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Nakshatra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nakshatra (Devanagari: ] nkatra) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to the most prominent asterisms in the respective sectors. The starting point for the nakshatras is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the star Spica called Chitr in Sanskrit (other slightly different definitions exist). It is called Meshdi or the "start of Aries".[citation needed] The ecliptic is divided into each of the nakshatras eastwards starting from this point. The number of nakshatras reflects the number of days in a sidereal month (modern value: 27.32 days), that the width of a nakshatra is traversed by the moon in about one day. Each nakshatra is further subdivided into quarters (or padas) These play a role in popular Hindu astrology, where each pada is associated with a syllable, conventionally chosen as the first syllable of the given name of a child born when the moon was in the corresponding pada. The nakshatras of traditional Hindu astronomy are based on a list of 28 asterisms found in the Atharvaveda (AV 19.7) and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana.[citation needed] The first astronomical text that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha. In classical Hindu mythology (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the nakshatras is attributed to Daksha. They are personified as daughters of the deity and as mythological wives of Chandra, the moon god, or alternatively the daughters of Kashyapa, the brother of Daksha.[1] Each of the nakshatras is governed as 'lord' by one of the nine graha in the following sequence: Ketu (South Lunar Node), Shukra (Venus), Ravi or Surya (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Rahu (North Lunar Node), Guru or Brihaspati (Jupiter), Shani (Saturn) and Budha (Mercury). This cycle repeats itself three times to cover all 27 nakshatras. The lord of each nakshatra determines the planetary period known as the dasha, which is considered of major importance in forecasting the life path of the individual in Hindu astrology. In Vedic Sanskrit, the term nkatra may refer to any heavenly body, or to "the stars" collectively. The classical sense of "lunar mansion" is first found in the Atharvaveda, and becomes the primary meaning of the term in Classical Sanskrit.

Nakshatras Ashvin Bharan

Kttik
Rohin Mrigashra rdr Punarvasu Pushya shlesh Magh Prva Phalgun Uttara Phalgun Hasta Chitr Svt Vishkh Anurdh Jyeshtha Mla Prva Ashdh Uttara Ashdh Shravana Dhanistha Shatabhisha Prva Bhdrapad Uttara Bhdrapad

Contents
1 Nakshatras in the Atharvaveda 2 List of Nakshatras 3 Padas (quarters) 4 Use in astrology 4.1 Hindu given names 4.2 Electional astrology 5 Names in modern languages

Revat

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6 See also 7 References

Nakshatras in the Atharvaveda

In the Atharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 28 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras: (1) Kttik (the Pleiads), (2) Rohin, (3) Mrigashrsha, (4) rdr, (5) Punarvasu, (6) Snrit, (7) Pushya, (8) Bhanu (the Sun), (9) Aslesh, (10) Magh, (11) Svti (Arcturus), (12) Chitr (Spica), (13) Phalgunis, (14) Hasta, (15) Rdhas, (16) Vishkh, (17) Anurdh, (18) Jyeshth, (19) Mla, (20) Ashdhas, (21) Abhijit, (22) Sravana, (23) Sravishths, (24) Satabhishak, (25) Proshtha-padas, (26) Revati, (27) Asvayujas, (28) Bharani. [2] Interestingly enough, the term "nakshatra" has a different meaning as demonstrated in the "Surya Siddhanta" which is an ancient text on astronomy. In the early chapters, the author, Mayasura or Mayan, describes various time units. He writes that a "prana" is a duration of 4 seconds. He then continues with a discussion of a number of time units with progressively long durations made up of the shorter time units all composed of a number of pranas. Amongst those time units are something he calls "nakshatra." For example, there are 15 pranas in a minute; 900 pranas in an hour; 21600 pranas in a day, 583,200 pranas in a nakshatra (month). According to Mayan, a nakshatra is a time unit with a duration of 27 days. This 27 day time cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. The relationship to the stars really has to do with the periodicity with which the moon travels over time and through space past the field of the specific stars called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock through which the hands of time pass (the moon). This concept that nakshatra means a time unit has been lost and diverted to meaning a set of stars in the sky. This concept was discovered by Dr. Jessie Mercay in her research on Surya Siddhanta. It is documented in a textbook called "Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras, Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda and Traditional Indian architecture." (Mercay, 2006 - 20012, AUM Science and Technology publishers)

List of Nakshatras
The classical list of 27 nakshatras is first found in the Vedanga Jyotisha, a text dated to the final centuries BCE. The nakshatra system predates the influence of Hellenistic astronomy on Indian tradition, which became prevalent from about the 2nd century CE. In Hindu astrology, there are various systems of enumerating 27 or 28 nakshatras. The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, following Basham.[3]

No.

Name

Associated stars

Description Lord: Ketu (South lunar node) Symbol : Horse's head Deity : Ashvins, the horseheaded twins who are physicians to the gods Indian zodiac: 0 - 1320'

Image

Ashvini "wife of the Ashvins"

and Arietis

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Mesha Western zodiac 26 Aries 920' Taurus Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Yoni, the female organ of reproduction Deity: Yama, god of death or Dharma Indian zodiac: 13 20' 2640' Mesha Western zodiac 9 20' - 22 40' Taurus

2; 7

Bharani "the bearer"

35, 39, and 41 Arietis

Krittika an old name of the Pleiades; personified as the nurses of Krttikeya, a son of Shiva.

Pleiades

Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Knife or spear Deity : Agni, god of fire Indian zodiac: 2640' Mesha - 10 Vrishabha Western zodiac 22 40' Taurus - 6 Gemini

Rohini "the red one", a name of 4; 9 Aldebaran. Also known as brhm

Aldebaran

Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Cart or chariot, temple, banyan tree Deity : Brahma or Prajapati, the Creator Indian zodiac: 10 - 2320' Vrishabha Western zodiac 6 - 1920' Gemini

Mrigashrsha 5; 3 "the deer's head". Also known as grahya

, Orionis

Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Deer's head Deity: Soma, Chandra, the Moon god Indian zodiac: 23 20' Vrishabha - 6 40' Mithuna Western zodiac: 1920' Gemini - 240' Cancer

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6; 4

Ardra "the moist one"

Betelgeuse

Lord: Rahu (North lunar node) Symbol: Teardrop, diamond, a human head Deity : Rudra, the storm god Indian zodiac: 6 40' - 20 Mithuna Western zodiac: 2 40' - 16 Cancer

Punarvasu (dual) "the two restorers of goods", Castor and 7; 5 also known as yamakau "the Pollux two chariots"

Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Bow and quiver Deity : Aditi, mother of the gods Indian zodiac: 20 Mithuna 320' Karka Western zodiac 16 - 2920' Cancer

Pushya 8; 6 "the nourisher", also known as sidhya or tiya

, and Cancri

Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Cow's udder, lotus, arrow and circle Deity : Bhaspati, priest of the gods Indian zodiac: 320' -1640' Karka Western zodiac 2920' Cancer - 1240' Leo

9; 7

shlesh "the embrace"

, , , , and Hydrae

Lord: Budh (Mercury) Symbol: Serpent Deity : Sarpas or Nagas, deified snakes Indian zodiac: 1640' - 30 Karka Western zodiac 1240' - 26 Leo

10; 15

Magh "the bountiful"

Regulus

Lord: Ketu (south lunar node) Symbol : Royal Throne Deity : Pitrs, 'The Fathers', family ancestors

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Indian zodiac: 0 - 1320' Simha Western zodiac 26 Leo 920' Virgo Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol : Front legs of bed, hammock, fig tree Deity : Bhaga, god of marital bliss and prosperity Indian zodiac: 1320' 2640' Simha Western zodiac 920' - 2240' Virgo

11

Prva Phalgun "first reddish one"

and Leonis

12

Uttara Phalgun "second reddish one"

Denebola

Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Four legs of bed, hammock Deity : Aryaman, god of patronage and favours Indian zodiac: 2640' Simha10 Kanya Western zodiac 2240' Virgo - 6 Libra

13

Hasta "the hand"

, , , and Corvi

Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Hand or fist Deity : Saviti or Surya, the Sun god Indian zodiac: 10 - 2320' Kanya Western zodiac 6 - 1920' Libra

14

Chitra "the bright one", a name of Spica

Spica

Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Bright jewel or pearl Deity : Tvastar or Vishvakarman, the celestial architect Indian zodiac: 2320' Kanya - 640' Tula Western zodiac: 1920' Libra - 240' Scorpio

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Svti name of Arcturus (of unknown derivation)

Arcturus

Lord: Rahu (north lunar node) Symbol: Shoot of plant, coral Deity : Vayu, the Wind god Indian zodiac: 640' - 20 Tula Western zodiac 240' - 16 Scorpio

16; 14

Visakha "forked, having branches"; also known as rdh "the gift"

, , and Librae

Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Triumphal arch, potter's wheel Deity : Indra, chief of the gods; Agni, god of Fire Indian zodiac: 20 Tula 320' Vrishchika Western zodiac 16 - 2920' Scorpio

17

Anuradha "following rdh"

, and Scorpionis

Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Triumphal archway, lotus Deity : Mitra, one of Adityas of friendship and partnership Indian zodiac: 320' - 1640' Vrishchika Western zodiac 2920' Scorpio - 1240' Sagittarius

18; 16

Jyeshtha "the eldest, most excellent"

, , and Scorpionis

Lord: Budh (Mercury) Symbol : circular amulet, umbrella, earring Deity : Indra, chief of the gods Indian zodiac: 1640' - 30 Vrishchika Western zodiac 1240' - 26 Sagittarius

19; 17

Mula "the root"

, , , , , , , and Scorpionis

Lord: Ketu (south lunar node) Symbol : Bunch of roots tied together, elephant goad

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Deity : Nirrti, goddess of dissolution and destruction Indian zodiac: 0 - 1320' Dhanus Western zodiac 26 Sagittarius - 920' Capricorn Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Elephant tusk, fan, winnowing basket Deity : Apah, god of Water Indian zodiac: 1320' 2640' Dhanus Western zodiac 920' - 2240' Capricorn

20; 18

Purva Ashadha "first of the ah", ah and Sagittarii "the invincible one" being the name of a constellation

21

Uttara Ashadha "second of the ah"

and Sagittarii

Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol : Elephant tusk, small bed Deity : Visvedevas, universal gods Indian zodiac: 2640' Dhanus - 10 Makara Western zodiac 2240' Capricorn - 6 Aquarius

22; 20

Abhijit "victorious"[4]

, and Lyrae Lord: Brahma Vega Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol : Ear or Three Footprints Deity : Vishnu, preserver of universe Indian zodiac: 10 - 2320' Makara Western zodiac 6 - 1920' Aquarius

23; 20

Sravana

, and Aquilae

24; 21; 23

Dhanishta "most famous", also Shravishth "swiftest"

to Delphini

Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol : Drum or flute Deity : Eight vasus, deities of earthly abundance Indian zodiac: 2320' Makara - 640' Kumbha

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Western zodiac 1920' Aquarius - 240' Pisces Lord: Rahu (north lunar node) Symbol : Empty circle, 1,000 flowers or stars Deity : Varuna, god of cosmic waters, sky and earth Indian zodiac: 640' - 20 Kumbha ; Western zodiac 240' - 16 Pisces

24; 22

Shatabhisha "requiring a hundred physicians"

Aquarii

25; 3

Purva Bhadrapada and Pegasi "the first of the blessed feet"

Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Swords or two front legs of funeral cot, man with two faces Deity : Ajikapada, an ancient fire dragon Indian zodiac: 20 Kumbha 320' Meena ; Western zodiac 16 - 2920' Pisces

26; 4

Uttara Bhdrapad "the second of the blessed feet"

Pegasi and Andromedae

Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Twins, back legs of funeral cot, snake in the water Deity : Ahir Budhyana, serpent or dragon of the deep Indian zodiac: 320' - 1640' Meena ; Western zodiac 2920' Pisces - 1240' Aries

27; 5

Revati "prosperous"

Piscium

Lord: Budh (Mercury) Symbol : Fish or a pair of fish, drum Deity : Pushan, nourisher, the protective deity Indian zodiac: 1640' - 30 Meena Western zodiac 1240' - 26 Aries

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Padas (quarters)
The 27 Nakshatras cover 1320 of the ecliptic each. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 320, and the below table lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, indicating all the elements (ansh) of Vishnu:

Name

Pada 1 Chu Li A O Ve/Be Ku Ke Hu Di Ma Mo

Pada 2 Che Lu I

Pada 3 Cho Le U

Pada 4 La Lo E Vu/Bu Ke Chha Hi Da Do Me Tu Pi Tha Ri Ta To Ne Yu Bhi

1 Ashwini ()) 2 Bharani () 3 Kritika ( ) 4 Rohini() 5 Mrigashrsha([) 6 rdr (][) 7 Punarvasu ([) 8 Pushya () 9 shlesh () 10 Magh () 11 Prva or Prva Phalgun ( [ )

Va/Ba Vi/Bi Vo/Bo Ka Gha Ko He Du Mi Ta To Sha Po Re Tu Ni Ya Yo Dha Bho Ng/Na Ha Ho De Mu Ti Pa Na Ra Ro Te Nu Yi Bha

12 Uttara or Uttara Phalgun ( ) Te 13 Hasta () 14 Chitra (]) 15 Svt () 16 Vikh () 17 Anurdh () 18 Jyeshtha () 19 Mula () 20 Prva Ashdh ([) 21 Uttara Ah () Pu Pe Ru Ti Na No Ye Bhu Bhe

Bha/Pha Dha Ja Ji

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22 rvaa () 23 rviha (^) or Dhanishta 24 Shatabhisha ()or atataraka 25 Prva Bhdrapad ( [ ]) 26 Uttara Bhdrapad (]) 27 Revati ( )

Ju/Khi Je/Khu Jo/Khe Ga Go Se Du De Gi Sa So Tha Do Gu Si Da Jha Cha

Gha/Kho Ge Su Di Da/Tra Chi

Use in astrology
Hindu given names
Hindu astrologers (see Jyotisha) teach that when a child is born, they should be given an auspicious first name which will correspond to the child's Nakshatra. The technique for deducing the name is to see which nakshatra the moon is in at the moment of birth; this gives four possible sounds. A refinement is to pick one sound out of that four that relates to the Pada or division of the Nakshatra. Each Nakshatra has four Padas and four sounds and each Pada is of equal width. The Moon remains in each Nakshatra for approximately one day. A further refinement or opportunity is to instead use the Nakshatra that the ascendent resides in at birth. The same broad choice of sounds and Padas apply, but now the sounds change roughly every 15 minutes. The ascendent passes through all 27 Nakshatras every 24 hours, being in each one for 53 and a third minutes of time, and is in a Pada for 13 and a third minutes of time. By using the ascendent's nakshatra, instead of the moon's nakshatra leads more to comfort of the Self, rather than comfort of the mother. This second approach is only really applicable if intuitively the moon approach does not feel right.

Electional astrology
Constellations are grouped on the basis of their nature, type of their face, degree of their beneficence, their quarters in different signs, with reference to the constellation occupied by the Sun, with reference to the birth constellation (Janma Nakshatra), their caste, etc. The current constellation occupied by the Moon, and its nature forms the fundamental of Vedic system of electional astrology (Muhurta). Some of the activities and works which are associated with the Nakshatras are given below based on their fundamental nature: Fixed (Dhruva, Sthira) constellations: Rohini, Uttara Bhdrapad , Uttra Falguni, and Uttara Ashada Fixed and permanent nature, house, village, temple, entering in new hose-city-temple, religious works, rites for getting peace, propitiation of portents, Vinayaka Shanti, coronation, sowing of seeds, planting of small garden, starting of vocal music, friendship, sexual works, making & wearing of ornaments & clothes may be auspiciously begun / effectively performed. Works allocated to delicate & friendly (Mridu) asterisms may also be performed.

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Movable (Chala , Chara) constellations: Punarvasu, Swaati, Sharavana, Shatabhish & Shravishth Related to motion & movement, riding on a vehicle or elephant, opening of shop, walking first time, walking in garden, sex, making jewellery, learning of a trait. Things performed in Small (Laghu) constellation are also effectively performed in the Movable constellations. Cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations: Magha, Bharani, Porva Palguni, Poorva Shada, & Poorva Bhadra. Ambush, burning, poisoning (self & others), making & using weapons especially related to fire, cheating / deception / wickedness / craftiness, cutting & destroying, controlling of animals, beating & punishing of enemy. Works allocated to Sharp / Horrible (Darun) asterisms are also successfully done in these asterisms. Mixed (Mishra & Sadharan) constellations Vishakha & Krittika. Fire works, burning of sacred fire (Agnihotra), using poison, fearsome works, arresting, adulteration (mixing), donation of ox to get ones desires fulfilled (Vrashotsarga). Works prescribed under cruel (Ugra, Karur ) constellations may also be performed. As per N.S. works of Sweet / delicate & friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations can also be included. Small (Laghu & Kshipra) constellations Hasta, Abhijit, Pushya, and Ashvini. Selling, medical knowledge, using & handling of medicines, literature-music-art, the 64 Kala Shilpa (various arts, sculpture etc.) jewellery making & wearing, sexual intercourse. And the works prescribed for Movable (Char ) constellations. Though Abhijit is included in Small group of asterisms, but is rarely referred in the Muhurt prescriptions. Sweet/Delicate & Friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations Mrigashrsha, Chitra, Anuradha and Revati. Starting & learning singing of songs, clothes & jewellery making & wearing, Manglik works, matter related to friends, female company, enjoyments, sexual passions. Sharp & Horrible ( Teekshan & Darun ) constellations: Jyeshta, Ardra, Ashlesha, and Moola Charm or spell causing disease or death, hypnotism, sorcery; ghost, ambush, horror, murder, capture, matters related to secrecy, backbiting, starting of quarrel, separation, matters related to friendship & breaking thereof, training & tying of animals, pleasure works, playing games, getting made & wearing of new dress & ornaments, starting & learning singing of songs, entering into village / city, peaceful & developmental works.

