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STRUCTURAL FAULTS + REPAIR2006

Abstracts of the Eleventh International Conference on

Extending the Life of Bridges Concrete + Composites Buildings, Masonry + Civil Structures
13th 15th June 2006 Venue: The Assembly Rooms Edinburgh
Edited by: Professor M.C. Forde, PhD, CEng, FREng, FRSE, FICE, FIEE Carillion Chair University of Edinburgh

www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com
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STRUCTURAL FAULTS + REPAIR2006


First published in June 2006 by ENGINEERING TECHNICS PRESS 46 Cluny Gardens Edinburgh EH10 6BN, UK Tel: +44-(0)131-447 0447 Fax: +44-(0)131-452 8596 www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com email: books@ecspublications.com

ISBN 0-947644-58-10 The Contributors named in the List of Contents 2006

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www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com
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STRUCTURAL FAULTS + REPAIR2006


Scientific Advisory Board
Dr I Al-Qadi, Univ of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Prof SL Bakoss, Univ of Tech, Sydney, Australia Prof PAM Basheer, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK Dr R Betti, Columbia Univ, New York, NY, USA Prof L Binda, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Prof JH Bungey, Univ of Liverpool, UK Prof O Buyukozturk, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA Prof JR Casas, UPC, Barcelona, Spain Prof MYL Chew, National Univ of Singapore Dr AG Davis, CTL, Skokie, IL, USA (deceased) J Elliott, Pure Technologies Ltd, Calgary, Canada PJ Fenning, VJ GeoConsultants, Christchurch, UK C Flohrer, Hochtief AG, Frankfurt, Germany Prof R Folic, Univ of Novi Sad, Serbia & Montenegro Prof MC Forde, Univ of Edinburgh, UK Dr DW Fowler, Univ of Texas at Austin, USA Prof D Frangopol, Univ of Colorado, Boulder, USA Prof D v. Gemert, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium Prof PC Hewlett, BBA, Garston, UK Prof LC Hollaway, Univ of Surrey, UK Dr KC Hover, Cornell Univ, Ithica, NY, USA Dr J Jirsa, Univ of Texas at Austin, TX, USA R Johnstone, Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, UK I Kennnedy-Reid, Atkins, Epsom, UK Dr FW Klaiber, Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA, USA Prof Q Leiper, Carillion plc, Wolverhampton, UK Prof CK Leung, Hong Kong Univ of Sci & Tech, China Prof AE Long, Queens Univ of Belfast, UK Dr SF Luke, Mouchel Parkman, West Byfleet, UK Dr SL Matthews, BRE, Garston, UK Prof DM McCann, Univ of Edinburgh, UK Prof U Meier, EMPA, Duebendorf, Switzerland Dr J Mirza, Hydro-Quebec, Varennes, Canada Dr AS Mosallam, Univ of California, Irvine CA, USA Dr A Nanni, Univ of Missouri-Rolla, MO, USA Dr HH Nassif, Rutgers Univ, NJ, USA Prof M Ohtsu, Kumamoto Univ, Japan Dr SP Pessiki, Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA, USA CG Petersen, Germann Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark Prof M Raupach, TU Aachen, Germany Dr S Rizkalla, N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, USA Prof PC Robery, Halcrow, Birmingham, UK Dr H Saadatmanesh, Univ of Arizona, Tucson, USA Prof M Shigeishi, Kumamoto Univ, Japan Dr T Shiotani, Tobishima Corp, Chiba, Japan Dr N Shrive, Univ of Calgary, Alberta, Canada Prof B Taljsten, Lulea Univ of Tech, Sweden Prof J-G Teng, Hong Kong Poly Univ, Hong Kong Dr G Washer, University of Missouri Columbia, USA Prof E Watanabe, Kyoto Univ, Japan Prof T Watanabe, Univ of Tokushima, Japan Dr H Wiggenhauser, BAM, Berlin, Germany A Wingrove, Highways Agency, Birmingham, UK Dr JGM Wood, SS&D Ltd, Chiddingfold, UK Dr R Woodward, TRL Ltd, Crowthorne, UK Dr BS Yanev, New York State DoT, NY, USA

CONTENTS
Theme 1: Keynote Papers Bridges

Day 1:

Bridge Management & Assessment ....................................................11 Concrete Bridges ................................................................................15 Steel Bridges + Steel-concrete Composite Bridges & Cable-stayed Bridges ..........................................................................23 Prestressed & Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges .................................31 Masonry Arch Bridges ........................................................................37 NDT & Monitoring of Bridges ...........................................................45 Bridge Repair using Advanced Composites........................................51 Concrete Bridge Deck Inspection + Repair ........................................55 Corrosion + Cathodic Protection in Concrete Bridges........................63 Timber Bridges....................................................................................67 Case Studies of Bridge Repair ............................................................71

Day 2: Day 3:

Theme 2:

Day 1:

Concrete & Advanced Composites

NDT of Concrete + Advanced Composites.........................................77 Impact-echo NDT of Concrete............................................................87 Case Studies NDT of Concrete ........................................................91 Corrosion + Cathodic Protection.........................................................95 Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair........................................99 Concrete Durability Assessment by NDT & Monitoring..................109 Concrete Repair & Durability ...........................................................115 Durability of Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair ................123 Seismic Upgrades using Advanced Composites ...............................127 Concrete Repair Interfaces................................................................131

Day 2: Day 3:

Theme 3:

Day 1:

Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures

Civil Structures .................................................................................137 Masonry Structures ...........................................................................145 Seismic & Blast Strengthening .........................................................151 Corrosion & Repair ...........................................................................155 Timber Structures..............................................................................159 Building Inspection & Repair ...........................................................165 Concrete Repair.................................................................................171 Fire Damage & Repair ......................................................................177 Building Repair using Composites ...................................................181 Car Parking Structures ......................................................................185 Basilicas, Mosques & Monuments....................................................189 Bell Towers .......................................................................................195 NDT of Structures .............................................................................199 Radar NDT ........................................................................................205 Acoustic Emission NDT....................................................................209

Day 2:

Day 3:

KEYNOTE PAPERS

DEGRADATION MECHANICS OF BRIDGE CABLES KM Mahmoud


Bridge Technology Consulting, 295 Madison Avenue, Suite 901, New York, NY 10017, USA khaled@kmbtc.com

Keywords: Suspension cables, degradation mechanics, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion rate, Monte Carlo simulation Inspections of suspension bridge cables conducted in the last decade revealed the presence of cracks and brittle fractures in wires. Strength capacity of bridge cables is usually evaluated without accounting for the effect of corrosive environments. Stress corrosion cracking, pitting, corrosion fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement are some of the major factors that compromise the cable strength. In this paper, the factors that affect the degradation mechanics of bridge cables are presented. The parameters influencing the cable strength are outlined and discussed in the frame work of probability-based analysis. AE AND SIBIE TECHNIQUES FOR NDT OF CRACK, DAMAGE, CORROSION AND VOID IN CONCRETE M Ohtsu, M Shigeishi, T Suzuki, N Alver

Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan Ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Keywords: NDT of concrete, acoustic emission, impact echo, SIBIE The need for estimating concrete properties other than strength has been drastically increasing. In particular, quantitative identification of defects in concrete is of significant importance for maintenance, because concrete structures are no longer maintenance-free. To this end,
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nondeteructive testings (NDT) have been intensively studied to establish practical inspection techniques. Acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been extensively studied as NDT of concrete. At the present state of the art, cracking mechanisms inside concrete, damage degree of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement can be quantitatively evaluated. Crack kinematics is identified by the SiGMA procedure based on the moment tesor of AE source. Because kinematical information is obtained as threedimensional (3-D) locations and vectors, 3-D visualization is recently developed. New AE parameters of load ratio and calm ratio are defined for qualification of the damages. Damage qualification was experimentally conducted in reinforced concrete beams damaged due to cyclic loading. AE behavior of concrete under compression is quantitatively analyzed, applying the rate process theory. Using Loland's model of damage mechanics, a relation between AE rate and the damage parameter is correlated and implemented in a database. By quantifying intact elastic moduli of concrete from the database, relative damages of concrete in existing structures are successfully estimated. Continuous AE monitoring is useful for earlier warning of corrosion in reinforcement. Onset of corrosion in reinforcement and nucleation of corrosion cracking in concrete are readily identified. These updated results are discussed. The impact echo is developed for NDT to identify defects in concrete. Resonance frequencies are applied to estimate the presence and the depth of defects. It is, however, not easy to identify particular peak frequencies only responsible for the defects. Consequrently, SIBIE (Stack Imaging of Spectral Amplitudes based on Impact-Echo) procedure is developed. The

procedure is successfully applied to identify an ungrouted tendon duct of plastic sheath in a prestressed concrete (PC). Determination of surface-crack depths is also attempted. DETECTING DETERIORATION BEHIND GFRP WRAP STRENGTHNING OF BRIDGE COLUMNS O Bykztrk, T-Y Yu

concrete columns wrapped with GFRP. The importance of data de-noising and filtering along with further image processing is emphasized and planned for further work. DEBONDING FAILURES OF RC BEAMS FLEXURALLY STRENGTHENED WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP REINFORCEMENT Prof JG Teng

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept Civil & Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

obuyuk@mit.edu, youngyu@mit.edu Keywords: NDE, GFRP-wrapped concrete columns, airborne radar, far-field condition, delamination

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Dept Civil & Structural Engineering, Hong Kong, China cejgteng@polyu.edu.hk

Keywords: FRP, RC beams, strengthening, debonding, design The flexural strength of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam can be substantially enhanced by bonding an FRP plate to the tension face of the beam. Failure of such an FRP-strengthened RC beam often occurs by debonding of the FRP plate from the RC beam before the theoretical flexural capacity of the plated beam section is reached. Despite the many theoretical and experimental studies on debonding failures of FRP-strengthened RC beams, considerable uncertainty still exists with the failure mechanisms and processes and with the accurate prediction of debonding failure loads. This paper addresses the following issues based on the extensive recent research conducted at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University: (a) classification of debonding failure modes; (c) mechanisms and processes of debonding failure modes; (e) theoretical models for debonding failures; and (d) design against debonding failures. The comprehensive design procedure given in this paper can be directly applied in the practical design of FRP strengthening systems for RC beams and serves as a useful basis for the drafting of design provisions in design codes and guidelines.
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A radar NDE (nondestructive evaluation) technique using an airborne antenna operating in the far-field condition is developed for detecting damages such as delamination and concrete cracking in GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer)wrapped concrete columns. The far-field airborne radar (FAR) NDE technique is advantageous for distant measurement of bridge columns in practical applications. Far-field radar measurements were made on artificially damaged specimens in the compact RCS (radar cross section)/ antenna range facility. Normal incidence and oblique incidence measurement schemes were applied to study the specular effect in reflected signals. Preliminary measurement results indicate the presence of artificial defects behind the GFRP wraps as shown in the frequency-angle imagery. A finite difference-time domain (FD-TD) numerical simulation capability for the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation and scattering is developed and applied to GFRP-wrapped concrete cylinders. It is shown that this far-field radar NDE technique has potential in identifying structural damages in the surface regions of

35 YEARS OF INSITU ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE Prof JH Bungey

of appropriate accredited training programmes. STATE-OF-THE ART TECHNIQUES FOR REHABILITATION AND SAFETY OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES Prof AS Mosallam

The University of Liverpool, Dept Engineering, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ UK bungey@liverpool.ac.uk

Keywords: Concrete, insitu, testing, nondestructive, documentation, standards Developments of techniques for insitu assessment of concrete over the past 35 years, including non-destructive methods, are reviewed and analysed on the basis of the Authors experiences. The effects of changing demands by Engineers driven by industrial circumstances, including a shift in focus from strength to durability and integrity assessment are traced in relation to equipment developments. An important recent feature is the impact of digital technology upon data handling, interpretation and presentation capabilities, leading to significant new industrial applications. This has been supported by extensive research at Universities and other laboratories to assess test capabilities and develop interpretation procedures. In some cases, this has been stimulated by organisations such as RILEM and research councils. Concurrent developments of authorative documentation available to Engineers have also been significant. These include new National Standards, Committee Reports and Compendia of test methods, as well as textbooks and handbooks. Several new European Standards have recently been published, whilst others are under development, and key features of these will be outlined. Such documentation is an essential component of increased industrial acceptance of insitu testing. Future prospects for insitu testing will also be briefly considered in the light of likely industrial needs and financial constraints, together with availability
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University of California, Irvine Dept Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4130 Engineering Gateway, Irvine CA 92697-2175, USA Mosallam@uci.edu

Keywords: Highway bridges, FRP composites, rehabilitation, repair, safety, impact, fatigue This paper provides an overview on some of the latest advances in bridge rehabilitation and safety. In the rehabilitation side, innovative polymer composite systems were developed, evaluated and applied on a portion of the Sauvie Island highway steel bridge in Portland, Oregon. A description of the field application of the composite systems is presented. The use of hybrid composite decks for providing an efficient solution for the chronic fatigue problem of the lift span of the Schuyler Heim highway bridge in Long Beach, California is also presented. In addition to weight saving, the composite deck has a superior fatigue properties and high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios as compared to the existing welded steel gratings. In this program, a pilot project in developing field emergency repair procedure was conducted and the repaired deck exceeded the strength of the undamaged deck by over 25%. Rapid and emergency repair of reinforced concrete bridge columns is another successful application of FRP composites. The results and details of a pilot project was conducted at the University of California of Irvine aiming at evaluating repaired sheardeficient columns damaged by a simulated gravity and cyclic forces is reported. The

results of the large-scale testing indicated that the use of polymeric composites as external jackets can be performed rapidly in the field with minimum workmanship requirements in addition of being a costeffective solution capable of not only restoring the original capacity of the damaged column, but also increases its shear strength and ductility. In addition, details of an innovative functionallydegraded sandwich system for enhancing the high-energy impact resistance of reinforced concrete highway bridge girders are discussed. This innovative system will increase the safety of both the over-height trucks as well as the impacted girder. The efficiency of this innovative system was validated via large-scale horizontal impact tests as well as numerical simulation using Dyna-LS software. INVESTIGATION ON THE PILLARS OF THE SYRACUSE CATHEDRAL IN SICILY L Binda, L Cantini, P Condoleo, A Saisi, L Zanzi

obtained cutting the temple cell walls, show a complex situation of damages and repairs. An investigation program (including sonic, radar, ultrasonic, etc.) has been recently planned, aimed to design the preservation and restoration actions. An accurate geometrical survey of the surface problems and defects allowed the localisation of the most damaged area, suggesting the further control by NDT. The results obtained from the survey were compared to the results of the other type of tests and the elaborated data will implement an analytical model for the study of the seismic vulnerability. The paper presents and discusses the preliminary results of the research carried out by the authors.

DIS - Department of Structural Engineering, Politecnico of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan - Italy binda@stru.polimi.it, cantini@stru.polimi.it condoleo@stru.polimi.it, saisi@stru.polimi.it zanzi@stru.polimi.it

Keywords: Masonry, diagnosis, NDT&E, radar test, thermovision The long-term research experience of the authors shows the importance of the knowledge of the building through experimental investigation. Recently, the authors intensively studied the Syracuse Cathedral in order to evaluate the structural state of preservation of the pillars. The Cathedral of Syracuse was built in different phases on an ancient Greek temple from the 5th cent b.C. and modified along the centuries. The pillars of the central nave,
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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1: Bridge Management & Assessment

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EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY EVALUATION OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY BRIDGES Prof M Gutermann

University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany ifes@hs-bremen.de

VALUATION AND WHOLE LIFE COSTING OF CONCRETE BRIDGES AND OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS IN THE UK Dr D Mulenga & Prof P Robery
Halcrow Group Ltd, 62 Hagley Road, Birmingham B16 8PE, UK mulengadm@halcrow.com roberypc@halcrow.com

Prof K Steffens

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffens Neustadtswall 30, Germany info@psi-bremen.de

Ing.-GmbH,

M Alisa

Keywords: Loading test, maintenance, experimental assessment of loading capacity, road bridge, railway bridge, masonry arch bridge, hybrid static The experimental safety evaluation of structures appears to be a technical alternative if analytical approaches fail to prove sufficient structural safety. Especially in the case of concrete and masonry structures, by loading tests numerous structures could be saved from demolition. Financial as well as environmental resources for their replacement could be saved. During the last decade, the technology of the in situ experimental safety evaluation of structures has been significantly improved and extensively tested. The work of a research team under the leadership of the University of Applied Sciences in Bremen resulted in remarkable technical achievements as far as methods and equipment for loading tests are concerned (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the team contributed into the formulation of corresponding technical guidelines. By using state-of-the-art measuring equipment the research team could successfully evaluate the structural safety and serviceability of approximately 300 structures, among them about 60 bridges.

Halcrow Group Ltd, Vineyard House, London W6 7BY, UK alisam@halcrow.com

Keywords: Asset Engineering, Asset Management, Whole Life Costing, Whole of Government Accounts, Transport Asset Management Plans, Facilities Management, PAS 55, Turnbull Compliance, Asset Preservation, Asset Valuation, PDA devices, Benchmark Survey. In the past three years there has been an unprecedented interest by Local Government in the UK in the condition and value of their highway assets. In the past, it was sufficient to know the projected maintenance spend to keep highway assets such as bridges and roads operational. However, this approach suffered from budgetary shortfalls, leading to a backlog in work. For some time, Governments around the world have begun to look further than short term, reactive maintenance strategies. Strategic highway authorities in particular have introduced infrastructure management plans and procedures that developed complex models based on the value of the asset and the comparative cost of maintaining or replacing it, based on a whole life costing approach. The intention was clear: to prioritise the work and ensure that best use was made of the limited funds available. The outcome has been increasing use of transport asset management plans, which include asset valuation and whole
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life costing principles. Recently in England, the Local Government sector has also had to embrace this approach. UK Government has now adopted Resource Accounting and Budgeting (RAB) and Whole Government Accounting (WGA) for all its assets. This requires Local Government authorities to carry out an exercise to value their assets. The first step in the process is to understand the types and numbers of assets within each authority area. All key structures such as bridges and culverts should have current inspection and test reports giving the structural form; information on other highway assets, such as street signage, may be less well defined. However, all assets need to be identified and valued and an estimated residual life stated, from which future maintenance requirements can be developed. This is in effect an Asset Management Plan. Each authority needs to use asset management principles to discharge its responsibilities for the safety and performance of the network under its control. Typically, this involves an assessment of present condition and level of service, a projection of future condition and level of service with projected usage levels, present and future valuation, and consideration of alternative scenarios for improvement to meet performance targets. This paper sets out the authors experience in developing asset management plans that incorporate asset valuation and whole life costing, using practical examples to demonstrate how deterioration modelling, upgrading works and life projection improvements can significantly increase the value of the asset on the balance sheet.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1: Concrete Bridges

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STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE BRIDGES BY USE OF EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING Dr H Pedersen

COWI A/S, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark hpe@cowi.dk

ITK Leong

Land Transport Authority, 1 Hampshire Road, Singapore 219428 Kim_Leong_TAN@lta.gov.sg

Saw Wee Hong

Maunsell (S), The Concourse, 300 Beach Road, 199555 Singapore WeeHong.Saw@maunsell.aecom.com

Keywords: Traffic loads, design and upgrading Criteria, load capacity, durability, strengthening, concrete structures, prestressing, interruption of traffic Since the early eighties external prestressing has been used in many cases as an efficient method to increase the load capacity of concrete bridge superstructures. However, the method does not seem to have reached a status worldwide of being a standard. It is well-known, that use of prestressing techniques in design of concrete bridges have provided slender designs and have lowered the overall costs of bridge superstructures as the strengths of concrete materials are utilized to an optimal extent. When the need for increasing the load capacity of an existing bridge arises, it is therefore natural to consider the condition of the bridge, the strength of the concrete and the degree of prestressing, if any, in the existing bridge. In many cases it is possible to increase the degree of prestressing and thereby achieve a more optimal distribution of concrete stresses for live load, which leads to an increase of the load capacity. In Singapore the Land Transport Authority (LTA) has appointed consultants to undertake a thorough inspection of its bridge stock. Apart from determining the
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condition of each bridge and hence its current capacity, LTA also required the bridges to be checked for carrying enhanced HA Loading (20% increase on the HA loads specified in BS 5400) to reflect the increase in intensity and weight of traffic. Where the current capacity proved to be inadequate to take the enhanced HA loading, strengthening of the bridges was required. The use of external prestressing for strengthening of bridges was found to be a cost effective and efficient system for increasing the bridge capacity. Using both single span and continuous span bridges as examples, this paper presents A summary of the inspection and testing undertaken; The assessment of the load carrying capacity; The criteria adopted for determining whether a bridge required strengthening; The assessment and costing of the various strengthening options, including the temporary works involved. The analysis and design of external prestressing members; The construction techniques used to install external prestressing. The paper concludes by summarising the advantages of using external prestressing, which in many cases has proved to be superior for the following reasons: the concrete of the existing bridge superstructure possesses non used capacities use of external prestressing only requires known and proven technology and existing equipment as well the serviceability limit state as the ultimate limit state is improved (durability as well as load capacity) construction works are limited to the areas of the anchorage zones for the

external prestressing, which means that the need for traffic restrictions on the bridge itself or below is reduced. ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE HALF JOINTS IN THE KINGSTON BRIDGE APPROACHES USING NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS Dr D Boothman, S Leckie

Scott Wilson Scotland Ltd, 6 Park Circus, Glasgow G3 6AX danny.boothman@scottwilson.com stephen.leckie@scottwilson.com

I MacGregor A Brodie

Glasgow City Council, Richmond Exchange, 20 Cadogan Street, Glasgow G2 7AD Transport Scotland, Bridges Section, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ

significant capacity above that predicted by the assessment codes. Non-linear finite element techniques were employed to model the load test, and reproduce the additional capacity observed. The model was further calibrated using other published experimental results of similar half joint tests. Once confidence in the reliability of the non-linear model was established, it was used to analyse critical half joints among the 84 noncompliances. This approach was used to justify an acceptable level of confidence that the half joints actual capacities were significantly greater than that obtained from the simplified assessment methods and were sufficient to sustain the assessment loading. CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE BRIDGES DURING DEMOLITION Prof T Vogel & R Barghr

Keywords: Half joints, Kingston Bridge, concrete, concrete modelling, non-linear analysis The Kingston Bridge in Glasgow carries traffic across the River Clyde and is one of the busiest bridges in Europe. The approach ramps to the North and South of the river are formed from concrete box girders, consisting of alternating reinforced concrete suspended spans and posttensioned concrete table-top spans with half joints. There were originally a total of 176 half joints in the Kingston Bridge Complex, all designed in accordance with standards current in the late 1960s. A recent assessment undertaken to more onerous modern codes indicated that 84 of the half joints were not code compliant. In light of this theoretical inadequacy, and in an attempt to justify a more favourable assessed joint capacity, a destructive load test was undertaken on a typical half joint in part of the Complex that was being demolished and replaced. The data obtained from the upper and lower nibs of the tested half joint demonstrated
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ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland vogel@ibk.baug.ethz.ch

Keywords: Corrosion, ducts, grouting, post-tensioning, tendons During the demolition of bridges valuable information can be gained that would cause great expense if the structure would have to maintain its function. Destructive testing methods can be applied without restrictions and results of non-destructive methods can be verified. The condition for structural elements being vital for structural safety like tendons, joints or bearings can be assessed without restriction of the covering concrete. The research project ZEBRA lasted from 1997 to 2004 creating a framework for the condition assessment of bridges to be demolished, the central collection and processing of the data and the development of detailed procedures for registration of the

condition. In addition, the project provided information about damage and failure mechanisms as well as new knowledge for checks of similar objects. The database finally contained 89 bridges of which 36 were treated in detail resulting in respective annexes to the final report. The paper includes a statistical overview regarding e.g. the types of bridges, ages of the bridges and reasons for demolition and especially the main conclusions of the investigations regarding crucial structural elements of concrete bridges like tendons, joints, bearings and foundations. PRE-CAST MODIFIED BEAMIN-SLAB BRIDGE SYSTEM, AN ALTERNATIVE REPLACEMENT FOR LOW VOLUME ROADS TF Konda

HNTB Corporation, 715 Kirk Drive, Kansas City, MO 64105-1310, USA tkonda@hntb.com

FW Klaiber & TJ Wipf

Iowa State University, Dept of Civil & Environment Engineering, 422 Town Engineering Bldg, Ames, IA 50011, USA klaiber@iastate.edu

TP Schoellen

Black Hawk County Engineer, County Courthouse Room 211, 316 East 5th Street, Waterloo, IA 50703, USA tschoellen@co.black-hawk.ia.us

bridge site and connected to adjacent panels with a cast-in-place concrete joint. The PMBISB design is similar to the Modified Beam-in-Slab Bridge (MBISB) system previously developed by the Iowa State University Bridge Engineering Center (ISU BEC). Two defining features of the MBISB are the transverse arched deck and the Alternative Shear Connector (ASC) which are both incorporated in the PMBISB. Applying Allowable Stress Design (ASD) methods, the PMBISB is designed for local vehicles: five 20 kip axles on 4 ft - 3 in. centers. Individual panels consist of three longitudinal W-sections that are embedded in a transversely arched concrete deck. Reinforcement is limited to that required in the ASC and in the deck for crack control. All construction is preformed by county forces with existing equipment. The PMBISB system costs approximately 80% of a conventional design. The ISU BEC load tested the first PMBISB to determine its service level performance and the behavior of the connected panels. Based on these results, the design has been further refined and five additional PMBISBs have been constructed. DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXIBLE CONCRETE ARCH SE Taylor, A Long, B Rankin

Keywords: Field testing of bridges, precast bridge elements, bridges for low volume roads As a means of extending available resources, the Black Hawk County Engineers Office (BHCEO), Black Hawk County, Iowa has developed a pre-cast bridge system specifically for low volume roads (LVRs) for spans up to approximately 40 ft. The design, referred to as the Pre-cast Modified Beam-in-Slab Bridge (PMBISB) consists of pre-cast panels which are fabricated in the countys casting yard, transported to the
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Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast Belfast, UK s.e.taylor@qub.ac.uk

A Gupta, J Kirkpatrick, I Hogg

Macrete Ireland Ltd, Northern Ireland

Keywords: Concrete masonry arch, durability, field-testing, advanced composites Many centuries ago, our ancient engineers were designing and constructing masonry bridges. Some of these are still in existence

today, such as Le Pont du Gard which has survived the changes of two millennia, and are testament to the sustainability of such structures. The key structural form of many of these bridges was the arch form, and more specifically the masonry blocks or voussoirs used to create the arch. Brick and stone were the original materials used for arch bridges and they have proved to have a high level of durability. In contrast, many bridges built of modern materials, such as steel reinforced concrete, have required extensive repair after being in service for a relatively short period of their design life. As a consequence, many modern bridges are unable to meet current loading standards without costly strengthening work. This paper describes the development of a flexible concrete arch system that has no main steel reinforcement, is cast flat but can be lifted to form an arch without centering. The arch takes advantage of flexible polymeric reinforcement to support the selfweight of the blocks during the temporary situation of the arch lift. The system provides a highly durable and cost effective structure. Preliminary results taken during the monitoring of backfill operations of a prototype arch ring are also presented. It was concluded that the arch ring was stable under backfilling operations.

EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON SEISMIC RETROFIT OF RC BRIDGE PIERS P Delgado & P Rocha

Polytechnic Institute, Apartado 574, 4901-908 Viana do Castelo, Portugal pdelgado@estg.ipvc.pt procha@estg.ipvc.pt

Miguel Santos

STAP Reparao, consolidao e modificao de estruturas, SA, Porto, Portugal www.stap.pt

V Rodrigues, A Arde, N Pouca, A Costa & R Delgado

Porto University, Faculty of Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n 4200-465 Porto, Portugal rdelgado@fe.up.pt

Keywords: Experimental tests, retrofit, non-linear cyclic behaviour, bridge piers. The main purpose of this paper is to present an experimental campaign of different strategies for the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete bridge piers and evaluating benefits concerning their structural behaviour under the cyclic loading. The setup of the RC pier experimental tests was specially designed to carry out bending with axial load, using a horizontal and a vertical actuator (with a slide device to allow top displacements of the pier). A square hollow section RC pier (450 mm x 450 mm, and 75 mm thick), similar to another one tested at the laboratory of Pavia University in Italy, and a rectangular hollow section RC pier of 450 mm x 900 mm (with the same thickness) were tested at LESE - Laboratory of Earthquake and Structural Engineering at Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto. Besides numerical simulations of RC piers, which are not presented herein, the aim is to contribute for developing and calibrating a procedure that enables the
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evaluation of the efficiency of the different retrofit solutions, their possibilities and fields of application. TESTING AND EVALUATION OF PRECAST CHANNEL BRIDGES TJ Wipf, F Klaiber, DL Wood

Iowa State University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Ames, IA 50010, USA tjwipf@iastate.edu, klaiber@iastate.edu, dwoody@iastate.edu

JS Ingersoll

WHKS and Company, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA singersoll@whks.com

deflections were much less than the recommended AASHTO Highway Bridge Specification value. Laboratory testing consisted of loading twelve deteriorated panels to failure in a four point bending arrangement. Although all panels exhibited significant deflection prior to failure, the experimental capacity of eleven panels exceeded their theoretical capacity. The experimental capacity of the twelfth panel, an extremely distressed panel, was only slightly below its theoretical capacity. BRIDGE REHABILITATION AND STRENGTHENING WITH CONCRETE OVERLAYS J Kunz & C de Smet

Keywords: Precast channel bridge, deterioration, capacity, concrete bridges. The precast channel bridge (PCB) is a short span bridge that was commonly used on Iowas secondary roads approximately forty years ago. Each PCB span consists of eight to ten simply supported precast panels ranging in length from 5.8m to 11.0m. The panels resemble a steel channel in crosssection; the web is oriented horizontally and forms the roadway deck and the legs act as shallow beams. Bundled reinforcing bars in each leg act as the primary flexural reinforcement. Many of the approximately 600 PCBs in Iowa show signs of significant deterioration. Typical deterioration consists of spalled concrete cover and corrosion of the bundled primary reinforcement. The objective of this research was to access the structural sufficiency of the deteriorated PCBs through field and laboratory testing. Four deteriorated PCBs were instrumented with strain gages to measure strains in both the concrete and reinforcing steel and transducers to measure vertical deflections. Response from loaded trucks was recorded and analyzed. Test results revealed that all measured strains and corresponding stresses were well within acceptable limits. Likewise, measured
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Hilti Corp, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein jakob.kunz@hilti.com camiel.desmet@hilti.com

N Randl

Hilti Development, D-86916 Kaufering, Germany norbert.randl@hilti.com

Keywords: Anchors, concrete composite construction, interface, reinforcement, design. The placing of concrete overlays has gained in importance as a result of the more frequent need to strengthen existing structures. In order to obtain monolithic structures, the shear transfer between the concrete layers must be guaranteed. The state of the art connecting procedures and design method are briefly introduced. From an analysis of the load-bearing behaviour of the interface, optimization criteria concerning the static behaviour of connectors are derived. Numerical models which allow to simulate a splitting test and a shear test have been set up and calibrated. By simulating various connector geometries in the splitting test, an optimized shape could be defined. Simulation of the shear

test confirmed the improved behaviour of the new shape compared to traditional connectors. An analysis of the placing procedures has shown that the new shape also offers a clear advantage in terms of time required for setting the elements.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1: Steel Bridges + Steel-concrete Composite Bridges & Cable-stayed Bridges

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STRUCTURAL ASSESMENT OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES EXAMPLE OF FORTH BRIDGE IN THE UK M de Wit, G Hovhanessian

Advitam, Harensesteenweg 299, B-1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium mdewit@advitam-group.com

Keywords: Acoustic monitoring, suspension bridges, structural assessment, cables corrosion, suspension balancing The assessment of the condition of cables in suspension bridges and other cablesupported structures has typically been problematic. The inaccessibility of all but the outer layers of wire has limited the value of visual inspection of the cables, and traditional non-destructive testing techniques, such as radiography and magnetic flux, have severe limitations that render them unsuitable for most applications. Also, over the past ten years, new proprietary monitoring and inspection technologies have been introduced that have provided bridge owners and engineers with better information about the condition and rate of deterioration of these critical structural components. Continuous remote acoustic monitoring of the main cables of a suspension bridge was first implemented in North America on the Bronx Whitestone Bridge in 2000, having previously been used successfully to monitor the condition of post-tensioned structures. Since that time it has been applied on several suspension bridges in the US, France and United Kingdom. In 1999, Southwest Research Institute used its proprietary magnetostrictive sensing (MsS) technology to assess the condition of suspender ropes on the George Washington Bridge in New York City. Both of these techniques have since been refined and improved to the point where they now provide comprehensive information about the health of bridge cables, and allow
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informed decisions to be made about repair or replacement. This paper provides an overview of current cable inspection practices. It traces the evolution of the new technologies, presents case studies, and discusses the limitations and challenges associated with each technique. The example of the FORTH suspension bridge will be particularly developed. INVESTIGATION OF THE CABLESTAYED BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION M agoda, P Olaszek

Road and Bridge Research Institute, Jagielloska 80, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland mlagoda@ibdim.edu.pl, polaszek@ibdim.edu.pl

Keywords: Investigation, construction, cable-stayed bridges. The necessity of the great range of the research works appearance during cable-stayed bridge construction is often caused by used materials and technical or technological solution. The paper presents the specific investigation, which were done during assembling and acceptance load testing of cable-stayed bridges over the Vistula River: in Warsaw and Pock. Non-typical and innovative Warsaw bridge assembling technology was based on launching the bridge steel girders together with the reinforced concrete deck slab. The monitoring measurements of the assembling process and the all cable-stayed bridges specific measurements are shown. The second bridge has non-typical design of the pylons connection with the bridge deck. The stresses measurements of pylon, deck structure and pylon displacement measurements were conducted.

FIELD AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DISTORTION CRACK PROBLEMS IN SKEWED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES Prof F Fanous, Prof T Wipf YS Bayleyegn

linear relationships. This along with the developed influence surfaces for the strains in the vicinity of the web-gab location can serve as quick estimates of induced stresses and strains at this critical region. FATIGUE CRACKS IN FLOORBEAM-TO-TIE GIRDER CONNECTION ANGLES IN A TIEDARCH BRIDGE Dr L L-Y Lai

Iowa State University, Dept of Civil Eng, Ames, IA 50011, USA John Hopkins University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

Keywords: Steel bridges, web-gap, stiffener, field test, finite element, retrofit, influence surfaces Fatigue-crack formation in the web-gap region has been a common occurrence in multi-girder steel bridges. Differential deflections between girders occur when a bridge deck is loaded resulting in diaphragm forces that subject the web-gap to out-ofplane distortion. This paper presents field testing and analytical studies of a skewed multi-girder steel bridge to investigate the behavior of web-gap in steel girder bridges. The field test involved measurements of strains in the web-gap region under several loading arrangements. Finite element models for the tested bridge structure were developed and the analytical results were compared to those obtained from the field test. In these models, different retrofit methods that included the provision of a connection plate between the stiffener and the girder top flange, loosening of the bolts connecting the cross-bracing to the stiffener, and supplementing a stiffener plate opposite to the original stiffener side were investigated. The results indicated that two of the investigated repair alternatives were effective in reducing the strains in the web-gap region. In addition, the analytical results indicated that the variation in the stresses along the depth of the web-gap and the out-of-plane displacements exhibited
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Specialty Engineering, Inc, 6 East Trenton Avenue, Suite 2, Morrisville, PA 19067, USA lylai@sei-engineers.com

Keywords: Fatigue, tied-arch bridge, finite element, retrofit Cracks were discovered in 1995 in several floorbeam-to-tied girder connection angles in a tied-arch bridge which was constructed in the late 1940s. Based on a load test and the subsequent finite element analyses conducted in 2001, some stringer bearings were replaced with elastomeric bearings to eliminate frozen movement at the expandable end of the stringers. All the cracked connection angles were also replaced. However, some cracks redeveloped at the same locations and more cracks were discovered within one year after the retrofit. A second load test was then conducted in 2004 and the results indicated that replacing stringer bearings did not reduce the chance of fatigue cracking. Another round of study was therefore initiated to develop a retrofit recommendation. Softening and stiffening retrofit schemes were studied using the finite element analyses which were calibrated with the load testing results.

FIELD TESTING SERVICEABILITY PERFORMANCE OF MISSOURIS FIRST HPS BRIDGE Dr KE Barth

West Virginia University, Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Morgantown, WV 26506-6103, USA Karl.Barth@mail.wvu.edu

Dr MG Barker

University of Wyoming, Dept of Civil & Architectural Engineering, 1000 E. University Ave, P.O. Box 3295, Laramie, WY 82071 Barker@uwyo.edu

paper gives and overview of current U.S. bridge specifications with respect to live load deflection serviceability, presents an overview of alternative frequency based serviceability limits founds in the Canadian bridge specifications and summarizes the results of a field test of the first HPS bridge built in Missouri which was conducted to assess the implication of various deflection limits. EXECUTIVE APPROACHES TO CONSTRUCT RAILWAY BRIDGES WHILE RAILWAY LINE IS IN OPERATION JA Zakeri

Keywords: Bridges, field testing, serviceability The AASHTO Standard Specification limits the deflections to L/800 for ordinary bridges and L/1000 for bridges in urban areas that are subject to pedestrian use. Bridges designed by the AASHTO LRFD Specification have an optional deflection limit. The specifications and the LRFD commentary do not provide explanations for these limits, and the precise justification of these provisions is lost to history. Historically, the limit does not appear to have affected a significant range of bridge designs. However, recent introduction of high performance steel (HPS) may change this fact. HPS has a higher yield stress than other steels commonly used in bridge design (Fy=70 ksi and higher as opposed to 50 ksi), and the larger yield stress permits smaller sections for bridge members. As a result, deflections may be larger for bridges of HPS, and deflection limits are increasingly likely to control the design of bridges built with these new materials. This paper presents summary results of a collaborative project between West Virginia University, the University of Wyoming, and the University of Washington focused on evaluating the influence of current AASHTO criteria that limit live load deflection of composite steel girders. Specifically, this
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School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Narmak, 16864, Iran Zakeri@iust.ac.ir

Keywords: Railway bridge, detour, prefabricated bridge. Sometimes, there is a need to construct underpasses for different purposes such as bridge in rail-road crossing, new waterway and etc, while track is in operation. As track blockage for a long time is impossible, two approaches can be used: 1. Constructing temporary railway track (detour) in a section of the route, 2. Using temporary main beams and speed restrictions. Practically, construction of detour railway track is designed and executed in the form of both standard case for route design speed and /or temporary case with limited running speed. Construction cost of standard detour is too high and in some cases it even exceeds underpass construction cost. The cost of temporary detour construction is less compared to the standard one. however, it is considerable. The second method which is - in case observing safety parameters - suitable experimental approach, would be the best

& cheapest method to construct underpass while track is in operation. This paper describes the second method and gives executive approaches as well as related practical examples. In this method, suitable approaches are given to improve safety while recognizing probable risks. Moreover, the construction of prefabricated underpasses in minimum period of time is described and its executive stages are given step by step. DISTRIBUTED STRAIN AND NON-CONTACT DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT IN MULTI-SPAN HIGHWAY BRIDGE F Matta, N Galati, F Bastianini, Prof A Nanni

(ATS) system. The deflection profiles computed from the measured strains were in close agreement with the ATS results. The theoretical profiles based on applicable AASHTO LRFD girder distribution factors provide reasonably conservative estimates for efficient design with respect to threedimensional finite element analysis, which accounts for the contribution of secondary superstructure elements. DETERMINATION OF LOAD CAPACITY RESERVES IN OLD TRUSS STEEL RAILROAD BRIDGE ON BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Prof Z Manko

University of Missouri-Rolla, Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies, 223 Eng Research Lab, 1870 Miner Circle, 65409 Rolla, MO, USA mattaf@umr.edu, galati@umr.edu, fbroptic@umr.edu, nanni@umr.edu

Wroclaw University of Technology, Dept of Civil and Water Engineering (Bridge Division), Civil Engineering Institute, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego No. 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland zbigniew.manko@pwr.wroc.pl

Paolo Casadei

University of Bath, Dept of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK p.casadei@bath.ac.uk

Keywords: Railroad bridge, steel span, truss structure, old object, load capacity reserve, repair The works subject is a steel railroad bridge dating from the turn of the century (1900) which is situated on a local line with a permissible standard axle load of 155 kN. The supporting structure is made up of three simple-supported trusses (each having the effective span of 44.00 m) with running in the half-through. Since there was a need for 200 kN axle load freight cars to go over the bridge, a decision was made to look for load-carrying capacity reserves. Staticstrength calculations revealed that several truss members and deck elements did not satisfy the requirements of the Polish light standard (NL) for bridges situated on this type of line. It also turned out that the top chord elements did not meet the requirements either, even when the dynamic coefficient was reduced to minimum (the running speed had to be limited to 15 km/h).
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Keywords: Bridge testing, Brillouin, fiber optics, structural health monitoring, total station. Fiber optic sensors are emerging as viable alternatives for the health monitoring of constructed facilities and smart structures. Distributed sensors based on Brillouin scattering add the unique advantage of continuous strain and temperature measurement along an optical fiber. This paper presents the experimental validation of distributed strain profiles from the first extensive application of Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry on a highway bridge subjected to a load test. Girder deflections were measured using a high-precision Automated Total Station

A remedy that immediately came to mind was to reinforce the top chord members and to maintain the running speed limit. However, considerable difficulties in the realization of the reinforcement were encountered and a decision was made to look for load capacity reserves in the spans. A load test was carried out which showed considerable differences between the expected deflections (or/and strains) and the measured ones. This pointed to potential load capacity reserves in the span. The differences were smaller in the case of strains. Similarly, dynamic studies conducted under a moving locomotive with a tender showed that the dynamic coefficients (expressed by a comparative ratio of dynamic to static deflection or strain) were considerably lower than those calculated by applying the standard formulas. On the basis of the studies, a decision was made to not reinforce the members whereby considerable savings were made. BRIDGE STRUCTURES AND STEEL SHEET PILING INSPECTION BY MEANS OF PULSED EDDY CURRENT TECHNOLOGY R Scottini, HJ Quakkelsteijn

screening is a priority for maintenance management which may allocate the available budget just where is needed to assure the structure integrity and safety. Monitoring and screening of bridges and steel sheet piling is surely cost-effective with RTD-INCOTEST, a Pulsed Eddy Current inspection technology to detect average remaining wall thickness of corroded low alloyed carbon steel structures through corrosion scaling, paint, coating, concrete.

RTD-Group, Business & Market Development Delftweg 144 - 3046 NC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 10065 - 3004 AB Rotterdam, The Netherlands r.scottini@rtd-group.com h.j.quakkelsteijn@rtd-group.com

Keywords: Maintenance optimisation, cost effective inspection, corrosion, monitoring, pulsed eddy current, inspection, ultrasonics, safety, integrity Corrosion of bridges and steel sheet piling is a major problem as they age and require replacement, which cost billions. Colapsing of these structures may costs lives and much money, therefore their monitoring and
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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 1: Prestressed & Post-tensioned Concrete Bridges

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IS EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF BRIDGE ELEMENTS? T Aravinthan

in shear strengthening of concrete bridges, with a case study of Tenthill Creek Bridge in Queensland, Australia. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS FORCE IN EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING BARS IN A STEEL PIER CAP S Pessiki

University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia aravinthant@usq.edu.au

Keywords: Shear strengthening, external post-tensioning, shear crack, crack repair, epoxy injection. Retrofitting of existing concrete structures has become an important issue nowadays in the construction industry. Such necessity had been caused by several factors, especially when concrete is subjected to severe environmental and loading conditions. In such situations, the remedy is either to demolish the existing structure and construct a new one or to retrofit the existing structure by an appropriate strengthening methodology. In this regard, external posttensioning has been proven to be effective in flexural strengthening of bridge elements such as main girders, transverse girders and headstocks. There have been some attempts to use the external post-tensioning technology to increase the shear strength of bridge elements such as headstocks. One of the issues that need careful consideration is the presence of existing shear cracks in such structural elements. Recent experimental investigations using model specimens revealed that the strength enhancement by external prestressing is highly influenced by the existence of shear cracks in the concrete member. It was found that the external post-tensioning is only effective when the shear cracks are properly repaired by a suitable technique such as epoxy injection of cracks. This paper presents the results of the investigation, discussing the effectiveness of external post-tensioning
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Lehigh University, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA pessiki@lehigh.edu

D Ozevin

Physical Acoustics Corporation, Princeton Junction, NJ 08550, USA

Keywords: External prestress, pier cap, prestress force Field tests were performed to estimate the effective prestress force in four 1-3/8 inch diameter high strength steel bars installed as a retrofit in an existing steel pier cap to provide an external prestress force to the pier cap and thereby increase its load carrying capacity. After several years in service, the bars exhibited evidence of corrosion, and an investigation was performed to evaluate the remaining prestress force in the bars. The force in each bar in the field was estimated by measuring the first mode natural frequency of vibration of the bar in transverse bending, and calculating the tension force from a theoretical relationship between bar tension, frequency, and geometrical and material properties. The experimental technique was first developed and evaluated in laboratory experiments performed on a bar of similar length and the same diameter. The experimental technique developed in the laboratory tests showed good agreement between theoretical values of tension force in a bar, computed from measured first mode natural frequency of vibration, and the experimentally measured

tension force. The laboratory methods used to mount the accelerometer to the bar, and to excite the bar to vibrate, were later replicated in the field tests. The paper describes the laboratory and field tests that were performed to evaluate the effective prestress in the bars. PRECAST, POST-TENSIONED BRIDGE REPAIR SOLUTIONS MD LaViolette

Iowa State University, Bridge Engineering Center, 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3100, Ames, IA 50010, (515) 294-6838, USA mlaviol@iastate.edu

D Bierwagen

Iowa Department of Transportation, Office of Bridges and Structures, 800 Lincoln Way, Ames, IA 50010, (515) 239-1585, USA dean.bierwagen@dot.iowa.gov

Keywords: Precast, post-tensioning, bridge repair, ultra-high performance concrete, steel fibers, Lafarge North America, posttensioned pavement, paving support Bridge owners are frequently faced by the need to replace critical bridge components during strictly limited or overnight road closure periods. This paper presents the development, testing, installation and monitoring of two precast concrete bridge elements specifically designed for the Iowa Department of Transportation to address this condition. A precast, post-tensioned concrete approach pavement has been designed as part of the FHWA Concrete Pavement Technology program. The precast approach pavement system is intended for use in either new construction or retrofit applications and can be installed in singlelane-widths to permit staged construction under traffic. A rapid paving notch replacement has been developed which can be installed using a single overnight bridge closure.
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The system consists of a precast UltraHigh Performance Concrete (UHPC) element that is connected to the rear of the bridge abutment using high-strength post-tensioning rods and epoxy adhesive similar to that used in segmental bridge construction. Researchers at Iowa State University have performed full-scale laboratory testing of the paving notch replacement system. In addition, a structural health monitoring system will be installed and used to document and evaluate the performance of these bridge components following their installation in field demonstration projects. This paper presents the development of these two fast-track bridge repair systems, discusses their laboratory testing, field installation, instrumentation and monitoring.

CRACKING AND REPAIR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOADS RW Barnes, AK Schindler

designed and is scheduled for installation in summer 2006.

Auburn University, Dept of Civil Engineering 238 Harbert Eng. Center, Auburn AL 368495337, USA rbarnes@eng.auburn.edu antons@eng.auburn.edu

KS Swenson

Echelon Engineering, LLC, 1000 Abernathy Rd, Ste 310, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA kswenson@echeloneng.com

N Gao

DMJM Harris, 601 University Ave, Ste 274, Sacramento, CA 95825, USA ningyu.gao@dmjmharris.com

WE Fason

LBYD, Inc, 716 S 30th St, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA bfason@lbyd.com

Keywords: Bond of reinforcement, continuity, creep, fiber-reinforced polymer repair, reinforcement details, shrinkage, temperature effects, time-dependent deformations, transfer length After construction of an elevated portion of an interstate highway in Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A., inspectors discovered large cracks near the end regions in numerous precast, pretensioned concrete girders. These girders had been made continuous for live loads by means of cast-in-place, nonprestressed concrete continuity diaphragms at the intermediate supports. The causes of the unexpected cracking were investigated, as well as the ramifications regarding the remaining capacity of the affected structures. The end regions of the cracked girders were found to have deficient capacity for resisting shear and positive bending. In order to correct the identified structural deficiencies, a repair system utilizing externally bonded, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) fabric was
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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 2: Masonry Arch Bridges

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THE REFURBISHMENT OF DOWLEY GAP AQUEDUCT: LEEDS AND LIVERPOOL CANAL, UNITED KINGDOM F Hartley

British Waterways, Ferans Wharf, Neptune Street, Leeds LS 9 8PB, UK Fred.hartley@britishwaterways.co.uk

ARCHTEC - STRENGTHENING AND PRESERVING MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES IN CUMBRIA PJ Mullett

Keywords: Aqueduct, masonry, repair Dowley Gap Aqueduct is a 110m long seven span masonry arch structure that carries the Leeds and Liverpool Canal over the River Aire and its flood plain in Bingley, 7km north west of Bradford in West Yorkshire. The aqueduct was built around 1773 by John Longbotham to plans by James Brindley. It is Grade 2 listed and is an important structure for both British Waterways and Bradford MDC, the local authority. The aqueduct is in poor condition. It is classed as an arrears asset by British Waterways and appears on the local authoritys buildings at risk register. The main defects are differential movement between the spandrel walls and arches, leaks, weathering of the stonework exacerbated by freeze thaw action and extensive, established vegetation growth causing displacement and opening of some joints in the masonry. This paper describeS British Waterways winter 2005/2006 project to refurbish this historic structure which will safeguard its future and enhance the Conservation Area and County Wildlife Site in which it is situated.

Gifford and Partners, Hounsdown House, Hounsdown Business Park, Newmans Copse Road, Totton, Southampton SO40 9LX, UK paul.mullett@gifford.uk.com

M Briggs

Cumbria County Council, The Courts, Carlisle CA3 8NA, UK

K. Minton

Cintec International Ltd, Cintec House, 11 Gold Tops, Newport NP20 4PH, UK

Keywords: Arch, masonry, strengthening, discrete, Cumbria Masonry arch bridges form a vital part of Cumbrias infrastructure and are a particularly common form of bridge construction in the local area, with over 1000 accounting for approximately 65% of the total bridge stock. Many of the bridges are in rural locations, and whilst they are not heavily trafficked, they provide essential access routes for local communities. In addition, many of the structures are well over 100 years old and have local heritage importance. Cumbria County Council (CCC), working with Capita, has assessed the masonry arch bridges using traditional techniques, as part of a programme to assess all the county bridges for the introduction of the 40/44 tonne vehicle. This has resulted in approximately a quarter of the bridges being found to be under strength with approximately 100 of these being masonry arch bridges. CCC is now well advanced through a strengthening programme to improve the load carrying capacity of the under strength bridges. For masonry arch bridges, feasibility studies are carried out considering the options for strengthening including saddling, gunniting
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and retrofitted reinforcement. The selection process considers the relative merits of each strengthening method particularly with regards to cost, technical quality, traffic disruption, heritage conservation, sustainability and the environment. The Archtec system has been chosen as the preferred method of strengthening on a significant number of the masonry arch strengthening schemes to date. This paper describes the features of the Archtec system with particular relevance to strengthening bridges in rural areas such as Cumbria. Case studies of bridges strengthened in Cumbria are described, and the benefits discussed. It is concluded that the method has provided the client with bridges strengthened to the EC load requirements, whilst minimising disruption to the local communities and preserving them for future generations. STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES USING TRANSVERSAL POST-TENSIONING Dr L Klusek

years old. They are narrows on the road system, too. This paper presents the strengthening method of masonry arch bridges using transversal post-tensioning. This method is very useful not only for strengthening in transversal direction, but widening of masonry arches can be taken as secondary effect. There were repaired several bridges with use of this system. TREBINJE BRIDGE: HOW TO CONTINUE UNCONSERVED BUILDING WORK AFTER 12 YEARS? J Kovaevi
Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

Neboja Ravic

Konstruktor konsaltind d.o.o., Kolonija 33, 11222 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro www.kkonsalting.com kkonsaltin@sezampro.yu

Prof S Kisin

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dept of Masonry and Concrete Structures, Veve 95, 662 37 Brno, Czech Republic klusacek.l@fce.vutbr.cz

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Civil Engineering Dept, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro

Keywords: Bridge, prestressed concrete, girder, box section, reinforcement, prestressing tendos, cantilever proceedings On a roundabout motorway at Trebinje place toward Dubrovnik city during 1991. was begun constructional work on continual prestressed concrete bridge with (34.00+48.00+34.00) meters spans. This structure was built in free cantilever system. At the beginning of 1992. some about 15 meters in central span, and the most part of one lateral span wasnt still constructed. However, these works were interrupted without any kind conservation at the beginning of civil war at ex Yugoslavia. After that, during next 12 years weathering influenced on groups
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R Mitrenga

Mitrenga-stavby, spol. s r.o, Tuanka 115, 627 00, Brno, Czech Republic mitrenga@mitrenga.net

Keywords: Masonry arch bridges, longitudinal cracks, transversal posttensioning, transversal cables There are more than 500 masonry arch bridges in the Czech Road system. Many of them are cracked in longitudinal direction. The barrel vaults are separated by them into partial masonry arches without load bearing connection in transversal direction (Fig. 1). Those constructions are about 150

of prestressing cables (some of them were prestressed without injection, some were only prepared in tubes while some were injected but without protection). Without any protection were parts of reinforcement and concrete surfaces. During 2004. the building work was continued with very hard and specific designers task to make decisions about replacement or repairation earlier built structural parts. The additional problem was changing building technology as previous equipment wasnt useful without serious repairation and completing. After exhausting laboratory and structural analysis the new design documentation was established. At the same time it was repairation, reconstruction and new building documentation. The whole process was very delicate and it was completed in close interactive work at building company, designers and institutes that supported them. The bridge was completed and successfully tested in June 2005. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN HISTORIC ARCH BRIDGE Prof C Gentile

The experimental part of the study involved extensive measurement of ambient vibrations induced by traffic and 7 normal modes were identified in the frequency range 016 Hz by using two complementary techniques: the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (frequency domain) and the Stochastic Subspace Identification (time domain). The investigation was complemented by the development of a 3D finite element model, based on as-built drawings of the bridge, and the correlation between measured and predicted modal parameters provided a validation of the main assumptions adopted in the model. WIDENING OF THE HYDRAULIC SECTION OF A MASONRY ARCH BRIDGE IN SARDINIA Dr PP Mossone, Dr G Balloco, Dr L Di Pilla

Grandi Strutture Srl, Viale Monastir 176, Cagliari 09122, Italy

Keywords: Masonry arch bridge, widening section, reinforced concrete arch, tie beams pre-tension force, FEM model The following work aims to analyse and work out the issues relating to the widening of the hydraulic section of a two arched bridge in Sardinia. Its small hydraulic section proved to be insufficient and unable to drain an adequate quantity of water with the possible risk of dangerous flooding. In order to avoid the occurrence of such phenomena it is necessary to build a third reinforced concrete arch. Thus, we pulled down the right abutment of the original bridge and consequently we took the necessary safety measures through an innovative confinement system carried out as follows: Driving in a line of micro-piles by each bridge pier wall and placing two
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Politecnico di Milano, Dept of Structural Engineering, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy

Keywords: Ambient vibration testing, arch bridges, construction phases, enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD), operational modal analysis, strengthening, stochastic subspace identification (SSI) The paper presents the results of a recent investigation on the dynamic behaviour of an historic RC arch bridge. The investigated bridge, known as Victory Bridge and originally constructed in 1923, spans 75 m over a deep valley in the Province of Lecco, Italy. The history of the bridge is reviewed, with an emphasis on modifications and retrofits to the structure.

commercial sections at the level of the arch springing line tightly secured to the micro-pile line tied by means of Dywidag threaded bars . Through such device we neednt use ribs so avoiding all the problems related to building underwater. Besides, building micropiles enabled the conversion of the original abutment of the pier bridge. Pulling tensile the Dywidag bars by the springing levels of both arches. The main subject of this writing is the determination of the tie beam pre-tension force, having calculated the horizontal reaction to the arch springings. DETECTING RING SEPARATION IN MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES USING GPR N Diamanti, Dr A Giannopoulos, Prof MC Forde

improvement on the use of the GPR method on brick masonry railway arch bridges and hopefully, will improve the maintenance regime. Thus it will contribute to enhancing the safety around railways. ACCOUNTING FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS IN ARCH BRIDGE ASSESSMENTS PJ Fanning, L Sobczak

School of Architecture, Landscape & Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland paul.fanning@ucd.ie

Keywords: Masonry arch bridges, assessment, modelling, three dimensional effects The assessment of the safe load carrying capacity of stone and masonry arch bridges is generally undertaken using a unit width of the bridge, excluding spandrel walls, in a two dimensional analysis. Equally, and unlike the assessment of steel or concrete bridges, it is usual for assessors to use empirical or mechanism type analysis procedures. The Bridge Engineering Research Group at UCD has been studying the response of stone arch bridges to vehicle loading over the past six years the significant findings of this research include; the predictability of response of stone arch bridges using conventional three dimensional solid modelling and analysis procedures, and the importance of transverse effects in the response to vehicle loading. This paper describes a novel assessment procedure for stone arch bridges which is consistent with the ultimate strength assessment procedures used for other bridge types, accounts for the three dimensional nature of arch bridge response, and furthermore allows assessment of the capacity of an arch bridge in both the span and transverse directions.
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The University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering & Electronics, Institute of Infrastructure & Environment, William Rankine Building, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK N.Diamanti@ed.ac.uk A.Giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk M.Forde@ed.ac.uk

Keywords: Masonry arch bridges, ground penetrating radar, GPR, numerical modelling Ground penetrating radar (GPR) numerical modelling as well as experimental verification is employed to study the condition of masonry arch bridges in a nondestructive way. The numerical modelling is done using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. To be able to model fine regions of the overall model without unrealistically increasing the computational requirements, a new subgridding method is being studied and will be implemented into a numerical simulator. This project will lead to the development and further

REINFORCEMENT OF OLD BRICK ARCH BRIDGE BY STEEL SHELL STRUCTURE MADE FROM CORRUGATED PLATES Dr D Beben

Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Katowicka 48, 45-061 Opole, Poland dbeben@po.opole.pl

Prof Z Manko

Wroclaw University of Technology, Civil Engineering Institute, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland zbigniew.manko@pwr.wroc.pl

Keywords: Arch bridge, composite bridge, corrugated plate, reinforcement, steel shell structure This paper presents the example of reinforcement old brick arch bridge located in Wyszkow (Poland). As the reinforcement was used steel structure made from corrugated plates MultiPlate type. The conclusions drawn from the example reinforcement can be helpful mostly for the assessment of the behaviour of such a type of composite bridge structures (consists with old bridge and new structure plus fill). In consideration of an ever more frequent application of this type of structure for small and middle-sized road and railway bridges, conclusions from the paper can be generalized to the whole class of such structural solutions.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 2: NDT & Monitoring of Bridges

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THE EXTENSION OF THE UK HIGHWAYS AGENCYS ADVICE NOTES ON THE NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF HIGHWAY STRUCTURES (BA86) TO COVER ACOUSTIC EMISSION Prof MC Forde

University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering & Electronics, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK

Guidance on NDT; the second tier comprising Areas of Application; and the third tier covering NDT Techniques. The extension comprises second tier documents entitled Testing and Monitoring of the Condition of Concrete Structures and Testing and Monitoring of the Condition of Metallic Structures and a third tier document entitled Acoustic Emission. DAMAGE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE IN A ROAD BRIDGE BY DECAT T Suzuki

m.forde@ed.ac.uk B Hill

Highways Agency, Heron House, 49/53 Goldington Road, Bedford MK40 3LL, UK

IL Kennedy-Reid Dr R Woodward

Atkins Highways and Transportation, Woodcote Grove, Ashley Road, Epsom KT18 5BW, UK TRL Limited, Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, RG40 3GA, UK

Nihon University, Collage of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan t.suzuki@brs.nihon-u.ac.jp

G Komeno, M Ohtsu

Keywords: Highway structures, steel, concrete, testing, non-destructive testing, acoustic emission, advice notes In 2004 the UK Highways Agency published BA86 Advice Notes on the NonDestructive Testing of Highway Structures. A paper presented to Bridge Management Five described the background to these Advice Notes, how they were developed and trialled, what their objectives were, and how they could be extended in the future. This paper summarises the Bridge Management Five paper and goes on to describe how the Advice Notes have been extended to cover Acoustic Emission. The extension is based on research on Acoustic Emission funded by the Highways Agency. The resulting report has been worked up by the Highways Agencys NDT Steering Committee into Advice Notes to enable Acoustic Emission to be used for the investigation and monitoring of Highway Structures. The Advice Notes are formed of three tiers; the first tier consisting of General
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Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan

Keywords: Acoustic emission, damage mechanics, rate-process theory The durability of concrete structures decreases due to such physical and chemical environmental effects as freezingthawing process, chemical attack, fatigue and carbonation. The degree of damage in concrete is, in most cases, evaluated from the strength by a compression test and a rebound-hammer test. For effective maintenance of concrete structures, it is necessary to evaluate not only the strength of concrete but also the damage degree. Quantitative damage evaluation of concrete is proposed by applying acoustic emission (AE) method and damage mechanics. The procedure is named as DeCAT(Damage Estimation of Concrete by Acoustic Emission Technique). In this study, the relative damage evaluation of concrete is performed by DeCAT in core tests. Core-samples were collected from an arch fragment of a reinforced concrete road bridge that had been used for 87 years.

