Ch 1-2 Two-dim motion (Projectile motion)

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1.2 Two-dimensional motion (Projectile motion)

1.2.1 Projectile motion

The motion influenced only by constant gravitational force mg (downwards). It is a two-dimensional motion. y

x Take the upward direction as positive y. ax = 0 equations of motion in the x-direction vx = ux x = uxt ay = -g equations of motion in the y-direction vy = uy gt y = uyt 1 2 gt 2

vy2 uy2 = -2g y

*** The motions in x-direction and y-direction (vx and vy) can be solved independently. (Monkey and Hunter experiment)

1.2.2

Analysis of projectile motion

, where y is the Taking upward positive, the weight acting on an object is mg y

unit vector pointing upwards. If the weight is the only force acting on the object and if the initial velocity of the object is u at an angle to the horizontal, then the equation of motion of the object becomes vx = u cos, x = u t cos, vy = u sin - gt y = ut sin 1 2 gt 2

Eliminating t, we have g x2 2u cos 2

2

y = (tan ) x -

which is in the form y = a x b x2 (parabolic trajectory)

Ch 1-2 Two-dim motion (Projectile motion)

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e.g.

An object is projected at an angle to the horizontal at a speed u. Neglect air resistance. Let tH be the time for the object to reach the highest point, H be the maximum highest attained by the object, to be the time for the object to return to the original horizontal level, R be the range of the object, that is the horizontal displacement of the object when it return to the original level. Prove that i. ii. iii. iv. tH = H=
u sin g u 2 sin 2 2g 2u sin g

to = 2tH = R=

u 2 sin 2 g

e.g.

1996IA1

In a game of table tennis, the ball is struck when it is at C, which is 0.40 m vertically above the edge A of the table. Immediately after it is struck, the ball moves with a horizontal velocity v. It is then just passes the net, hits the table at D and reaches the highest point E as shown below. The table is 2.70 m long and the net is 0.15m high. C 0.40m A 1.35m (a) Neglecting the effect of air resistance, calculate i) ii) the value of v the speed of the ball just before it hits the table. iii) If point E is at 0.25 m above the table, draw the graph of vertical velocity, vy , of the ball against time from C to E. Take downward as positive. (tC, tD and tE on the time axis are the times when the ball is at C, D and E respectively. -3
v / ms-1

E 0.15m D 1.35m B

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 tC tD tE
time

Ch 1-2 Two-dim motion (Projectile motion)

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1.2.3

Projectile motion influenced by air resistance - Air resistance depends on size, shape and velocity of the object. - Rough model: Fr = -b v - We need to solve two sets of differential equations. - We have already discussed the case for = 90o (Chapter 1.1.7) - The trajectory is asymmetric like the following one: