PGE 476

Oil and Gas \V ells Drilling Engineering Laboratory

Experintents Mannal and (;onrse File

(;om.piled

by:

Professor

Mnsaed N. J. Al.Awad

PGE 476: Petroleum and Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory ProfessorMusaed N. J. AI-Awad

Objectives and Outcomes of the Course:

The main objectives of this course are to teach the B. Sc. students in the department of petroleum and natural gas engineering the main engineering aspects of design and testing of drilling fluids, cement slurry and hard set cement used in drilling and completing petroleum and natural gas wells for a specific lithology. By the end of this course, the student should be able to design the proper drilling fluids required to drill petroleum and natural gas wells for a given lithology and be able to examine the main properties of the designed drilling fluids. Furthermore, by the end of this course the student should know how to design and test cement slurry and hard set cement required to complete the drilled petroleum and natural gas wells.

Report Format
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cover page. Objectives. Theory (Introduction). Apparatus. Procedure. 6. 7. 8. 9. Observations and Experimental data. Results and Discussion. Conclusions and Recommendations. References.

Course Syllabus:
The following experiments will be performed during this course for drilling fluids and cement slurry and hard set cement:

Experiments

u.

Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Drillin

Cement slurrv:
Thickenina time Hard set cement: Unconfined compressive strength Direct and indirect tensile strength Final Exam Revision 10 11 12 13 14 60 40

Markin2

Criteria:

Reports,attendanceand participation in weeklyexperiments: Finalexamination(Oral+ Written):

PGE 476: Petroleum and Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory ProfessorMusaed N. J. AI-Awad

King Saud University College of Engineering Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department PGE 476: Petroleum & Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory

Experiment No. :

..

...

.......... ............................

..

........

Student Name:
Student ID Number:

... ..... ...............................................

Submission Date: ........................

PGE 476: Petroleum and Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory ProfessorMusaed N. J. AI-Awad

The main safety precautions in laboratory work?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Wear safety shows. Wear safety glasses. Wear laboratory coat or overall. Careful handling and dumping of acids, mercury, etc. Clean oil spill from laboratory floor. Careful handling ofHP-HP equipments. Carefully reading equipment manuals. Distinguishing between 110V. and 220 V. appliances. Don't working alone. Checking first aid box and emergencycontacts. Checking fire fighting systems location and operation procedures.

The main responsibilities of drilling engineers? 1. Design the required drilling fluids. 2. Maintain the designed mud properties throughout the drilling fluids. 3. Adjust mud properties according to formation type and subsurface environment.

Drilling Fluids Engineering

Generally speaking, drilling fluid may be defined as a suspension of solids in a liquid phase. Drilling fluid (mud) is a vital element of the drilling process. In fact, the success or failure of the mud program will largely determine whether a well can ultimately be drilled to the operator's specifications in a safe and economical manner. The drilling fluid engineer's task in designing a drilling fluid program is to derive from the variety of available mud-making materials the precise combination of physical and chemical properties needed to meet the demands of the well. This aspect of drilling cannot be underestimated, the slightest miscalculation can result in huge, unnecessary costs in time and money.

Functions of Drilling Fluids

Drilling fluid was introduced simply as a way to circulate rock cuttings out of the wellbore. But today, as deeper and more hazardous wells are being attempted to meet the demand of oil, drilling fluid is an increasingly important and complex part of the rotary drilling process. The basic functions of drilling fluid are to :(1) Cool and Lubricate the Drill Bit and the Drill String The drilling action requires a considerable amount of mechanical energy in the form of weight-onbit, rotation and hydraulic energy. a large proportion of this energy is dissipated as heat, which must be removed to allow the drill bit to function properly. Also, the drilling fluid helps in cooling and lubricating the drill string. (2) Remove Drilled Cuttings As the bit penetrates the formation, the rock cuttings must be removed, otherwise the drilling efficiency will decrease. In removing the cuttings there are two separate operations: - Lifting and dropping on surface the cuttings while circulating. - Suspension of cuttings while not circulating.

PGE 476: Petroleum and Natural Gas Wells Drilling Engineering Laboratory ProfessorMusaed N. J. AI-Awad

(3) Control Formation Pressure

For safe drilling, high formation pressures must be contained within the well to prevent blow-outs. The drilling fluid achieves this by providing a hydrostatic pressure just greater than the formation pressure. In practice, an overbalance of 100-200 psi is normally used to provide and adequate safe guard against blow-out (well-kick). Drilling fluid density is the controlling factor in this function:

p -

0.052 X Pm x TVD

If drilling fluid weight is increased too much, lost circulation will occur. Barite (BaS04) is added as a weighting material due its high specific gravity (Sp. Gr. = 4.2). (4) Maintain Borehole Stability The drilling fluid should deposit a mud cake on the wall of the borehole to consolidate the formation and to prevent formation damage. A good mud cake must be thin, hard and impermeable to provide enough stability and less formation damage.

(5) Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to the Bit Drillingfluid is the mediumfor transmittingavailablehydraulicpower fromthe pumps on surface to the bit at the bottomof the well. Optimumhydraulicpowerenablesthe holeto be cleaned. (6) AidinQFormation Evaluation Drilling fluid propertiessuch as resistivityand conductivityare crucialin evaluationformations. The drillingfluidmustbe formulated to aidin the productionof goodlogs.

ExperilDents

Sheets 4Dandonts)

.------

KING S~OD UNIVERSITY PETR. ENG. DEPT. EXPERIMENT

PE 476 DRILLING LAB. (1) No. (1)

.L

QB.JECT

IYJili.

Determina tion of the density, gradient of drilling muds, 2-.-lNTRODOCTION

specific

gravity,

and hydrostatic

Subsurface formation contains fluid under specific values of pressure. This pressure are controlled by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by mud column. Drilling through high pressure zones requires relatively high pressure mud to avoid blowout; while low pressure formation need lo~ density mud to avoid formation fracture. Therefore, it is extremely important to know and specify the mud den's ity, through out drilling operations to avoid the previous problems.
,., 30L

DESCRIeIION

ill: THE

APPARATUS

For the density determination of a drilling mud, MUD BALANCE is ,used. The mud balance consists of a graduated arm ~ith a RIDER and ,built in SPIRIT LEVEL. The arIDhas constant weig~t on the opposite end. This arm is mounted on a FULCRUM ~ith a KNIFE EDGE and a BASE to allow good stabilization. The BALANCE ARM is aleo provided with LEVEL GLASS to assure stabilizing point.

OLIO '.', J:.HIH EOGE

' 1 I I 01

,! \,

FUl(lUM IASl

r~~~~~1~~~~f~~1~~~~~~~~f.~~fl~r~ t~ .!i~pm:"t'{ U~;::" .,;:J ,

'2.

f.;:~

f;j ~ 'L~~ '''',~:

"~'

B-;11'
'

'~'i~~' 0:.'

~
' ,

L-::~:1.:11~li1r !!m !~r.g;;;" l' ",~r-'~ I i':,;t,;;',. ' ~-;( '., n '
,,~

; ~

~~Q!{t~'~' "'''',~;:~t1~,~~;~~~~,~~~~~t~i:t~~~~ J~;~~~:i-l Irm;I!; II!!! ;ii;t1\1ilti ~\jtl::-~:' :.::.',' "I '., .:'t. '.!?~~:i.w:~~:;'f,'i~\~\~::~~~;~~:~~j.:~~t::;;;,;~~::~:;{:~ f .i,Hi~!1il~l:fth biiu IIHI~\f1 ~\~~,\i\\\~t~~i~~~'~ ,':.:\ :.\:,;:>1';::~?~;-,';~;';~'~:i~?~~X~:'~;:;'~:i
;Jp!!~:.!1~4\;;!m~~f;tr " t~ \\.ll~\\~~~ ~~,\~~'~'~\.; ~,';:, ~~iii--~;:-~::::?\5'~~~::;;:_~~'~'\;:~;'.{';~
1,:..t'l!. ;;;1,,:1 t;::I.~ r..-~,!U.'!\""-':"""\:"":' "'.j" ,:~.".. ..~"'-:'.,,':~~~~"',v"""-::';" jf~jWi it ~~a~~!illli\f\~&A~~t\~~~i~\\\~~K\~:::~~\\t~:;~~\;~~:~;l\W~);~~~~~~~;~~;~;{~~~~;:f~~::~ '.' :,'- \.::,

\).;';P"1 ~Il~i\, '" ,,"

1:~&'~\~~!f;\f~tw " * ""'''''f.,.,:.~,<:1 ( ~r ''''\'''I'''''''''''I\:~ '\ 1 I"" 1--:-~ " -~~, ~'\";'m:';i"
':~~':.lli~i. . .-~~~.

'1!::;h:'J1~,;"'<':\!u~i;ii"l""\~'~\~,~,,,,,!.,\ ..,~

J'" ,"" -.' ..,:\""<>:~';,: , " ~\:-<';""~'.<.,."."'\'"" ~~~<,-& r.~.~~~~;,:.~*"'''~

,..,t,;'. . '~~;~?1~'#~'~'~~f~r l1.;~ \~";".. ';'"r..''''''~'-''-V''

';

.:

1, "

i, ':

!1.._EJ3!tG.EDJlRE. :~'.
;

... .".'.

:, :;i., ',;": :'~.~;

:.'',~ i:.;;, ~:1:i ).

~,;;'" ,il'!':1"'j

t;

i.
2.

Remo~~

the lid and fill the cup ifi th freshly

. "","..:

ifell agit.ated

sample,

Place the lid on the cup and rotate until it firmly seated. . 3. Wj~e the mud squeezed out of the vent hole from the exterior of the cup. , . ~>",'. .,~";.q:~(i .! 4. Place the balance. ifi th the knife edge. on . the' ful'<i~u~" ~'f'. the
. .."" ,,-;:.,

5>

base.

.'

. ,',

'

".'.

.-

'

..',.

;:~'

'r,

..,,; .;'~':.',

~.~

:!_:.:L~:;J,:':~:~-,-'

. '.. ,.

."..

.., ~"":! 6.

Move'" the ~~. rider ;','. riiitil'-~'tfie';:"armn'~;;6tabilized determined by the spirit level. :-:::. ::, . >:1.

:, 'horizontally
" \, ' . '. ,. .' ,., . ' .. ',.'

as

Take the reading on the edge of the rider to~ards the fulcrum.
.: ':;.: .C~,::":', f '.

RES.11L.T..S.

r,

.-.

,,,(,j.:';

'.:::". '. :

~.) ;,'. . ,:',:} '...'','

. '\.

',':

'

. '" . ...'

6,

PREQ!1U.Q.t!

-.

,.'

1.

Make
it

2.

is no ai.r,bubl?le.',,:trappedin, the' sa'mple~' If. briskly until the bubble breaks out. ; If the instrument bas error.., it,... must ":be'"calibratedby using', distilled , water.'. -true mud" density:.. (corrected ..'" ,.:for balance: . ,. ,"'" The . .. .,.

sure that there is so tap the cup

error) Measured True

is theI.1 :'~a~c\llated ,from

. ," ,"... , " ,

the
'.', :,:"1

.f9rmula'."
:',':"
.'... . .

. .:

..:'

r
'"." "
.

,:.: ;<~'::i:
."..' \1 '.
:':. ';~

'-:'.".
~'::-

density

of distilled

water

Measured, mud density

.

density

of distilled

~ater

True mud density

is 8.33 Ib/gal

..

",;,

:.,;:': ,;~:,;';'

Sine the density Ib/cu.ft. then

True Or mud density

of
= 8.33

distilled

water
Measured

or 62.4 Ib/gal

mud density

Measured density of distilled water

('

Measured True mud density = 62.4 Measured

mud density
Ib/cu.ft.

density

of dist.

ifater
'.:,

-"''''''

...u

'. .' .' .', , ..

, "

,,'.

..

..., , .

'.. ....

. ... '~'::

,'..

!;~:, '.' , '.:'.'.'; .

.:)::'~i.'.

.'
"

<t.;,' ,':i?> I~... ..:

.' .' ," .. ,.,0'.';' ."

. . " .'.' . '.. '.

,11:

---

_nU

"

- . ,>1\.>1 1.

- ~

'""J

PETR.

ENG.

DEPT.

mULLING

LAB.

(1)

EXPERIMENT

No.

2.
of mud by pH meter.

L.-l~CTInS Determination 2
:ntJ' ROn UGIl.Qll

of hydrogen

ion concentration

of drilling mud is d~termined icon concentrations ~xpressed in ter~s of pH and defined as th~ "log of reciprocal of moles of hydrogen ion concentration per liter of solution".

The degree

of acidity or alkalinity

by hydrogen

ion

conc~ntration.

The

hydrogen

pH

- log ( H+ ).

Sinc~ pure water has ( H+) = (OH-) = 10-7 , the pH of pure water eauals to 7. Thus a neutral solution has a pH value of 7.0. The aikaline solution has pH value above 7.0 for slightly alkaline and 11.0 for the strong~st alkalin~. HOn'ever. acid solutions have pH from just below 7.0 for slight acid to less than 1.0 for. strangest acidity. The DH ~easurement is used as an acid in determining the need for chemical ~reatment of the mud as Rell as indicating the presence of conta~inant5 in mud during drilling.

~Q~~~~TION

OF ~~~ ~PPARATOS

The determination is made by pH meter which in.olves the generation of electric potential b;r solution und-er test and is amplified by a vacuum tube system. The pH reached is indicated directly
on l..he m0.Ler.

~-JR.~ 1. 2. 3. 4.

IillJUillJi Che~k the battery by turning SELECTOR to BAT. CK.

Turn SELECTOR to STAND BY position.

Hemove plastic cap of the electrode and immerse it in distilled for few minutes and then wipe it with soft tissue. Add sufficient buffer solution to a test tube and insert electrode. Set TEMPERATURE KNOB to the solution to record the temperature. Turn the SELECTOR to read position. Set meter to pH of buffer with STANDARDIZED KNOB. Turn SELECTOR to STANDBY position,. Remove electrode and rinse with distilled water.

5. 6. 7. B. 9.
10.

Insert electrode into the mud to be contained.in a 100 ml

bp.aker. 11. Turn SELECTOR to Read position and stir the solution carefully. 12. Remove hand from electrode and take reading. 13. Turn SELECTOR to OFF position. Rinse electrode in distilled water and wipe it with soft tissue. Het it with few drops of pH 7.0 buffer solution and replace plastic cap. 14. If you have many samples, repeat steps from 9 to 13. EESOLTS i- pH value of the tested drilling Iluid using pH meter ii- pH value of the tested drilling Iluid using pH paper indicator !L.J-RE.G.A!IT.lilllii 1. Keep SELECTOR in- SAND BY position while rinsing. removing inserting electrode to avoid damage to electrode cOQPonents. 2. Pour solution or sample in test tube to be sufficient to cover the elec~rode when it inserted. 3. Do net support electrode by hand while taking the reading. ar

:i

,,'H' .\,~)f~{~~I~!:1l~~\f{.t ".,~<..., ,\., ~tfOmr;OB ..", ,.~,., ",'

':i~'~~Jg~lj. 'J~8Qjb"(;

';1~:ikf~li~1W~}J~~'!: .;,:;~ ~p,~!;i';:;~\{t:~i:,::~:~:,';,G~::;:::'::~i;;: :~:r;;':;'t::~:~~;':,~:;::~';;; :.!~;~~i:~:;:\~:'I'~',~':~:;',:~' :';;';\;,;:'~':';~',i,/::"~.:: I:" :"~;:~,:...f:' t';, ': ;": ;'.:::,.' I' <' ::: ,'I ','~;:"'>' ",)ii 'JoB~1 roL~iJi'fP9;~\ :~:;j'~;';'~;lif O~.Y,'V!ii.zdiYIA;~(o ~,. :' l:OP:~t'; ? 0 ~\iP6~ '~)f?,\Q I ~~(~ 09 "."'''''!' ~;-" , ,ir~09~lr~}~'10tfJ~ ,;{t!i'::I'Qe) I"O~ I ,,'1..'.'~..,'""" ",,"", ..,.,?,!\..ft ) . .,','." '""" .",",,-.,',. ,.'"';,'"',.",,.',

'

OOP,J~t Ogh~~~OOf; !1!J~~)J11;OgG;~flk:,'~; OOC::J.J~W\:NJ$i:!{ 09 ~Jif,~\:~j;9C: ~wl;rJ:;\OO~;~~~;\{P::~',\i';;:9L

~!:.:;~i,::~:'~;l~r~{~\i.'~~,~l 09. ..

"-,,,~,

~~rtk; ~~f~';: 't": :';:;~': -::'~~ ~~~~~:~'i ;'''':'' , =~:~~'i ;~~ ~~'~''""'" ': !,,',,"'h!~f,~,v,O"n': ,
';::;i,4P.'bo;/. -..~..
.-. .....

""'\.I'~. ,'~'\N ',1.'0000,'"

', .:'~ii~~g~j;~;~
'-"QOOv.'

',,"~'" " ,,~,,<:,,!<O' "; :D\~(~..~J~ft "\7 1 ',"'~00i

~'I7,"

t:K"

'1" ,Vy' '.

- ---

.
- -.

r -_:os

:::-

'O;; .-:'~: :: =~- ~~~==~~~8~ ~i~~b o

O. 10;.~:'

- - r- - ~r--:~ -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - _.- - - - -+-- -f~I~~ ~ - ~::: ==:: =:::::: -- =:= .-- L ,... --i"'-r.;: -IS:; - -. - -I- - - - - - - - - -- _. : - - ~

f,..~~~'<-l7r'-f--' ;:!;L.'QI---

-lfl- - -

--

=:'

c-

- -f--

:~

f-",

t
,',

I--'-~

'+--f-

,( "" S,.

"

:;:.
;'

> ~~~~i :?~~~i ~~~ ~ ~I~~ ~~;~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~= ~~. ~ =,~ = ~:=: ,~ .".. - ,... .- - ,~ -:'5 'S: - ~._::> . ..~,..; ". :s: -.. -' - .- - --'~ '<ir2?~~~~r,l:,"'r~Y.1~h~~.;. ::..: =.::~:-; - ~ " =:= ~ ~ ~ =,-=5 ~ =~ ~5;:: :. ~ :;:~S -' ~ ~ ~ .~=-= .- ~~~ -: .-= -"'f;
\~b'g~l~~~ ~~6~~':~

,';""""',,,:;','\!!v,9Qcf ,,'.

'foooi'

I'.'i.::'t40 ocr

-. --

-- -

:)~::t~~itir;-~h'>;n;,O. : ~- ~..~::?::
': f06g~'}:' ~~{~.:aO Do. ", ,... -\~;Y":"j;4):j;S:;:f.R::t;":i:r,, "'::::,

--

~~~

~::::;~ :::~~.~ s ~ =~ -; - - 'S'S - ::s:~ ~ ~ ~.~

'"

.. .. - "---;s: -.-

- :~ ,_IS:.

.,,:. '~1':,',,'" t"> ~ ",I 'n ,<'.-H-;\'T'1'i'" d,,:, ,,-' "', ,\,',;~',..I:v.. """' 1 "''''''''''',
.

,'~j.' "",;,;),. ",0, '" :: ~::,, - = -- - :::.. ~~.:::..-,_."I. ,<':', l ? --f-,._,---~~---~ '-,'!,,""\~'r, .OO .

":;:-."I,iJ.~k' '('~3.",'!''-,i.\;'', : _: - - . - .- - - ,;;:~-. - --,~, _I:s::~ "'. S =~, ~-:.--"".S:::,--, ::::0,,,, ;:,...:::;:.',,;::-,","-.,: "",:,>',;;":'.1,",:, ., ~":;',:., ::::::.. - ,~.:.= :='$ "'::'=.:::.~ ==--= ::::s: - ~-::.:::. ~ - ='-"'-::::::":::-:. .' .-::.~ ~- -= ~s.--'~~ ';:::"::;.;:::.,..:>..~.i~.,,;;;:'::"", -;. S -~ '>:';obo~,j'" "(";'!:!Ob: --. --s -'_._s:::;.::_._~
-.=

~ .~. ~ : ~; = ~. ~

-.: ~:~~E~ =.;::::~.~ =' ~-:r::'. == - s'r--- "';'1'- ~ ~ s;:'-.. -- -- --1; S ,5: 5. s: ~ ~~ ::~?~ ~~~~? S ~ s:. ~ -:;: '-: "...::=- ~ -'S:
~ ---

.. " :"" '" - -I-- --

~ ~ ",' - - -- -

;.- -

"

'-"-~''i.\1''r' '," , 0o. .. - - ,..: --.:',7~i,'.,,;,<!!.:t:,:~' " r,.:' ""',"I"". [,"'OO9"j'II{,~10()"

), , 'h :'i~QOt
.

,.,~\"t\1.:,'''I' .:""f." 4 0'''''' " ~-.. ... -.. - - - - _.- 'S -- - "".. - -.. -.;, - i"'--I -_.-, .:,y;',,'4nl:M S~':' k- -r.. - - -,- ,-'.~ - ,-""",;:.-'-:~i;:: - ----I - '-"":--. "",', .,-. - ~-I~'" -" ~ ~l.-' - -- -- -_. - - -..;;; - -:::: -1 ""'6 ' -;-"""',i;",V!}i~"-':j\~\;' tx,,;'1'12 00,
- - ,'-I~ , - - - -. - -- """" ""'k ~- j.:;:'-~i'.-'--'-'--""-:::.--'--" ,--, -. .- .-

...

cc'-- - - C'~.

- ---

- -'-

-"

-f"k

I~ - """"'t-., - "1'0'-,...

.. = I""L-'-~""'-'= ""F: -~~;:

-, ,~'~ :...-..0.[.-. " ::;". , -

-~~I--"'~I-= ---1"""1---"'--'
,,,""

--== ~t
'.

"""'

,-

I""

-- - ,~",,-"-I-"~'~-""'--r~-~~--"_-=:::'" .'I-,e -. ,. - -..' ~ -.c- .,:::,-"-I~t'.-~,--'k-r"'-:.::.::::

~ . -""'--

-::s;
-'30 ~

"""". ,---,,>"

;;:U'

'.'

"
~

.[]
~

!,~t':f/1~t~'b~:':',:,~'~::~~'J~~'~~,," - ,-..; .1:- -:I:'~ ~ :::;: ~ ':' -1-'''''' ;::~ = -= = :t:'~. ::::: ~~r ::; .>=.:: ~ S-=_.., -..:;: ~ .. ::. --.:;.'" . "'':;..00 ...' - - '" -, .-'" -I- -I>-- -,_.-:: - .-.- - ~.::: - ~ - -r -s:~= -~ "'- - ::..:; ~ ,0','''' ""',.'"" /.., ",> ,k ':;:" "'!-~""::::::"" .
:""";""",<" ,,~,.,,(O .. - . - " "~K - --~--., """'i"'"

':;

~ --

- - -.-

-. -.- ._,-.-- -."

...-

::;: ~

. . .'

.. - .. - -'..

'
,

.t.lI1 ... . - ~

" i "

- _.-', - - - ,--="", "', - -z - ~, "" - ,- -'" --r-:::::: - - - - - :::... - -, ,- ~ -- :.-= "'-<:: - ::"- - :: - r-.. -- .:.: ,...= - .-=~..;.;;:, - """'- = -- -::s _. ~ -- = - ~ = :s. :. ~ i>.:. :",,== ,... :.s=so B~ .. . -".~ ~~. .-. ~.::: -= : : : :: 1=:::5i'= = '':'- :. ~.:: = ~,~ :- =-5 ~ ~:;: ''''::s,.,. ~S -= ..- - .. - ~ -, - - - - - - " _: ...- - r-<- So. S " - - rs;:. ",.-. r;::~ - ~ - -' :.. -,..- ,-.- ,- -.-" _.:'" ",-- 1--""- - -''''''',--I-'h--I'' - - - K - -po..- - - - - --"I' -.. ' '.. ---~t'-o-. -''''"'' '~'-' -""'-.: ""' k, h.--'--p.-.....--':
n .

'" ,-- - 'S..." : S -- '" . . - ..' .- So - ... : -- "'"' ,- -..: . - - - -.. S - - -. - "'-- ~ ..-'- -""'-.;::-" ,- ~ - -- - - ""-.- ' - ... ---I 1; ..E~ -..::..-I~ --1>0 " -.. - -",- --"-.r.>--~-, :::, , :""'-"-""'-:s;::, -'., ~ =-=-=--:;;.-:-_:::: = - ::.:. = = ~~ -: = :s -: - .5:..: - ;; -:: = ::: 'S -::.=~: .::::::.- --:. =,,,";:;;:-==: :: : :.:: ~~ -: :::::"= .:.-:'S::. ...- .. - _:5 - - ._.--:s:.- :: - -~ - ,-, ';;:'". ...: -.. -- .-"'-, ~":"-- 1-.:- -,-'-'.~"--I~':S---''''''''''' "'~'~--'~.-'-~-'- """' 5- ,.- -,--I~ - ',' .. -,- ---..--"".;: - - _.. ---':~---.,-,>1-, -s.~ S . .,- - - -. - -, .- -~,~, .-I"" .. _. .::--- -":' =-.-

i:

- '... ..

= ~

!r
[ !' (

~ -IS

"

. I"" -1-""'--'""-:-'--'-

"'~

_::'1-<- --

--,--1

..b ~ - f::.f<.,; -1:':: - ~"' -.. - .. - -.. '::::t -- - -I::""r;:::-. - 'j.;.;:. -:::::""...;..: --'" -'-'": LI-I t-.;--~.._:::,,,, ~ , i::::'.;;;::-'--' --,-' !'. .. p...10:'~ -'... ,-., ,-"... -, -,--I ---_..~ -'''''" -,. .. - .--':::Ok - - -:::".- i""- -,:.".." .. --.. - - -- _.- ':...h:"'- .~ - - -" 1 - ,,- -~ - -,." .- - ...:::. ",1- '::>.. - r-..: - -~ .. - _. - - -1-""1". -- ---, -' ,- '::::5 .,-11-1"1--.1-1"'" l::-I..f-, -- ~.;;:--i"-'::::..,'-'--' --_..--....-. . -,::. . n ~ . ,-.".-:0 -.. -.- -" ,-,- I~'-' ~ --;:: -- '-=:s: - --, ~ t>..- -.- ~ -_:::::::: :!' .., - ..- r..::"':''' - ,~.., ---. ~1'...~ -- - ~" -, "- .- - - 1-0.:' - -'",,- ..- - - .- -:"- - - 1-->.;- -. -- .- ..- - ~ - - ---I I '(
1

;""- .." ,,- -I--.- - -,1""-.. ~'" - -

.. -- - -. - -.- -. i

"- -

::1I"""~. -I":::;'-..;:--~"'~ I~
~

~ -1-::

---

- --":"-

.. . ""1-0. . " ' - .. S::" -, ~ ' -., -'1'-"0~~.- i--- " .. .. ,- - .-. ...~ .- :. : ",~ " .. :. :.~ -= -, ':::-''';;'::..:::' :::': -. :=: -, .. -: '-. - :-- :'..

: ::. ~: ~.': : " ' .

-"'".
~

- n.

.. - ~

'"

-- -- ~

I'S

~ -. - " .. --,;;;;:: _t5~. S~.. .. ,,~ .. ... - - ~. - -~... -- - ;~ - ..:::0"",,1--'" .. - - -;>0...:;-- --I"'"- -, -: t-""",",,~-:'..".. L~"",-'-':::"'-'~k-"" I~~---:""'-' --"-'-"-'~--I--'. ,,- - ". - .. -:; - - - -, s:.:-1-"" . . - _.;- ,-.. - - ~:::- - --. -. .L:::-.,. , '..- -.. .- f-,--, ", , --""-c---",..., :::---":'S.l---",,-r:s;: -,," '-- i""-o,--""' ...,, ,-~,-,~,,---,_.":' . 1 . ..- " . - i~ - - _. - - ' -, - n-'~ - --":~- ..,- ~ - ~ S'- .." ..c: ~ - - " :.-., --. :-.'

~::~ ~ ~ ~:.;'~i

;~~~:?

~:~ j:~;: ~.~..~

- '" ~ - - ~

[ l ~~ ~~ ~ ~'~ ~ :~~,=-=-~ ~ - -- ,,-- - -.;;;: .- .- ~ ':---:~~-I-~

.. .. -. ~ ." .. "

-- I~ ":' ,- .- -- .-. _.- ~ .:;::': ~ .;;:;,=; :..::;. =-=-.-:::::=

~~

- -"",-, - . .. ... . - - - .. r-.. ... .. I ," - -.. - - - I- ;>0. So

.

" (

.:::~~;mHH~~n~~~S~~~'~!~~i~~~~~i~~~~
" --:"',-

---

""---

,"
",',.,,:,- . '",'" ';,; """,;.,;",.:,;,,,

...-~*~ - " .. - "j~~~~

.- - ".,-

-.. 1~

-~...;: -

--

::

--

- .... '" - , - -, -.

""---

;;;: -

~,~.- -,I-r... -

':;:"",,-p,.K""::~--"""":--I'
~
.

-~-",",,' 'n ,.';:::" "" - r---:. -. ---""""I ..

';:-'

::: ::- c-

""'-:..:,-,

I~i.,,,,",

-=1-..:.-

"-."

I.';;:;"..

--=-...">-

-.:::.

::-:::-1

l' "!'7',;';Pi'

:.\,,,,3r~:;(~!~} f.",li}/i,}"~M},~\d:~,\if::::!ji".~~~~:;H,;W;\~t.i~~:\,:i.t/:i'j~,";:'/i:;;~:',)~,;''!<;,\\':,,:, ,:::,;;..;,\;',;:\:iit,2~:i , .

....

-.

)'~)'!i:~~.1tr~1~F"};r';~\;;(:;{;:Xb;;[(9'J~ f,~ 1)/(9: ~~;f?1)]:,~8:==.~t{Jo::8~ [(LL~9 { ,.',r",.. '." ,.,...,";'0',", """,.,,,,.'" '.." , , ."-'.'''''' ,'."'",,'..+~jJ/(LL'9+Jl)] "",.' ., ,. .."
" '''''-,'''.'''"

..

. . ..-

~."",.

,."". .'... 1."""-""""""""""""''''''",.,-""~""""""""""-=",,,,,~:;,,,,.-,;.,,+:.;;:.:;:-==~.-

~tj :Aq paj13W!XOlddc, ""'. ==~tj '.

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY PETR. ENG. DEPT.

PE 476 DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT No. .3
1. 0 BJECTIVES
To determine

