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Arch Dams
Curved in plan and carry most of the water thrust horizontally to the side abutments by arch action. A certain percentage of water load is vertically transmitted to the foundation by cantilever action.
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Arch Dams
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Arch Dams
n
q q
Appropriate when Width / Height of valley (B/H) < 6 Rocks at the base and hillsides should be strong enough with high bearing capacity. To save in the volume of concrete. Stresses are allowed to be as high as allowable stress of concrete. Connection to the slope of hillsides should be 45o at least.
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Arch Dams
Base width
Arch Width
Upstream face
Height
Toe Axis
Central angle
Downstream Face
Base
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Good for U-shaped valleys Easy construction Vertical upstream face Appropriate for middle-high dams
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Good for V-shaped valleys Limited to the ratio of B/H=5 Best center angle: 133o 34
3-4
q
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crest
Combination of the two above. Its calculation based on shell theory applied to arch dams
a a a
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Upstream
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Arch Dams
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Structural Design: Load distribution in the dam body & beyond scope of this course
q q q q
Independent ring method Trial load method Elasticity theory Shell theory
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Arch Dams
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Hydraulic Design
Determination of thickness at any elevation Effect of uplift force ignored Stresses due to ice & temp changes-important Arch action - near the crest of dam Cantilever action - near the bottom of dam Horizontal hydrostatic pressure is assumed to be taken by arch action
h t
t
t/2 t/2
rm O
rd
rm = rd t/2
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Hh
p t
dFV
dFV
p
Differential force for infinitely small elemental piece with center angle of d :
R
x
r
dFV = p . r . d
Vertical component:
Ba
dFV = p . r . d . Sin
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horizontal force:
H h = 2 .h.r . Sin
a
2
h : height of arch lib from the reservoir surface r : radius of arch a: central angle Equilibrium of forces in the flow direction (y): Hh = 2 Ry Ry: reaction force at the sides in y direction [= R sin (a/2)]
Hh
p t
dFV
R a/2 Rx
Ry
R = .h.r
x Ry
r
Ba
R/t
t=
. h. r all
V=Lt
L: arch length (L = r a) (note that a is in radians)
.h 2 V= r a all
Pressure
p = h:
t/2 t/2
p rd t= all
rm O
rd
rm = rd t/2
This is the reason why the constant-angle dams require less concrete that the constant-center dams Formwork is more difficult In practice; 100o < a < 140o for the constant-angle dams
rm = all E
E = Concrete elasticity modulus rm = Radius from ring axis For the relation between center angle (2), beam length (L) & arch radius (r):
t/2 t/2
rm
rd
L r= 2 Sin
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O rm = rd t/2
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Ykseklii 120 m olan bir barajn arlk ve kemer-arlk trnde yaplmas halleri iin taban geniliklerini ve birim kalnlktaki hacimlerini karlatrnz. Barajda taban su basnc kltme faktr 0.8 dir. b = 2.4 t/m
zm:
b = w
b = 120
b = h
1 m
Hacim=
120
1 2.4 0.8
1 2.4 0.8
b= 95 m.
120 95
1 = 5700 m 2
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m=0
b = h
b = 120
1 = 78 m 2. 4
120
95 78
Arlk yerine kemer-arlk semeyle beton hacminde %18 azalma olacaktr. Bu seim ancak yamalar yeterince salam olduunda yaplabilir.
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Ykseklii 80 m olacak bir sabit yarapl (silindirik) kemer barajda tabandaki maksimum kemer kalnlnn, en fazla baraj yksekliinin ne eit olmas istendiine gore kemer yarapn hesaplaynz. Kemer halkalarnn emniyet gerilmesi 220 t/m, betonun elastisite modl 2106 t/m olduuna gre tepede anahtar noktasnda ortaya kacak sehimi bulunuz.
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zm
h rd = t p
t = h/4 alalm t = 80 / 4 = 20 m :
p=h
h h rd = 4 ( h )
t
2 = 55 20 = 45 m 2
1 1 220 rd = h = = 55 m 4 4 1
rm E
rm = rd
= h
= 220
45 = 0.005 m 6 2 10
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Ykseklii 100 m ve tepe genilii 5 m olacak bir kemer barajn tepeden itibaren 0, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 m derinliklerdeki eksen yaraplar sra ile 95, 80, 63, 58, 50 m dir. Betonun emniyet gerilmesi 300 t/m ve elastisite modl 2106 t/m dir. Her seviyede kemer halkasnn kalnlk ve sehimini bulunuz.
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h t 0 25 50 75 100
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t
t/2 t/2
25 25 25 25
rm O
rd
rm = rd t/2
zm
2 2 h = bem = 300 = 200 t / m 3 3 rd p p t p rd ( h ) rm + t t= rd = rm + 2 ( h ) (rm + 0.5 t ) t = = 2 h h h
h rm + h 0.5 t t= h
h rm t= ( h h 0.5)
h rm t= (200 h 0.5)
bulunur.
iin:
rm = h E
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t=
h rm (200 h 0.5)
= h
rm E
Sra No
Sehim (cm)
1 2 3 4 5
0 25 50 75 100
95 80 63 58 50
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