Names in modern languages

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The names of nakshatras in other languages are adapted from the Sanskrit variation (apabhramsa) through Pali or Prakrit. The variations evolved for easier pronunciation in popular usage.

Sanskrit # 1 2 3 4 5 Ashvin Bharan Krittik Rohini Mrigashrsha [ rdr ] Punarvasu [ Pushya shlesh / Magh

Telugu Ashwini Bharani Kritika Rohini Mrigashira

Kannada Ashwini Bharani Kritika Rohini Mrigashira Ardra Punarvasu Pushya Ashlesha Maagha Poorva Uttara Hasta

Malayalam Ashvati Bharai Krttika Rhii Makayiram tira or Tiruvtira ( Puartam Pyam yilyam Makam )

Tamil Aswini Barai Krthikai { Rhii Mirugasridam  Thiruvdhirai Punarpoosam  Poosam  Ayilyam Magam  Pooram  Uthiram {  Astham  

Mongolian

Ardra

7 8 9 10

Punarvasu Pushya Ashlesha Maagha

Prva or Prva 11 Phalgun [

Poorva

Pram

Uttara or Uttara Uttara 12 Phalgun 13 Hasta Hasta

Utram

Attam

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14 15 16 17

Chitr ] Svt Vishkh Anurdh Jyeshtha Mla Prva Ashdh [

Chitra Swathi Vishakha Anuradha

Chitra Swathi Vishakha Anuradha Jyestha Moola Poorvashadha Uttarashadha Shravana Dhanishta

Chittira ( Chti Vishkham Anizham Ka (Trikka) ( ) Mlam Pram Utram Tiruvnam ( Aviam )

Chithirai ) { Swathi Visakam  Anusham  Kettai y Mlam  Pradam  Uthirdam {  Tiruvnam Aviam y 

18

Jyestha

19 20 21

Moola Poorvashadha

/ 

Uttara Ashdh Uttarashadha Shravana ^ Shravana

22

Shravishth or Dhanishta 23 Dhanishta ^ or Shatabhish or Shatataraka 24 / Prva Bhdrapad 25 [ ] / [ Uttara Bhdrapad 26 ] / Uttara Bhadrapada Poorva Bhadrapada Shatabhisha

Shatabhisha

Chatayam

Sadayam 

Poorva Bhadrapada

Prati

Pradhi y

Uttara Bhadrapada

Uttti

Uttdhi { y

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27

Revati

Revati

Revati

Rvati

Rvathi

See also
Atmakaraka Navagraha Panchangam Gandanta Chinese constellation Twenty-eight mansions

References
1. ^ Mythology of the Hindus, by Charles Coleman p.131 2. ^ trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith, Hymns of the Atharva Veda, 1895[]. Original text via GRETIL (http://fiindolo.sub.unigoettingen.de/gretil.htm#Veda) from Gli inni dell Atharvaveda (Saunaka), trasliterazione a cura di Chatia Orlandi, Pisa 1991, collated with the ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Sanhita, Berlin 1856. 1. citri sk div rocanni sarsrpi bhvane javni | turma sumatm ichmno hni grbh saparymi nkam 2. suhvam agne kttik rhi cstu bhadr mrgira m rdr | pnarvas snt cru pyo bhnr le yana magh me 3. pya prv phlgunyau ctra hsta citr iv svt sukh me astu | rdhe vikhe suhvnurdh jyh sunkatram ria mlam 4. nna prv rsat me adh rja devy ttar vahantu | abhijn me rsat pyam ev rvaa rvih kurvat supum 5. me mahc chatbhiag vrya me dvay prhapad surma | revt cvayjau bhga ma me ray bhraya vahantu 3. ^ Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Indian Astronomy Appendix: Astronomy. 4. ^ Its longitude starts from 06 40' to 10 53' 40 in sidereal Capricorn i.e. from the last quarter of Uttra Ashadha to first 1/15 th part of Shravana.[citation needed] Its span is 4 13' 40.[citation needed] The span of 27 mean daily lunar motions totals 355.76167 degrees, and together these total 359.98945 degrees. Considered an "intercalary" lunar mansion.[citation needed]

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