HIGH PASS FILTER:A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes highfrequency signals but attenuates (reduces

the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than the cut off frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. A high-pass filter is usually modelled as a linear time-invariant system. It is sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter. Highpass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or RF devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to make a band-pass filter.

Frequency response of high pass filter

The simple first-order electronic high-pass filter shown in Figure 1 is implemented by placing an input voltage across the series combination of a capacitor and a resistor and using the voltage across the resistor as an output. The product of the resistance and capacitance (RC) is the time constant (); it is inversely proportional to the cut-off frequency fc, that is,

Where fc is in hertz, is in seconds, R is in ohms, and C is in farads.

An active electronic implementation of a first-order high-pass filters using an operational amplifier. In this case, the filter has a pass-band gain of -R2/R1 and has a corner frequency of

Because this filter is active, it may have non-unity pass-band gain. That is, high-frequency signals are inverted and amplified by R2/R1.

BAND PASS FILTERS:It is an electronic circuit which is used to pass the signal of particular range of frequency and particular range is called bandwidth of band pass filter. A band pass filter has a pass-band between two cut-off frequency i.e. higher cut-off and lower cut-off frequency.

Basically, there are two type of band pass filter: 1. Wide band pass 2. Narrow band pass However, we will define a filter as wide band pass if its quality factor i.e. Q <10. On the other hand, if Q >10, we will call the filter a narrow band pass filter. In a narrow band pass filter, the output voltage peaks at the centre frequency. Narrow band pass filter is also called as multiple feedback filters.

Frequency response of band pass filter

1.WIDE BAND PASS FILTER :Wide band pass filter can be formed by simply cascading high pass and low pass section. It is composed of first order high pass and first order low pass filter. The circuit dig. is shown below:-

Circuit of wide band pass filter

Frequency response of wide band pass filter

In order to achieve sharp cut-off ( lesser gain in the stop band or greater increase or decrease in gain at higher rate), we have to increase the order or the high pass and low pass filter.

2. NARROW BAND PASS FILTER:The narrow band pass filter uses only one op-amp and having multiple feedbacks. Compared to the entire filter, this filter is unique in the following respect. 1. It has two feedback paths, hence the name multiple-feedback filter. 2. The op-amp is used in the inverting mode. Generally, the narrow band pass filter is designed for specific value of centre frequency and bandwidth. Another advantage of the multiple feedback filter is that its centre frequency can be change to a new frequency without changing the gain or bandwidth.

Narrow band pass filter

Frequency response of narrow band pass filter

BAND-REJECT FILTER:The band-reject filter is also called a band-stop or band-elimination filter. In this filter, frequencies are attenuated in the stop-band while they are passed outside this band. As with band pass filter the band reject filter can also be classified as 1. Wide band reject 2. Narrow band reject The narrow band reject is uncommonly called the notch filter. Because of its quality factor, which is greater than 10 and the bandwidth of the narrow band reject filter is much smaller than that of the wide band reject filter.

1.Wide band reject filter :Wide band reject filter is composed of a low pass filter, a high pass filter and a summing amplifier. To realize a band reject response, the low cut-off frequency of high pass filter must be larger than the high cut-off frequency of the low pass filter. The pass band gain of both the high pass and low pass section must be equal.

Circuit of wide band reject filter

Frequency response wide band reject filter

2.Narrow band reject filter :The narrow band reject filter often called the notch filter and is commonly used for the rejection of a single frequency. The most commonly used notch filter is the twin T-network. This is a passive filter composed of two T-shaped networks. One T network is made up of two resistors and a capacitor, while the other uses two capacitor and a resistor. The notch-out frequency is the frequency at which maximum attenuation occurs. The most common uses of notch filter is in communications and in biomedical instruments for eliminating undesired frequency.

Active notch filter

Frequency response of active notch filter

ALL PASS FILTER:As the name suggests, an all pass filter passes all frequency component of the input signal without attenuation, while providing predictable phase shift for different frequency of the input signal. When signal are transmitted over transmission line, such as telephone wires, they undergo change in phase. To compensate for these phase changes, an all pass filter is required. The all pass filter is also called delay equalizers or phase corrector.

Circuit of all pass filter

Frequency response of all pass filter