SCRIPT FILE REVERSIBLE, ADIABATIC, QUASI ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW THROUGH CONVERGENT DIVERGENT NOZZLES Visual Cue

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Narration
"REVERSIBLE, ADIABATIC, QUASI-ONE- DIMENSIONAL FLOW THROUGH CONVERGENT DIVERGENT NOZZLES"

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40197 40195 43310 45363 HARI CHANDEKAR JOE KURIAN RAVIKUMAR TALAPATI DARIUS BARRETO

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CONSIDERATIONS 1) The variation of Area A=A(x) is gradual , the flow variations in y and z directions can be neglected . Flow properties are assumed to be functions of x only. This assumption of uniform properties across the flow at every x station is defined as quasione-dimensional flow. 2) Calorically perfect Gas Consider a Convergent Divergent Nozzle. To accelerate a gas though a nozzle a pressure difference must be exerted across the nozzle as defined by the Eulers equation :

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Therefore, to establish flow through any duct, the exit pressure must be lower than the inlet pressure. Typically the inlet of a convergent divergent nozzle is connected to a high pressure reservoir. The conditions in the reservoir are high pressure stagnation conditions. Fluid flow can be induced in the nozzle by reducing the pressure blow the stagnation pressure poi. The exit of the nozzle is connected to a chamber called as the back pressure chamber and the pressure in this chamber is represented as pe. The exit pressure pe1,if reduced to a value less than poi fluid flow begins in the nozzle. The pressure difference is small and consequently the fluid flow throughout the nozzle is subsonic. The smallest cross-section of the convergent divergent nozzle is referred to as the throat of the nozzle. Critical pressure is not reached in the throat section. The fluid flow accelerates in the convergent section, reaching a maximum value at the throat section and then decelerates in the divergent section

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If the pressure pe2 is reduced to values lesser than pe1 , the fluid will accelerate till the throat reaching higher velocities at the throat section than those achieved in curve1. However, the fluid will diffuse in the divergent section reaching the exit value of pe2. If the exit pressure pe3 is further reduced such that the fluid velocity at the throat equals the local velocity of sound (M=1 i.e. sonic speed) , a condition at the throat results known as the choked flow condition. Multi-dimensional acoustic disturbances generated downstream of the throat, tries to move upstream with sonic velocity against a fluid moving with sonic velocity. This impossibility is the physical significance of the choked flow condition. The pressure has reached a critical value at the throat and this condition delivers the maximum flow rate through the nozzle. Any further pressure reduction in the back pressure chamber does not alter the flow pattern in the convergent section. In the divergent section the fluid diffusion is termed at limiting subsonic solution. There exists a design pressure ped for which continuously the fluid flow expands even in the divergent section of the convergent divergent nozzle. In the divergent section the fluid velocity is always supersonic and at the exit the designed supersonic Mach number is realized. The expansion in the nozzle is reversible and adiabatic and therefore isentropic. This nozzle also known as the De-Laval nozzle is meant for generation of supersonic flow velocities. For all values of pressure in the back pressure chamber between pe3 and ped the fluid continues to accelerate beyond the throat with supersonic speeds in the divergent section. The back pressure chamber pressure pe4 ensures that the adverse gradient can be overcome in a small portion of the divergent section. However, the fluid flow experiences a normal shock within the divergent section. The supersonic fluid is moving against an adverse pressure gradient in the divergent section and the initial fluid particles are continually overtaken by the subsequent fluid particles forming a wave-front known as a normal shock. The fluid velocity changes from supersonic to sub-sonic with an increase in pressure and temperature across the shock. There is also an increase in entropy due to the shock. The property values can be established by using shock relations or by shock tables.

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As the pressure in the back pressure chamber is reduced the normal shock travels towards the exit plane of the convergent divergent nozzle and eventually there would a standing normal shock at the exit plane of the nozzle. Further reduction in the back pressure results in an oblique shock outside the exit plane to achieve equilibrium with the back pressure chamber pressure. This condition of nozzle is referred to as over-expanded.

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Further reduction in back pressure below the design pressure the equilibration of flow takes place across expansion waves outside the duct. This condition of the nozzle is said to be under-expanded since the flow experiences additional expansion after leaving the nozzle. References: 1) MODERN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: JOHN ANDERSON JR.: McGRAW HILL INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION. 2) GAS DYNAMICS: E. RATHAKRISHNAN: PRENTICE HALL OF INDIA PUBLICATION

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