Mechanical properties of compressive strengths and elastic moduli were measured during the compression test, and dynamic elastic moduli were calculated from P wave velocity. As the relative damage, concrete damage can be quantitatively evaluated from AE generating behavior under compression test and dynamic Youngs moduli. ACOUSTIC MONITORING OF POST-TENSIONED BRIDGES S Fricker, Prof T Vogel

To evaluate the practicability of acoustic monitoring the results were compared with those of a conventional invasive examination and those of potential mapping. AUTOMATED NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION OF RAILWAY BRIDGE CONDITION E Niederleithinger, R Helmerich, D Streicher, M Stoppel, H Wiggenhauser

ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland fricker@ibk.baug.ethz.ch

BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing), Division VIII.2, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany Ernst.Niederleithinger@bam.de

Keywords: Acoustic monitoring, acoustic emission, non-destructive testing, wire breaks In recent years much experience was gained with continuous acoustic monitoring of monostrands and stay cables. There is little experience, however, with monitoring of post-tensioned bridges with bonded tendons because of the structural complexity and the lower energy released when a wire breaks. To evaluate the diagnostic performance the acoustic monitoring system SoundPrint has been installed in April 2004 on a road bridge. This bridge, the Ponte Moesa, was built in 1952 and is one of the first prestressed concrete bridges in Switzerland. It is longitudinally prestressed and has two spans of 30 m. Insufficient grouting and deicing salts among other causes have led to deterioration and wire breaks. Blind tests have been conducted generating artificial wire breaks by means of electrolytic corrosion-cells. Additionally, several spontaneous wire breaks occurred. The signal of a wire break can be distinguished from other acoustic events such as noises from expansion joints, bearings, traffic and other ambient sources.
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Keywords: Non-destructive testing, automated scanning device, combination of methods, ultrasonic-echo, impact-echo, impulse radar Unification of the infrastructure networks management is one central concern of the European commission for the next decades. Today, the assessment procedures, e.g. of bridges and their conditions differ all over Europe. The Integrated Project Sustainable Bridges focuses on finding optimum procedures to assess and strengthen the existing railway bridge stock. One of the workpackages concentrates on the integration of Non-Destructive testing into a proposal for a unified condition assessment procedure. To give Non-destructive testing a higher priority means the reduction of uncertainties, which are often included in the calculation of existing structures as safety margin. The non-destructive testing of reinforced or prestressed concrete bridges, made of heterogeneous materials in combination with steel comprises a challenge in data acquisition and data processing. A new developed automated scanning system, especially for concrete bridges, includes advanced equipment components and the feasibility for the

variation of sensors with high precise geometrical correlation. Data images obtained with radar measurement can be refined in a second measurement, using two additional methods simultaneously: an ultrasonic-echo array with point-contact for better coupling to the swirl surface and an impact echo-sensor. The images, recorded from radiated and reflected acoustic waves in the heterogeneous solid, can be processed with a Synthetic Aperture Focussing Technique (SAFT-reconstruction). As a result, slices parallel or perpendicular to the surface are visualized in 2D-images or even as 3D-demonstrations. The results are used to verify construction plans and the inner structures of the bridge. Both, bad workmanship or in-service damages, which arose during their service life, can be investigated. NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION OF FULL-SCALE BARGE IMPACTS ON BRIDGE PIERS CC Ferraro, AJ Boyd, GR Consolazio

demolished. Repeated impact testing was performed on two of the bridge piers. Ultrasonic pulse velocity tomography was employed on the structural components to assess the integrity of the structure before, and after impacts. Data obtained was then was used to assess the induced damage and the response of the bridge structure and the viability of using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing for the investigation of impact damage in concrete structures. DEVELOPMENT OF NDT TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSMENT OF SHORT SPAN BRIDGES USING SIMPLE DYNAMIC PROCEDURES Prof K Crews, Prof B Samali, Dr J Li

University of Technology, Sydney Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, Faculty of Engineering, Sydney, Australia keith.crews@uts.edu.au

Keywords: Timber bridges, load assessment, reliability, dynamic stiffness, modal mass Reliable assessment of the structural integrity of aging bridges, which are required to cope with increasing loads, is currently a major challenge facing structural engineers throughout the world. Since late 2001, a cost effective assessment method has been developed by the authors for determining the global stiffness of short to medium span bridge decks made from concrete, steel or timber. Assessment involves the attachment of accelerometers underneath the bridge deck, which are then excited by a modal hammer. The dynamic responses are analysed with and without extra mass, so that the overall flexural stiffness of the bridge can be obtained. The global stiffness is then used in conjunction with reliability based strength models to predict the safe load carrying capacity of the bridge. In the case of timber bridges, this has required the
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University of Florida, Dept of Civil & Coastal Engineering, 365 Weil Hall, P.O. Box 116580, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA concrete1@ce.ufl.edu

Keywords: Ultrasonic pulse velocity, tomography, NDT, barge impact The nondestructive investigation of impact loaded on-full-scale concrete structures and structural components is an area of research that has produced very little experimental data. The cost of construction of full-scale bridge components solely for research purposes is not considered to be feasible by most research based organizations. However, the replacement of a functionally obsolete bridge in the United States (Florida) afforded a unique opportunity to conduct full-scale barge impact tests on the preexisting structure before it was

development of unique algorithms derived from analysis of extensive test data, based on a probabilistic relationship between the measured girder stiffness and the bending moment capacity of the timber girders. This paper describes research and development of the method and discusses its application in successfully undertaking testing of over 250 concrete and timber bridges in Australia. VIRTUAL TESTING OF A COMPOSITE ARMY BRIDGE Prof. Ayman Mosallam

loading. The simulation results matched well the full-scale laboratory test results. For example, the variation between the maximum deflections predicted by the genoa simulation for the maximum shear and those obtained from the full-scale tests was only 3.2%. In addition, the location and type of damages at the ultimate load were very close to those obtained from the full-scale laboratory tests. AMBIENT VIBRATION-BASED MODEL UPDATING OF SIMILAR R. C. ARCH BRIDGES Prof C Gentile

University of California, Irvine Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, Irvine, California, USA Mosallam@uci.edu

Keywords: Military bridges, advanced composites, repair, progressive failure, virtual testing Military composite bridges offer many unique advantages for the army including its lightweight (high strength-to-weight ratio), as compared to current steel and aluminum bridges, as well as their superior corrosion and fatigue resistance properties. This paper presents the results of a part of a comprehensive research program sponsored by the us army to develop innovative field repair techniques for military composite bridges. In this paper, results of virtual testing and progressive failure analysis (pfa) simulation conducted on a composite army bridge (cab) prototype are presented. The simulation was conducted using the state-of-the-art simulator, genoa, developed jointly by alpha star corp and nasa. The virtual tests were performed on the composite treadway under three different loading cases. The three cases used in this study are: i) maximum static shear loading case, ii) maximum static flexural loading case and iii) fatigue progressive failure analysis for the maximum moment case
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Politecnico di Milano, Dept of Structural Engineering, P.za Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan Italy

Dr G Pedrazzi

Chief Engineer, Lombardi-Reico Engineering, P.za Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan Italy

Keywords: Ambient vibration testing, Arch bridges, Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD), Finite Element model updating, Operational modal analysis. The paper presents the results of a recent experimental and theoretical research on the dynamic behaviour of 4 R.C. arch bridges, dating back to the 50s. The investigated bridges are in principle perfectly equal and belong to a viaduct consisting of 7 open spandrel arch bridges. The investigation involved ambient vibration testing, output-only modal identification and updating of the uncertain structural parameters of a F.E. model. The structural identification methodology and its results are especially addressed in the paper.

Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3: Bridge Repair using Advanced Composites

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HAMMERSMITH ROAD BRIDGE CARBON FIBRE STRENGTHENING CASE STUDY S Walters, Dr S Luke, H Indran Dr L Canning

Mouchel Parkman, West Hall, Surrey KT14 6EZ, UK Mouchel Parkman, Salford, UK

Keywords: Carbon fibre, bridge, strengthening, case study, railway, cast iron Hammersmith Road (A315) Bridge is a three span Network Rail and London Underground over line bridge between the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, constructed in 1860. The bridge is comprised of three spans: a main span of approximately 10m and side spans of approximately 5.25m, all of cast iron girder and brickwork jackarch construction with cast iron deck plates, with a carriageway width of 14.8m and two footpaths of 4.5m width. The current capacity of the bridge is governed by the deck plate capacity, which is approximately 3 tonnes. Until the deck plates are strengthened the area of the bridge over the deckplates is segregated from traffic flow to protect them from overloading. The cast iron girders are also under the 40 tonne required capacity, with an assessed capacity of 17 tonnes with single lane loading. The existing weight and lane restriction on the bridge was not a long term solution because it is a busy route into West London and serves both Earls Court and Olympia exhibition venues. The method of strengthening to the cast iron girders and deck plates was Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plate bonding using multiple factory-bonded pultruded plates, although factory and in-situ pre-preg and wet lay-up options were considered,
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together with dead load reduction using lightweight concrete on the main span. Innovative solutions for both permanent and temporary works were required to enable the LUL and main NR span of the bridge to be strengthened within limited hours (96hr, 52hr and 8hr) railway possessions. In particular, strengthening of the deck plates was achieved by using multiple layer factory bonded pultruded CFRP cruciform laminates, tapering in both thickness and width, and curved in elevation. The design and installation of the strengthening scheme is discussed and observations made on the installation process. DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE SYSTEM FOR STRUCTURAL UPGRADE OF STEEL BRIDGE GIRDERS Prof A Mosallam
University of California, Irvine, USA mosallam@uci.edu

Keywords: Steel bridges, FRP composites, H-Lam, strengthening This paper presents the results of a multiphase project aiming at developing fiberreinforced-polymer (FRP) composite systems for structural upgrade of the flexural capacity of steel girders. This study is divided into three phases; namely i) large-scale verifications tests of two strengthening systems, ii) field application of the composite systems on some girders of the Sauvie Island Bridge, and iii) long-term monitoring of the performance strengthening system. The two composite systems that were evaluated in this program are i) precured carbon/epoxy (CFRP) strip, and ii) an innovative composite sandwich system (H-Lam). This paper describes a summary of the results of the first two phases of the study that includes large-scale verification tests and description the field application of the composite systems.

ANALYSIS OF CFRP STRENGTHENED CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS USING THE STRUCT-TIE METHOD SD Park

Seoul, Metropolitan Government, Urban Management Division, Urban Planning Bureau, Seoul, Korea psdon@unitel.co.kr

Dr RS Aboutaha

Syracuse University, Dept of Civil Engineering, 255 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA rsabouta@syr.edu

accounting for reduction of strength in cracked concrete were also investigated and presented. Experimental results of a total of seventeen deep beam test specimens were compared to the proposed STM approach results. Based on this study, it was found that the proposed STM approach with an effective factor model depending on the strut angle provided the best agreement with the experimental test results.

Keywords: CFRP composites, bridge piers, strengthening, strut-tie model Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have been successfully used for strengthening existing reinforced concrete bridges with inadequate traffic load carrying capacity, and inadequate seismic resistance. During the last two decades, a great deal of research on CFRP retrofitted concrete bridge flexural members has been conducted. However, most of these investigations have been primarily focused on flexural and shear strengthening of slender flexural members. Very limited work has been done on CFRP strengthened deep members, such as bridge pier cap beams. Therefore, CFRP strengthened bridge piers are still being analyzed using approximate procedures that have been developed for more slender members. For analysis of CFRP strengthened deep reinforced concrete members, the Strutand-Tie Method (STM) offers a powerful analysis tool, as the externally bonded CFRP sheets would act as an additional tension ties. In this paper, a practical analysis and design process of CFRP strengthened deep reinforced concrete flexural members using the Strut-and-Tie Method is presented. In addition to presenting the STM approach for CFRP retrofitted deep structural concrete members, seven effective factor models
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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3: Concrete Bridge Deck Inspection + Repair

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COMPARISON OF 2 GHZ HORN ANTENNA & 1.5 GHZ GROUNDCOUPLED ANTENNA FOR BRIDGE DECK CONDITION ASSESSMENT USING GPR R Parrillo, R Roberts, D Delea

Geophysical Survey Systems Inc, 12 Industrial Way, Salem, NH 03079-4843, USA ParrilloR@geophysical.com

Keywords: Radar, GPR, horn, ground coupled, bridge deck Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an accepted electromagnetic evaluation technique used for the transportation infrastructure and a variety of other applications including concrete inspection, utility detection, geology and archeology. A well-established and accepted application of GPR is the accurate condition assessment of bridge decks as well as other reinforced concrete structures. Traditional bridge deck inspection methods include hammer soundings, chain dragging and visual inspection. The interpretation of these familiar techniques is subjective, and is operator dependant and may produce highly variable results. Significant advantages of using GPR for bridge deck assessment include the non-destructive nature of the technique as well as the ability of GPR to be used without requiring the removal of an existing asphalt overlay and to provide a quantitative record independent of operator interpretation. The most accurate bridge deck condition assessments using GPR have been performed using high frequency (1.5 GHz) ground-coupled antennas. The high frequency ground-coupled antenna provides excellent resolution of the reinforcing steel. It necessitates a slower data acquisition speed, however, since the antenna must remain sufficiently groundcoupled. Some GPR bridge assessments have been performed using 1 GHz air57

launched horn antennas. The air-launched antenna permits faster data collection, at the expense of resolution. Three years ago Geophysical Survey Systems began manufacturing a 2 GHz air-launched horn antenna. In a collaborative effort between Geophysical Survey Systems and the Maine Dept of Transportation, both the 1.5 GHz ground-coupled antenna and the 2 GHz air-launched horn antenna were used on April 13th, 2005 to evaluate the condition of an asphalt overlaid bridge deck located in Lewiston, Maine known as the Ramp D from Main Street over Maine Central Railroad. Ramp D is a portion of the Veterans Memorial Bridge which crosses the Maine Central Railroad and the Androscoggin River. The GPR data was collected along the bridge deck in lines parallel to the direction of traffic. The profile lines were perpendicular to the transverse direction of the upper-most rebar. GPR data lines were acquired at two foot spacing by simply walking the ground-coupled antenna system and by driving a vehicle with the air-launched horn antenna system. The GPR data was processed with GSSIs RADAN software program using the Bridge Assessment Module. The results were used to produce color-coded deterioration maps of the bridge deck. Results from the groundcoupled antenna and the air-launched horn antenna comparison demonstrated excellent correlation. In addition, the deterioration maps from both antennas were compared with visual data obtained from top-side and bottom-side visual inspections and exhibited excellent correlation. The Maine DOT further confirmed the correlation by hammer sounding and opening the bridge deck to expose the actual areas of deterioration requiring repair. Consequently, it was concluded that the 2 GHz airlaunched horn antenna is an effective tool

and provides an accurate assessment of the condition of bridge decks. HIGH SPEED GROUND-COUPLED GPR FOR ROAD & BRIDGE INSPECTION AP Annan, JD Redman
Sensors & Software Inc, 1040 Stacey Court, Mississauga, ON, Canada L4W 2X8 apa@sensoft.ca or dr@sensoft.ca

RoadMap acquires data with synchronized GPS coordinates and digital photography making transfer of data into engineering reports fast and cost effective. Data from RoadMap is readily imported into GIS and similar mapping systems and databases. REINFORCED HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE FOR REHABILITATION OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL BRIDGE DECKS Peter Buitelaar

Keywords: GPR, ground coupled, antenna, bridge Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used for examination of roads and bridges with considerable success. The majority of work requires data acquisition at highway speeds to minimize traffic management cost. To date, high speed GPR surveys have primarily used air-launched antenna systems mounted well above the road surface to allow for high speed profiling without incurring damage to the antennas. Sensors & Software Inc. recently introduced the RoadMap ground-coupled GPR system. RoadMap was designed and developed to be a highway speed groundcoupled system that achieves higher spatial resolution and deeper penetration. RoadMap systems now deliver results not previously observed with high speed road surveys. Use of multiple high and low frequency transducers makes for great operational versatility. Further, the use of ground-coupled GPR overcomes many of the new regulatory issues associated with air-launched GPR. We present results of recent surveys that illustrate how the RoadMap system addresses such diverse applications as pavement thickness estimation, detection of buried utilities, mapping repairs, joint deterioration in concrete pavement, rebar depth, concrete degradation and many others.
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Contec ApS, Axel Kiers Vej 30, DK-8270 Hjbjerg Denmark pb@contec-aps.dk

Ren Braam & Henk Kolstein

Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands c.r.braam@citg.tudelft.nl m.h.kolstein@citg.tudelft.nl

Peter de Jong

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Utrecht, The Netherlands f.b.p.dejong@bwd.rws.minvenw.nl

Keywords: High performance concrete, ultra high performance concrete, orthotropic bridge deck, fatigue, rehabilitation, restrengthening A large research project including a pilot project and two large rehabilitation projects is executed during the last 7 years. It aims at developing a new revolutionary high strength concrete wearing course for orthotropic steel bridges that extends the service life of the total structure by solving fatigue problems in specific deck details. This might be a very promising solution since it can turn the deck plate in a much more rigid structure with a higher plate factor due the monolithic composite interaction between the Reinforced High Performance Concrete overlay (RHPC overlay) and the steel deck plate. The

RHPC overlay (thickness 50 mm) will already result in a stress reduction with a factor of 4 5 in the deck plate and trough wall (as measured at the pilot project) and thus extend the service life of the orthotropic bridge deck with some extra decades. Project initiator is the Civil Engineering Division of the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management in close co-operation with Contec ApS, inventor of the Reinforced High Performance Concrete overlay, the Delft University of Technology and TNO Building Materials. Two large projects are executed at two mayor bridges in The Netherlands with a total surface of more than 40.000 m2. This paper will deals with the issue of fatigue of orthotropic bridge decks in The Netherlands in general, some of the associated research projects and presents the results obtained during execution of the rehabilitation projects. EARLY PERFORMANCE OBSERVATIONS OF A REPLACEMENT GFRP REINFORCED HIGHWAY BRIDGE DECK Dr AA Huckelbridge, Jr

Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106-7201, USA aah4@case.edu

Dr AK Eitel Dr Y Zou

URS Consultants, Hunt Valley, MD, USA R.E. Warner Assoc, Cleveland, OH, USA

Keywords: replacement

Bridge,

deck,

GFRP,

The corrosion resistance of fiber-reinforced polymers, in addition to their high strength and light weight, makes them a promising alternative to traditional steel reinforcement in bridge decks. In cooperation with the Cuyahoga County (Ohio) Engineering Dept, a health monitoring system was implemented on a two-span, 3500
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square foot, replacement concrete bridge deck reinforced completely with GFRP reinforcing bars. This project represents one of the first applications of all-GFRP nontensioned reinforcement in a concrete deck on a continuous, multi-span vehicular bridge. The goal of the monitoring system was to collect strain, temperature, and deflection data from the bridge through seasonal environmental slow data sampling and periodic fast data sampling during live load tests for a period of 3 years. Seven live load tests and two extended seasonal environmental sampling periods were monitored on the bridge between May 2002 and December 2004. In addition, laboratory fatigue testing of representative GFRP sections was also conducted, in order to investigate flexural crack growth evolution (of initially cracked sections) under cyclic loading. The rehabilitated deck was found to have enhanced stiffness and greater continuity than the original degraded steel-reinforced deck. Observed levels of curvature, impact effects, relative slab deflections, and slab, rebar, and girder stresses were lower than anticipated, indicating the conservative nature of design procedures currently employed for GFRP concrete. The laboratory cyclic load testing indicated that even under the greatest service-load flexural stresses currently permitted, any flexural crack openings quickly stabilize at an acceptable magnitude. This investigation serves as a valuable comprehensive record of all-GFRP reinforced concrete behavior, and may foster confidence in its broader use in the infrastructure.

BEHAVIOR OF BRIDGE DECKS REINFORCED WITH MMFX STEEL H Seliem, G Lucier, S Rizkalla, P Zia

North Carolina State University, Constructed Facilities Laboratory, Dept of Civil Engineering, 2414 Campus Shore Dr, Raleigh NC 27695, USA sami_rizkalla@ncsu.edu

ACOUSTIC EMISSION FROM FISSURED STEEL PLATE DECK OF ROAD BRIDGE Dr M Shigeishi, Y Tomoda

Kumamoto University, Faculty of Engineering Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan shigeishi@civil.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Keywords: Bridge decks, concrete, corrosion, high-strength steel, MMFX, flexure, punching shear This paper describes the behavior of typical bridge deck slabs reinforced with a highstrength, highly corrosion-resistant steel commercially known as Micro-composite Multi-structural Formable (MMFX) steel. The study included testing three full-scale bridge decks each having a span-to-depth ratio of 12.5. Two decks were reinforced with MMFX steel while another was reinforced with conventional Grade 60 steel for comparison purposes. The bridge decks were tested under static loading up to failure using concentrated loads intended to simulate truck wheel loads. Load-deflection behavior, mode of failure, crack patterns, and strain distribution are reported. The use of MMFX steel as main flexural reinforcement in bridge decks was evaluated in light of the test results. A nonlinear finite element analysis was developed to predict the behavior. This prediction was calibrated using measured values, and was employed to study various parameters related to the use of MMFX steel in bridge decks. The paper also presents the effects bending MMFX steel bars on their tensile strength.

T Ogasawara, T Ito, Y Tachibana

Kawada Industries, Inc, Division of Bridge Engineering, 1-3-11 Takinogawa, Kita-ku Tokyo 114-8562, Japan

Keywords: Acoustic emission, aging, crack, fatigue, non-destructive inspection, steel and concrete composite slab, wheel running test In recent years, the steel and concrete composite slabs have been increasingly adopted. However, inspections of the concrete condition of the composite slabs are relatively difficult task because the steel plates hide the concrete body. Therefore, establishment of an inspection method for this kind of structure is strongly demanded in current. The aim of this research is development of a non-destructive inspection method of the steel and concrete composite slab using acoustic emission technique. The acoustic emission measurements were implemented through wheel load running tests using an actual size Robinson type steel and concrete composite slab specimen. Moreover, the surfaces of the slabs were infiltrated after 400,000 times of the reciprocal running, the acoustic emission events due to water infiltration from the cracking of concrete were also observed. As the result, variations of acoustic emission activities and characteristics of the acoustic emission waveform parameters are recognized as fatigue progress. Otherwise, water saturation into the concrete from surface crack also could be detected changing the acoustic emission activity.
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DURABILITY OF WEARING SURFACES FOR FRP BRIDGE DECKS P Wattanadechachan, Dr RS Aboutaha

Syracuse University, Dept of Civil Engineering, 255 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA

pwattana@syr.edu, rsabouta@syr.edu Keywords: Bridge decks, FRP decks, wearing surfaces, polymer concrete, polymer modified concrete, thermal compatibility Wearing surface materials are needed on bridge decks for skid and wear resistance, and to withstand the daily traffic loads during the service life of the bridge. For fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bridge decks, a wearing surface also serves as a cover to protect the slick and soft-top surface of the panels. Field surveys in several USA states have shown fast deterioration of wearing surface materials (WSM). The cause of deterioration is attributed to incompatibility between the WSM and the FRP decks, and several other physical and environmental factors. This paper presents causes of deteriorations in wearing surfaces used on FRP bridges decks, as well as experimental investigation of thermal compatibility between several types of WSM and FRP bridge decks. The types of wearing surfaces investigated included; polymer modified concrete, polymer concrete, asphalt, and polymer modified asphalt. Thermal compatibility between WSM and FRP was investigated using ASTM C884 Standard Test, freeze-thaw-heat non-standard test, and submerge-freeze non-standard test. A hybrid wearing surface system, which offers both excellent bond to the FRP bridge deck and excellent wearing resistance to traffic loads is recommended and presented.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3: Corrosion + Cathodic Protection in Concrete Bridges

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LINEAR CRACKING AND CHLORIDE PENETRATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS MC Brown, DW Mokarem, MM Sprinkel

CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE IN BRIDGES JE Bledsoe, Dr I Szabo BQ Tempest, Dr J Gergely

Laurene and Rickher, Charlotte, NC 28217 jbledsoe@uncc.edu, iszabo@lrpc.net UNC Charlotte, Civil Engineering, Charlotte, NC 28223 bqtempes@uncc.edu, jgergely@uncc.edu

Va. Transp. Research Council, 530 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA michael.brown@virginiadot.org david.mokarem@virginiadot.org michael.sprinkel@virginiadot.org

RE Weyers, RM Weyers

Virginia Tech, Dept.of Civil & Env. Eng, 200 Patton Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA rweyers@vt.edu, ryweyers@vt.edu

Keywords: Chloride permeability, diffusion coefficient, bridge concrete The chloride permeability of concrete mixes is an important property for concrete mixes that are exposed to the elements, such as bridges. The presence of chloride ions at the level of the reinforcing steel will initiate corrosion, ultimately leading to the repair or replacement of the bridge. To counteract this, engineers have developed concrete mix designs incorporating supplementary cementitious materials and other admixtures to slow this process. In order to test the effectiveness of these admixtures, two tests are commonly used in the US to determine the permeability of the concrete: the salt ponding test and the rapid chloride permeability test. These two tests were used on 10 common North Carolina concrete mix designs to assess chloride permeability, in a project funded by the North Carolina Dept of Transportation. In addition, on four of these mix designs, additional bulk diffusion and rapid migration tests were performed; then the result compared. Furthermore, this project also established the existing chloride exposure conditions of concrete bridge components, by sampling several bridges across the state. The components sampled included bridge decks, pier caps, pile caps, and bridge abutments.

TJ Kirkpatrick

URS Corporation, Bridge Division, 7650 West Courtney Campbell Causeway Tampa, FL 33607, USA Trevor_Kirkpatrick@URSCorp.com

Keywords: Bridge, concrete, chloride penetration, cracking The results of field investigations of ten concrete bridge decks located throughout Virginia have been analyzed to determine the frequency of deck cracking and the influence of crack width and depth on the diffusion of chloride to the reinforcing steel. The analysis involved eight decks containing epoxy-coated reinforcement and two decks containing bare steel reinforcement. The subject decks were all constructed between 4 and 18 years prior to field sampling in 1999 and the decks were constructed under similar specifications. Crack size, depth, orientation and frequency, as a function of deck area, are investigated. Conclusions are drawn as to the influence of such cracks on the service life and time-to-rehabilitation of Virginia bridge decks.

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CONCRETE REPAIR & CATHODIC PROTECTION: SCOTTISH CASE STUDY J Preston

Corrosion Control Services Limited, 6 Hollinswood Court, Stafford Park 1, Telford TF3 3DE, UK

K Brown

West Lothian Council, Transportation Structures, County Buildings, High Street, Linlithgow EH49 7EZ

Keywords: Corrosion, cathodic protection, concrete repair, chlorides, sprayed concrete, impressed current The corrosion problems associated with reinforced concrete structures exposed to road de-icing salts are a national problem. The repair, and increasingly, the use of cathodic protection (CP) to provide corrosion protection is becoming commonplace. This paper presents an overview on CP as a solution to corrosion problems in reinforced concrete and provides detail, of the installation techniques by reference to a local case study, a road over rail bridge in Livingston. It considers the practical aspects of procuring and delivering a remedial solution from the clients perspective and the technical aspects of repair including methods to overcome site constraints, including railway possessions. It also reviews the long term monitoring of impressed current CP systems of this type.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3: Timber Bridges

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INVESTIGATION OF PILE DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS ON A TIMBER TRESTLE BRIDGE CHORD: PHYSICAL AND COMPUTER MODELS SA Babcock, J Balogh, WA Charlie, RM Gutkowski

Colorado State University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA wcharlie@engr.colostate.edu gutkowsk@engr.colostate.edu Steve.Babcock@wgint.com jbalogh@engr.colostate.edu

Keywords: Pile, timber, bridge, models A representative one-tenth scale model of an open-deck three-span timber trestle bridge was constructed and subjected to load testing in the laboratory. Each span was 1.2 m long and utilized two semicontinuous bridge chords. The 3.65 m long scaled bridge incorporated a realistic wooden pile foundation in a sandy soil similar to those observed in previous field tests. A computer based analytical model was created in AxisVM software to predict the behavior of the physical model. Support motion was included in the physical and computer models and the observed behavior was similar to motions observed in field bridge tests. The AxisVM model was successful in predicting the behavior of the scale-model bridge. Predicted deflections were within 5% to 10% of the measured values. The support motion created by the pile-soil interaction was also modeled successfully by using a linear spring approximation.

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Theme 1: Bridges
Day 3: Case Studies of Bridge Repair

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TILFORD NEW BRIDGE SUCCESSFULLY BLENDING THE NEW WITH THE OLD H Brooman

Surrey County Council, County Hall, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2DY, UK hbrooman@surreycc.gov.uk

Keywords: Ancient monument, contractor partnering, conservation, British Army Tilford is a small rural village located approximately 5 miles to the south east of Farnham in Surrey. Tilford West and Tilford Semi-Permanent Bridges are parallel and carry Tilford Road (C28) over the southern branch of the River Wey at the west end of the village. The paper examines the design options and constraints, the successful construction of the new bridge and the restoration of the ancient monument. The project consisted of two parts: - the demolition of the existing Tilford Semi-Permanent Bridge and replacing it with a new bridge on the same line as that existing, and the extensive refurbishment of the Ancient Monument Bridge (Tilford West). The form of the new bridge was to be an integral three span deck consisting of pre-cast concrete beams and concrete deck supported on piled foundation piers and abutments. It was proposed to face the abutments and piers with ironstone. The structural timber parapet was to have a half round top to the vertical posts. The hard standing adjacent to the parapet was to have sandstone granite sets paving and reconstituted sandstone kerbs. The maintenance to the Tilford West Bridge would consist of re-pointing, with traditional lime mortar, the areas of cracking to the soffit and spandrel walls. The timber parapet and crossbeams were to be replaced and the steel beams that had
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been added to the bridge removed and a new stonework up-stand added to provide some protection to the new parapet. It was also proposed to change the traffic management arrangements at the bridges, once the bridge works were completed, so that the new bridge would have alternate direction traffic on a give way basis. TRAFFIC VIBRATION EFFECTS ON BRIDGES UNDER REPAIR Prof U Freundt
Bauhaus-Universitt Weimar, Fakultt Bauingenieurwesen, Professur Verkehrsbau 99421 Weimar ursula.freundt@bauing.uni-weimar.de

Keywords: Bridges, vibrations, repair operations The dynamic behaviour of structures has been investigated for 150 years with theoretical and experimental methods. Although we have excellent theoretical methods today and a lot of experimental ways and means for such problems, we can not image the reality. The interaction between bridge, carriageway and car is one complex and the real damping under the given situation is another complex. Dynamic analyses have to conform to a tangible aim and the aim determines the necessary complexity. This paper will present dynamic analyses for bridges during repair. During their life bridges have to be repaired and we have to do this under traffic.

INSPECTION, ANALYSIS AND REABILITATION OF THE BRAGNO BRIDGE G Massone, G Pasqualato


Sineco SpA, V. F. Casati 1/A, 20124 Milano Italy sineco@sineco.co.it

G Mesiti

Amministrazione Provinciale di Savona, V. Sormano 12, 17100 Savona, Italy g.mesiti@provincia.savona.it

Keywords: Bridge, monitoring, inspection, damage, strengthening, design solutions, bearings The significant increase of the heavy traffic in the provincial route s.p. n36, one of the important commercial road of the Savona network (Liguria - Italy), together with the aging of the structures, have moved the Amministrazione Provinciale di Savona in 2000 to make inspections and controls to evaluate the state of viaducts and bridges. In this paper is presented the methodologies adopted for the analysis and the design solution applied to the structural rehabilitation of the historical Bragno Bridge, located between Ferrania and Cairo Montenotte along the s.p. n36. The bridge was built across the Bormida river in 1912. In 1938 a part of the structure was rebuilt because of the damaged caused by a flood and the whole deck was rehabilitated. The actual structural scheme of the bridge consists of two concrete arc spans 25 m length and other two spans 15 m long constituted by continuous concrete girders. The bridge deck is 8 m wide and is subdivided by two lanes of 6m each and two footpaths of 1 m wide. The first part of the paper describes the studies and the inspection that was carried out in order to understand the structure so to define a sufficient level of knowledge and to establish a correct plan to rehabilitate the bridge. In particular the
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control was performed using the Sineco method with the aim to indicate the level of damage of the each part of the bridge and to characterize the materials. The second part describes the design performed in order to strengthen the structure, oriented to solve several problems in particular the arc structure and to produce a rehabilitation of the transversal section by increasing the lane width. Finally some details collected during the management of the repair works are also explained. HUNGERFORD RIVER BRIDGE NO 7 A CASE STUDY OF ASSESSMENT FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES Adrian Pope

Mouchel Parkman, West Hall, Parvis Road, West Byfleet KT14 6EZ, UK adrian.pope@mouchelparkman.com

Keywords: Assessment, non-linear, railway, value for money The UK assessment codes for metal bridges are derived from BS 5400. They assume that truss structures will be sensibly configured. Hungerford Rail Bridge No. 7, part of the only rail access to Charing Cross Station, is not sensibly laid out, having no top chord restraint. Standard assessment therefore produced a very low assessed capacity. This was not because of actual weakness, but was due to the structure falling outside of the normal code scope. This paper describes the methods used to re-assess the bridge from first principles. The methods use the same underlying assumptions as the assessment codes. These methods showed that the top chord was twice as strong as originally assessed, dramatically increasing the live load capacity of the bridge. This demonstrates how a return to first principles can potentially provide capacity

increases. It shows the financial benefit of exhausting every reasonable method of analysis before resorting to expensive strengthening or reconstruction.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 1: NDT of Concrete + Advanced Composites

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INTEREST OF COUPLING SEVERAL NON DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CONCRETE STZRUCTURES D Breysse, C Sirieix, J-F Lataste

Universit Bordeaux I, CDGA, Avenue des facults, Domaine universitaire, 33 405 Talence cedex, France d.breysse@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr c.sirieix / jf.lataste @cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr

J-P Balayssac

The influence of several material parameters (which are varied independently on laboratory specimens) on the global response is analyzed and modelled, focussing mainly on resistivity measurements. The sensitivity to porosity and water content is quantified using empirical modelling and practical applications for a better assessment of structures are discussed. LASER SHEAROGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF FINE CRACKS IN CONCRETE AND MASONRY RA Livingston

LMDC INSA-UPS, Gnie Civil, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31 077 Toulouse cedex 4, France jean-paul.balayssac@insa-tlse.fr

Keywords: Non-destructive testing, concrete assessment, water content, porosity Combining several non destructive techniques (NDT) can have an interest since they are sensitive in a different way to the parameters which can possibly influence the concrete state (microcracking, water content, porosity of the plain concrete...). When several parameters (for instance water content and micro-cracking) are possibly varying in the structure, the inverse analysis is not possible, except if a second technique is used, which enables to uncouple the effects of the different parameters. It is discussed, both from a theoretical point of view and from a practical point of view (on full size structures) what can be the added value combining several techniques. A wide experimental program has been designed, combining on laboratory specimens and on full-size site structures, the use of several non destructive techniques, such as electromagnetic techniques, acoustical techniques or resistivity measurements. Each of these techniques is sensitive to various parameters (porosity, water content, chloride content, microcracking...), thus the interpretation of NDT results in terms of material assessment is not straightforward.
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Office of Infrastructure R&D, Federal Highway Administration, 6300 Georgetown Pike, McLean VA 22101 USA dick.livingston@fhwa.dot.gov

J Ceesay, AM Amde

Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

JW Newman DJ Wallace

Laser Technology Inc, Norristown PA 19403 Consulting Engineer, Annapolis, MD

Keywords: Laser shearography, concrete, fine cracks, Blair House, masonry, image analysis Laser shearography is a refinement of electronic speckle interferometry (ESPI) that records a sheared image of the speckle interferogram. This produces a self-referenced image and consequently avoids the need for very precise positioning as required with conventional ESPI. Thus the laser shearography system can be used in the field under ambient conditions. It has been applied to detect fine cracks at early ages in concrete, with a resolution better than 10 microns. Moreover, the output of the system is a digital image which can be processed with image analysis software to yield statistics on the crack distribution such

as length, width and preferred orientation, that can be used to diagnose the cause of the cracks. Since it is a nondestructive method it can be used to make repeated measurements on the same location over time, and thus monitor the propagation of cracks. It has also been used to detect cracks and other flaws in historic brick masonry buildings including the Blair House in Washington, DC. APPLICABILITY OF ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT USING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Dr T Mizobuchi

non-destructive methods for estimating the chloride content in reinforced concrete structures has been explored. Thus, the measurement was carried out to estimate the chloride content using the electromagnetic wave in the pier which was one of marine structures. Results from the study indicate clear applicability of using changes in electromagnetic waves to measure chloride content in concrete structures. QUANTITATIVE PULSEPHASE-THERMOGRAPHY FOR COMPOSITES AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES R Arndt, R Helmerich, C Maierhofer, M Rllig

Dept of Civil Engineering, HOSEI University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho Koganei-city, Tokyo, Japan mizobuch@k.hosei.ac.jp

Dr K Suda

Civil Engineering Division, Kajima Corporation, 5-30 Akasaka 6-chome Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan suda@kajima.com

Dr K Yokozek

Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany ralf.arndt@bam.de rosemarie.helmerich@bam.de christiane.maierhofer@bam.de, mathias.roellig@bam.de

Kajima Technical Research Institute, Kajima Corporation, 2-19-1 Tobitakyu Chofu-city, Tokyo, Japan yokozeki@kajima.com

Keywords: Electromagnetic wave, content of chloride ions, dielectric constant, amplitude. The chlorides could find their way to concrete either as part of constituent materials when sea sand is used, or, by gradual permeation and diffusion as in the case of marine structures, or, cases where deicing salts are used to melt away snow on highways, etc. Thus, determination of chloride content in a concrete structure is an important part of periodic nondestructive testing carried out for structures identified to be vulnerable to chloride induced reinforcement corrosion. The possibility of using electromagnetic waves as one of
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Keywords: Quantitative NDT, impulsethermography, pulse-phase-thermography, blind / characteristic frequency, concrete, thermo-scanner, CFRP-laminates, debonding, voids The active approach for non-destructivetesting in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) with infrared-thermography (IR), developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), is described in part one of this contribution. The active IR-approach is based on the principles of impulse- (IT) and pulse-phase-thermography (PPT). The concept is a direct result of a research project at the BAM in cooperation with the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) and was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). In the second part results of the new thermography-scanning system (thermo-

scanner) of BAM on debonding of multilayered structures, especially carbon fibre reinforced plates (CFRP) on concrete are presented. Both, the thermo-scanner developed at BAM, and the investigations carried out, are part of the EU-Project Sustainable Bridges. In the third part of the paper the characteristic frequency of the optimum phase-contrast as a means for the characterization of defects depth in CE by means of PPT is introduced. A new quantitative approach is tested and discussed on concrete structures with defects of polystyrene and gas concrete. THE CORE-DRILLING METHOD FOR MEASURING IN-SITU STRESS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES A REVIEW MJ McGinnis, S Pessiki

loaded with simple stress states. Factors such as differential shrinkage, swelling induced during wet drilling, and the inclusion of steel reinforcement and coarse stone aggregate violate some of these assumptions and necessitate strategies for incorporation of their effects in an overall evaluation for stress. This paper briefly reviews the theoretical basis of the method, the analytical investigations of the effects of shrinkage, swelling, and reinforcement, and discusses experiments to validate the method. A STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT IN THE INTEGRITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK Professor YS Cho

Lehigh University, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA pessiki@lehigh.edu

Hanyang University, School of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong, Ansan-Si, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, Korea ycho@hanyang.ac.kr

Dr SC Lee

Keywords: in-situ stress concrete image correlation, core-drilling The core-drilling method (CDM) is a technique for measuring in-situ stress in concrete structures. A small hole is drilled into the structure, and the deformations in the vicinity of the hole are measured and related via elasticity theory to the stress. The method is similar to the ASTM holedrilling strain-gauge method excepting that displacements rather than strains are the measured quantities. Displacement measurements in the current work are performed using 3D digital image correlation. The theoretical basis for the CDM hinges on the classical elasticity solution for the displacements in the vicinity of a small hole in an infinite, thin plate comprised of a linear-elastic, isotropic and homogenous material and
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Samsung Corporation (Eng.& Cons.), Research Institute of Technology, Bundang, Korea sclee88@unitel.co.kr

Keywords: Structural assessment system, neural network, non-destructive test, impact-echo method, SASW method This study is focused on the prediction of concrete compressive strength and the unknown thickness of concrete structures as a partial development of concrete assessment system. The non-destructive tests, Impact Echo method and SASW (spectral analysis of Surface Wave Method), have been applied to predict concrete compressive strengths for the correlation between non-destructive test results and cylinder tests results. The concrete strength prediction and the measurement of thickness have been effectively achieved by

using artificial neural network technology. As the actual problems have been tested in the neural network system, the good agreement between the result from the cylinder test and the result form the neural network run has been achieved. The accuracy in measuring the thickness of the specimen has been successfully achieved using the same technology. DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING SEISMIC TRAVEL TIME TOMOGRAPHY ON THE BASIS OF EVOLUATIONAL WAVE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION MODEL Y Kobayashi, H Shiojiri

of the elastic wave velocity distribution that is illustrated as superimposition of functions. These functions are invented from result of experiments and defined from some parameters that characteristic of probability is easily determined. The difficulties on the determination of covariance for each degree of freedom are mitigated since this assumption, and the number of variables is drastically reduced as well. This method is applied to a simple example model. The result shows that the presented method correctly identifies the parameters of the example model. REAL - TIME MONITORING OF R.C. ELEMENTS BY MEANS OF SMART COMPOSITE PATCHES WITH EMBEDDED FBG SENSOR P Corvaglia, A Largo

Nihon University, College of Sci. and Tech. Dept of Civil Engineering, 1-8-14, KandaSurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan kobayasi@civil.cst.nihon-u.ac jpshiojiri@civil.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp

T Shiotani

Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute of Technology, 5472, Kimagase, Chiba, 2700222, Japan tomoki_shiotani@tobishima.co.jp

CETMA Consortium, Dept of Materials and Structures Engineering, s.s. Appia km 706+030, 72100 Brindisi, Italy paolo.corvaglia@cetma.it alessandro.largo@cetma.it

MA Caponero, F Fabbri

Keywords: Seismic travel time tomography, wave velocity, slowness, distribution function, evolutional model Seismic tomography has been studied as a way of identification. This technique aims to compute the distribution of elastic wave velocity from combination of raytrace technique and first travel time that is observed at in-situ or model tests. However, it is difficult to apply this method to a model that has many degrees of freedom due to the difficulties of settlement of initial condition that defines parameters on algorithms of identification such as covariance of state variables. In this paper, a method that the extent of damage area evolves in the progress of identification is presented. This method is characterized by the assumption
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ENEA Frascati Research Centre, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy caponero@frascati.enea.it fabio.fabbri@frascati.enea.it

Keywords: structural health monitoring, smart patch, fibre bragg grating sensor, FRP Optical fibres, serving as both sensor and data conduit, are particularly interesting for the long-term health monitoring of civil structures. Nevertheless, many challenges associated with the on-the-field application of such sensors have to be solved, mainly related to the application methodology. In this paper, the development and validation of smart composite patches, composed of FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) reinforcing sheets with embedded FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating) optical sensors, is presented.

The FBG sensor is pre-packaged in a thin composite tape, that can than be easily mounted on the structure to be monitored. Tensile tests were carried out and the strain measures from the FBG sensors were compared to data obtained from conventional surface mounted electrical strain gauges in order to calibrate the transfer function of the smart patch. A good repeatability and an excellent linearity in the strain response were achieved, and no significant reduction in the longitudinal tensile properties of the patches was observed due to the presence of the FBG sensor. Finally, the smart patch, assimilable to an optical strain gauge fully suitable for in-situ usage, was mounted on a batch of both FRP-reinforced and un-reinforced r.c. elements, that were tested in flexure in order to evaluate the correct strain transfer from the structure to the patch. APPLICATION OF X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE VERIFICATION OF DAMAGE MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE Dr F Weise, Dr J Goebbels, B Maier

a fair-faced concrete cladding which was damaged by freeze-thaw cycling according to the CIF-test. Purpose of the second study is the spatial visualization of a drilling core taken from a sluice which was damaged by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freezethaw cycling. A further study demonstrates the possibility of visualizing cracks and steel fibres in a cube consisting of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) after uniaxial compression. These studies show that this innovative non-destructive method opens up new vistas for the analysis of damages due to physical, chemical and mechanical processes in different kinds of concrete. TESTING METHOD OF CRACK WIDTH FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT BASED ON IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE Xudong Zha, Qiuming Xiao

Changsha University of Science & Technology, School of Highway Engineering, Changsha 410076, P.R. China zhaxd999@public.cs.hn.cn

Wang Wenqiang

Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany Frank.Weise@bam.de Juergen.Goebbels@bam.de Baerbel.Maier@bam.de

Foshan Limited Company of Road & Bridge Construction, Foshan 528040, P.R. China

Keywords: Concrete, damage mechanism, X-ray tomography In this paper the performance of x-ray computed tomography which is not frequently used in civil engineering up to now is demonstrated by studies showing its feasibility for investigations of the microstructure and moisture distribution in concrete. The first study illustrates the possibility of the temporal and spatial visualization of cracks and moisture distributions in a drilling core taken from
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Keywords: Continuously reinforced concrete pavement, crack width, image processing, distress According to the character of transverse crack of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), the testing difficulty of crack width with conventional microscope measuring and the urgent demand of the crack width testing, the paper puts forward the method of picking and analyzing the crack image of fine resolution from a digital camera with computer image processing technique. The results show that the method is a kind of technique of testing the crack width of CRCP with high precision and

rapid speed. So the research provides an effective testing method for the study of CRCP long-term performance. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS ON VARIOUS CONCRETES SUBMITTED TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT: FIRST DRAFT FOR ASSESSING POROSITY WITH CND J-F Lataste, D Breysse, C Sirieix, S Naar

Considering the characterisation of spatial variations of properties in specimens, measurements highlight differences between the two sides (facing the harbour or the open sea). It is also shown that the progressive drying of specimens during the measurements session is detected. The analysis of experimental results also enables to identify empirical relations between the porosity and the electrical resistivity. USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN EXAMINING THE PORE STRUCTURE OF CONCRETE Sinan Caliskan

Universit Bordeaux 1, Centre de Dveloppement des Gosciences Appliques, Avenue des facults, btiment B18, 33405 Talence cedex, France jf.lataste@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr

Keywords: Electrical resistivity, concrete, porosity, chlorides. Aiming at the improvement of Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of concrete structures, electrical resistivity method is tested on concretes submitted to marine atmosphere. On site measurements, supported by the French RGC&U network, are done on full size specimens kept in the La Rochelle harbour (France). The specimens are remaining in the tiding zone since 1996, and have been sounded by electrical method during winter 2004. Measurements have been performed on 10 specimens made of different mixes, in the 25-120 MPa compressive strength range. They concern ordinary concretes as well as HPC (silica fume additions or fly ash additions). Tests bodies are assumed as saturated by sea water. Electrical resistivity results allow to observe, as expected, that the technique is very sensitive to microstructural material profile (porosity). NDE enables to rank specimens according to their mechanical strength.
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University of Dundee, Division of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK s.caliskan@dundee.ac.uk

Keywords: Fly ash, CT scanning, image analysis, porosity This paper reports an experimental work carried out to investigate the influence of location within column element on the porosity characteristics of concrete by using non-destructive technique, Computed Tomography (CT) scanning. 8.0m high with 0.5x0.5m cross-section of un-reinforced Fly Ash concrete column element was constructed. 100mm diameter and about 200mm long cores were taken from lower and upper areas of the column. In addition to the CT scanning, compressive strength of the cores was determined. Experimental findings indicate that the cores from the upper part of the column exhibited more porous structure and lower strength values compared to those of cored specimens obtained from the lower part of the column.

DAMAGE EVALUATION ON CONCRETE MATERIALS USING CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC WAVES DG Aggelis, Tomoki Shiotani

Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute of Technology, 5472 Kimagase, Noda 270-0222, Chiba, Japan dimitris-tobishima@tech.email.ne.jp

Keywords: Concrete, damage, grout, pulse velocity, scattering A commonly used repair technique is the injection of repair agent into boreholes with high pressure, ensuring that, at a high percentage, the system of interconnected cracks and voids is eliminated. A certain question rising refers to the estimation of repair effectiveness. Due to the time dependent properties of the repair agent, post monitoring using stress waves can lead to false conclusions before full hardening of the material takes place. Therefore, a theoretical investigation was undertaken with multiple scattering theory in order to highlight the role of properties of filler material that after filling the cracks, acts as scatterer in the concrete matrix. Additionally, an experimental series of pulse velocity measurements has been conducted in laboratory using specimens of the same grouting material. The specimens were cured at the same conditions with the site material, in order to evaluate the evolution of mechanical properties at any time, while porous concrete specimens examined after impregnation with grout, exhibited decrease in pulse velocity, highlighting the role of fresh grout in wave propagation in the actual structure.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 1: Impact-Echo NDT of Concrete

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EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTED CRACKING DAMAGE USING TRANSIENT STRESS WAVES Dr K Kesner Dr MJ Sansalone Dr RW Poston

WDP & Associates, Inc, Manassas, VA, USA kek11@cornell.edu Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA mjs39@cornell.edu WDP & Associates, Inc, Austin, TX, USA rposton@wdpa.com

element simulations were then used to develop an understanding of why varying amounts of damage are reflected in the observed changes in impact-echo signals. The understanding gained from the numerical and experimental studies was subsequently evaluated in a field study carried out on concrete box beams, some of which contained distributed damage. Cores were taken to verify the results of the field studies. SIBIE ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON RELATION BETWEEN PEAK FREQUENCIES AND LOCATIONS OF REFLECTORS IN THE IMPACTECHO Dr N Alver, Prof M Ohtsu

Keywords: Alkali silica reactivity, concrete, delayed ettringite formation, distributed damage, impact-echo, neutron radiography, nondestructive testing, and stress wave propagation The feasibility of using transient stress waves to detect and quantify cracking caused by distributed damage mechanisms, specifically alkali-silica reactivity or delayed ettringite formation, in plate-like structures was evaluated. Theory, numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, and field studies were used to determine how distributed damage in concrete plates affects propagation of transient stress waves generated by elastic impact. It was found that distributed damage produces significant and quantifiable changes in the waveforms and spectra obtained from impact-echo results. In the laboratory, impact-echo tests were performed on a slab specimen made from concrete modified to produce distributed cracking over a relatively short period of time. Impact-echo signals were recorded and cores removed at regular intervals. Neutron radiographs were taken of slices obtained from the cores to determine the amount of damage in the plate. These results were compared with impact-echo signals. As the level of damage increased, there were observable changes in both impact-echo waveform and spectra. Finite
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Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan ninel@civil.kumamoto-u.ac.jp ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Keywords: Impact-echo method, SIBIE, Boundary Element Method (BEM). The impact-echo is known as a nondestructive testing method for concrete structures. Resonant frequencies observed in the frequency spectra are used to identify locations of such reflectors as voids and defects. However, the frequency spectra may not sometimes be interpreted successfully, because many peaks are observed in the spectra. Stack imaging of spectral amplitudes based on impact-echo (SIBIE) is developed, in order to improve the impact-echo and to visually identify locations of defects. It is confirmed that reflection due to the void could be visualized clearly by SIBIE. Two-dimensional dynamic BEM analysis is performed to investigate a relation between peak frequencies in the frequency spectra and locations of reflectors. Stress distributions

and dynamic deformations at a cross-section are determined at particular frequencies corresponding to resonances. It is found that locations of stress concentration are physically associated with deformations due to the vibrating modes. DEVELOPMENT OF VIVIDANALYSIS: IMAGING OF IMPACTECHO DATA ON P-T CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAMS A Clark, S Stranney, Dr A Giannopoulos, Prof MC Forde

Visualised data from a number of experiments in the laboratory are reported, on control specimens ranging from a concrete slab with defects to p-t concrete beams with voided plastic ducts.

University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering & Electronics, Institute for Infrastructure & Environment, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK m.forde@ed.ac.uk

Keywords: NDT, Impact-echo, imaging, post-tensioned beams, concrete Voiding in grouted ducts of post-tensioned concrete bridge beams is a worldwide problem. Voiding can give rise to conditions where corrosion can take place. Several p-t concrete bridges have collapsed in Europe and severe corrosion has been identified in Florida. The UK Highways Agency addressed this problem by implementing a moratorium on all new p-t bridges until plastic tendon ducts were introduced. Plastic tendon ducts can be tested using radar but it is far from simple. The most common NDT technique used is impact echo but this is considered unusable on plastic ducts. A stacked imaging system was developed in Japan with good feedback. The work reported herein has focused on visualising the amplitude of the normalised frequency domain data following a fourier transform Vivid-Analysis. At this stage the responses are not considered to be heavily dependent on the input frequencies as previously argued.
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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 1: Case Studies NDT of Concrete

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NDT METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF A DAMAGED CONCRETE PAVILION G Concu, B De Nicolo, D Meloni, F Mistretta
Dept of Structural Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy Piazza DArmi, 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy g.concu@tiscali.it, denicolo@unica.it melonid@unica.it, fmistret@unica.it

Keywords: NDT, structural safety, damage diagnosis, concrete structures A nondestructive diagnostic campaign has been carried out on a concrete pavilion built in Cagliari (Italy) in the fifties by the Italian architect Adalberto Libera. The beautiful building showed signs of damage such as cracks in walls upper areas, recurrent breaking of glass panels, drop in the paving. The diagnostic campaign has been run to establish the causes of damage, the level of degradation of materials and the structural safety before starting a restoration program. Several nondestructive investigations have been carried out: visual inspection, magnetic bearing of reinforcement, sonic tests, sclerometric tests, Son-Reb method. Numerical simulation of the structural behavior has been run too. On the basis of the results the cause of damage has been settled and a restoration proposal has been defined. FAILURE OF AN INVESTIGATION DA Cuoco

existing reinforced concrete office building led to his conclusion that the original structural design was severely deficient. As a result, the renovation engineer issued a memorandum stating that the structure was unsafe for occupancy, and the building was immediately evacuated. The building owner then retained the authors firm to provide an independent second opinion. Based upon a review and analysis of the original structural design, supplemented by on-site testing, as well as a review of the results of the structural analysis and concrete testing performed by the renovation engineer, a number of shortcomings in the renovation engineers investigation were identified. The subsequent investigation performed by the authors firm concluded that the original structural design was adequate, the building was safe for occupancy, and the evacuation was unnecessary. DAMAGE QUANTIFICATION OF AGING CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY MEANS OF NDT T Shiotani, DG Aggelis

Tobishima Corporation, Research Institute of Technology, 5472 Kimagase, Noda, Chiba 270-0222, Japan tomoki_shiotani@tobishima.co.jp

Keywords: Acoustic emission, concrete, damage quantification, NDT, repair effect, tomography Aging concrete structures are increasing remarkably, and to sustain those with a proper repair method the evaluation of the structural integrity is a crucial issue. NDTs appear to contribute to this paramount issue since they are non-destructive and are a variety of testing corresponding to the objective measurements. The NDTs might also provide momentous information on repair effectiveness when repeating the test after the repair work. In the paper, such NDTs as seismic tomography and acoustic
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Thornton Tomasetti, Inc, 51 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA DCuoco@ThorntonTomasetti.com

Keywords: Concrete, floor slab, investigation, punching shear, deflection, overstress This paper presents a case study in which a structural engineers investigation of slab deflections observed during renovation of an

emission were applied for the damage quantification of a full-scale concrete structure. The tests were conducted both before and after repair work. Distribution of velocity and AE activity were carefully examined. Consequently the followings are found: the velocity variations reflected well with the repair effect; and damage indices obtained from AE activity showed in good accordance with structural integrity.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 1: Corrosion + Cathodic Protection

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CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS Dr M Mazraeh, Dr H Garden

Taylor Woodrow Construction Ltd, Technology Centre, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire LU7 4QH, UK mohsen.mazraeh@uk.taylorwoodrow.com, holger.garden@uk.taylorwoodrow.com

Keywords: Corrosion, life extension, forensic inspections, cathodic protection, anode, reference cell electrode, conductor bar, ti wire, Local Rectifier Unit (LRU), monitoring system During the development of historic steelframed buildings, the destructive nature and risks of corrosion were not fully appreciated by Engineers and Architects. The Grosvenor House Hotel, London is a steel-framed building clad in brick and stone. The building is typical of those constructed prior to World War II with the exterior masonry tightly build around the structural steel columns & beams and voids crudely in-filled with mortar. The steel elements have corroded over the buildings life, causing cracking of the faades. In order to suppress further corrosion of the steel columns and beams in the South Block, Taylor Woodrows Technology Centre (TWTC) was commissioned to design and install an impressed current cathodic protection (CP) system for the building. This followed TWTCs prior forensic investigation of the faades to establish the extent of corrosion and to prioritise the areas that would need most immediate attention to satisfy lifetime and building use requirements. The installed CP system comprises 18,000 discrete Ti Tubular and Ebonex anodes and associated equipment unobtrusively located throughout the building. The design allows for future development of the building into serviced
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apartments, for which CP is ideal due to the negligible future maintenance requirements. The use of CP avoided extensive dismantling of the faades for the purpose of coating the steel. The CP system was installed alongside various other trade contractors activities. This paper reviews the technology of CP and explains how the system was installed. The ongoing monitoring of the system is also explained. CATHODIC PROTECTION TO CONTROL CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE AN UPDATE Dr S El-Belbol, Dr R Walker, D Kimberley

Scott Wilson, Royal Court, Basil Close, Chesterfield S41 7SL, UK said.el-belbol@scottwilson.com robert.walker@scottwilson.com darren.kimberley@scottwilson.com

Keywords : Reinforcement corrosion, cathodic protection, repair techniques Cathodic protection (CP) is one of the principal approaches to corrosion control available to a Corrosion Engineer. By means of an externally applied electric current, the corrosion of a metallic object in an otherwise corrosive aqueous environment can be reduced virtually to zero, and it can be maintained in that condition for an indefinite period of time. Although the use of CP in other industries has a long and proven history, its use on reinforced concrete structures is a relatively new development. However, since its introduction into the UK in the mid to late 1980s, CP of reinforced concrete has quickly become a tried and tested means of preventing further deterioration due to reinforcement corrosion, with, as of 2002, more than 200,000 m2 of concrete being protected in the UK alone.

This paper describes the principles and benefits of CP, a brief history of its development, anode systems currently in use and provides a number of case studies showing its practical application. PREDICTION ON CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS WITH DIFFERENT WIDTHS OF CRACKS Y Moroyama, T Nishido, K Toda

cored samples. It becomes possible to predict the long-term deterioration progress of concrete structures with cracks by using the salinity infiltration analysis with proposed assumptions. FUNGAL INDUCED CORROSION OF UNBONDED LUBRICATED POST- TENSIONING TENDONS Dr L Bonaccorsi, Prof E Proverbio

Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Structure & Strength Dept., Research Laboratory, 1, Shin-Nakahara-cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8505, Japan yuu_moroyama@ihi.co.jp

University of Messina, Dept. Industrial Chemistry and Materials Engineering, C/da di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy lbonaccorsi@unime.it proverbi@ingegneria.unime.it

Keywords: Salinity infiltration analysis by FEM, chloride ion, concrete with cracks, EPMA, potentiometric titration Effective maintenance for concrete structures is important and urgent tasks. Cracks in the structures are main cause for corrosion of reinforcements because salinity is coming from them. Generally, the chloride ion content at the location of the reinforcements is calculated with diffusion equation. The equation is not considered the cracks, so the evaluated time by the corrosion of the reinforcements is longer than the actual one. The chloride ion content in concrete is different according to the crack widths. If the corrosion of the reinforcements is accurately predicted, engineers can judge when the maintenance is started. The salinity infiltration analysis technique by FEM is proposed to predict deterioration progress of concrete with cracks. Cored samples with crack widths of 0.2mm or more are taken from an actual structure. The distributions of the chloride ion are experimentally analyzed by potentiometric titration and EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer). The analytical results of salinity infiltration agree with the experimental ones for the
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Dr. Clara Urz

University of Messina, Dept of Microbiological, Genetic and Molecular Sciences, Salita Sperone 31 - S. Agata 98166 Messina, Italy urzicl@unime.it

Keywords: MIC, prestressed concrete, fungi, pitting, grease, SCC Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of prestressed tendons has been reported in literature. Due to the effect of fungi the microbiological breakdown of organic grease resulted in formation of formic and acetic acids which combined with moisture could cause steel corrosion. Cold drawn wire strands, coated with hydrocarbon-based lubricant, were subjected to fungal inoculation. After 10 months of incubation at room temperature, steel wires were examined at scanning electron microscope, revealing localised corrosion. FTIR analysis showed the degradation of grease due the fungal activity.

Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 2: Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair

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RE-STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE TURBINE DECK USING CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (CFRP) MATERIAL RR Bick

115 F (45C) was most challenging for the contractor. FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH MODULUS CFRP MATERIALS FOR STRENGTHENING OF STEELCONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS M Dawood, S Rizkalla, E Sumner

SRJR Consulting Inc, 856 Cypress Drive, Upland, CA 91784-1191, USA SRJRConsulting@aol.com

Keywords: Re-strengthening, CFRP, prestressed, turbine deck, ASR Power producers in Oxnard, California USA operate a 430 MW natural gas electric generating station located on the Pacific Ocean. The station has been exposed to severe climatic conditions for nearly 50 years. Visual signs of concrete distress in the pre-stressed concrete turbine deck, including corrosion of the tendons, resulted in concerns over its safety and performance. Engineering evaluations to select an overall economical repair and restrengthening of the deck were conducted. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) re-strengthening was selected to be an effective method to restore the overall structural integrity of the deck. Traditional methods were also used to repair distressed concrete sections. Upon completion of repairs, concrete substrate surfaces were prepared to properly bond to the wet lay-up CFRP material. Work was performed in accordance with American Concrete Institute (ACI) and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) Guidelines. After the CFRP installation, a coating was applied to the top of the deck for protection. The logistics of installing CFRP material on the decks soffit with limited access during 24 hour-a-day operations of the station and temperatures exceeding
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North Carolina State University, Constructed Facilities Laboratory, 2414 Campus Shore Drive, Campus Box 7533, Raleigh, NC, 276957533, USA sami_rizkalla@ncsu.edu

Keywords: CFRP, steel structures, strengthening, flexure, bond This paper presents the findings of a research program which was conducted to investigate the fundamental behavior of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with high modulus (HM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials. The first part of this paper presents a brief description of the HM CFRP materials and the adhesive selection. The second part of the paper focuses primarily on the flexural behavior of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with CFRP laminates. The behavior of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with different configurations of CFRP materials and loaded under monotonic, overloading and fatigue loading conditions is presented. Based on the findings of the experimental program flexural design guidelines are proposed to facilitate the design of the CFRP strengthening for steel bridges and structures. The final section of the paper discusses in detail the bond behavior of the CFRP laminates. The bond behavior is investigated using both double-lap shear coupon tests and large-scale flexural tests. The effectiveness of implementing a reverse taper at the end of the CFRP plates

is investigated as a means of enhancing the bond characteristics. The proposed analytical tools and finite element analysis, used to predict the bond behavior of the CFRP bonded joints, are in good correlation with the experimental results. This paper demonstrates that high modulus CFRP materials can be effectively implemented for strengthening and repair of steel bridges and structures. EFFECT OF ADHESIVELINE PROPERTIES ON THE MONOTONIC AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP SYSTEMS Dr KA Harries, B Reeve, A Zorn

are used to bond the CFRP in otherwise identical applications. The deleterious effects of fatigue loading on FRP-toconcrete bond have been identified in previous studies by the author; therefore the fatigue loading parameters are also selected to investigate the effects of interface geometry and applied stress range on the bond behaviour using the various adhesives. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PLAIN CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP Professor CA Issa

University of Pittsburgh, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh PA PA15261-2294, USA kharries@engr.pitt.edu

Lebanese American University, Dept of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering & Architecture, Byblos, Lebanon Cissa@lau.edu.lb

A Sfeir

Keywords: FRP, adhesive line, fatigue Debonding of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials used for repair of reinforced concrete elements is commonly observed and is becoming acknowledged to represent the critical limit state for such systems. When selecting an adhesive system to bond FRP to concrete, interfacial fracture energy and ductility are crucial for developing and maintaining efficient interfacial stress transfer although these are achieved at the expense of interfacial bond capacity. The former may be achieved using an adhesive having lower shear stiffness, while the latter requires a stiffer adhesive system. The study presented investigates the balance of these behavioural parameters under both monotonic and cyclic fatigue loading conditions. Moderate-scale specimens (4.7 m long) having externally bonded carbon FRP (CFRP) retrofits with different geometries are tested. Different commercially available adhesive systems
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New Jersey Institute of Technology, Dept of Civil Engineering, New Jersey, USA

Keywords: Plain concrete, beams, experimental, CFRP The use of carbon fiber for reinforcing or rehabilitating concrete beams has started about 15 years ago; it is used as an external tensile reinforcement which increases the strength and the stiffness of the structure. Most of the experimental testing performed on wrapped concrete beams was performed on steel reinforced concrete beams. In this study, experimental the numerical modeling was conducted using plain concrete beams. A total of 30 plain concrete beams of dimensions of 450x150x150 mm, of which 24 of them wrapped with carbon fiber in different thickness and locations were tested using two types of loading: Two point load: where the load is distributed on the beam at 2 points placed each 150 mm form each end of the beam. One point load: where the load is applied

at the middle of the beam. The aim of the experimental study was to determine the effectiveness of carbon fiber as a strengthening technique and to evaluate the deformations caused by the loading. EFFECT OF CFRP SHEET WIDTH ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS BONDED BY CFRP SHEETS Y Takahashi

two sheets of 170 mm. However, in a case of RC beams with U-jackets, the maximum load of an RC beam with two sheets of 170 mm increased by approximately 17% compared to that of an RC beam with four sheets of 85 mm. The increment in maximum load of strengthened RC beams did not agree with the ratio increase in CFRP sheets number of layers. FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF RC BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP COMPOSITES R Shrestha, ST Smith, A Saleh

Hokkai Gakuen University, Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1-1, Minami-26, Nishi-11, Chuou-ku, Sapporo 064-0926, Japan takahasi@cvl.hokkai-s-u.ac.jp

Y Sato

Hokkaido University, Division of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kita-13, Nishi-18, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan

Keywords: CFRP sheet layer, CFRP sheet width, flexural strength, U-jacket Results obtained from an experimental investigation on the flexural strengthening performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally epoxy bonded carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets are presented in this paper. Externally reinforced concrete beams were tested to failure using a symmetric twopoint concentrated static loading system. In the experiment, the width of CFRP sheets and the number of sheet layers were changed from 85 mm to 170 mm and from one to four sheet layers, respectively, and some specimens were reinforced with a Ujacket to prevent debonding of the sheet. The behavior of the strengthened beams was represented by load-deflection curves and load-strain curves on the CFRP sheet and rebar, and the different modes of failure were investigated. In the case of RC beams without U-jackets, the results indicated that the maximum load of an RC beam strengthened with four sheet layers of 85 mm was similar to that of an RC beam with
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University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, Faculty of Engineering, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia

Keywords: FRP, concrete, strengthening, beam-column connections, beam-column joints, bonding Considerable research has been conducted over the last decade or so on the strengthening or repair of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements such as beams, columns and slabs with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Surprisingly, by comparison, very little research has been conducted on the strengthening of RC beam-column connections with FRP composites. The majority of research on connection strengthening has been experimental to date which is scattered in various journals and conference proceedings. Considerably less research has been published on numerical modelling (e.g. finite element modelling) and analytical modelling (e.g. strut and tie, and compatibility of stress and strain models) as well as the performance of these models when assessed against experimental data. Some design recommendations have been proposed although they are no where near as comprehensive as recommendations

for the FRP-strengthening of other elements such as beams, columns and slabs. In this paper, the results of a finite element (FE) investigation on RC connections strengthened with FRP are reported and compared with test data. The study shows that the FE approach is able to capture the overall behaviour of the test specimens although some short comings of the analytical method are highlighted. STEEL CORD REINFORCED POLYMER (SCRP) FOR EXTERNALLY BONDED REINFORCEMENT W Figeys, L Schueremans, Dv Gemert KU Leuven

CFRP. Moreover, it is quite flexible and SCRP is as strong as CFRP. Hence, the new composite enables the same applications as steel plates and CFRP sheets and laminates, but also new application challenges can be tackled: shear strengthening of complex shapes, wrapping of rectangular beams, and improved uses of pre-stressing. Different prototypes of SCRP are investigated to develop an optimal type of SCRP for the different applications. FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RC BEAMS REPAIRED WITH CEMENTITIOUS AND POLYMERMODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS MORTARS R Nsambu

Dept of Civil Engineering, Kasteelpark, Arenberg 40, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium wine.figeys@bwk.kuleuven.be

K Brosens

Triconsult NV, Industriepark 1241/Bus 4, B3545 Halen, Belgium info@triconsult.be

Agostinho Neto University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Avenida 21 de Janeiro, Angola resende@civil.ist.utl.pt

Prof A Gomes

W Dekeyser, J Gallens

NV Bekaert SA, Bekaert Technology Center, Bekaertstraat 2, B-8550 Zwevegem, Belgium Willem.Dekeyser@Bekaert.com

IST of the Lisbon Technical University, Dept of Civil Engineering & Architectural, Lisbon 1049-001 Rovisco Pais, Portugal augusto@civil.ist.utl.pt

Keywords: Steel cord reinforced polymer, SCRP, externally bonded reinforcement The capacity of a structure can be enhanced using the technique of externally bonded reinforcement. By adding extra reinforcement, the flexural capacity, the flexural stiffness and the shear capacity are influenced. Steel cord reinforced polymer (SCRP) is a new material that can be used as external reinforcement. It consists of thin high-strength steel fibres which are bundled into cords. These cords are woven into unidirectional sheets with a synthetic textile. This innovative material combines the advantages of steel plates and CFRP, which are already used today. The material cost is relatively low compared to
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Keywords: Concrete beams, mortars, shrinkage, bond strength, ductility This paper presents some conclusions of an extensive experimental program on repair mortars for reinforced concrete beams repaired in flexure. Two predosed (cementitious and acrylic polymer modified) of the different manufacturer mortars (Degussa 2003 and Sika, 2004) and one polymermodified cementitious mortar formulated in laboratory with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) were investigated in repaired beams. The materials used in the specimens, both the concrete and the steel, were characterized. Free shrinkage, and restrained shrinkage tested on ring test, V-channel, and Bnziger Block were evaluated. The restrained shrinkage was also evaluated in repaired element beams.

The range of surface roughness was studied on bond strength in the pull-off test. The effect of static and cyclic loading was compared and analysed on flexural strength as well as the effect the two types of the geometrical repair. The beams tested by cycle loading have shown a high ductility ratio. Also monolithic coefficient for all beams was evaluated. FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH FRP COMPOSITE SHEETS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT LOAD CASES Dr YA Al-Salloum

strength and deflection was obtained. The results show that the use of FRP sheets as an external reinforcement to strengthen or repair concrete structural members (uncracked or precracked) is very effective. The test results also reveal that the beams loaded to service load levels, unloaded and then repaired with FRP sheets and those strengthened while loaded behaved in a similar way as those strengthened before loading. THEORETICAL MODEL FOR IC DEBONDING IN FRPSTRENGTHENED CONCRETE MEMBERS Dr JF Chen

King Saud University, Dept of Civil Engineering, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia ysalloum@ksu.edu.sa

Keywords: FRP, strengthening, composites, RC beams, flexure This study was carried out to experimentally investigate the flexural performance of RC beams strengthened with GFRP and CFRP composite sheets for three cases: strengthening before loading, strengthening while subjected to service loading and strengthening after unloading. The parameters of study included level of loading and the type of FRP strengthening system. The test program consisted of seven groups of beams. The first group was unstrengthened control group. The remaining six groups were divided into two series, one was strengthened with GFRP sheets, and the other was strengthened with CFRP sheets. Each series consisted of three groups; the first one was strengthened before loading, the second group was loaded to service load, unloaded, repaired with FRP sheet then loaded to failure, and the third group was similar to the second one except that the beam was strengthened while loaded. These beams were tested in flexure and the experimental data on
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University of Edinburgh, Inst for Infrastructure & Environment, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK J.F.Chen@ed.ac.uk

Prof JG Teng

Dept of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China cejgteng@polyu.edu.hk

J Yao

Zhejiang University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou, China yaojian19580302@yahoo.com.cn

Keywords: FRP, concrete beam, strengthening, interface, IC debonding A popular method for the flexural strengthening of RC beams is to bond an FRP plate to their tension face. Such strengthened beams often fail by debonding in a number of different forms. In particular, intermediate crack (IC) debonding is a common failure mode in such FRPstrengthened RC beams. An IC debonding failure initiates in the high moment region and propagates towards a plate end. This paper presents a new strength model for IC debonding failures. This strength model

is based a recent analytical solution for interfacial debonding between concrete and externally bonded FRP and considers the interaction between two adjacent cracks in an explicit manner. Predictions by this new model, on the basis of crack spacings from the tests, are shown to predict the test debonding strengths closely. The new model enables factors such as the effect of load distribution to be automatically considered. Other factors such as the internal reinforcement on IC debonding behaviour can also be accounted for if their effect on cracking spacing is properly captured through an appropriate crack spacing equation. REINFORCED CONCRETE 'T' BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN BENDING WITH NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED (NSM) FRP REINFORCEMENT EK Castro, GS Melo, Y Nagato

All the strengthening procedures studied at this research worked in terms of ultimate load. The ultimate test load was above the estimated flexural failure load for all beams, despite the premature failures happened for the beams of Groups B (strengthened respectively with CFRP strips) to E strengthened with externally bonded layers of CFRP unidirectional laminate. Ultimate loads 32% higher were obtained with almost the same Area x E (modulus) for the FRP strengthened beams (Groups B to E), in comparison with steel strengthened beams (Group F). EXPERIMENTAL RESPONSE AND CODE MODELS OF CONTINUOUS CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS MN Habeeb, Dr AF Ashour

University of Bradford, School of Engineering, Design & Technology, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK a.f.ashour@bradford.ac.uk

University of Braslia, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 70910-900 Braslia DF, Brazil guilherm@unb.br

Keywords: Code, flexure, glass fibre reinforced polymer bars, continuous beams The results of testing two simply and three continuously supported concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars are presented. The amount of GFRP reinforcement was the main parameter investigated. Over and under GFRP reinforcements were applied for the simply supported concrete beams. Three different GFRP reinforcement combinations of over and under reinforcement ratios were used for the top and bottom layers of the continuous concrete beams tested. A concrete continuous beam reinforced with steel bars was also tested for comparison purposes. The experimental results revealed that over-reinforcing the bottom layer of either the simply or continuously supported GFRP beams is a key factor in
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Keywords: Flexural strengthening, near surface mounted, FRP, CFRP, GFRP The flexural resistance of twelve T reinforced concrete simply supported beams, submitted to two top point loads was investigated. Ten of the beams were strengthened in bending with NSM (near surface mounted) CFRP strips (two beams), with NSM CFRP bars (two beams), with NSM GFRP bars (two beams), with externally bonded CFRP unidirectional laminates (two beams) and with NSM steel bars (two beams). The remaining two beams were used as references, without being strengthened. The beams were 4400 mm (overall length) x 400 mm (overall height) x 150 mm (web width) and 550 mm flange width.

controlling the width and propagation of cracks, enhancing the load capacity and reducing the deflection of such beams. Comparisons between experimental results and those obtained from simplified methods proposed by ACI 440 committee show that ACI 440.IR-01 equations can reasonably predict the load capacity and deflection of the simply and continuously supported GFRP reinforced concrete beams tested. PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS Dr. A. F. Ashour

University of Bradford, School of Engineering, Design & Technology, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK a.f.ashour@bradford.ac.uk

Keywords: Flexure, shear, glass fibre reinforced polymer bars, ACI 440, beams This paper reports test results of twelve concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a four point loading system. All test specimens had no transverse shear nor compression reinforcement and were classified into two groups according to the concrete compressive strength. The main parameters investigated in each group were the beam depth and amount of GFRP reinforcement. Two modes of failure were observed, namely flexural and shear. The flexural failure is mainly occurred due to tensile rupture of GFRP bars either within the mid-span region or under the applied point load. The shear failure is initiated by a major diagonal crack within the beam shear span. This diagonal crack extended horizontally at the level of the GFRP bars indicating bond failure. Simplified methods for estimating the flexural and shear capacities of beams tested are presented. The flexural capacity is estimated based on the compatibility
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of strains and equilibrium of forces. Comparisons between the flexural capacity obtained from the theoretical analysis and that experimentally measured in the current investigation and elsewhere show good agreement. To predict the shear capacity of the beams tested, four methods recently proposed in the literature for GFRP reinforced concrete beams are used. These methods have been developed by modifying the ACI 318-99 shear capacity formula for steel reinforced concrete beams to account for the difference in the axial stiffness of GFRP and steel bars. It has been shown that the theoretical predictions of the shear capacity obtained from these methods are inconsistent and further research needs to be carried out in order to establish a rational method for the shear capacity calculation of GFRP reinforced concrete beams.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 2: Concrete Durability Assessment by NDT & Monitoring

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FIFTEEN YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE ASSESSMENT OF DURABILITY OF CONCRETE USING IN SITU AIR PERMEABILITY AND SORPTIVITY MEASUREMENTS Prof PAM Basheer, Dr L Basheer, Prof AE Lo, Prof DJ Cleland

A PROPOSAL FOR THE USE OF PARTIAL FACTORS FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE IN TERMS OF AIR PERMEABILITY AND SORPTIVITY Prof PAM Basheer, Dr L Basheer, Prof AE Long

School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast, UK m.basheer@qub.ac.uk, l.basheer@qub.ac.uk a.long@qub.ac.uk, d.cleland@qub.ac.uk

School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, BT7 1NN m.basheer@qub.ac.uk, l.basheer@qub.ac.uk a.long@qub.ac.uk

Keywords: Concrete, non-destructive test, in situ test, permeability, sorptivity, durability assessment, Autoclam Permeability System Since the development of the Autoclam Permeability System to measure the air permeability and sorptivity of concrete in 1980s, researchers at Queens University have used this instrument to assess the durability of a range of concrete mixes and the protection provided by different methods commonly used by the industry. In this paper, conceptual links between permeability and durability are introduced first and then the research findings during the past 15 years are summarised, using which the potential of developing performance specifications for durability on the basis of in situ air permeability and sorptivity is highlighted

Keywords: Concrete, air permeability, sorptivity, Autoclam Permeability System, partial factor, design codes The variations in concrete strength are taken into account in design codes of all countries by the introduction of a material partial factor, m. This accounts for the possible variations in strength of concrete between a structure and test specimens cast and cured in a standard manner. It covers variations in workmanship and quality control that may normally be expected to occur in manufacturing concrete on site. However, when it comes to dealing with the durability of concrete, no such procedures are available in any of the codes. This is primarily due to the fact that there is no agreement on the property to be used to specify durability of the hardened concrete, unlike strength. However, research at Queens University Belfast during the past 17 years clearly illustrated that permeation characteristics can be used to assess the durability. For different mechanisms of deterioration, different permeation characteristics, such as hydraulic conductivity (or more commonly called the coefficient of water permeability), gas permeability, sorptivity (or water absorption) and diffusivity (i.e. coefficient of ionic and gaseous diffusion), can be specified and their variations can be used to develop appropriate partial factors for durability. This paper describes
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an attempt made by the authors during the construction of a Sewage Treatment Works in Northern Ireland to develop partial factors based on air permeability and sorptivity. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PERMIT ION MIGRATION TEST FOR DETERMINING THE CHLORIDE DIFFUSIVITY OF CONCRETE SV Nanukuttan, Prof PAM Basheer, Dr DJ Robinson

Queens University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK s.nanukuttan@qub.ac.uk m.basheer@qub.ac.uk des.robinson@qub.ac.uk

Keywords: Chloride diffusion, permit ion migration test, chloride migration, migration coefficient, steady state, conductivity, resisitivity, in situ test Chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the most common reasons for the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. In order to assess the resistance of concrete to the penetration of chloride ions, the common practice is to remove a core from the structure and test it in a lab to determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient using the steady state diffusion test. This test is notorious for its long test duration and hence the movement of chloride ions through the test specimen is usually accelerated by the application of a potential difference. The steady rate of flow of chloride ions in accelerated chloride migration tests is used to calculate a chloride migration coefficient, which is known to correlate well with the steady state diffusion coefficient. Using this principle of migration of chlorides, an in-situ chloride migration test, called Permit Ion Migration Test, was developed and was validated for a
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range of OPC concrete mixes by Basheer et al (2005). It was found that the coefficient obtained from this test correlated linearly with the migration coefficient and the diffusion coefficient from a 1-dimensional laboratory-based test, where a steady state flow existed. Reliable results were obtained within 4-10 hours of test duration. As a further development of the Permit Ion Migration test, its suitability to assess concretes with cement replacement materials, such as microsilica, ground granulated blast furnace slab, fly ash and metakaolin, was investigated. The Permit was compared with three other test methods recommended by a European consortium which studied different test techniques for the evaluation of chloride ingress into concrete structure. The results of this investigation are discussed in this paper. As an alternative to the measurement of the chloride concentration to identify the steady state, conductivity measurements are recommended. This also eliminates the dependence of the test on skilled personnel and further simplifies the test procedure. Furthermore, a thorough discussion of the results highlighted that the measurement of peak current in Permit Ion Migration test is as good as the measurement of the steady state chloride flux.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF THE RAPID SURFACE MODIFICATION OF STONE USED IN CONSTRUCTION Prof BJ Smith

FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE KTV Grattan, T Sun, W Zhao

School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queens University Belfast, UK b.smith@qub.ac.uk

School of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, City University, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB k.t.v.grattan@city.ac.uk

Prof PAM Basheer

Keywords: Fibre optic sensors, laser Fibre Optic Sensors have seen a very significant impact on a number of niche areas of measurement since their development as a spin-off from optical communications systems in the late 1970s. An overview of progress and advances in the field of fiber optic sensor technology is presented, highlighting the major issues underpinning recent research and illustrating a number of important applications and key areas of effective fiber optic sensor development. FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF BRIDGES YM Gebremichael, BT Meggitt, WJO Boyle, T Sun, KTV Grattan

School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast, UK m.basheer@qub.ac.uk

Dr JM Curran

Stone Conservation Services Ltd, The Gas Offices, 4b Cromac Street, Belfast, UK joanne.curran@consarc-design.co.uk

Keywords: Masonry, surface modification, gas permeametry, exposure trials Using techniques such as gas permeametry and laboratory weathering simulations, it is demonstrated that surface modification of buildings stones can have a marked effect on surface porosity/permeability characteristics and, for example, the thermal response of the stone. In turn, these responses institute feedbacks that control the operation of decay processes such as salt weathering. It is intended that results from these integrated studies will be used in future to design stone sensors that can be placed on structures prior to conservation, as a non-destructive means of identifying active decay processes, appropriate intervention and/or suitable replacement materials.

School of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, City University, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK k.t.v.grattan@city.ac.uk

Keywords: Fibre optic monitoring system, Bragg grating sensors The principal objective of the research programme described was to develop an advanced fibre optic monitoring system and robust sensor attachment and protection techniques based on fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor technology for monitoring applications in harsh industrial environments important to civil engineering applications. The work reports on the design and development of a ruggedly engineered, high bandwidth optical fibre Bragg grating prototype sensor system and the results of several important field trials
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of the equipment, especially on bridges and related structures. NOVEL FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS FOR MONITORING CORROSIONRELATED PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE T Sun, TL Yeo, WG Xie, WZ Zhao, KTV Grattan

MONITORING INTERNAL CHANGES IN CONCRETE DURING CARBONATION AND CHLORIDE INGRESS USING A COVERCRETE ELECTRODE ARRAY Prof PAM Basheer

School of Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, City University, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK t.sun@city.ac.uk

School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queens University Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK m.basheer@qub.ac.uk

Dr D Russell

PAM Basheer, AE Long, D McPolin

Queens University Belfast, School of Planning, Arch & Civil Engineering Belfast BT7 1NN, UK m.basheer@qub.ac.uk

Kirk, McClure and Morton, Elmwood House 74 Boucher Road, Belfast, BT12 6RZ Northern Ireland, UK info@kmm.co.uk

Dr. R. Andrews

Keywords: optical fibre sensors, corrosion, structural health monitoring, fibre bragg grating, fluorescence lifetime The monitoring of a number of parameters which are indicative of the corrosion of concrete structures is very important to ensure the structural health of the major civil engineering infrastructure. This paper reports on a suite of novel sensors developed to improve monitoring through determining temperature, pH, strain and moisture level, demonstrated through laboratory tests and extensive evaluations of the durability and sensitivity of the sensors themselves.

Atkins, 1 Quayside Office Park, 14 Dargan Crescent, Belfast, BT3 9JP, Northern Ireland, UK belfast@atkinsglobal.com

Prof. W.J. McCarter

School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK w.j.mccarter@hw.ac.uk

Keywords: Covercrete electrode array, in situ monitoring, carbonation, chloride ingress, permit ion migration test A novel Covercrete Electrode Array for measuring electrical resistance of concrete in situ was developed by McCarter at Heriot-Watt University in mid-90s and since then it has been used extensively in research projects undertaken by the Structural Materials Research group at Queens. In these projects, it has been possible to monitor internal changes in concrete due to a number of mechanisms, including carbonation and chloride ingress. The results from two of these investigations are presented in this paper and the advantages and disadvantages of the system are highlighted.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 3: Concrete Repair & Durability

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DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY INJECTED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH AND WITHOUT FRP FABRICS Prof JJ Myers, M Ekene

University of Missouri-Rolla, CIES / Dept of Civil, Arch., & Env. Engineering, Rolla, MO 65409, USA jmyers@umr.edu

THE VIRTUAL CEMENT AND CONCRETE TESTING LABORATORY: THE FUTURE IN CONCRETE MATERIALS EJ Garboczi, ST Erdoan

Keywords: Composite strengthening, crack repair, epoxy injection, environmental conditioning, durability performance Cracks in reinforced concrete (RC) should be repaired if they present the potential for durability related problems such as corrosion of reinforcing steel. One way to repair extensive cracks is the use of epoxy injection. Another repair technique to enhance shear or flexural strength in deficient RC members is the utilization of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics. The affect of environmental conditioning on crack injection with or without CFRP strengthening is investigated in this paper. Test results showed that the crack injection provided an increase in initial stiffness for un-strengthened RC beams. An increase in initial stiffness and ultimate strength was achieved in CFRP strengthened RC beams. Surface roughness combined with crack injection significantly increased the flexural capacity of the specimens. Environmental conditioning significantly affected the bond performance of the epoxy injection. The presence of sustained load during environmental conditioning resulted in reduced section capacity and ductility.

Inorganic Materials Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA Edward.Garboczi@nist.gov Sinan.Erdogan@nist.gov

Dr DW Fowler

The University of Texas at Austin, Dept of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA dwf@mail.utexas.edu

Keywords: VCCTL, computer modeling, concrete, virtual, aggregates, cement The Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) was initiated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2001. A consortium consisting of universities, materials manufacturers and trade associations have joined together to continue work on this exciting new development. VCCTL has the goal of modeling the materials used in concrete, the mixing, and the curing so that both fresh and hardened concrete properties can be predicted. The impact on modeling concrete mixtures will likely be as great as the finite element modeling of structures has been on structural analysis and design. It will permit optimum designs of concrete mixtures to be performed, eliminating most of the laborious laboratory mixing and testing now required. Rheology, curing time, strength, and durability are now or are planned to be within the scope of its predictions. The International Center for Aggregates Research has been involved in modeling aggregates, particularly the shape and texture. Shape characterization has required the use of X-ray tomography to scan actual aggregates bound in a matrix so that the shape can be modeled
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using spherical harmonic functions. Each aggregate source has a unique shape and texture, and the wide range of sizes requires that many aggregates be modeled. A brief overview of the VCCTL is given with emphasis on the modeling of aggregates. PROPERTIES OF CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITE-BASED RUBBER PARTICLES A. Benazzouk, O. Douzane, M. Quneudec

FERROCEMENT FOR HURRICANE PRONE STATE OF FLORIDA JC Adajar

AJIISS Structural Engineering, Plano, Texas 75025, USA jca@ajiiss.com

T Hogue

Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc, 1431 Greenway Drive, Ste 900, Irving, Texas 75038, USA

C Jordan

Universit de Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), IUT dpartement Gnie Civil, Avenue des Facults, 80025 Amiens, France amar.benazzouk@u-picardie.fr omar.douzane@u-picardie.fr micheletkint@u-picardie.fr

Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc, 6360 NW 5th Way, Ste 101, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309, USA

Keywords: Ferrocement, hurricane, damage, repair, strength recovery, wire mesh, mortar Ferrocement could be beneficial in hurricane - prone areas like Florida because of its structural integrity and repairable characteristic. Hurricanes had caused notable damages to homes and buildings in Florida and repairing the damage had been usually the preferred option instead of replacement. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the repairability of ferrocement. Specimens were designed and subjected to four types of loads, which were compression, tension, flexure, and shear, to determine the recovered strength after repair of a ferrocement component. The strength recovery factor cannot be generalized because of the effects of the type of loading, number of layers of mesh reinforcements, cement-sand-water mixture, and other related properties. However, experimental and analytical results indicated that an estimate of approximately 70% of the original strength for compression, 90% for tension and 100% for flexure could be recovered after repair. Shear strength recovery was not investigated. Ferrocement technology offers a better way to build structures to withstand a hurricane environment.
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Keywords: Rubber waste, cement composite, rubber particles, physicomechanical properties, sound attenuation The aim of the present work was the recycling of rubber waste particles, as a partial substitute of sand in mortar. The replacement levels were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by volume. Cement composites obtained were characterized by destructive and non-destructive testing, in order to find a liable application. Results from tests performed on fresh composite have shown reduction in workability and improvement in air content. A study conducted on hardened composite properties has indicated a significant reduction both in mechanical properties and unit weight. However, the incorporation of rubber particles as replacement to the sand reveals the ability of composites to reduce sound level for frequency ranges from 125 to 8,000 Hz in 1/3 octave bands.

A DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR RETROFITTED R.C. ELEMENTS SE Dritsos

University of Patras, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Greece dritsos@upatras.gr

CHLORIDE ION PENETRATION IN SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE Dr N Ghafoori, MA Aqel

Keywords: Repair, strengthening, retrofitting, earthquake, redesign and structural design procedure for the structural design and the detailing of retrofitted elements involves the following: (a) The control of a sufficient connection between contact surfaces, (b) The use of new partial factors of safety and (c) The determination of the performance of the retrofitted elements considered as composite elements, taking into account the slippage at the interfaces between the old and new materials. An approximate process could be used which would involve applying suitable correction factors to an equivalent monolithic element. The determination of reliable monolithic correction factor values, for use by the engineers, is one of the critical issues in the field of redesign. Regarding concrete jacketing of R.C. columns, design values for the strength and the displacement factors are proposed, evaluating recent experimental results. The differences in the philosophy of the structural design are stressed when, for the strengthening, fibre reinforced polymers are to be used.

University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA nader.ghafoori@unlv.edu

Keywords: Self-consolidating concrete, chloride ion penetration, corrosion This study evaluates the influence of mixing proportions on the chloride ion penetration in self-consolidating concrete (i.e. cementitious materials content, waterto-cementitious materials ratio and coarse aggregate content). A slump-flow of 650 10 mm and an air content of 2.0 0.3% were used to control matrix proportions. Six different mixing proportions with three different water-to-cementitious materials ratios (0.35, 0.4 and 0.45) and four cementitious materials contents (386, 445, 505 and 564 kg/m) were used. A constant fine aggregate-to-total aggregate ratio of 0.463 was employed for all trial matrices. Slump flow, air content, flow ability, passing ability, and visual stability index were used to describe fresh properties of the trial matrices, while demolded unitweight and compressive strength were used to characterize bulk properties. The rapid chloride penetration test was used to evaluate the resistance to chloride ion permeability of the selected self-consolidating concretes. Predictive equations to correlate the fresh and bulk properties and chloride ion permeability with the matrix proportions were developed.

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FULL-SCALE TESTING OF RC COLUMNS STRENGTHENED WITH STEEL ANGLES AND STEEL BATTENS Dr PA Caldern, E Gimnez, JM Adm

REHABILITATION OF SLABCOLUMN CONNECTIONS Widianto, Y Tian, J Argudo, Prof O Bayrak, Prof JO Jirsa

Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, ICITECH, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain pcaldero@cst.upv.es

S Ivorra

University of Alicante, ICITECH, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain

University of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin TX 78712, USA antos911@mail.utexas.edu yingtian@mail.utexas.edu jargudo@mail.utexas.edu bayrak@mail.utexas.edu jirsa@uts.cc.utexas.edu

Keywords: Strengthened, retrofit, reinforced concrete columns, steel angles, strips This article describes and analyses the results of an experimental research program, on the use of steel angles and steel battens for the strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete columns. Eighteen fullscale columns were tested under uniaxialcompression, with combinations of three variables that can affect the behaviour: placing a capital or not to improve the transmission of efforts, the loading or unloading while strengthening the columns, and the use of cement mortar or epoxy resin to join the steel jacket to the RC column. The results show that failure takes place close to the ends of the column before the theoretical maximum strength of the strengthened column is reached. However, there is a considerable improvement in strength and ductility.

Keywords: Repair, strengthening, flatplate, slab-column connection, two-way shear, punching shear failure, seismic, steel collars, carbon fiber reinforced polymers sheets, anchors, shear reinforcement Seven 2/3-scale interior slab-column connections were tested to quantify the effects of low flexural reinforcement ratios, earthquake damage, and the efficiency of various rehabilitation techniques on the two-way shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs. Research results indicate that in addition to the critical shear perimeter, the flexural reinforcement within the column region can significantly affect the two-way shear strength of the connection. Three alternatives for repairing and strengthening slab-column connections were experimentally evaluated: (i) installation of steel collars on the column under the slab, (ii) installation of external Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) stirrups, and (iii) application of wellanchored CFRP sheets on the tension side of the slab. All techniques increased the connection strength and provided a means for repairing or strengthening flat plate structures with questionable or inadequate two-way shear capacity.

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NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF BEHAVIOUR OF STRENGTHENED RC COLUMNS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING AP Lampropoulos, SE Dritsos

Dept of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Greece dritsos@upatras.gr

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF WOOD SHAVINGS ON PHYSICO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CONCRETES M Bederina, Med M Khenfer B Ladoudi, M Quneudec

Dp. de G. Civil, Univ. A.Thlidji, BP G37 Laghouat, Algrie L.T.I - I.U.T, Av. Des Facults, 80025 Amiens Cedex 1, France michele.tkint@u-picardie.fr

Keywords: Strengthening, columns, interface, cyclic loading and bar elongation The simulation of reinforced concrete elements using the finite element method is investigated. A numerical model has been created in ANSYS code, in order to predict the behaviour of monolithic and strengthened columns by concrete jacketing. The relative slip between the concrete and the steel elements is modelled by using special spring elements. The bar elongation and the total extension of a reinforcing bar at a particular point in relation to the surrounding concrete is also examined. For the strengthened specimens, special contact elements are used at the interface between the initial column and the concrete jacket and spring elements are used to simulate the presence of dowels. The degradation of the strength at the interface and the shear resistance of dowels due to cyclic loading are taken into account. The results are compared with available experimental data from cyclic loading tests in order to examine the reliability of the model.

A Bali

ENP Alger, Dp. de G. Civil, BP182, El Harrach Algrie

Keywords: Sand concrete, lightweight concrete, filler, wood shavings, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, microstructure The purpose of this work is to valorise local materials and to reuse industrial wastes. It aims at the search for structure lightweight sand concrete. It consists in studying the effect of wood shavings addition on the physico-mechanical behaviour of sand concretes. Two different sands have been separately used: a river sand and dune sand. The used wood shavings have been obtained from woodworking activities waste and the range of its contents in concrete has been varied from 0 to 160 kg/m 3. The used fillers, which have been obtained from crushing waste, are mainly composed of limestone. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of shavings into the sand concrete improves thermal conductivity, while the structure remaining homogeneous and with a strong wood-matrix adherence. The strength decreases, but it should be noted, that at smaller shavings contents, it is possible to obtain interesting strengths with good heat insulation which allow the use of the material in certain less carrying structures.
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RETROFITTING OF SQUARE REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO CONCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING WITH STEEL JACKETS Dr K Al-Deen I Bsisu

STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE MEMBERS M Tapan, Dr RS Aboutaha

Al-Eman Housing Company, P.O. Box 35063 Amman, 11180, Jordan bsisu@yahoo.com

Syracuse University, Dept of Civil Engineering, 255 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA mtapan@syr.edu & rsabouta@syr.edu

Keywords: Retrofitting, jacketing, confinement, reinforced concrete, columns. Strengthening reinforced concrete columns to resist increased loads by retrofitting with steel jackets is common engineering practice for strengthening and repair of columns because it is inexpensive, dose not require highly trained labor, unobtrusive, does not reduce space, easy to inspect and can be applied whilst the structure is still in use. Steel jacketing can be used to repair existing structures, to prolong their design life, and to upgrade structures for alternative use and additional loading. In this study 20 square reinforced concrete columns were tested to investigate retrofitting with steel jackets technique and design procedures to provide theoretical and experimental verification of the technique and allow the development of retrofitting designs with ease and confidence. Confinement models from previous researchers were compared with experimental results. Conclusions were drawn toward the best model to be used for estimating the strength of confined square reinforced concrete columns with steel jackets.

Keywords: Bridge column, concrete deterioration, corrosion of steel bars, structural evaluation, interaction diagrams Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the main causes of deterioration of concrete bridge structures in the United States. In order to design a cost-effective repair system for deteriorated concrete bridge components, the remaining load carrying capacity of the existing reinforced concrete structure should be determined. This paper presents structural evaluation of partially corroded reinforced concrete bridge columns. In this study, interaction diagrams for partially corroded reinforced concrete bridge columns were developed using an advanced analytical approach. Several variables were investigated, e.g. amount of corrosion, length of corroded region, percentage of corroded bars, and type of stresses in the corroded reinforcing bars. Developed interaction diagrams may be used to determine strength and safety level of deteriorated reinforced concrete columns at the time of investigation. Results of deteriorated columns were compared with those of un-deteriorated columns, and presented.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 3: Durabilitiy of Advanced Composites for Concrete Repair

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LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS IN AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS. ER Fyfe, S Witt

Fyfe Company LLC, Nancy Ridge, Technology Center, 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 103, San Diego CA 92121, USA ed@fyfeco.com, sarah@fyfeco.com

EXAMINATION OF FRP WRAPPED COLUMNS AND BEAMS INA CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT HG Wheat

Edward Donnelly Fyfe Company LLC, Los Angeles, CA 92121,


USA ed@fibrwrap.com

Mechanical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA hwheat@mail.utexas.edu

H Karpate, JO Jirsa, DW Fowler, DP Whitney

Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA

Keywords: FRP strengthening, fibrwrap, composite, long-term durability, fire protection, underwater, environmental exposure In the past decade the use of FRPs for structural strengthening has become commonplace. As the engineering community has become more familiar with the performance advantages of these materials, new applications have been researched and implemented. The initial research and field installations focused on seismic retrofits and bridge strengthening. The successful testing and implementation of these systems led to the development of additional applications that moved project sites from the moderate climates of the Western U.S. and Europe to aggressive climes in all corners of the globe. Research has been undertaken to prove the viability of FRPs under various environmental exposures. In addition to accelerated laboratory testing and the development of new materials, several installations have been in place for over a decade that provide sound case studies on the in-field performance of composite materials.

Keywords: Concrete, corrosion, composite, epoxy, FRP An experimental program was established to help determine whether fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite wraps provide barriers against the transportation of chlorides into concrete. The goal of the program is to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of FRP wraps in preventing or reducing corrosion of reinforced concrete elements in severe environments. Initially there were more than 60 specimens that were designed to represent typical rectangular (beam) and cylindrical (column) elements in reinforced concrete bridges. Partially wrapped and unwrapped elements were studied as part of the project. Other parameters of interest in design and construction included: cast-in chlorides to represent specimens already exposed to a corrosive environment prior to wrapping, cracked versus uncracked elements, addition of corrosion inhibitors, and types of repair materials used in addition to composite wrapping. For more than six years, specimens have been exposed to a saltwater environment on a cyclical basis, and periodically selected specimens have been removed from exposure testing and examined in detail. There is a lot of interest in this technology because FRP wraps could potentially retard the ingress of chlorides and inhibit corrosion. On the other hand, the
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wraps could trap chlorides and moisture and thereby accelerate the corrosion process. These and other aspects of FRP wrapping will be discussed based on the long-term behavior that has been observed.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 3: Seismic Upgrades using Advanced Composites

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF SHEAR CRITICAL SQUARE RC COLUMNS WITH LONGITUDINAL CFRP BONDED AND TRANSVERSE AFRP STRIPS USING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CONFINEMENT SM Taleie, Prof H Moghaddam

SEISMIC UPGRADING OF SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR RC COLUMNS USING FRP WRAPPING: NUMERICAL MODELING MAN Abdel-Mooty

The American University in Cairo, Dept. of Construction Engineering mamooty@aucegypt.edu

Sharif University of Technology, Dept of Civil Eng, Tehran, Iran shahabmehdizad@mehr.sharif.edu moghaddam@sharif.edu

ME Issa

Cairo University, Structural Eng Dept

HM Farag, Bitar

Keywords: Active confinement, ductility, FRP, passive confinement, retrofit Recent earthquakes have revealed an urgent need to develop retrofit techniques for the existing buildings and bridges designed in accordance with old seismic codes so as to meet the requirements of current seismic design standards. The insufficient amount of transverse reinforcement renders RC columns ineffective at dissipating seismic energy and the inadequate ductility rapidly leads to failure. In this research, six halfscale square RC columns with shear span to depth ratio of 2.5 with poor transverse reinforcements are tested under cyclic and axial loads as control columns and retrofitted ones. Longitudinal CFRP bonded used to increase the strength and AFRP strips used as external transverse reinforcement to evaluate the benefits of active and passive confinement. Variables investigated include: the type of confinement (Active and Passive) and the amount of axial load. Tests results show that strength and ductility of columns improves significantly as a result of confining action and the active confinement advantages versus passive confinement are demonstrated.

Military Technical College, Dept Structural Engineering

Keywords: Seismic upgrading, column strengthening, FRP wrapping, numerical modelling, nonlinear analysis, experimental testing This paper reports the results of experimental and numerical study to evaluate the effectiveness of using FRP wrapping for repair and seismic upgrading of square and rectangular RC columns in buildings. Eight specimens were tested and numerically analyzed using finite element method (FEM). A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models were developed to examine the structural behaviour of the RC columns before and after applying FRP sheet. The nonlinear finite element analysis was performed using the ANSYS program. Special elements SOLID65, LINK8, and SOLID64 were used to represent concrete, discrete reinforcing steel bars, and FRP sheet, respectively. The tested and numerically modelled specimens were divided into two groups. The first group of columns consists of four square columns and the second group consists of four rectangular columns. The specimens were tested under combined axial and increasing cyclic lateral loads. The nonlinear material properties for each material component were evaluated experimentally and used in the nonlinear finite element analysis. The numerically obtained results were
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correlated to the experimental ones. The developed finite element models were capable of effectively simulating the behaviour of square and rectangular columns confined by FRP sheets when the proper material properties are adopted. The factors affecting the performance of FRP wrapping in rectangular columns under the action of combined axial and lateral loads are considered in this paper. These factors include the rectangularity ratio of the column cross-section, the thickness of the FRP jacket, and the use of carbon verses glass FRP for column jacketing.

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Theme 2: Concrete & Advanced Composites


Day 3: Concrete Repair Interfaces

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ON THE EFFECTIVE ADHESIVE BETWEEN NEW AND OLD Li Ying


Shen Yang Architectural Univ, China

M Funada, Prof I Adachi

Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan ichiro.adachi@it-chiba.ac.jp

Keywords: Construction joint, hydrate, ultra high early strength cement, expanding cement, curing The adhesive strength between new and old hardened cement depends mainly on the curing, surface treatment of old concrete, water content percentage of new concrete or mortar and property of new materials. This report is mainly studied about the result of using ultra high early strength cement, expanding cement, fly ash cement or ordinary Portland cement as new materials for joints to confirm the advanced hydrate by the side of the interface of construction joint with Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ). The flexural strength of jointed specimens using ultra high early strength cement or expanding cement as new were lager than using ordinary Portland cement in the past experimental test of authors. And the observational tests of hydrate have been done especially by the inside of the construction joint using ultra high early strength cement, expanding cement, ordinary Portland cement and fly ash cement. As the result, it is confirmed that the advanced hydrate can be seen by the side of the joint when ultra high early strength cement or expanding cement was used, but the hydrate was insufficient in the young age and minute cracks were seen for ordinary Portland cement or fly ash cement for short time curing.

A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CEMENT MORTAR INTERFACE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS STRENGTHENED BY MEANS OF STEEL ANGLES AND STRIPS JM Adam, PA Caldern, E Gimnez
Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, ICITECH, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain joadmar@cst.upv.es

C Hidalgo

Univ. Politcnica de Valencia, Dep. Ingeniera del Terreno, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain

S Ivorra

Universidad de Alicante, Aptdo. de Correos 99, Alicante, Spain

Keywords: Interface behaviour, cement mortar, concrete columns, strengthening This paper studies the behavior of the cement mortar bond between the strengthening steel and concrete in RC columns strengthened with steel angles and strips. Two different strengthening techniques are studied analyzing the effects of the coefficient of friction between steel and concrete on the strengthened column. LONGITUDINAL SHEAR STRENGTH BETWEEN TWO CONCRETE LAYERS WITH ADDED REINFORCEMENT CROSSING THE INTERFACE ENBS Jlio

Dept of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal ejulio@dec.uc.pt

FAB Branco

Dept of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal fbranco@civil.ist.utl.pt

Keywords: Concrete, longitudinal shear, strength

interface,

Concrete bridge decks are often strengthened by adding a new layer of


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concrete. Previous studies by the authors deal with the influence of different parameters on the bond strength of old-tonew concrete interfaces: roughness of the substrate surface; use of an epoxy-based bonding agent; and compressive strength of added concrete. The present paper describes a subsequent study, performed to analyse the influence of added reinforcement crossing the interface, based on and complementing the preceding work. An experimental study was performed to evaluate the longitudinal shear strength between two concrete layers, for different values of added reinforcement crossing the interface. A total of 35 push-off tests were conducted. Results indicated that: (a) the reinforcement crossing the interface does not have a significant influence on the interface de-bonding stress; (b) increasing the reinforcement crossing the interface, the longitudinal shear strength increases; (c) to mobilize the maximum longitudinal shear strength, an important slip is necessary; (d) the slant shear test is more sensitive to the roughness of the substrate surface than the push-off test; and (e) the design expressions of most design codes analysed are not conservative in the conditions of the study performed. AN ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED BY NEW CONCRETE LAYERS OT Tsioulou, SE Dritsos

flexural capacity of reinforced concrete elements involves the casting of a new concrete layer, reinforced or not, on the tensile or the compressive side of the element. Slip at the interface between the old and the new concrete affects the behaviour of the composite element. However, it is common practice in design to ignore slip and consider the strengthened element as monolithic. In the present paper, an approximate estimation of the maximum values of sliding, slip strain and shear stress of the strengthened element is presented. In addition, an analytical procedure for prediction of the distribution of sliding and slip strain along the interface between the initial beam and the new layer of concrete is presented. Finally, the results of these two methods are compared. SILICATE PROTECTING LAYERS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AGAINST WATER AND AGGRESSIVE SUBSTANCES P Tesrek, M Jiikov, R ern

Czech Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dept of Mechanics, Thkurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic tesarek@fsv.cvut.cz

Keywords: Silicate protecting layer, concrete, moisture diffusivity, water vapour diffusion resistance factor Silicate protecting layers are cheap and effective means against penetration of water and aggressive substances during the whole service life of concrete structure. In a concrete element water-proof surface layer up to 20 mm thick depending on the concrete porosity is formed. The protection is based on the formation of hydrated calcium silicates in pores and cracks of concrete and is activated in the presence of moisture. In this paper, basic water and water vapour transport properties of
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Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Greece dritsos@upatras.gr

Keywords: Strengthened concrete beams, new concrete layers, interface, shear stress, slip strain and sliding A common problem in high seismicity areas is the need for flexural strengthening of the weak reinforced concrete elements. A popular technique for increasing the

two types of concrete provided by silicate protecting layer are analyzed and compared with the properties of the same concretes without any protection. The measured data show that the studied silicate layer can protect the investigated concretes only moderately against water penetration, the main reason being the insufficient thickness of the protecting layer.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 1: Civil Structures

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REPLACE A DRAINED TYPE NATM TUNNEL WITH AN UN-DRAINED TYPE Hwang, Deok-Il, Kim, Jung Yun

Korea Telecom, Real Assets Development Center, 1-2. 3ga wonhyo-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-718, Korea hdi379@kt.co.kr, jykim1@kt.co.kr

grouting waterproofing method with a viscous and flexible material (Turbo-Seal) has been successfully installed to achieve an 'un-drained type' waterproofing system in the tunnel. CONDITION ASSESMENT AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR WATER AERATOR Prof R Folic, Z Brujic, R Lekic

Kang, Ho Kyoung

Korea Telecom, 206 Jungja-dong, Bundang-gu Kyounggi Province 463-711, Korea hkkang@kt.co.kr

Lee, Jong Yong

Re-New System Co, 181-3 Jamshil-dong, Songpa-gu, Hyochang Bldg.9F, Seoul, 138220, Korea jylee001@hotmail.co

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, Novi Sad, Serbia & Montenegro

Keywords: Damage, corrosion, protective cover, prefabricated members, rehabilitation, protective surface In addition to the description of the structure, 30 years old, regarding its specificities, details related to its production technology are also given. They include problems of inspections made during February and March 2003, corresponding surveys and examinations in situ in order to assess conditions relevant for the Aerator of the Strand source in Novi Sad. These data were a basis for a condition evaluation of some elements that served as a base for producing a rehabilitation project. Concerning the complex conditions of exploitation in many elements, various damages were registered, and thus described and illustrated by photographs. All important parts of the building and structures elements are described. Damage is related to phenomenon conditions. Due to small concrete depth covers, the prefabricated reinforced concrete members were considerably damaged. This paper presents repair and rehabilitation works as well. General considerations for all members to be rehabilitated are presented as well as procedures for preparation and scope of repair and rehabilitation works for each structural element, all aiming to provide required safety, durability and
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Keywords: Telecommunication tunnel, NATM, waterproofing method, 'drained type waterproofing', 'un-drained type waterproofing' NATM tunnels in Korea have been designed and constructed as a 'drained type waterproofing system to reduce the high external water pressure. Constructed at a depth of 30 meters the high water pressure has caused problems such as ground settlement over NATM tunnel, underground water depletion, pumping cost, and premature structure aging. After seven years of service it was decided to convert the drained type waterproofing system to an un-drained type. Performance requirements of a new waterproofing layer were established and the waterproofing seal suitable for this application was developed. Impact-Echo Method, GPR and Rebar detector methods were employed to review the structural integrity of the tunnel structure while under high water pressure. Subsequent test results revealed it was safe to use a grouting back method to inject a new layer into the existing waterproofing layer (ECB layer). A

aesthetic properties of the structure. Surface protection of elements needed in order to provide required durability of the structure is described. MEETING THE COST DEMAND Dr R Oberle

fundamentally new process documenting the decision processes; an audit trail on repair alternatives; and the basis for documenting lessons learned. STABILIZATION OF HILLSIDE IN THE WORK TERRACES OF ALCAIDESA IN SAN ROQUE (CADIZ) Prof CJ Cabaes

The Georgia Institute of Technology P.E, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA

Dr CE Demers

Wentworth Institute of Technology, Dept of Civil, Construction & Environment, Boston, MA 02115, USA demersc1@wit.edu

Keywords: Parametric cost engineering, cost-benefit, bridges, model, Pontis Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recommends rehabilitation alternatives before replacing a bridge structure to effectively use available federal funds. The goal of bridge management is to assess the structures most critically in need of repair/ strengthening, decide the appropriate retrofit, and control cost. In determining which structures are most critical for repair/ strengthening, Pontis TM, a database of bridge assessment, was developed. PONTIS provides a network level analysis that does not include a project level evaluation. A project level analysis is needed to assess costs associated with alternative repair procedures for specific bridge treatments. The objective of this paper is to report the design and conceptual basis of a project level cost-benefit model for bridges. This model addresses the process of constructing the repair, provides resulting costs, builds on the patented Parametric Automated Cost Engineering System (PACES) and contributes new and fundamental interdisciplinary systems-based knowledge applicable to bridge infrastructure systems. This model design provides: economically smart repair/strengthening options; a
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Polythecnic University of Madrid, Escuela de Ingeniera Tcnica de Obras Pblicas de Madrid & Ingecal Ingenieros S.L., Avda. De la Independencia 34, Madrid, Spain cjurado@recol.es

Keywords: Hillside, slope, landfill, housing, stabilisation In the locality of La Alcaidesa in San Roque (Cadiz) is now being constructed three blocks of housings called The Terraces Alcaidesa in a hillside in part virgin and in part with a refilling terrain without compaction with a width of 50m and with a difference of levels between the most extreme points of 10 m. The existence of the above mentioned difference, it forces to a construction with excavations and landfills. For the containment of the terrace, where the housings will be placed, a wall of limestone blocks was constructed by an average height on the above mentioned landfills of approximately 3 meters. The above mentioned wall according to the Geotechnical Report had to be construct fixed 1,0 m in the underlying hard marls. The terrace in the zone of the intermediate housing block, was affected in February, 2003 by intense rains, giving place the breaking of the collectors above the mentioned zone, which there produced both the slide of the stone wall of limestone blocks, the displacement and the break of the piles that were realized in the intermediate block of housings.

The analysis of the slide by means of a Geotechnical Campaign detected the lack of fixing of the retaining wall in the underlying hard marls and it has forced to stabilization by means of a double sheet of piles with satisfactory results. MINE SHAFT DETECTION: ASPECTS OF NUMERICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT Dr FH Drossaert, Dr A Giannopoulos, Dr DM McCann, PJ Fenning, Prof MC Forde

the remarkable property that it effectively absorbs wave energies impinging on it at a wide range of angles and frequencies. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTECTION WALL OF THE GUADALQUIVIR RIVER DESTROYED BY A LANDSLIDE, ALCAL DEL RO, SEVILLE (SPAIN) Prof CJ Cabaes

University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering and Electronics, William Rankine Building, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK F.Drossaert@ed.ac.uk a.giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk, M.Forde@ed.ac.uk

Keywords: Abandoned mineshaft, detection, seismics Intensive mining in the UK left the country a legacy of abandoned mine workings and mine shafts. Especially mine shafts constitute a potential hazard for existing buildings and infrastructures and therefore these mine shafts have to be located and treated. Suspected areas where mine shafts can exist should be investigated. Procedures have been outlined by the Dept of Environment. Geophysical and geochemical methods can be used to detect mine workings. A short overview of geophysical and geochemical detection methods is given in this paper. This paper focuses on the development of a numerical simulation technique for seismic elastic wave propagation models for detection of mine shafts. In particular it focuses on the fact that seismic waves need to be absorbed at artificial boundaries in order to avoid spurious reflections caused by the truncation in the computer model. It is argued that the way forward is to use an integrational perfectly matched layer (IPML) for wave modelling, which has
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Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Escuela de Ingeniera Tcnica de Obras Pblicas de Madrid (Spain), General Director of the Ingecal Ingenieros SL, Avda. De la Independencia 34, 4 A - S.S. Reyes (28700-Madrid), Spain cjurado@recol.es

Keywords: River, retaining wall, collapse, repair The retaining wall of local road C-433 on Alcal del Ro over the Guadalquivir river, has suffer the 23th of September of 1.992, a collapse towards the river, just in the moment when a bus with 50 passengers was driving to Sevilla, with the possibility of causing a catastrophe. The present article describes the backgrounds of other collapses in the area, the site works and the analysis made to diagnose the pathology, the initial proposals of repairing and the final solution adopted.

TECHNIQUES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TSA ON SKIN FRICTION AT THE SOIL/CONCRETE INTERFACE R Brueckner, SJ Williamson

BONDED STEEL ANCHOR DESIGN PROBLEM DESCRIPT M Bajer, J Barnat

University of Birmingham, Dept of Civil Engineering, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK rxb316@bham.ac.uk

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal and Timber Structures, Veve 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic bajer.m@fce.vutbr.cz; barnat.j@fce.vutbr.cz

J Kala

Keywords: Sulphate, attack, soil, concrete Since the discovery of the thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) in a number of underground structures in 1998 this form of concrete deterioration has been the subject of a good deal of research effort, much of which has focussed on the mechanism of thaumasite formation and the identification of mixes and construction methods capable of resisting TSA. Less attention has, however, been given to the structural effects of TSA. To investigate these it is first necessary to develop laboratory techniques for the acceleration of TSA that are representative of field conditions, i.e. the mineral must form under pressure and should not be allowed to become detached from the specimen. This paper reports on the development of techniques for the acceleration of TSA suitable for investigation of its effects on skin friction at the soil/concrete interface.

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Structural Mechanics, Veve 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic kala.j@fce.vutbr.cz

Keywords: Steel bonded anchor, bearing capacity, failure type, experimental analysis, anchorage length, numerical modelling This paper discusses some problems of steel bonded elements design. It is focused on analysis of steel bonded anchors behaviour. The comparison between results from experimental research and results obtained by numerical modeling is described in this paper. The anchors are loaded by static tension force. Numerical models are assembled in Atena software. The experiments are focused to verification of ultimate bearing capacity of single anchor, as well as of couple of two anchors in two mutual limit distances. The mechanical and strength parameters of basic material were experimentally determined on laboratory specimens. They are used in assembling of numerical models.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PUNCHING SHEAR OF RC FLAT PLATE USING STUD AND STEEL PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LATERAL LOAD Lin Xia, Hyun Woo Kim, Seung Il Lee

Hanyang University, Dept of Architectural Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong, Ansan-Si, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, R.O. Korea hitxl@163.com, rt145@hanmail.net mrsec@chol.com

comparison to the control sample. Punching shear failure was not observed in this kind of upgraded specimens. The results of the experimental program showed that the flat plate slab strengthened by stud with steel plates is successful in increasing deformation resistance capacity, ductility and avoiding punching shear failures. It can be widely used in high rise buildings. PUNCHING TEST OF CONCRETE FLAT PLATE SLAB REINFORCED WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS Ran Li & Prof S Zhang

Prof YS Cho

Hanyang University, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, 1271 Sa 1-dong, Ansan-Si, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, R.O. Korea ycho@hanyang.ac.kr

Keywords: Flat plate, stud with steel plate, punching shear, ductility, lateral load Flat plate slab has been widely used in high rise buildings for its remarkable advantages. However, punching shear failure has become increasingly important issue with the spread of flat plate slab. The results of an experiment program on punching shear performance of RC slab-column connections are presented in this paper. The first one of five specimens was severed as the control specimen. Two of them were strengthened by studs welded on the rails according to ACI 421.1R-99. The others were reinforced by studs with perforated steel plates. Specimens were tested under constant gravity shear load and the lateral displacement was applied on the top surface of column in a reversed cyclic manner. Punching shear failure occurred for the control specimen at drift ratio of approximately 6%. The specimens with studs on the steel plates showed a significant flexural yielding and sustained deformation up to a drift ratio of 10.6% to 11.9% without obviously losses of strength. Furthermore, the results exhibited a maximum increase of 52.29% on ductility of the joints
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Harbin Institute of Technology, Dept of Civil Engineering, Harbin, 150001, PR China liran.hit@gmail.com, smzhang@hit.edu.cn

Prof YS Cho

Hanyang University, Dept of Architecture Engineering, Kyunggi-Do, 425-791, RO Korea ycho@hanyang.ac.kr

Keywords: Flat plate slab, Punching shear, CFRP, lateral force Flat plate slab system is widely adopted by engineers as it provides many advantages. The system can reduce the height of the building and further reduce the material cost. This system can also provide more flexible spatial planning due to no beams present and so on. However, the biggest disadvantage it carries is the brittle failure of punching shear. In this paper, the punching shear behavior will be discussed and an experiment of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods as shear reinforcement was conducted. This exploratory research is to study the behavior of the flat plate slab with CFRP-rods reinforced in punching shear zone under constant gravity load and lateral displacements in a reversed cyclic manner. Three interior columnslab connection specimens were tested

including one standard specimen without any shear reinforcement, the second one reinforced with CFRP-rods and the third one reinforced with stud rail as the reference for the second one. The slabs were 3,000mm long 2,800mm wide 150mm deep and were simply supported at four corners. Punching shear failure occurred for the standard specimens at a lateral drift-ratio of approximately 5%. The CFRP-rods reinforced specimens had significant flexural yielding and sustained deformations up to a drift ratio of approximately 9% without significant losses of strength and punching shear was not observed in this specimen. The displacements increased up to 1.79 times better than that of the standard specimen. The CFRP-rods reinforced specimen showed 42% superior ductile performance than the standard specimen and even the same capability with the stud-rail reinforced specimen. The results of the experiment indicate that CFRP material using in the flat slab has a better foreground.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 1: Masonry Structures

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BEYOND THE FIRST YEAR: LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS STONE PLAZA DESIGN SELECTION CRITERIA EA Gerns, SG Naggatz

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc, 120 North LaSalle Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois USA egerns@wje.com, snaggatz@wje.com

EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY EVALUATION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 'NEUES MUSEUM' AT BERLIN Dr M Gutermann

University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany ifes@hs-bremen.de

Keywords: Paver, setting bed, sand, mortar, pedestal Plazas have been an integral part of architectural expression for thousands of years. Todays plazas are no longer used only by pedestrians; therefore initial design decisions become much more critical. Frequently, the initial design of the plaza is not given the same level of thought as the rest of the building, and furthermore, the long term performance of the system is not properly considered. This paper examines initial design options and system selection criteria based on the current body of knowledge and past performance. Three case studies installed within the past 10 years are also presented. Each of the case studies employed a different paving support system; sand set, mortar set, and pedestals. The focus of each case study will be to present initial design decisions for each project and more importantly, discuss the long term serviceability and performance of each system and the implication of considering long term serviceability in design considerations.

Prof K Steffens

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Steffens Neustsadtswall 30, Germany info@psi-bremen.de

Ing.-GmbH,

Keywords: Monument protection, loading test, maintenance, experimental assessment of bearing capacity, clay pots, limestone pillar, mosaic floor, cast iron girder While no work can be understood without knowledge of its technology, no technology can be understood without knowledge of the work, either. The reconstruction of the 'Neues Museum' at Berlin is a great challenge for all participants in terms of Adorno. Historical structures, especially arched components, usually have amazing bearing capacities. It is rarely possible to verify these only by calculation. Some examples will show how calculation and experiment complement each other in analysing the load capacity. Thus historical structure components can be admitted to modern utilisation. UNDERSTANDING TERRA COTTA DISTRESS: EVALUATION AND REPAIR APPROACHES EA Gerns, JD Freedland

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc, 120 North LaSalle, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois USA egerns@wje.com, jfreedland@wje.com

Keywords: Terra cotta, skyscrapers, restoration, distress, repair This paper will provide a brief history of terra cotta veneer systems in general and
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specifically representative examples of terra cotta clad buildings systems in the United States. Through case studies, various types of distress, the causes of distress, and repair techniques of the distress will be discussed. Distress in terra cotta facades often manifests as cracking or displacement of terra cotta units. More than other modern curtain wall systems, terra cotta in a hybrid system, and distress may result from a number of causes. Common repairs including replacement, removal and reinstallation, an in-situ through face pinning may all be appropriate depending on the cause of distress. The underlying cause of distress must be understood, so that a durable repair and appropriate maintenance program can be established. ELECTROKINETIC REMOVAL OF SALTS FROM BRICK MASONRY LM Ottosen, AJ Pedersen, I RrigDalgaard

The masonry had a high concentration of nitrates and problems with hygroscopic moisture. The electrodes consisted of reinforcement steel in carbonate-rich clay. The clay was chosen mainly to improve electric contact between metal and masonry and to hinder the acid produced at the anode in reaching the masonry. In the first set of electrodes the clay was too dry, and electric current was only applied for 7 days. Still the highest concentrations of nitrates and chlorides in the clay measured after these 7 days was higher than the highest initial concentrations in the masonry. The second pilot-test with a new set of electrodes is running at present. Current have been applied to these electrodes for 35 days in very cold weather (most of the time below 0C) which shows that the method can be used during periods with frost. COLLAPSE OF A SLAB IN 'FESTIVITIES HALL VERSAILLES' IN JERUSALEM, MAY 24, 2001 QUESTION MARKS REGARDING THE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BEAMS Dr AS Scarlat

Techncial University of Denmark, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark lo@byg.dtu.dk

Keywords: Brick masonry, chlorides, nitrates, electrokinetics A method to effectively remove salts from masonry is lacking. The present study aims at determining the removal efficiency of salts from bricks in an applied low current electric DC field. At first an investigation on removal of NaCl and Na(NO3)2 from spiked bricks in laboratory scale was conducted, and the results were very promising. It was possible to remove both nitrate and chloride from a high level (0.83 mg Cl/kg and 1.5 mg NO3-/kg) to concentrations below 0.02 mg/kg. Following these good results in laboratory scale a pilot scale test was initiated. The pilot-trial consisted of two electrodes, a cathode and an anode, that were placed on a masonry wall of an old stable.
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Scarlat, Shenkar, Engineering, Givataym, Israel adi@scarlat-shenkar.com Affiliate Professor, University Ben Gurion, Beer Sheva, Israel

Keywords: Collapse, shear stresses, failure load, allowable stresses The collapse of a slab designed by a new system of construction is described, together with various possible explanations. The shear resistance due to longitudinal steel bars in tension is emphasized, as well as the difficulties encountered in distinguishing the shear collapse from the bending collapse. The assessment of the real ductility of the slab structure is discussed.

ADDITIONAL STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY VAULTS WITH NON-PRESTRESSED ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT Prof P tpnek, M Zlmal

CONDITION RATING FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY OF CORRODING RC STRUCTURES D Coronelli

Dept of Concrete and Masonry Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno 662 37, Czech Republic stepanek.p@fce.vutbr.cz, zlamal.m@fce.vutbr.cz

Politecnico di Milano, Dept of Structural Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano , Italy dario.coronelli@polimi.it

Keywords: Masonry, tests, strengthening An experimental validation of additional strengthening consisting of pull-out (anchorage) tests of the system in masonry made from Czech bricks load tests of beams made from bricks 'London Brick' and Czech bricks load tests of vaults made from Czech bricks was carried out. Aim of the work was Evaluation, testing a new method for the masonry strengthening by retrofit reinforcement using non-prestressed steel rebars to resist the bending moment or eccentric tensile force, respectively. Development of a design methodology (algorithm) for strengthening set up of mathematical model, parametric study, establish practice guide, development of new software or new modulus into existing program (for example Ring).

Keywords: Concrete, structures, safety, evaluation, corrosion A condition rating method is proposed for the assessment of existing reinforced concrete structures, with a specific application to frames and one-way horizontal spanning systems. A case-study is presented analysing an industrial building suffering from carbonation corrosion damage. The observation of both the chemical-physical and mechanical deterioration is connected to the understanding of the hierarchy of the structural elements in the load path. The condition rating is used to evaluate a strength deterioration factor for the Limit State verifications; the results are compared to those obtained estimating the residual strength using the measured mechanical properties and geometry of the damaged elements.

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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF A MASONRY WALL UNDER HORIZONTAL CYCLIC LOAD; EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY A Costa, B Silva, J Guedes, A Arde
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering, Dep. of Civil Engineering, Porto, Portugal jguedes@fe.up.pt, jguedes@fe.up.pt aarede@fe.up.pt

A Costa

University of Aveiro, Dep. of Civil Engineering, Aveiro, Portugal agc@fe.up.pt

Keywords: Stone masonry wall, cyclic load, experimental test, numerical model, reinforcement This paper presents a numerical and experimental study on the structural behaviour of a stone masonry wall recovered from a house in faial island, archipelago of azores, that collapsed during the 9th july 1998 earthquake. The wall was identified and tested under cyclic horizontal loads at the laboratory of seismic and structural engineering (lese) of the faculty of engineering of porto university, to simulate the effects of a horizontal seismic action. In particular, the experimental response allowed accessing the cyclic behaviour and estimating the energy dissipation and ductility capacity of the structure, as well as its strength and stiffness. Afterwards the wall was simulated numerically using a finite element method. The stones and the infill were simulated separately using different behaviour models and the link between the two materials was simulated with joint elements (pegon, 1999). Finally, the numerical results were compared to the experimental response.

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Day 1: Seismic & Blast Strengthening

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A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON BLAST RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES RETROFITTED WITH FRP PA Buchan

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RENOVATED SEWAGE STRUCTURES M Nakano, Z Shi

Weidlinger Associates Ltd, PO Box 14488 Glenrothes, Fife, UK buchan@wai.com

Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, 2304 Inarihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3001259, Japan a4753@n-koei.co.jp

JF Chen

S Sato, K Nakatsui

University of Edinburgh, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK j.f.chen@ed.ac.uk

Tokyo Regional Division, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, 4-2, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 1020083, Japan

T Deguchi

Keywords: FRP, concrete, masonry, blast, explosion, strengthening Recent world events such as bombings in London, Istanbul and Madrid have highlighted the vulnerability of many civilian facilities to terrorist threats. Attacks directed towards vulnerable structures may cause considerable damage and loss of life. As a result, there is now a desire to increase the blast resistance of many types of structures. This has led to research in retrofitting structures with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for blast protection. This paper presents a review of publicly available literature on blast resistance of concrete and masonry structures retrofitted with FRP composites. Areas where research is lacking are also highlighted.

Tokyo Metropolitan Sewage Service Corporation, 2-6-2, Otemachi, Chiyodaku,Tokyo 100-8699, Japan

Keywords: Sewage pipes, seismic performance verification, seismic performance chart, nonlinear dynamic response analysis In Japan, aging sewage structures renovated with various renewal methods in recent years are expected to withstand severe structural damage during the events of strong earthquakes. In principle, recent building codes that require seismic performance evaluation for RC structures provide theoretical bases for the required seismic performance of renovated sewage structures. Specific efforts have to be made, however, in implementing these building codes because renovated sewage pipes are often hybrid types, and usually contain complicated and unique structural features that require adequate interpretations of the building codes. This paper presents examples of seismic performance evaluations of these renovated structures using the recent building codes of JSCE for seismic performance verification, which require non-linear, time-history response analysis. Based on detailed numerical analyses of the renovated pipes of various sizes and shapes while changing the localities, geologic
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features, material properties and details of the renewal methods, the possibility of constructing seismic performance charts for renovated sewage structures is studied. With the assistance of such a chart, a practicing engineer can easily select a renovation method that satisfies the seismic performance requirement for an aging sewage pipe following a shakedown process, and proceed to design the structural details under static loads only.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 1: Corrosion & Repair

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CATHODIC PROTECTION TO PREVENT AGAINST ACCELERATED LOW WATER CORROSION Jim Preston

UNDERWATER FRP REPAIR OF CORRODED PILES R Sen, G Mullins, D Winters,

Corrosion Control Services Limited, 6 Hollinswood Court, Stafford Park 1, Telford TF3 3DE, UK jpreston@freyssinet.co.uk

Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 336205350, USA sen@eng.usf.edu

K Suh

Keywords: Corrosion, cathodic protection, ALWC, anodes, galvanic, impressed current The identification, reporting and publication of data on Accelerated Low Water Corrosion (ALWC) from the mid 1990s to date has resulted in many port, harbour and terminal operators reviewing the applicable corrosion control measures for their marine structures and jetties and in many instances this has resulted in the installation of Cathodic Protection (CP). CP is a well established engineering tool to prevent the corrosion of buried, submerged or concrete encased metals. At the same time structural designers have taken heed of the publication of data regarding ALWC and increasingly designs take the problem into account. Again, in many instances the installation of CP at time of construction is considered an effective remedy. This paper presents an overview on CP as a solution for ALWC, presents the relative merits of both impressed current and galvanic CP systems, presents data from UK field installations, details the associated costs and makes comment on practical considerations for CP installations. It also presents UK case studies in the use of CP to overcome ALWC.

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc, 5405 West Cypress St, Tampa FL 33607, USA suhk@pbworld.com

Keywords: FRP, piles, corrosion, repair, underwater The unsatisfactory performance of traditional corrosion repair has led to renewed interest in exploring the use of fiber reinforced polymers for such repairs. This paper presents an overview of recent demonstration projects in which FRP was used to repair corroding piles. A unique feature of the study was that in all cases selected piles were instrumented to allow the performance of the FRP wrap to be monitored. Long term corrosion measurements over nearly three years indicate lower corrosion rates in wrapped piles compared to their unwrapped counterparts. The FRP-concrete bond was found to be dependent on the type of resin used. Overall, the method shows promise.

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Day 2: Timber Structures

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LIMITS OF VISUAL STRENGTH GRADING: OLD TIMBER ROOF BEAMS OF AI CADUTI DELLADAMELLO REFUGE Prof M Piazza, M Riggio

Trento University, Dept of Mechanical and Structural Engineering (DIMS), Via Mesiano 77, 38050 Trento, Italy maurizio.piazza@ing.unitn.it

Keywords: Timber, visual grading, on-site grading, traditional structures The aim of the research presented in this paper was to assess the reliability of visual grading procedures in predicting the mechanical characteristics of in-situ traditional timber elements. The chance to carry out a comprehensive investigation on existing timber beams came up during the restoration works of Ai Caduti dellAdamello refuge, in Lobbia Alta (Italy). A wide experimental campaign on the disassembled old roof beams have been undertaken at the DIMS laboratory of the University of Trento, in order to compare grading results with the data gathered from NDT as well as from destructive tests. DAMAGE DETECTION IN A TIMBER BEAM Dr J Li, FC Choi, Prof B Samali, Prof K Crews

in maintaining the integrity and safety of the structures and users. Among various proposed damage identification algorithms, the methods based on vibration of structures have shown great potential. However, despite a number of vibration-based damage identification algorithms being proposed, and some being applied in laboratory or in the field, detailed studies on changes to dynamic behaviour of timber bridges are still in their early stages of development. Furthermore, structures subjected to different damage have also not been closely and systematically investigated. Hence, in this paper, multiple damage location detection of a timber beam is numerically addressed. A finite element model is developed to acquire the modal parameters of the beam. Three types of damage detection algorithms were evaluated for multiple damage configurations. The quality of the damage identification with the three different detection algorithms is discussed. The mode shape curvature based method proves to be a reasonably good damage detection and health monitoring tools for multiple damage locations. DAMAGE LOCALISATION AND SEVERITY EVALUATION OF A BEAM-LIKE TIMBER STRUCTURE BASED ON MODAL STRAIN ENERGY AND FLEXIBILITY APPROACHES Dr J Li, FC Choi, Prof B Samali, Prof K Crews

University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Built Infrastructure, Faculty of Engineering, NSW 2007, Australia fookcho@eng.uts.edu.au

Keywords: Damage detection, timber, natural frequency, flexibility, mode shape curvature, modal strain energy Many timber bridges in Australia are old and structurally deficient. To avoid catastrophic failure of structures, development of a reliable damage identification and structural health monitoring for these bridge structures is one of the most important keys
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University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Built Infrastructure, Faculty of Engineering, NSW 2007, Australia Jianchun.Li@uts.edu.au

Keywords: Damage identification, damage index, modal strain energy, flexibility Modal-based damage identification techniques have been widely used for structural damage evaluation. In many

cases, they were claimed to be successful in detecting, locating and quantifying of damage in structures. One of the popular and promising damage identification methods is the damage index method based on change of modal strain energy. However, systematic investigation on its capability and limitation in locating and quantifying damage is yet to be reported, especially structures with multiple damage. In this paper, after in-depth exploration of the capability and limitation of damage index and flexibility methods, a new hybrid algorithm, combining modified damage index and change in flexibility algorithms, is presented for damage localisation and severity evaluation. The study is based on finite element analysis (FEA) results of a timber beam. The mode shape was mass normalised and the mode shape curvature was normalised with respect to the maximum value of each considered mode. The first two flexural mode shapes were used in computing the algorithms. The aim of the study is to explore the capability and limitations of existing algorithms and present a new effective damage identification approach for locating damage and quantifying their severities. The numerical results indicate that the proposed hybrid algorithms based on modified damage index method and flexibility have greater advantages in detecting damage locations and evaluating damage severities, especially for multiple damage cases.

TIME-DEPENDENT LOAD PERFORMANCE OF NOTCHED WOOD-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BEAMS Dr R Gutkowski, R Fast

Colorado State University, Dept of Civil Engineering, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA gutkowsk@engr.colostate.edu

Dr J Balogh

Metro St. Coll. of Denver, Civil Eng Technology, Denver, CO 80217, USA

Dr M Fragiacomo

University of Canterbury, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand

Keywords: Composite, beams, woodconcrete, creep, cyclic loading Researchers at Colorado State University (CSU) are examining the feasibility of using wood-concrete composite floor/ deck systems as an alternative to concrete floor slab systems. The primary aim is to show that a structurally effective, durable solid wood-concrete layer can replace the cracked portion of the concrete slab and its rebar. Concrete needs a companion material to account for its lack of tension carrying ability. Wood is good in tension, if tension defects such as knots do not exist. Since the wood layer deck can replace the formwork for a solid slab, the gain is to leave it in place and use it structurally to reduce the concrete slab thickness by about 50% by interconnecting the wood and concrete layers. Ceccotti (1995) has closely examined wood-concrete flooring systems and provided a summation of many of the benefits compared to light frame wood floors. These include: 1) reduction of the vibration problems associated with timber structures, 2) an improvement of the sound insulation, 3) better fire resistance, 4) better seismic behaviour, and 5) reduction in the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The competitive merit of such mixed construction is borne out by several
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examples of successful commercial projects in Europe (Natterer, 1998). The concept has also been tried in the reconstruction of timber floors and ceilings (Toratti and Kevarinmaki, 2001). Layered wood-concrete composites exhibit composite behavior that is it is bounded by two extreme limits. The upper limit (fully composite) is when the interface between the layers is considered perfectly bonded and allows no relative motion (slip). The lower limit (non-composite) is when the layers are completely unbounded with neither mechanical bond nor friction taking place between the two layers. For non-composite behavior, no interlayer shear transfer takes place. The actual circumstance is that the layer beam exhibits partial composite behavior while also experiencing slip between the layers. Actual systems are stiffer than the non-composite limit state while less stiff than the fully composite state. Prior to conducting load tests of layered floor/deck specimens, preliminary load tests of layered wood-concrete beams where done by Fast et al. (2003). This included subjecting specimens to either creep tests and/or cyclic loading tests which simulate their typical service life. Results were used to evaluate the efficiency of the beam specimens as related to the degree of partial composite action achieved. Graphical and tabulated results presented herein are taken (with permission) from Fast et al. (2003) in the original units.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF TRADITIONAL ROOF STRUCTURES Dr K Mikes

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, Prague 6, Czech Republic mikes@fsv.cvut.cz

Keywords: Roof, timber, numerical analysis This paper is about the numerical study and comparison of several types of traditional timber roof structures, which has been used in Central Europe. The shapes and slopes of roofs have changed over the course of centuries. With the each slope of roof is connected a few types of roof structures which have been provided. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF TIMBER BEAMS BY CFRP LAMINATES Valluzzi M.R., Garbin E., Modena C.

Dept of Construction and Transportation Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy valluzzi@dic.unipd.it, garbin@dic.unipd.it modena@dic.unipd.it

Keywords: Timber, dowels, CFRP, strengthening, repair In this contribution, experimental analyses for the validation of some strengthening techniques for historic timber floors using traditional and/or innovative materials (FRP, fibre reinforced polymer) are presented. The traditional proposed method consists in placing reinforcing planks above the existing floor beams and in fixing them with a dry connection by means of hardwood dowels. The FRP strengthening was evaluated first as separate technique on timber beams and then in combination with the traditional jointed beams. The characterization of the connections between the materials (dry wooden
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dowels and FRP bond behaviour) and the flexural tests on simple and mechanically jointed beams with or without carbon FRP (CFRP) reinforcement are presented. The main execution phases of the strengthening techniques, and their limits and advantages, are described.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 2: Building Inspection & Repair

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BIO-COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL PANELS FOR LOW RISE CONSTRUCTION HW Shenton III, A Conklin, B Hu, RP Wool

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA shenton@udel.edu, wool@ccm.udel.edu

STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF THE MINISTRY OF PLANNING BUILDINGS COMPLEX AFTER IRAQ LIBERATION WAR 2003 H Al-Madfai

Consulting Civil Engineer, Baghdad-Iraq hushamalmadfai@yahoo.com

Keywords: Bio-composite, composite material, experimental, design, roof, structural, test Research has recently been conducted at the University of Delaware to develop structural panels made from bio-based composite materials for use in low rise construction. Bio-based composites consist of a resin made from natural oil and an all natural fiber reinforcement. These new, innovative materials are environmentally friendly, are derived from annually grown renewable resources, are biodegradable, and do not deplete petroleum resources. Composite structural panels, in the form of a sandwich structure, have been fabricated with Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO) and recycled paper. The panel has been designed for use as the roof in low rise residential construction; the monolithic load bearing sandwich panel is designed to carry all of the usual normal and in-plane loads a conventional roof must carry. The panel consists of a top face sheet, bottom face sheet and intermittent webs. Foam cores separate the panel components and provide inherent insulation to the system. The sandwich panels can also be used as load bearing walls and floors. Beams and panels of various sizes have been fabricated and tested in flexure and shear. Tests have also been conducted to evaluate the punching shear and web capacity of the panel. The paper will provide an overview of the research conducted to date and discuss key results of the project.
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Keywords: Repair, concrete, war damaged buildings The Ministry of Planning Buildings Complex in Baghdad has been exposed to severe damages during the last 2003 war on Iraq by the Coalition Forces. The Building Compound is located at the Government Center, west side of Tigris River in Baghdad adjacent to Jamhouriya Bridge. The government center extends from Jamhouriya Bridge to 14 th July Bridge. It is called now the Green Zone in Baghdad. The Building Complex contains 6 buildings. Two of the Buildings have been designed by the Famous Italian architect Geo Ponti, while the others were designed by Iraqi architects. This paper reports on the repair of these buildings. STRENGTHENING OF RC FRAMES WITH EXTERNAL RC SHEAR WALL Prof MY Kaltakci, M Hakan Arslan, US Yilmaz

Selcuk University, Eng-Arch. Faculty, Dept of Civil Eng., Konya, Turkey mykal@selcuk.edu.tr, harslan@selcuk.edu.tr, usyilmaz@selcuk.edu.tr

Keywords: Seismic strengthening, reinforced concrete frames, reversed cyclic loading, seismic response, shear wall The seismic rehabilitation of structures in the earthquake prone areas is an important engineering problem that should be solved both economically and effectively. The main aim of a seismic rehabilitation study

is to upgrade both the stiffness and strength characteristics of a structure and to decrease the drift requirements. In Turkey, most of the structural members of reinforced concrete structures does not satisfy ductility requirements. Generally, concrete quality of the frames are poor (low strength and poor compaction), reinforcement detailing is not accordance with the current seismic codes and the reinforcement detailing of the frame members has lot of deficiencies like inadequate splice length of the column longitudinal bars and insufficient amount of transverse reinforcement. Lessons, derived in the past destructive earthquakes, have indicated the importance and effectiveness of structural walls, which might provide adequate strength and stiffness to whole building. The scope of the study includes testing of eight two bay, two story, 1/3 scale RC specimens were constructed and tested under reversed cyclic loading. The specimens were constructed with the most common deficiencies observed in practice and mention above. Strengthening of these undamaged poor reinforced concrete frames using external reinforced shear wall (SW) will be discussed in detail. FORCED VIBRATION TEST AND EFFECT OF INFILLED WALLS OVER DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURES A Sayari

Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Kurdestan, Iran sayari_51@yahoo.com

Keywords: Forced vibration test, infilled walls, dynamic behavior Dynamic specifications of constructions including natural vibrating periods, modes and amount of damping are of the most important factors which specify the kind of behavior to earthquakes. Considering mathematical and theoretical models
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with respect to the Fact that simplifying approaches are used in them and the impact of non-constructions components are ignored, and as amount of damping in constructions which is based on the kind of these materials being used and the style of construction, the accuracy of these models should be examined on construction materials by shaking tests. In order to detect co-ordination gained from mathematical and theoretical Models with real tests, construction models for buildings with steel structure first mathematically analyzed, and then, it has been put under Steady- state sinusoidal Excitation. A shaker which is able to apply Sinusoidal force at different frequencies has been used. Records from buildings response have been attained in all directions and all frequencies being simulated by shaker set, and response has been drawn after processing the records. Paying attention to these spectra as well as rate of responses and difference in Accelometers phase the difference in each intensive frequency, modes for changing from of building has been drawn. Mode damping, also, has been gain from each mode by using half band method in response spectra. Results from analysis and test have been compared its been tried to modify the mathematical model in such a way that its results are conformed to those of the test. First computer modeling has been ignored because of stiffness of infilled walls, and so, there was a significant difference between mathematical and computerized models. After modeling the stiffness of infilled walls in computer model, there are respondent between mathematical and computerized model. It is, also, noteworthing that the loads. Based on its relation to conditions and under the effect of different forces, the effect of entering forces on intensive frequencies have been examined, mean

while, its been specified that the amount of intensifying frequencies is independent from the extent of entering forces. Comparing mathematical and computerized results, its been specified that infilled walls have basic roies in the behavior of construction and its hardness should be considered in computerized analysis. It, also, shows that the test result on unrigidity and flexibility of the floor which is against applied approaches in computerized models. Before adding infilled walls to computerized models, the result from computerized analysis showed that twisting is brought about at 1.98 HZ, but it was not Observed at/ near to 0.0-12.0 HZ after adding inter- frames to computerized model. This was confirmed by test results and there was no twisting at range of considered frequencies.

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Day 2: Concrete Repair

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CONREPNET: PERFORMANCEBASED APPROACH TO REMEDIATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: AN OVERVIEW Dr S L Matthews, J Morlidge

BRE, Construction Division, Bucknalls Lane, Garston WD25 9XX , UK matthewss@bre.co.uk, morlidgej@bre.co.uk

reviewed current industry practices and research activities, and examined the contribution that a performance based approach might make to meeting these objectives, along with developing a vision and concepts for its application. EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR CONCRETE REPAIR UPDATE ON PROGRESS Prof P Robery

Keywords: Concrete structures, maintenance, repair, remediation, performance-based approach Economic and social development is placing increasing demands on Europes infrastructure, yet there are resource and budgetary limits to how much new construction can take place. A consideration of environmental sustainability, amongst other drivers, is encouraging the extension of life of existing buildings and infrastructure. Remediation and refurbishment of existing buildings and infrastructure is critical to maintaining the effective functioning of contemporary and future society. It is estimated that over 50% of Europes annual construction budget is spent on the remediation and refurbishment of existing structures; a figure that is certain to increase as the existing assets age. Owners now require greater certainty in the performance of rehabilitated concrete structures in order to manage their assets more effectively. This has generated a requirement for industry to deliver more durable and effective repairs to concrete structures. To help address these issues, a thematic network on the performance based remediation of reinforced concrete structures was established. Known as CON REP NET, this European-funded network was launched in Madrid in February 2003. The network has: looked at the performance of previously repaired concrete structures
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Halcrow Group Ltd, 62 Hagley Road, Birmingham B16 8PE, UK roberypc@halcrow.com

Dr H Davies

Hywel Davies Consultancy, 2 The Furlong Bedford MK41 8EE, UK hywel@hyweldc.co.uk

Mr J Knights

Halcrow Group Ltd, Burderop Park, Swindon SN4 0QD, UK knightsjc@halcrow.com

Keywords: Concrete repair, European Standard, CEN, performance standards, test methods, factory production control, repair principles, site application For over 15 years, experts from the CEN member states (currently numbering 28 countries), have been completing a project to deliver a unified series of European standards for the protection and repair of concrete. Materials for concrete construction and repair fall under the Construction Products Directive. Among other things, this requires that products offered for sale in the EU meet minimum standards of performance, safety and quality control, thereby promoting free trade of products across the CEN member states. The public procurement rules within Europe will mean that the use of these standards and CEmarked products will become mandatory for much of the construction sector.

Over the last five years, a steady trickle of European standards from the EN 1504 series has become available. The standards split into two groupings: performance standards that lay down the minimum performance criteria for products and systems to be sold for concrete repair; and the accompanying test methods, many of which are new specialist methods written specifically to meet the needs of testing repair products and systems. It is only now that we can begin to see the final form of these European standards and gauge the implications for specifiers and users. The performance standards for products have the status of harmonised European standards. Publication of these begins a count-down period where existing National standards and the new European standards can co-exist, but with a firm date of withdrawal given for any conflicting National standards. CE marking may begin a year after the harmonised standard is published. By the end of 2008, the full suite of EN 1504 standards will be in place for products and systems, covering: Guidance on the selection and use of repair products and systems; Surface protection of concrete; Structural and non-structural repair; Strengthening by adding externally bonded reinforcement; Strengthening by injecting cracks; Anchoring of new reinforcement to existing concrete; Site application and quality control. This paper gives a summary of the progress towards delivering the EN 1504 series of European product standards for repair and protection of concrete. Specifiers have to consider that the performance standards give a minimum level of performance, which may be suitable for the intended purpose, but not necessarily for all situations. To illustrate this point, the
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paper gives examples of how the various parts of the standard can be applied. CONCRETE STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT - THE OWNERS GUIDE: AN INTRODUCTION TO A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE BY FIB TG 5.3 Dr S L Matthews

BRE, Construction Division, Bucknalls Lane Garston WD25 9XX, UK matthewss@bre.co.uk

Keywords: Concrete structures, maintenance, repair, remediation, owner briefing, remaining life cost Although a considerable body of technical information and guidance exists for engineers and other professionals addressing How to type technical issues, it was felt that this was achieving only limited impact and take-up because Owners were not adequately informed as to why the technical matters need to be addressed. Accordingly fib Task Group 5.3 took the decision to develop an Owners Guide to Good Practice in an attempt to inform Owners about Why and What type issues, that is the overarching business, service, financial and legal reasons why they should be more concerned with the management of their concrete structures (buildings and infrastructure) and the benefits this could deliver. The guide provides background information upon matters such as deterioration processes and technical procedures used for the management of concrete structures, including reference to the evolving European standards (e.g. EN1504 series) for the protection and repair of concrete structures. These activities are illustrated by some application examples / case histories and by a section addressing frequently asked questions.

WHOLE-BUILDING BEHAVIOUR: FULL-SCALE TESTING AND MODELLING OF THE CARDINGTON EUROPEAN CONCRETE BUILDING (ECB) SL Matthews, TDG Canisius, R Rupasinghe, N Waleed, T Lennon

FULL-SCALE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE TESTS UPON THREE LARGE PANEL SYSTEM (LPS) BUILDINGS IN THE UK Dr SL Matthews, B Reeves, Dr T Canisius

BRE Ltd, Bucknalls Lane, Garston WD25 9XX, UK matthewss@ bre.co.uk, canisiust@bre.co.uk rupasingher@bre.co.uk, waleedn@bre.co.uk lennont@bre.co.uk

BRE Ltd, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford WD25 9XX, UK matthewss@bre.co.uk, reevesb@bre.co.uk canisiust@bre.co.uk

Keywords: Cardington European concrete building, structural performance, finite element analysis, structural tests, large compartment fire test, post-fire evaluation The Cardington European Concrete Building (ECB) was used in tests to demonstrate aspects of the performance and robustness of a building designed to EC2. Two principal tests were performed; one simulating structural damage / loss of support involving the controlled removal of a loaded corner column and the other was a full-scale fire test carried out in a large ground floor compartment (15m by 15m). The structure behaved very well, mobilising varying degrees of whole building response. For example, in spite of significant soffit spalling during the fire test, the floor slab continued to support the applied load for a period in excess of 2 years after the fire, without any remedial measures being taken. The experimental work was supported by programmes of advanced finite element studies using the DIANA package. These have improved methods for predicting behaviour of buildings and structures under extreme loads such as fire.

Keywords: Concrete panel building testing, finite element modelling, full-scale structural building test, accidental loading, gaseous explosion, alternative load paths, structural assessment There are still over 700 high rise LPS blocks ( 50,000 dwellings) in the UK and owners have special responsibilities for the management of this particular class of building following the partial collapse of Ronan Point, a 22 storey LPS dwelling block, in 1968 following a piped-gas explosion. This activity requires periodic inspection and assessment of the blocks concerned. There are also over 1000 lowand medium-rise LPS blocks in the UK. BRE has believed for some years that LPS blocks should be stronger than the simplified structural assessment calculations could demonstrate, particularly in respect of some classes of gas explosions. However, there were no practical or experimentally verified analytical methods available to demonstrate this. BRE has gained experience and better knowledge about the behaviour of LPS blocks from programmes of full-scale testing within three LPS blocks (these being 9, 15 and 22 storeys high). These tests demonstrated that adequate reserves of strength existed in these LPS blocks for the loading situations that they were likely to be exposed to.

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SOME EXPERIENCES IN REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN THE TUZLA INDUSTRY ZONE Prof A Imamovic, D Zenunovic

University of Tuzla, Faculty of Mining, Geology & Civil Engineering, Bosnia & Herzegovina damir.zenunovic@utz.ba

ELECTROCHEMICAL MIGRATION OF LITHIUM IONS INTO HARDENED CONCRETE AND ASR EXPANSION AFTER TREATMENT Dr T Ueda, Y Baba

The University of Tokushima, Dept of Civil Engineering, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan ueda@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp

Prof Radomir Folic

Dr M Asida, A Nanasawa

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia & Montenegro folic@uns.ns.ac.yu

Denkikagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisya, Omi Plant, Itoigawa 949-0393, Japan

Keywords: Durability, reinforced concrete, repair, environmental aggressivity, strengthening In this paper some experiences in reparation of reinforced concrete structures are presented, which are in chloride aggressive environment, in Tuzla area, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is the area of Bosnian Heavy Industry. Strengthening of reinforced concrete elements was made with additional reinforced concrete layer and additional reinforcement bars. Concrete that was used for strengthening has some additional requirements as, new concrete old concrete bonding, shrinkage limitation and good placeability in thin and dense reinforcement mesh. As a result of in situ repair works experiences, in this paper Repair Flow Diagram and Recommendations are given.

