Graphs of trigonometric functions – Transformations

Consider the sine function y = a sin(bx ± c ) ± d , where a, b > 0 and c, d ≥ 0 :

 The parameter a affects the amplitude of the sine curve which now becomes
equal to a. - The curve stretches (a>1)/compresses (0<a<1) vertically.

 The curve’s maximum point is now at (90 , a )


and its minimum point is at
( )
270  ,−a .

 -a causes the curve to reflect with respect to the x-axis.

360
 The parameter b affects the period T of the sine curve. Now, T = . -
b
The curve contracts (b>1)/expands (0<b<1) along the x-axis.

 90  
 The curve’s maximum point is to be found at  ,1 and its minimum
 b 
 270  
point at  ,−1 .
 b 

 -b causes the curve to reflect with respect to the y-axis.

 The parameter c° causes the curve to slide along the x-axis.

 +c° causes a horizontal shift (translation) of the curve to the left.

 -c° causes a horizontal shift (translation) of the curve to the right.

 The curve’s maximum point is now located at (90 

)
± c  ,1 and its minimum
(
point at 270  ± c  ,−1 . )

 Finally, the parameter d causes the curve to slide

upwards (+d)/downwards (-d) along the y-axis, i.e. it causes a vertical
translation of the curve.

 The curve’s maximum point is now located at (90 ,1 ± d )


and its minimum
(
point at 270  ,−1 ± d .)
 The curve’s central line is now y = ± d .

COMBINE THE ABOVE INFORMATION TO SKETCH THE GRAPHS OF COMPLEX

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS!