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Deployment of IGRP/EIGRP
Session 307
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Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr
Understanding EIGRP
Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr
90 seconds updates (RIP is 30 sec.) Load balance over unequal cost paths
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Metric = [K1 x BW + (K2 x BW) / (256 - Load) + K3 x Delay] x [K5 / (Reliability + K4)]
By Default: K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = K5 = 0
Delay is sum of all the delays of the link along the paths
Delay = Delay/10
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Advantages of EIGRP
Advanced distance vector 100% loop free Fast convergence Easy configuration Less network design constraints than OSPF Incremental update Supports VLSM and discontiguous network Classless routing Compatible with existing IGRP network Protocol independent (support IPX and appletalk)
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Advantages of EIGRP
Uses multicast instead of broadcast Utilize link bandwidth and delay
EIGRP Metric = IGRP Metric x 256 (32 bit Vs. 24 bit)
EIGRP Packets
Hello: Establish neighbor relationships Update: Send routing updates Query: Ask neighbors about routing information Reply: Response to query about routing information Ack: Acknowledgement of a reliable packet
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Neighbor declared dead when no EIGRP packets are received within hold interval
Not only Hello can reset the hold timer
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
1
Hello
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
1
Hello
Update
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
1
Hello
Update
Ack
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
1
Hello
Update
4
Topology Table
Ack
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
1
Hello
Update
4
Topology Table
3 5
Ack
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
Update
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Discovering Routes
A
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
B
I am Router A, Who Is on the Link?
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
1
Hello
Update
4
Topology Table
3 5
Ack
afadjfjorqpoeru 39547439070713
Update
Ack
Converged
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Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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EIGRP DUAL
Diffusing update algorithm Finite-State-Machine
Track all routes advertised by neighbors Select loop-free path using a successor and remember any feasible successors If successor lost Use feasible successor If no feasible successor Query neighbors and recompute new successor
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Feasible distance is the minimum distance (metric) along a path to a destination network
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(20) H B D (1)
FDDI
(100)
Destination Destination
Topology Table
7 7 7
Neighbor Neighbor
H B D
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Reported distance is the distance (metric) towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor
Reported distance is the distance reported in the queries, the replies and the updates
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(20) H B D (1)
FDDI
(100)
Destination Destination
Topology Table
7 7 7
H B D
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A neighbor meets the feasibility condition (FC) if the reported distance by the neighbor is smaller than the feasible distance (FD) of this router
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EIGRP Successor
A successor is a neighbor that has met the feasibility condition and has the least cost path towards the destination It is the next hop for forwarding packets Multiple successors are possible (load balancing)
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A feasible successor is a neighbor whose reported distance (RD) is less than the feasible distance (FD)
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Successor Example
Network 7 (10) G C (20)
RD 30 21 140
(20) H B D (1)
FDDI
(100)
FD 130 121 240
(10)
Neighbor Neighbor
Destination Destination
Topology Table
7 7 7
H B D
B is current successor (FD = 121) H is the feasible successor (30 < 121)
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Active routes are routes that have lost their successors and no feasible successors are available. The router is actively looking for alternative paths
Active route = Bad
Stuck in Active means the neighbor still has not replied to the original query within three minutes
Stuck in active = Ugly
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Dual Algorithm
Local computation
When a route is no longer available via the current successor, the router checks its topology table Router can switch from successor to feasible successor without involving other routers in the computation Router stays passive Updates are sent
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H
#1 #2 #8 (20) #6
#7
G C
A
(10)
#7 #7
121/21 B 130/30 H
(100)
X
D
#4 (100)
#3
FDDI
(1)
#5 (20)
(10)
. . .
. . .
. . .
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Dual Algorithm
Diffused Computation
When a route is no longer available via its current successor and no feasible successor is available, queries are sent out to neighbors asking about the lost route The route is said to be in active state Neighbors reply to the query if they have information about the lost route. If not, queries are sent out to all of their neighbors. The router sending out the query waits for all of the replies from its neighbors and will make routing decision based on the replies
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A
(10)
#7 #7
121/21 B 130/30 H
(100)
X X
B D
#4 (100)
#7
#8 (20) #3
FDDI
G
#6
(1)
#5 (20)
(10)
. . .
. . .
. . .
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DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D Cost (4/2) (fs) via E Cost (4/3)
(1) B (1)
D
(a) D
X
(1)
EIGRP Topology Cost (2) (fd) via B Cost (2/1) (Successor) via C Cost (5/3) EIGRP Topology Cost (3) (fd) via D Cost (3/2) (Successor) via C Cost (4/3)
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(2) C
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(2) (1)
E
(a) E
DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E Cost (4/3)
EIGRP Topology (a) ** **ACTIVE ACTIVE** ** Cost (-1) **ACTIVE** via E via C Cost (5/3)
(2) C
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(1) Q E
E
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (3) (fd) via D Cost (3/2) (Successor) via C Cost (4/3)
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DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E
D
D R
EIGRP Topology (a) ** **ACTIVE ACTIVE** ** Cost (-1) (fd) **ACTIVE** via E (q) via C Cost (5/3)
(2) C
(1) E
EIGRP Topology (a) ** **ACTIVE ACTIVE** ** Cost (-1) (fd) **ACTIVE** via D via C Cost (4/3) (q)
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DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E
D
D
EIGRP Topology (a) ** **ACTIVE ACTIVE** ** Cost (-1) (fd) **ACTIVE** via E (q) via C Cost (5/3)
(2) C
(1) E
E
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (4) (fd) via C Cost (4/3) (Successor) via D
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DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E
(1) B R (2) C
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D
(a) D (2) (1)
EIGRP Topology Cost (5) via C Cost (5/3) via E Cost (5/4)
(1) E
E
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (4) (fd) via C Cost (4/3) (Successor) via D
39
DUAL Example
(a) C EIGRP Topology (a) Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E
D
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (5) via C Cost (5/3) via E Cost (5/4)
(2) C
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(1) E
E
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (4) (fd) via C Cost (4/3) (Successor) via D
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C
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D Cost (4/2) (fs) via E Cost (4/3) EIGRP Topology Cost (2) (fd) via B Cost (2/1) (Successor) via C Cost (5/3) EIGRP Topology Cost (3) (fd) via D Cost (3/2) (Successor) via C Cost (4/3)
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(1) B (1) D
D
(a)
(2) C
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(2) (1)
(1) E
E
(a)
C
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (3) (fd) via B Cost (3/1) (Successor) via D via E EIGRP Topology Cost (5) via C Cost (5/3) via E Cost (5/4)
D
(a)
(2) C
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(1) E
E
(a)
EIGRP Topology Cost (4) (fd) via C Cost (4/3) (Successor) via D
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EIGRP unreliable packets are packets that do not require explicit acknowledgement:
Hello Ack
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Per neighbor, retransmission limit is 16 Neighbor relationship is reset when retry limit (limit = 16) for reliable packets is reached
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Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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EIGRP Summarization
Purpose: Smaller routing tables, smaller updates, query boundary Auto summarization:
On major network boundaries, networks are summarized to the major networks Auto summarization is turned on by default
150.150.X.X 150.150.X.X
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151.151.X.X
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EIGRP Summarization
Manual summarization
Configurable on per interface basis in any router within network When summarization is configured on an interface, the router immediate creates a route pointing to null zero with administrative distance of five Loop prevention mechanism When the last specific route of the summary goes away, the summary is deleted The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route
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EIGRP Summarization
Manual summarization command:
ip summary-address eigrp <as number> <address> <mask>
AS 1 50.2.0.0/16 50.2.0.0/15 S0 interface s0 ip address 50.1.1.1 255.255.0.0 ip summary-address eigrp 1 50.2.0.0 255.254.0.0
50.3.0.0/16
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Variance command will allow the router to include routes with a metric smaller than multiplier times the minimum metric route for that destination, where multiplier is the number specified by the variance command
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Variance Example
B E 20 10 Variance 2 20 C 10 10 25 A Net X
Router E will choose router C to get to net X FD=20 With variance of 2, router E will also choose router B to get to net X Router D will not be used to get to net X
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Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Metric is used to compare routes coming from the same routing protocol
RIP = Hop count EIGRP/IGRP = Bandwidth and delay OSPF = Link cost
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To make EIGRP compatible with existing IGRP network with minimum interruption, EIGRP and IGRP with the same process number will be automatically redistributed into each other
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EIGRP/IGRP Example
IGRP 2 B C FR EIGRP 1
Ex ter nal Ne EIGR tX P
A External Net X
FR
RP IG E l na X ter Net x E
Network X is external EIGRP route Router A forwards external EIGRP routes to router B and D
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EIGRP 1 B
Ex ter nal Ne EIGR tX P
FR
A External Net X
IGR PN et X
FR
Router B and D sends IGRP route to router C Router C sends IGRP network X route back to Router B and D Router B and D will choose IGRP route because of lower Administrative distance
Result: Router B and D will take the wrong route to Net X
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EIGRP 1 B
Ex ter nal Ne EIGR tX P
FR
A External Net X
IGR PN et X
FR
RP IG E l na X ter Net x E
Router B and D will not take administrative distance as decision process if EIGRP and IGRP has the same AS Router B and D still favors external EIGRP routes from router A
Result: Router B and D will take correct route to Net X
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Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
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EIGRP is Advanced Distant Vector. It relies on its neighbor to provide routing information If a route is lost and no feasible successor is available, EIGRP needs to converge fast, its only mechanism for fast convergence is to actively query for the lost route to its neighbors
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C Network X
AS 2 Query for X
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130.130.1.0/24 130.x.x.x
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Bandwidth over multipoint Frame Relay, ATM, SMDS, and ISDN PRI:
EIGRP uses the bandwidth on the main interface divided by the number of neighbors on that interface to get the bandwidth information per neighbor
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Agenda
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Fundamentals of EIGRP DUAL Summarization and Load Balancing EIGRP/IGRP Interaction Query Process Deployment Guidelines with EIGRP Summary
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Keep in mind that EIGRP is not plug and play for large networks Limit EIGRP query range! Quantity of routing information exchanged between peers
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Remote Sites
RTRC RTRB
RTRD
RTRA
RTRE
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Remote Sites
RTRC RTRB
RTRD
RTRA RTRE
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Limiting Updates/QueriesSummary
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Limiting Updates/QueriesBetter
Distribution Layer
Queries Replies
10.1.8.0/24
Remote Sites
RTRC RTRB
RTRD
RTRE
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Convergence simplified by adding the summary-address statements Remote routers just reply when queried
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Hierarchy/Addressing
Permits maximum information hiding Advertise major net or default route to regions or remotes Provides adequate redundancy
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EIGRP Scalability
EIGRP is a very scalable routing protocol if proper design methods are used:
Good allocation of address space Each region should have an unique address space so route summarization is possible Have a tiered network design model (Core, Distribution, Access)
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EIGRP Scalability
Proper network resources
Sufficient memory on the router Sufficient bandwidth on WAN interfaces
Proper configuration of the bandwidth statement over WAN interfaces, especially over Frame Relay Avoid blind mutual redistribution between two routing protocols or two EIGRP processes
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Summarized Routes
Summarized Routes
Access Layer
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Nonscalable Network
Core
1.1.1.0 1.1.2.0 2.2.3.0 3.3.4.0 2.2.1.0 3.3.2.0 3.3.3.0 1.1.4.0
1.1.1.0 3.3.4.0
Token Ring
2.2.1.0
1.1.4.0
Token Ring
3.3.1.0
Token Ring
1.1.2.0
2.2.3.0 2.2.2.0
1.1.3.0
Token Ring
3.3.4.0 3.3.3.0
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Scalable Network
Core 1.0.0.0 2.0.0.0
1.1.1.0 1.1.4.0
Token Ring Token Ring
3.0.0.0
3.3.1.0 2.2.1.0
Token Ring Token Ring
3.3.4.0
Token Ring
1.1.2.0
1.1.3.0 2.2.2.0
2.2.3.0
Token Ring
3.3.4.0 3.3.3.0
Readdress network
Each region has its own block of address
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Summary
Query range
Best way to limit query is through route summarization
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