl pL

pL Pl

pL pL

F2 phenotypes : F2 phenotypes ratio :

Pink, round; 1

Pink, Long; 2

Yellow, Long 1

Genetics Timed Trials 2013. Term 1 Wk 9

Mark scheme: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Key F1 genotypes in stick diagram format F1 gametes (Gametes must be circled; stick format) F2 genotypes in stick format Genotypes correspond to phenotypes F2 phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1

Note: No marks awarded if in non-linkage presentation format.