Keywords: Li +, ASR, electrochemical technique, temperature of electrolyte, Li/ Na molar ratio ASR expansion of concrete is one of the serious deteriorations of concrete structures. However, any effective repair method for ASR has not been established at the present time. Under such background, expecting the suppression of ASR (alkali silica reaction) expansion by the effect of Li+, an electrochemical technique to accelerate the penetration of Li + into concrete has been developed. From the results of past researches, the penetration area of Li+ was limited around the concrete surface and, it has been difficult to make Li+ penetrate into deeper part of concrete but ASR expansion of concrete was suppressed due to this treatment. In this study, experimental investigation was carried out aiming to grasp the change of electrophoresis properties of Li+ with the change of temperature during the electrochemical treatment. As the results of this study, electrophoresis of Li + was accelerated and effective diffusion coefficient of Li+ became large with the rise of the temperature and ASR expansion of concrete after this treatment was suppressed compared with the case of non-treated specimens.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 2: Fire Damage & Repair

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FIRE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF STEEL BUILDING COLUMNS WITH DAMAGED FIRE RESISTIVE INSULATION S Pessiki, K Kwon, B-J Lee

Lehigh University, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA pessiki@lehigh.edu

THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON PRE-ENGINEERED WOOD COMPONENTS RESULTING FROM FIRE WC Bracken

Bracken Engineering Inc, 4899 W. Waters Ave, Suite A, Tampa FL 33634, USA wcb@brackenengineering.com

Keywords: Fire, columns, steel, strength, stability Analyses were performed to examine the fire load behavior of steel H columns with damaged spray-applied fire resistive material (SFRM) subjected to concentric axial compression. The columns treated in the research are typical of multi-story steel building construction practices in the United States. Nonlinear heat transfer analyses were performed to predict the temperature distribution in the steel columns under the action of the ASTM E-119 standard fire temperature-time curve. Nonlinear structural analyses were then performed to evaluate the influence of temperature on column axial load behavior. Variables treated in the analyses include size and location (flange or web) of removed or reduced SFRM, and fire duration. The analytical approach used in the research was validated by comparing the analytical results with previous experimental fire tests reported in the literature. This paper focuses on the influence of the variables treated in the analyses on the temperature distribution in the column and the resulting axial load behavior.

Keywords: Wood, timber, fire, connections, strength Given that pre-engineered wood components are typically comprised of combinations of milled and composite wood fiber and often include metal fastening plates, there exists no established method or procedure for establishing the remaining viability of either the components or the system as a respective whole. This paper serves to provide a protocol regarding assessing the effects of heat on pre-engineered wood components resulting from fire. This paper begins with a discussion of thermal conditions that accompany most residential fires. From this discussion heat affected zones are established based on the type and configuration of the respective systems, this discussion is then extended to the different degrees of reduction in the performance of the components and/or systems. Once established, the protocol serves to outline a method of identifying and assessing the effects of heat on preengineered wood components resulting from fire. The material presented within this paper is based on correlations established between research, field testing and field experience.

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Day 2: Building Repair using Composites

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OUT OF PLANE BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY INFILL WALLS RETROFITTED WITH A REINFORCED POLYMER GRID AND POLYUREA SYSTEM T Hrynyk, Prof JJ Myers

STRENGTHENING MASONRY BUILDINGS WITH FRP COMPOSITES P Foster, Dr J Gergely, Dr D Young

University of Missouri-Rolla, CIES / Dept of Civil, Arch., & Env. Engineering, ,Rolla, MO 65409, USA jmyers@umr.edu

University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Dept of Civil Engineering, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223 USA jgergely@uncc.edu

Dr M McGinley

Keywords: Masonry retrofit, composite strengthening, masonry out of plane strengthening, polyurea grid system Recent world events have illustrated that sustainability of buildings to blast loads is an ever increasing issue. Many older buildings contain unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls. Due to their low flexural capacity and their brittle mode of failure, these walls have a low resistance to outof-plane loads, including a blast load. As a result, an effort was undertaken to examine retrofit methods that are feasible to enhance their out-of-plane resistance. In previous masonry infill wall studies conducted by Carney and Myers (2005) and Myers et al. (2002), fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) fabrics and near surface mounted (NSM) techniques demonstrated increases in deformation ductility and energy ductility levels by three fold. However, these retrofit systems did not completely control the scatter of debris which could be a life safety issue. In this on-going research study the use of externally bonded reinforced polymer grid systems bonded with a polyurea is investigated to examine the feasibility of increasing the ductility in these retrofit systems and better controlling the scatter of debris. These systems have shown to increase the out-of-plane load capacity of the wall systems with improved ductility based on both an energy-based and deformation-based definition.
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North Carolina A&T State University, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA

Keywords: FRP, retrofit, unreinforced masonry, shear walls Fiber reinforced polymer composite materials have been used extensively both to strengthen and to improve the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry (URM) shear walls. In this paper, three full-scale buildings are discussed. Each structure received a unique FRP composite repair or retrofit based on a novel design methodology. Strength and displacement increases were found to exceed 60% and 200%, respectively. The design methodology, which utilizes small component tests, has been proven to accurately predict the ultimate strength of a URM structure retrofitted with FRP materials.

IN-PLANE DESIGN FOR MASONRY WALLS STRENGTHENED BY FRP MATERIALS E Garbin, MR Valluzzi, C Modena

University of Padova, Dep. of Construction and Transportation Engineering, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy garbin@dic.unipd.it

N Galati, A Nanni

University of Missouri-Rolla, Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies, 223 Engineering Research Lab, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA galati@umr.edu

Keywords: In-plane, design, masonry, strengthening, FRP Masonry structures constitute a large percentage of the current buildings in most countries around the world. Many of these buildings need structural improvement to meet the requirements on seismic resistance of modern building code. In the last years, a growing interest has been direct to the application of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) materials as strengthening materials because they may provide solutions for the strengthening of masonry due to their easy application and their favourable structural performances (mechanical and physical characteristics, corrosion immunity and others potentials). Nowadays few design guidelines are available to apply FRP on masonry structures. This paper presents a proposal for design recommendations for shear strengthening of unreinforced masonry walls with FRP systems. The proposed design protocol is within existing building codes for traditional materials. The adopted methodology offers a rational attempt of in-plane upgrade of structural masonry walls with bonded FRP systems.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: Car Parking Structures

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ASSESSMENT OF BEARING STRUCTURE OF A MULTISTOREY PARKING GARAGE Prof R Foli, V Radonjanin, M Maleev

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia & Montenegro folic@uns.ns.ac.yu, radonv@uns.ns.ac.yu miram@uns.ns.ac.yu

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CAR PARKS - BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN BRIDGE AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Dr DM Mulenga, Prof P Robery

Keywords: Garage, precast concrete structure, damage, assessment, corrosion, columns, corbels The construction of a multi-storey parking garage in Kikinda started at 1988. Bearing structure was made of precast concrete columns, beams and ribbed floor slabs. After building of bearing precast structure, the works were stopped and unprotected structure was exposed to atmospheric influences (snow, rain, low temperatures). Many of the structure elements are damaged, due to insufficient concrete cover, badly performed details of reinforcement and incorrect manipulation of elements during erection. Initial defects and damage were developed in the past period to extent that severely disturbed the durability of the structure, but also jeopardize the stability and bearing capacity of some structure elements. Fissures and cracks, concrete spalling and reinforcement corrosion were registered on most of the structure elements. This paper presents the damage recorded, and the characteristic instances are illustrated by snapshots. Results of subsequent testing of quality of built-in materials (concrete and reinforcement) are presented separately. The analysis of the results of in-situ and laboratory testing and the data gathered through detailed visual examination provided the real assessment of the structure. A global repair works recommendations are presented also.

Halcrow Group Ltd, 62 Hagley Road, Birmingham B16 8PE, UK mulengadm@halcrow.com roberypc@halcrow.com

Dr K Turnpenny, R Baldwin

Halcrow Group Ltd, Burderop Park, Swindon SN4 0QD, UK turnpennykm@halcrow.com baldwinr@halcrow.com

Keywords: Multi-storey car park, concrete deterioration, chloride penetration, carbonation, half-cell potential, concrete repair, waterproofing membranes, EN 1504 Over the past 15 years, the commercial advantages from providing an improved quality of parking environment have been increasingly realised by owners and operators. This has led to a significant number of car parks being refurbished in the UK. However, it is incorrect to believe that the application of decorative coatings and waterproofing membranes to concrete is necessarily tackling the root issue of structural durability. There is a risk that such coatings merely cover up defects, making them harder to monitor and treat. These shortcomings were made clear in the recent guidance by the UKs Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). It has been over three years since their National Steering Committee for the Inspection of Multi-storey car parks (NSC) published its Recommendations for the inspection, maintenance and management or car park structures. The Recommendations were heralded as providing guidance on standards of care for multi-storey car parks, considered to be good practice
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that addressed their safety and use in the future. With the publication of the ICE-NSC Recommendations, we should ask whether the UK parking industry has done enough to avoid another car park collapse. Or are the risks to our car parks still not fully understood by all designers, contractors and owner/operators working in this field? It must be remembered that while the majority of the UKs 4,000 or more car parks are owned and operated by specialist car parking companies, many are one-off structures in a complex such as a theatre complex or shopping mall. It is these car parks that are particularly at risk, if the message contained in the NSC Recommendations is not getting through to the owners, which may include investment companies or retail/commercial outlets. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the issues relating to maintenance of car park structures. The paper examines the ICE-NSC Recommendations and illustrates by case study how the recommendations can be implemented to ensure the intended good practice of care is achieved. In so doing, this paper raises some of the key issues contained in the Recommendations and summarises the necessary actions needed by car park owners and operators.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: Basilicas, Mosques & Monuments

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE BYZANTINE BASILICA OF SAN VITALE IN RAVENNA A Taliercio, L Binda

Dept. of Structural Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan (I) alberto.taliercio@polimi.it luigia.binda@polimi.it

REINFORCEMENT AND IN SITU TESTING OF THE UPPER-CHOIR OF PPULO CHURCH IN BRAGA, PORTUGAL J Guedes
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering Dep. of Civil Engineering, Porto, Portugal jguedes@fe.up.pt

Keywords: Masonry, byzantine basilica, survey, settlements, cracking A finite element model was developed to analyse the Byzantine Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna (Italy); modelling is intended to help understanding the origin of a diffused crack pattern in the building. In the structural analyses account was taken of the permanent loads and the seasonal thermal changes. Because of the complexity of the geometric model, a simplified (linearly elastic, isotropic) constitutive law had to be assumed to keep the computing time within reasonable limits. Accordingly, the performed analyses constitute only a first step toward the understanding of the structural behaviour of the Basilica, as the adopted constitutive law cannot fully explain the surveyed crack pattern, which is influenced by the brittleness and the anisotropy of the constituent materials. It is shown, however, that the self-weight alone is largely responsible for the current state of damage in the Basilica. The numerically predicted seasonal change in displacements match the measurements of a monitoring network taken every six months, which proves the reliability of the finite element model.

A Costa

University of Aveiro, Dep. of Civil Engineering Aveiro, Portugal agc@fe.up.pt

E Pauprio

University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering Construction Institute, Porto, Portugal pauperio@fe.up.pt

Keywords: Stone masonry, vaults, churches, load tests This paper presents the structural intervention on the upper-choir of the Ppulo Church in Braga carried out by DREMN Regional Directorate for Northern Buildings and Monuments of Portugal, under the technical consultancy of NCREP Nucleus for the Conservation and Rehabilitation of Buildings and Built Heritage of the Faculty of Engineering of Porto University (FEUP). Besides describing the intervention, it also shows that renovation works to be carried out in old structures, although previously planned and projected according to the available data, may suffer relevant modifications during the preparation and implementation process, which must be regarded as part of the intervention process. In particular, this work involved the in situ testing of the upper-choir structure to evaluate its vertical loading capacity.

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LAYING A FOUNDATION OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AFTER 120 YEARS EXISTENCE Prof. S Kisin

STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF A VILLAGE CHURCH Dr L Klusek, Z Baant

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Civil Engineering Dept, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro

N Ravic, O Kisin

Konstruktor konsaltind d.o.o., Kolonija 33 11222 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro www.kkonsalting.com kkonsaltin@sezampro.yu kkonsaltin@sezampro.yu

Brno University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Masonry and Concrete Structures Veve 95, 662 37 Brno Czech Republic klusacek.l@fce.vutbr.cz bazant.z@fce.vutbr.cz

Keywords: Foundament, waterproofing system, phase realization The orthodox church at Janja place was built in 1885. on stones partially connected with lime mortar. Foundament setting on floodable terrain caused serious damages of church structures. The additional exploitation problem was shortage of waterproofing system of brick walls situated under the terrain level. It is designed and already realised reconstruction of foundaments based on using prefabricated reinforced concrete elements with inbuilt waterproofing sheets. After putting down digging of ground and stones is organized under protection of those elements. The reinforcement was installed and concreting was done in separate phases. Using this technology the whole reinforced concrete foundament was established, including waterproofing system on terrain level. The further repairation of structure is in progress.

Keywords: Structural strengthening, posttensioned footing frame, post-tensioning of vaults, transversal and vertical cables Load-bearing structures of the historic religious buildings such as churches, cathedrals and minsters are frequently disrupted with cracks in the arches and in the vertical load-bearing parts. For structural repairs of these types of buildings The Department of Concrete and Masonry Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology has developed a method of complex strengthening with prestressing cables. The method application is presented on the structural repair of a village church. STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND RESTORATION OF THE LEANING MINARET OF EL-EMARY IN OLD CAIRO Prof MAN Abdel-Mooty

The American University in Cairo, Dept of Construction Engineering, Egypt mamooty@aucegypt.edu

Prof AA Abdel-Gawad

Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt egec@egec-houseofexpertise.com

Keywords: Seismic upgrading, stone masonry repair, minaret, historic building Located in the heart of old Cairo, still standing with some tilts the ancient stone masonry minaret of El-Emary Mosque.
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Like similar historic buildings in old Cairo, El-Emary Minaret is the subject of historic and architectural documentation as well as structural repair and restoration. This paper presents the evaluation study for the stability and structural integrity of the tilting minaret. Detailed three dimensional finite element models of the minaret considering the various structural elements and their connectivity conditions are constructed. Such models are used for studying the performance of the minaret under static gravity loads as well as lateral wind and seismic loads. The dynamic response of the minaret to earthquake actions is analyzed according to the recently developed seismic code for Egypt. The repair strategies included strengthening the foundation using micro-piles, restoring the verticality of the old minaret and using added dampers and base isolations. The effect of the various restoration techniques on the structural performance of the ancient minaret is evaluated. During the course of structural analysis and evaluation, the minaret was exposed to a real earthquake that resulted in favorable changes in the degree of tilt of the minaret. This effect was analyzed and presented in this paper. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF ST. BARBORA CATHEDRAL IN KUTNA HORA Dr P Fajman

THE SAINT VITUS CATHEDRAL TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE DEFORMATIONS OF THE COLUMNS OF THE NAVE P Beran

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thkurova 7, 166 29, Praha 6 Dejvice, Czech Republic pavel.beran@fsv.cvut.cz

J Mca

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thkurova 7, 166 29, Praha 6 Dejvice, Czech Republic maca@fsv.cvut.cz

Keywords: Numerical model, temperature extensibility, geodetic measurement, comparing The Saint Vitus Cathedral is the dominant of the Prague castle, which falls within the UNESCO reservation. For preservation the cathedral is important the geodetic measurement of the displacements of the main parts of the load bearing structure. It was necessary to realize the numerical analysis of the structure and subsequence confrontation between the theoretical deformations and the geodetic measurement for correct interpretation and detection of the reasons of the measured displacements. This analysis proved that the temperature is the main cause of the measured deformations.

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dept of Mechanics, Prague, Czech Republic Fajman@fsv.cvut.cz

Keywords: Cathedral, temperature loading, fault, cracks If we look for reasons for rising deflects in historical buildings we have to know their history with the past rebuilding. After this we can draw localization cracks and we can start to find out causes.
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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: Bell Towers

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THE BELL TOWER OF SANTA MARIA DEL CARMINE IN NAPLES: HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS F Ceroni, M Pecce

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE BELL TOWER OF SANTA MARIA DEL CARMINE F Ceroni, M Pecce

Dept of Engineering, University of Sannio, P.zza Roma, 21, 82100 Benevento, Italy ceroni@unisannio.it; pecce@unisannio.it

Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, P.zza Roma, 21, 82100 Benevento, Italy ceroni@unisannio.it, pecce@unisannio.it

S Voto

G Manfredi

Dept of Structural Analysis and Design, University of Naples, Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli - Italy simvoto@unina.it

Department of Structural Analysis and Design, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy gamanfre@unina.it

F Palmaccio

Keywords: Masonry, tuff, clay bricks, architectonic survey, damage, non-destructive testing, dynamic characterization Detailed historical and architectonical investigations were made on the Bell Tower of Santa Maria del Carmine sited in Naples: these inquires are preliminary to the structural analysis of the structure. Geometrical and material surveys, destructive and non destructive tests were performed in situ to evaluate the actual damage state, the sequence of changes in the structures and the stress distribution due to the static loads. An experimental dynamic characterization of the bell tower was also realized considering the environment vibrations due to wind, traffic and bells.

Department of Structural Analysis and Design, University of Naples, Federico II, via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy f.palmaccio@unina.it

Keywords: Masonry, FEM analysis, static load, dynamic behaviour, modal analysis Detailed historical, architectonical and structural inquires have been developed about the bell Tower of Santa Maria del Carmine sited in Naples. These inquires have been preliminary to the study of the Tower by a finite element model for static and dynamic loads. Results of experimental tests in situ are compared with the first analytical outcomes of the model in terms of stress distribution and dynamic characterization.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: NDT of Structures

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NON-DESTRUCTIVE DEFECT LOCATION AND SIZING IN CONCRETE COLUMNS AND MASONRY PILLARS FROM IMPACT-ECHO TESTING Dr C Colla, Prof G Pascale

Bologna University, DISTART Dept, Engineering Faculty, viale Risorgimento 2 40136 Bologna, Italy camilla.colla@mail.ing.unibo.it giovanni.pascale@mail.ing.unibo.it

COMBINATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS Dr F Weise, B Redmer

Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany Frank.Weise@bam.de Bernhard.Redmer@bam.de

M Hbner

Keywords: NDT, impact echo, concrete, masonry, defect, column, pier In order to proceed with the safety evaluation of a building, regulations of new generation introduce in Italy a performance formulation, which includes the requirement to acquire data about and from the building (OPCM 3274, 2003); (OPCM 3274, 2005); (Ursella, 2005). That is information about the building foundations, the dimensions of structural members, possible local defects, decay areas in the material and repairings. This information has to be kept into account in the structural calculation models aimed to the safety check. The procedure is valid both for correctly preparing the retrofitting design or the improvement upgrade of a building in seismic areas, and for the rehabilitation of existing buildings and infrastructures.

Society for Geophysical Investigations mbH (GGU), 76 133 Karlsruhe, Germany ggukarlsruhe@aol.com

Keywords: Ancient monuments, reinforcement detection, radar, videoscopy, stereoradiography In this paper the possibilities of the combined application of non-destructive testing methods for the structural investigation of ancient architectural monuments are presented by the example of the columnar portal of the holy hall at the market gate of Priene. Due to missing construction documents in the context of a structural condition assessment there was the task to determine on the one hand the rearward anchorage of the entablature and to verify on the other hand the structural bond of the stone substitute to the original part within the range of the architrave. The combined use of radar and videoscopy proved very efficient in conjunction with the determination of the type and position of the metallic section of the rearward anchorage of the entablature. The structural investigation in the architrave was accomplished by radar and radiography. The radar method was utilized for determination of the global position of the metallic special fittings. Additional investigations by radiography using a new generation of digital imaging plates in the transient area between original stone and stone substitute showed an air gap, which is
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not visible from the outside. Further it was observed that two dowels from the marble project into this gap, which are bent up and have therfore no static function. That permits the important conclusion that the load bearing capacity of the architrave and thus of the whole entablature is ensured exclusively by a continuous T-metallic section. RADAR INVESTIGATION ON CIVIL STRUCTURES USING 3D DATA RECONSTRUCTION AND TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY L Topczewski, F Fernandes, PJS Cruz, P B Loureno, LF Ramos

more detailed information about structural integrity and shapes and location of the voids placed inside the tested specimens relatively to 2D imaging originally used for potential target identification. VIBRATION BASED DAMAGE DETECTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK WITH CONSIDERATION OF UNCERTAINTIES N Bakhary, H Hao, AJ Deeks

University of Minho, Dept of Civil Engineering, 4800-058 Guimares, Portugal lukasz@civil.uminho.pt

School of Civil and Resource Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia bakhary@civil.uwa.edu.au

Keywords: NDT, GPR, 3D reconstruction, tomography, concrete, masonry Non-destructive investigation using Ground Penetrating Radar is becoming more popular during the inspection of civil structures. Currently, traditional 2D imaging is also used as a preliminary tool to find possible areas of interest for more detailed inspection, which can be accomplished by 3D image reconstruction or tomography techniques. In this paper, a general overview of the work done at University of Minho regarding these techniques is presented. Data acquisition was performed on two masonry walls and on one large concrete specimen. In case of masonry specimens traditional 2D imaging was supplemented by the use of transmission tomography. Data acquisition on the concrete specimen was done in reflection mode and results were further processed using 3D reconstruction software. Results from these specimens are very promising. Radar tomography and 3D image reconstruction techniques provided much
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Keywords: Vibration based damage detection, artificial neural network, uncertainties Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been widely applied for detecting damages in structures based on structural vibration modal parameters. However, uncertainties that inevitably exist in finite element modelling and measured vibration data might lead to false or unreliable prediction of structural damage. In this study, a statistical approach is proposed to include the effect of uncertainties in an ANN model for damage prediction. The ANN is used to predict the stiffness parameters of structures from frequencies and mode shapes. The statistics of the identified parameters are determined using Rossenblueths point estimation method and verified by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that by including those uncertainties in the ANN model, damage can be detected with a higher confidence level.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE AND SULPHUR CONTENT IN BUILDING MATERIALS BY LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY D Schaurich, A Taffe, F Weritz, G Wilsch

ASSESSMENT OF WATER SATURATION IN A REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF TARBES PRECAST DUCT S Naar, C Sirieix, D Breysse

Bundesanstalt fr Materialforschung undprfung, Unter den Eichen 87, D-12000 Berlin Germany Gerd.Wilsch@bam.de

Universit Bordeaux 1, Centre de Dveloppement des Gosciences Appliques, Avenue des facults, btiment B18, 33405 Talence cedex, France s.naar@cdga.u-bordeaux1.fr

Keywords: Non-destructive testing, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, chloride ingress, sulphate ingress, depth profile, concrete, reinforcement, rebars, heterogeneity Concrete structures are endangered by chloride ingress, leading to corrosion of reinforcement and by sulphates leading to deterioration of concrete. The performance of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the quantitative determination of chlorine and sulphur content in building materials is demonstrated. Additionally information about the element content directly related to the cement content can be obtained. For condition assessment detailed depth profiles with mm-resolution can be determined on concrete cores as well as spatial resolved element maps on surfaces. For quality assurance measurements can be performed onsite for supervision of concrete removal. The measurements are performed directly on the sample surface without any preparation and the results are obtained directly after the measurement. Measurements on reference samples for calibration purposes are demonstrated and compared with standard chemical tests.

X Drobert

LCPC, route de Bouaye, BP 4129, 44341 Bouguenais cedex, France xavier.derobert@lcpc.fr

Keywords: Non-destructive testing, saturation rate, assessment, infrared thermography, electrical resistivity, capacitor technique, pipe The investigations were carried out on a precast duct in Tarbes (France), which presents cover concrete damages such as cracks resulting of mechanical stresses. The aim of this study is to rank 55 similar pipe sections, regarding damage assessment. The methods used were the electrical resistivity measurements, the passive infrared thermography and the capacitor method. The first contribution of the on site measurements was to clarify some limits of techniques in a real situation. Indeed all methods allow water content rate variations to be distinguished at the surface of cover concrete.

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DEVELOPING FIELD PROTOCOLS FOR USING ROBOTS TO SUPPLEMENT FORENSIC INVESTIGATION WC Bracken

Bracken Engineering, Inc, 4899 W. Waters Ave, Suite A, Tampa FL 33634, USA wcb@brackenengineering.com

M Micire

American Standard Robotics, Inc, 625 11th Ave North East, St Petersburg FL 33701, USA www.asrobotics.com

Keywords: investigations

Robots,

forensic,

When conducting forensic investigations or structural condition surveys, robots have proven invaluable where physical access to interior voids cannot be accomplished. While global protocols exist for conducting general forensic investigations as well as structural condition surveys, only rudimentary protocols exist for the operation of robots within this domain. Therefore, application protocols and site specific field protocols must be developed on a case-by-case basis when using robots. Specifically, robots can effectively identify and quantify the existence and extent of damage when properly equipped and operated. Robots can also provide realtime photogrametry as well as a means of recording pre-deconstructive conditions. This paper serves to identify state-of-the art use of robots within forensic engineering by discussing proper outfitting, operating, and field use of robots to supplement forensic investigations as well as structural condition surveys.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: Radar NDT

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CONCRETE INSPECTION WITH GPR ADVANCES IN ANALYSIS AP Annan, JD Redman, T De Souza

Sensors & Software Inc, 1040 Stacey Court, Mississauga, ON, Canada L4W 2X8 apa@sensoft.ca, dr@sensoft.ca

AIRBORNE & GROUND PENETRATING RADAR SYSTEMS FOR CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURES Prof O Bykztrk, T-Y Yu

tds@sensoft.ca Keywords: GPR, concrete, analysis

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is now a well established method for non-destructive examination of concrete structures. In some jurisdictions in the USA and Canada, GPR has replaced the use of X-ray imaging for most routine inspections. Although powerful for locating and imaging major structures, quantitative assessment of GPR information is still evolving. Use of signal intensity, polarity and frequency dispersion can provide additional information about concrete character and material composition as well as reinforcing and post tension cable depth and integrity. The results of our on-going research in these areas are presented. Discriminating between metallic, air and water-filled embedded elements are highlighted. While complex, steady progress is being made. We will illustrate how these advances are moving into practical use with our recently introduced next generation Conquest system.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept of Civil & Envl Engineering, Room 1-280, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA obuyuk@mit.edu, youngyu@mit.edu

Dr A Giannopoulos, Prof MC Forde

University of Edinburgh, School of Engng & Electronics, William Rankine Building, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK a.giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk, m.forde@ed.ac.uk

Prof IJ Padaratz

Federal University of Sanata Catarina, Dept of Civil Engng, PO Box 476, Florianopolis-SC Brazil ecv1ijp@ecv.ufsc.br

Keywords: Radar, airborne radar, ground penetrating radar, GPR, frequency, accuracy, depth, concrete, moisture Two types of radar for civil engineering applications are discussed in this paper; airborne and ground penetrating radars (GPR) which are distinguished by the transmitting medium (airborne: air, GPR: soil/rock). Basics of radar systems are introduced, followed by an overview of radar applications in civil engineering. The performance of radar systems is also defined and discussed, with emphasis on the resolution calculation. It is shown that airborne radar systems provide an opportunity for remote investigation of concrete materials. The signal processing algorithm of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) enables very high frequency airborne radar systems to be frequency turned. A parametric analysis was undertaken using the generalized equation for velocity and has shown that lower frequency GPR systems are more vulnerable to velocity reduction
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due to lower frequencies as conductivity increases compared to high frequency airborne systems. It was concluded that the simplified velocity equation may be valid for high frequency airborne radar, but may not be stable for the lower frequency GPR systems subject to the conductivity of the medium under investigation. A further parametric study has demonstrated the relationship between antenna centre frequency, corrected for ground coupling frequency reduction, and target resolution. A case study has demonstrated the effectiveness of GPR in detecting voids in grouted plastic tendon ducts in posttensioned bridge beams. The importance of bow-tie antenna orientation was demonstrated.

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Theme 3: Buildings, Masonry & Civil Structures


Day 3: Acoustic Emission NDT

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FIELD EXPERIENCES IN THE USE OF AN ACOUSTIC EMISSION BRIDGE MONITORING SYSTEM Dr T Holroyd, H Meisuria

Holroyd Instruments Ltd, Via Gellia Mills, Bonsall, Matlock DE4 2AJ, UK trevor@holroyd-instruments.com harish@holroyd-instruments.com

AE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE WITH LOW-TREATED RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN COMPRESSION TEST T Watanabe, S Nishibata, C Hashimoto

Keywords: Acoustic emission (AE), bridges, structural integrity monitoring, non-destructive testing (NDT) At Structural Faults & Repair 2003 we discussed the advantages and the disadvantages of Acoustic Emission (AE) for structural monitoring. In particular, we highlighted its high sensitivity to faults and its ability to localise source positions but that these had to be balanced against its sensitivity to background noise processes and the complexity of the required analysis and instrumentation. Using the multi-channel AE based bridge monitoring system (whose development was described in our 2003 paper) the present paper describes our experiences in applying it to various bridge structures with reference to the advantages and disadvantages of AE. Application examples include further measurements on a bascule lifting bridge, monitoring of a reinforced concrete bridge and bridge deck monitoring from within a steel box section. The present results include the detection and location of structural degradation and hot-spot indications from long-term field measurements with the pre-processed data being remotely accessed via GSM. These illustrate the type of information that AE can readily provide without requiring specialist interpretative skills or research instrumentation.

The University of Tokushima, Dept of Civil Engineering, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan watanabe@ce.tokushima-u.ac.jp

M Ohtsu

Graduate School of Kumamoto University, 2-391 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan ohtsu@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

Keywords: Recycled aggregate, oscillation of mixture, acoustic emission, Ib value For recycling concrete, it is studied to use recycled aggregate for new concrete in Japan. We study utilizing of low-treated recycled aggregate. Physical properties of the low-treated recycled aggregate are lower than normal aggregate. It is widely recognized that compressive strength of concrete with low-treated recycled aggregate is weaker than normal concrete in equal of water-cement ratio. It is expected that cracking due to fracture process of concrete with low-treated recycled aggregate is not similar to normal concrete. It was obtained that compressive strength of concrete with low-quality recycled aggregate could be improved by oscillation of mixture inserting vibrators. Therefore, to evaluate properties of cracking in recycled aggregate concrete with the oscillation, compression test in concrete of recycled aggregate is conducted by applying Acoustic Emission (AE) measurement. As the results, compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete with the oscillation could be increased more than 10% with comparing to the concrete mixed by non-oscillation of mixture. As a result, it is clarified that trend of cracking in concrete with low-treated recycled aggregate differ from normal concrete by acoustic emission.
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In addition, Kaiser Effect is not clearly observed in concrete with low-treated recycled aggregate. However, cracking of recycled aggregate concrete with the oscillation is similar as normal concrete. By applying Ib-value, it is recognized that scale of macro-cracking and failure in recycled aggregate concrete is larger than normal concrete, and recycled aggregate concrete is recovered by the oscillation.

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