Resistivity of the given mud (Rm). - NaCl concentration equivalent to (RnJ

2. INTRODUCTION Control of the resistivity of a mud and mud filtrate while drilling may be desirable to permit better evaluation of,formation characteristics from electric logs. The determination of resistivity is essentially the measurement of resistance to electrical current flow through a known sample configuration. Measured resistance is converted to resistivity by use of a cell constant. The cell constant is fixed by tbe configuration of the sample in the cell and is determined by calibration with standard solutions of known resistivity. The resistivity is expressed in ohm-meters. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS The measurement of electrical resistivity of the mud and mud filtrate requires:
(a) A calibrated resistivity cell.

(b) An instrument or apparatus for measuring -the resistance of the sample in the cell. (c) A thermometerfor measuring the sanlple temperature. Any type of cell and instrumentation which is sufficiently accurate to permit determination of resistivity within 5 percent of the con'ect value may be used. If the instrument indicates the sample resistance in ohms, the cell constant must be known. The resistivity in ohm-meters is obtained by multiplying the resistance in ohms by the cell constant in square meters per meter. If tbe instrument is a type of direct-reading resistivity meter, tbe cell constant has been adjusted to a particular value or accounted for in the electrical circuit of the meter. Such an .instrument measures the sanlple resistance and converts it to resistivity so that the reading is taken directly as ohmmeters. For all instruments, the manufacturers' instructions for current source, calibration, measurement, and calculation should be followed. 4. PROCEDURES 1.
2. Fill the clean, dry resistivity cell with freshly stiITed mud or with filtrate. Be sure that no air or gas is entrained in the sample. Connect the cell to the measuring instrument.

3. Measure the resistance in ohms and, using the cell constant or calibration
chart, convert to resistivity; or measure the resistivity directly with a direct-indicating resistivity meter. Measure the temperature of the sample to the nearest degrees F. Report the mud resistivity Rm or filtrate resistivity Rmr in ohm-meters to the nearest 0.01 ohm-meter. Report the sample temperature in degrees F.
4. . Clean the resistivity cell. Scrub with a brush and detergent solution if necessary. Rinse the cell thoroughly with distilled water and allow it to dry.

5 . RESULTS
Temperature Resistivity of mud sample Equivalent NaCl

= = =

OF

'O-m
Pf111

. t'

J KING SAUD UNIVERSITY PETR. ENG. DEPT.

PE 416
DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT
1. OBJECT lYEs.

No.

1+

Determination 2. INTROD')CTION

of sand content

of drilling

mud.

Sand content is desirable in drilling mud bea~use of its abrasive nature and i1.5 tendency r.oblJild (\ thick iDud cake on the wall of the bor~ hole. Also, when drilling is interrupted, it settles at the bottom around the bit caus ing trouble in reaming operation. It is , therfore, necessary to check the iDud at a regular interval and if itis higher ,han a trouble limint. the mud should be treated to remove the sand content.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPAR~~UJi

Sand content in mud is determined by BAROID SAND CONTENT SET which consisted of a 200 mesh sieve, a funnel and a glass tube calibrated in percentage by volume.

Sieve and Funnel for SOlid Content

Set.

Baroid Sand Content Set.

"

<\.

PRO..G.EJl1Jj\E.S.

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Fi 1.1 the glass tube Hi 1;11mud up to that add ,/;\1 '"~r up to the IlEnE". After HEHE" .
P011re
thl'oup,-h

the

mark

labeled

"HOD TO
pi'lsses
G.leve.

marked

label "ylfl.TER OP TO

the
the

mix ture
sieve

over
and

~)n() mesh
I", III'! [;r<lins

sieve
are

60 that mud rc1~i1ined 011 Lh,-,

6.
7.

glass tube and sand on the sieve with >1:1 ter to remove all the mud. Now fit the funnel over the top of the sieve. Turn it upside down slowely and fit the top of the funnel into the open end of glas6 tube. Wash the s~nd back into the tube with a Gpry of wat~l" Allow the sand to settle and then note the volume of sand in calibrated tube.

Wal;h the

5.
,;}

RESULTS.
Sand content of the mud in percentage by = Mud volume = % volume Sand volume x: JOO

~--<

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY PETR. ENG. DEPT. J EXPERIMENT No.

-

PE 416
DRILLING LAB.

(1)

L-llB.J.:ECTIVES.

Determination
INTRODOCTION

of mud viscosity by Marsh Funnel Viscometer.

2...

Cutting suspension ~hen circulation stops is one of the main functions of drilling mud. To fulfill this function, the mud should have sufficient gel strength ~hich in turn depends on the its viscosity. On the other hand, higher viscosity is undesirable during drilling because higher viscos ity corresponds to high flo.. res istance and.hence high pump input to maintain flo.. of mud. Mud density, mud additives, borehole conditions, cuttings size, and caving problems influence the mud viscosity. It is necessary to control and keep the viscosity in desirable limit.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

March funnel viscometer is used for routine viscosity determination of drilling mud on p?ell site. It is a conical. funnel having an orifice in the bottom. It is 12" .long and 6" diameter at the top. A screen is mounted on the top to remove any contaminants able to plug the orifice. The volume of the funnel is 1500 cc. It is filled ~i th freshly 'Well agitated mud up to a mark and time to run out one quart (946 cc) of mud is determined in seconds with a stop 'Watch. ;

3 --

.". ""'W-"

,~"..-,.

~.

PROCEDURES
1. Hold the orifice. funnel in upright position ~ith index finger on

2. Pour the test sample freshly taken from the mud system through the screen of the funnel until the level just reaches the upper side of the screen. 3. Immediately remove the finger and simultaneously start the stop ~atch. 4. Record the time in seconds for a quart of sample to be run out. 5. RESULTS Viscosity Viscosity of mud in second of ~ater in second = =

seconds seconds

6. PRECAUTIONS

Clean and dry thoroughly after each use. Take special care not to lend or flatten the Epecial brass orifice in the bottom of the funnel.

--

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY PETR. ENG- DEPT.

PE 476
DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPERIMENT No.

. .1. OBJECTIVES

Determination of plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, bingham yield point, and gel strength of drilling mud by Fann V.G. viscometer.
2.

DESCRIPTION

OF THE APPARATUS

Fann V.G- Viscometer is an electrically operated viscometer with multiple rotational speeds of 3, 6, 100, 200, 300, and 600 rpm. Any of these speeds is ..'selected by switch and rpm knob as shown in the

diagram 3

. -~.
.

PROCEDORES 1. Pour freshly agitated mud saDple in contair:.er up to scr it>=':. line ~~d place of under the rotor sleeve. 2. Raise the sample contai2er u2til the rotor sleeve ~s hold

immeresed exactly up to scribed line marked on the rc.tcr :":~.::i it in this positi.::-n by tightening the lock scre>:< on c.:':'~

leg of the instrument. 3. Rotate the rotor at speed of 600 rpm (knob all the way DOWN POSITION and s~itch to the RIGHT POSITION) for about 15 secc~c and Dote the dial reading when it becomes steady. 4. Keep the knob in DOWN POSITION and shift the switch to LOH POSITION (300 rp6). Note th~ dial reading--when it becc~es steady5. Raise the knob to OP POSITION and shift the switch to HIG~ POSITION (200 rpm). Note the dial reading ~hen it becc~es steady. 6. Keep the .knob in OP POSITION and shift the switch to LOW POSITION (10u rpm). Note the dial readir~ when it beco~e5 steady. 7. Lower the knob to.INTERMEDIATE POSITION and shift the s~itc~ to HIGH POSITION (6 rpm). Note the dial reading whe!litbeco~es steady. 5. Keeping the knob to INTERMEDIATE POSITIO~ and 6~i=~ the s~itch to LOW POSITION (3 rpm)". Note the dial reading when it .. becomes steady. . -

'.

.-

'1[.

f~

/.'//'//

Ii .\

~
l'

!.>=-/,,~:, \ -=-:'"

'~-. ~"h.NG

~~
S~i to'

~~
~

;... Lov lIi9h \:, ',', '\. :1" ::

r--r
,~(

;-

.,J.o.L

~ '::
I

~f
.100

Up 'osl<10'

2001

"l~nob

Int..~.dIH. Pool tlo.

6(

;' ~'
.

.~~ ~
~ "
~

ti.-RGiOR .~

} )

},
c ,

~. v/. t
I
r:~

.'"

Dov,

Posillo,

600 [

J )00

2 t ~ ~t2 ~

r-;::;~8S J'~

::~'>

"

---

"
.'

4.

Calculations

and Results

PE 476 Drilling fluids laboratory

I~xper'ilnen( No.5 Investigation of Drilling Fluids Rheological properties using Farm VG viscometer model 35 Rotation speed,
rpm

Dial reading,

Shear rate, y = 1.7034 * rpm

Ib/lOO ft2

Shcar stress, t = 1.067 * 4)

Ib/1 00 ft2 0.5 ] 1.5 3 50 100

Ef'ICctiveviscosity, Pe = m*
cp

E1Tectiveviscosity,
Ie =
rpl11 * 300

rpm cp

600 300 200 100 6 3

Plastic viscosity (~Ip)

= (I)(joo - (hoo

cp
cp

App'arent viscosity (Pa)

Yield point (Yp)
I

= ~600/2
= (hoo Pp

IhllOO n2

~see gel

strength

Ih/lOO ft2 Ih/I 00 n2

10 min gel strength

5. Conclusions

PETR. ENG. DEPT.

DRILLING

LAB.

(1)

EXPERIMENT No. ~)
L-QBJECTIVES.. Determination of filter loss of mud.

~ODOCT_IQtl.
The filter 1065 of the mud is a measure of the ability of mud to plaster the ~all of the bore hole Hith a thin impermeable filter cake. The lower the permeability of plaster, the thinner is the cake and the lo~er the filtrate voluille. This property is dependent on the amount and physical state of colloidal material in the mud. A mud having 'ufficient colloidal content minimizes the drilling difficulties.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARA.TI25.

The test is conducted by a STANDARD FILTER PRESS AND ~1JD CELL ASSEMBLY at a specified pressure of 100 psi and time of 30 minutes. It consists of a mud cell having caps at its top and bottom. The base cup is fitted ..i th rubber gasket, screen, filter paper and rubber gasket again. This base cup has a filtrate tube at the bottom. The top cup has a pressure inlet and is fitted with rubber gasket. This unit is mounted in a frame fixed with T-scr-ew on the top of the frame" Co!Upressed

ni"trogen cylinder is used

pressure

,0?-5

a pressure source which

is connected "tv

inlet of "the top cup in cell assembly.

t ..q .q qiJ"-7

"'\~
.~

~tl,'

..'.
..

..; .<

)~

;]

} >.

~.:: ...

.. ....

~r:;i;1iii;t
r:;rr

I""""'~"';'';';;;'

n r-.r ,-.. ; r1 c:l ,-

r1,...r ,I r:: I ~,... r n." - - --

"T" SCREW

TOP CAP

PRESSURE INLET

RUBBER GASKET

MUD CUP

FRAME CELL ~

SUPPORT ROD

C
~

~
.~

~
GRADUATED CYLINDER

~
:/'::;':'.~..

RUBBER GASKET

~,'
THUMB SCREW

FILTER PAPER

~~.

SCREEN

~--SUPPORT

RUBBER GASKET

@
lj..

BASE CAP WITH FILTRATETUBE

FILTRATE TUBE

Fig.

. Standard Filter Press and Mud Cell Assembly.

..

..
4.

PROCEDURES
1.

Assembly the parts in this order

a. Base cup, b. Rubber gasket c. Screen d. Sheet of filter paper e. Rubber gasket f. Cell Fill the ~ell with test sample to within 1/4" of the top and mount this unit in the frame. . Place the rubber gasket in place in the top cup and set it on the cell with T-screw. Place a dry graduated cylinder under the filter tube. With the regulator T-screw in its maximum OUTWARD POSITION (closed position)'open the valve of nitrogen. Apply 100 ps pressure to the filter cell by rapidly screwing the regulato T-screw INWARD. Time of test begins at that moment. At the end of 1, 4, 7 1/2, 9, 16, 25, 30, and 36 minutes measure the volume of filtrate and record it. After that close the valve of nitrogen cylinder and open the safety bleeder valve. This will release the pressure of tb entire system. Bring regulator T-screw in its maximum OOTWAR position. Disassemble the cell and remove the filter paper from the cup. The mud cake is deposited on filter paper. Wash excess 0 the mud from the cake gently with ~ater and measure it
thickness.

2. 3. 4. 5.
.

6. 7.

8.

5. OBSERVATIONS

Time,

min.
I

Filtrate volume cc.

.(Time

I I

4
7 1/2 9 16 25 30 36

I I

Plot filtrate volume versus .( Time and determine minute filter 106s (API filter loss) and initial just at applying the pressure) if any.

corrected

spurt

(volun

6. RESULTS API filter loss Thickness of mud cake Initial spurt = = = cc. in. cc.

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY PETU. ENG. DEPT.

PE 476 DRILLING LAB. (1)

EXPlmHItmT

No.

(~)

.l.. _tW.JE~J...l.Y.m.t

Determination prel3Gure.

of

filter

10GB of mud at high

temperature

and high

2..J:.lill.G.EDJlllli

Before the
leave it for
t.hermoGtat.
J_.GJ~J::lJ.JU,LII

te(> I;i6 Gtartcd, connect the well to 1tO vol t liCand about one hour to 6el; the temperature adjusted by

I E_CJ~LL__!JJnJ'-

1. 1006e the 6CreWG in the cell and remove the cap. 2. Tighten t.he outlet valve ntem at the bottom of the cell and
fill it with mud t.o'within 3/1 in. of the top. 3. Carefully place in c:i.rcleof filter paper on "0" ring. 1. ~;e 1;l;he c<':\p in the cel.!. and screw j1;.T19h tenl;he inlet valve n\;clII .in the cap.

5. P]ace 1;hecell in the heating well and

wail;

for

aboul;

30 min.

GO tha t the cell may eome up \;0 tho reguit-ed temperature. Thermometer h; placed in the thermomc tor hole.

~~~,E.T:rJ.IH.Ll'llE-..l?jlEl).mmlLU_N,.cr

1. Connect
locking

the

preGBUre

p in to keep

unit to inlet valve il; i.n place.

stem and insert

the

2. Hemove the barrel It'om

uni.l;

alld

place

co~~

cartridge

in

the

!Jill' nd. . :3. Screw the barrel back in the un i I; and 1,1gh ton il; \;0 punc l.u re the cartridge. 4. Set 'the desired prelu,ureby regulator and open the inlet valve by turning the inlet valve stem about one half turn. 5. After U1e above sel.ting. place a graduated cylinder under ou\;lel; valve nlld OP~H) I;h~~ oul,lp.l. valve nl.em by I;uruing il; alJOut, one half turn. Time of tASt bci~g now (1. Nol.ethe volume of r.i.U;rill;e collected .in the cyLinder after 1. -1,"1 1/2. 9, Hi, 2!). ;10. nnd au minu l.eG. ThiG volume should be correc ted to 7. 1 6q. ill. fi.ll.er (\re~. '{. L\fter the te6t in Onlnhed. close both inlet; and outlet valve n t.em6 . {3. ',oosen the regulator '"1''' screw (\nd bleed th~ pressure wl'th Ult': hob vC1.lve. U. Pu 11 .the locking pin and lift off the prer~Hure assembly. 10. Remove the cell from I.he well and allow it .to cool. t 1. Ho 1<1 the ce 11 w i.Lh Cnp down and loosen the top valve (in Ie t valve st.em) to bleHd off the prer,6ure. 1/.. I,oonen the cap loekinH F>CreWB and lift the cap out. 13. Remove the filter paper from the celJ. The mIld cake is dCponlt,,~d on filt(~r PdP(~r.. ~/ar;h excel';!j of lJIud from the C<l.Re gently with water and moaGure itG thicknes6.
.

,~:'

.~,
""''''.'.'.'

..~ I

Fig.

Baroid High-Pressure HighTemperature Filter Press.

f><-9J3. SJ~JiYA.'1:l0Jili

Time

I!iltrate

.,

Time

min.
1 '1 7.5 B 1G 25 30 3G

Volume cc

Filtrate voJ.ume corrected to 7.1 sg.in. area cc.

Plot corrected filtrate v01ume ~IO min. Lilter lOGS (1\1'1 J~ilter

versus
LOGG)

f Time
and

and del.;ermine correctcd

SrUHT if any.

INITI1\I,

6-,-.JIK~UJ.JJi 1. 1\1'1 Filter Loss at 2. Initial I3purt 3. Mud cake thickneGG

"'" "C

and

psi

=
= =

cc. cc. in.

7,-_r Im.~u.TJJ2Jili
1. Ttlls test should be conducted at a temperature beloH IFor tes t ' above 2UO "l~, the procedures slightly d iIfer above. 2. In step 'f be sure that the cell haR been cooled to temperature before Joor,cning the cap locking screw. 200 "F.
[rom

ambient.

Japeriment

No.9

Bentonite Quality Determination.

1.
/

Obiectives

To investigate the quality of commercial Bentonite by comparing it with the API standard requirements

2.

Description of Apparatus

API standard apparatus for testing drillingfluidsare requiredin additionto an oven and a set of sieves and a shaker.

3.

Procedure
of Bentonite in one liter of fresh water and measure the following

Prepare 5..42% properties:

Commercial Name of Available &ntonite Company Address

Bentonite Property 600 rpm reading

API Requirement

easured Property

30 Yield Point, [b1100 f? 3 IlP API Filter Loss, cc ,,;(: 3c AJoisture Content, wt%
Q YeS'\.

15 cc 10 wt% 4 wt%

Residue on US no. 200 Sieve, wt%

Experimcnt

No. \

1. Objcctivcs
This experiment is intended to measurc dircctly the uniaxial compressive strcngth of hard set ccmcnt and indirectly mcasurc the lIniaxialtcnsilc strcngth of thc salllc matcrial.

2. Introduction
In this tcst, cylindrical spccimcns made from cemcnt slurry were used. These specimens are of the following dimcnsions: a. Uniaxial Compressivc Strcng!!): I" x I" x I" cubical specimens or Cylindrical spccimens with Lcngth to Diamctcr ratio (LID) of 3.5. b. Uniaxial Tcnsile Strcngth: Cylindrical specimcns with Length to Diameter ratio (LID) of 1.0. In thc compressive test thc test sample is place in the test machine as shown in Fig.l.a while Fig.J.b shows the test sct up in thc case of indirect tensile test. Fig. J.c shows the test set up whcn measuring the tensile strength directly using dumbbell shape specimen. As a prediction mcthod the tcnsilc strcngth is takcn as D.I.of thc uniaxial comprcssive strcngth for most rocks. 2.J Ccmcnt Uniaxial Comprcssivc Strcngth

In this test, cylindrical ccmcnt samples with a length three timcs its diameter is loaded steadily by a comprcssion testing machine as shown in Fig. La. When the specimcn fails the applied load dividcd by the specimcn cross- sectional area is equal to the uniaxial compressive strength of the cement is given by the following equation:O'c 2.2

=:l A

...(1)

Ccmcnt Indircct (Braziliall') Tensile StrcJ.llill! ' is intended to indirectly measurc the uniaxial tcnsile strcngth of a ccment A crack When a ccmcnt disk is loaded diamctrically in comprcssion as shown in Fig. I.b,

Thc Brazilian test specimcn.

con1bincd tension and compression is gcncrated in the central part of the spccimen.

starting in this rcgion propagates parallel to thc axis of loading. The tcnsile strcngth of a ccment specimen with a thickness approximately equal to the specimen radius is calculated from the following formula:

2L,
crtl

=1tD t

...(2)

2.3

Cement Direct Tensile Strcn1!th

Direct tensile tests were conducted on dumtbell-shaped cement specimens as shown in Fig. Lc. These tests were uscd to check the validily of data obtaincd from indircL:tlensilc tests. The direct tension test was conducted on the dumbbell-shaped cement specimens in a tension-compression testing machine. The middle third of the specimen was subjected to tension by attaching metal hooks to the top and bollolll thirds of the specimen (with enlarged sections) and pulling the sections outward. In all cases, failure occurred at the middle of the middle third of the specimen. Thc load on lhe specimcn at failure is recorded and the direct tensile strength is calculated from the following formula:

L2
0"t2 =

...(3)

3. Description of Apparatus
J. I
Soil Tcst VCI'sa-Tcslcr

The AP-I 000 series versa-Tester was uscd in this study to measure the strength characteristics of hard set cemcnl. It is hydraulically operated machine with load ranges of 30,000 and 60,000 pounds. The machine is supplied with two 8 1/2" gauges, one indicating to full capacity and the second to 1/5 full load. Loads are sensed and indicated through a closed system hydraulic load ce1J and gauge arrangemcnt which is completely independent of the main hydraulic control system as shown in Fig. 2.a. The machine is calibrated to obtain an accuracy of 1/2 to 1% of full scale in accoillancc wilh the American Gauge design commillce's gauge calibration standard. 3.2 Tensilc Testcr

lIard set cement was tcsted ror tensile strength using a tensile Tester apparatus as shown in
Fig. 2.b. Ccmcnt13riquellc (dumbbell) shaped specimens were used in this test. Direct reading of tensile load was obtained from this machine after specimen failure. Then the read tensile failure load is converted to tensile strength.

..
.'

4.
4.1
1-

IJroccdurcs
Uniaxial CoJt1uressiveStrent!th
The SpCCilllCII is placed bctween the two loading platens of

compression testing machine.

2-

The cOlllpressionluad is applied until the specimen is seen in full contact with the loading

platens. 3The load of the specified loading rate is increased, This loading rate depends on the type of the material to be tested. (use slow loading rate). 4-

When the specimen is failed the loau at failure is recorded and is used with the specimen's cross-sectional area to calculate the uniaxial compressive strength asshown in Eq.!.

4.2

Indirect

Tensile Test (Brazilian Test)

12-

The spccimcn is placcu bctween thc two platcns of the compressional testing machine.
The comprcssion load is applied until the specimcn being in full contact with both loading platcns.

3-

The load is increascu until failurc is occurred and record the load at failure (use slow loading rate).

4-

The failure load and spccimen's dimensions are used to calculate the indirect tensile strength of the spccimen using

Eq. 2.

4.3
1-

Direct Tensile Strenl!th (Briquette Test) The specimen is placed in the tensile machine and properly connect its ends into the two Briquettes.

2-

The lCllsioll load is applicd until the specimcn is seen in full contact with the two I3riqucttes.

-..

. - .h'".,---"

"""'.'-.'."'-..'

'

Test

Action

Theory

L1

(a)
Uniaxial
Compressive

Strength

cre

=A

II

(b) Brazilian or IndircctTensile Strength

crt!

=1t*D*t

2*L1

(e)
Direct Tcnsile Strength A

L2

q2= A

F; J .

i:

Tests Conducted to Estimate Cement Mechanical Strength.

. .-.--..

..

3-

The tensional load is increased until failure is occurred. Record tile load at failure (use slow loading rate).

4-

Thc recorded load at railure alilithe spccimcns cross-sectional area are used to calculate the direct tensile strength (Eg.3).

5. Observations and Calculations

5.1 Uniaxial Compressive Strcnt!.th
Sample 1 Length Diameter L, inch D, inch L1, Lb Sample 2 Sample 3

Load at
Failure Uniaxial Com pressive Strength

ac,

psi

AverageUniaxial CompressiveStrength =
5.2

pSI

Uniaxial Indirect Tcnsile Strength

Sample I Thickness Diameter Load at Failure Uniaxial Tensile Strength at, psi t, inch D, inch l/, Lb

Sample 2

Sample 3

Average Uniaxial Tensile Strength=

pSI

1:1 ..... .l:: 0 cd S bf) CJ ..... ..... en 0 ..... 1:1 0 ..... c:n CJ \.I) q) C .cJ d :2 r :(:" VI ':Ii' -./ -+' q] 'f Q) U .. 01 . OJ G:

0 CJ ..... .l:: 0 cd S bO' .S ..... en 0 ..... 1:1 0 ..... VI VI 0 M Po S d 'd' ---

,.

.. ., .