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Introduction
Digital storage oscilloscopes
(DSO) are the primary tool
used today by digital designers
to perform signal integrity
measurements such as setup/
hold times, eye margin, and rise/
fall times. The two key banner
specifications than affect an
oscilloscope’s signal integrity
measurement accuracy are
bandwidth and sample rate. Most
engineers have a good idea of
how much bandwidth they need
for their digital measurements.
However, there is often a lot demonstrates a counterintuitive Table of Contents
confusion about required sample concept: scopes with higher Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
rates — and engineers often sample rates can exhibit poorer Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem. . . . . . . . . 2
assume that scopes with the signal fidelity because of poorly Interleaved Real-Time Sampling . . . . . . 6
highest sample rates produce aligned interleaved analog-to- Testing for Interleave Distortion . . . . . . 8
the most accurate digital digital converters (ADCs). This Effective number of bits analysis . . . 8
measurements. But is this true? application note also will show Visual sine wave comparison tests . 9
how to easily characterize and Spectrum analysis comparison
tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
When you select an oscilloscope compare scope ADC sampling
Digital clock measurement stability .
for accurate, high-speed digital fidelity using both time-domain comparison tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
measurements, sampling fidelity and frequency-domain analysis Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
can often be more important techniques. Related Agilent Literature . . . . . . . . . . 15
than maximum sample rate. Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Using side-by-side measurements Let’s begin with a discussion
on oscilloscopes with various of minimum required sample
bandwidths and sample rate and a review of Nyquist’s
rates, this application note sampling theorem.
Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem
How much sample rate do Nyquist Sampling Theorem What Nyquist calls fMAX is what
you need for your digital For a limited bandwidth signal with we usually refer to as the Nyquist
measurement applications? frequency (fN), which is not the
a maximum frequency fMAX, the
Some engineers have total trust same as oscilloscope bandwidth
in Nyquist and claim that just equally spaced sampling frequency
(fBW). If an oscilloscope’s band-
2X sampling over the scope’s fS must be greater than twice of
width is specified exactly at
bandwidth is sufficient. Other the maximum frequency fMAX, in
the Nyquist frequency (fN), this
engineers don’t trust digital order to have the signal be uniquely
implies that the oscilloscope
filtering techniques based on reconstructed without aliasing.
Nyquist criteria and prefer that has an ideal brick-wall response
their scopes sample at rates that that falls off exactly at this same
are 10X to 20X over the scope’s frequency, as shown in Figure 2.
bandwidth specification. The Nyquist’s sampling theorem can Frequency components below the
truth actually lies somewhere be summarized into two simple Nyquist frequency are perfectly
in between. To understand why, rules — but perhaps not-so-simple passed (gain =1), and frequency
you must have an understanding for DSO technology. components above the Nyquist
of the Nyquist theorem and how frequency are perfectly eliminat-
it relates to a scope’s frequency 1. The highest frequency ed. Unfortunately, this type of fre-
response. Dr. Harry Nyquist component sampled must be quency response filter is impos-
(Figure 1) postulated: less than half the sampling sible to implement in hardware.
frequency.
2. The second rule, which is often
forgotten, is that samples must
be equally spaced.
2
Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem (continued)
3
Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem (continued)
4
Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem (continued)
6
Interleaved Real-Time Sampling (continued)
7
Testing for Interleave Distortion
8
Testing for Interleave Distortion (continued)
Figure 12b: 2.5-GHz sine wave captured on the Agilent Infiniium DSO80304A
sampling at 40 GSa/s (interleaved)
10
Testing for Interleave Distortion (continued)
11
Testing for Interleave Distortion (continued)
Spectrum analysis
comparison tests
12
Testing for Interleave Distortion (continued)
13
Testing for Interleave Distortion (continued)
40 GSa/s Distortion
Figure 16a shows the spectrum of
{
a 400-MHz clock captured on an
Agilent 3-GHz bandwidth scope
sampling at 40 GSa/s. The only
observable frequency spurs are
the fundamental, third harmonic,
fifth harmonic, and seventh
harmonic — along with some
minor even harmonics. All other
spurs in the spectrum are well
below the scope’s in-band noise Figure 16b: FFT analysis on 400-MHz clock using a Tektronix DPO7254 2.5-
floor. GHz bandwidth oscilloscope
Figure 16b shows the spectrum only see the fundamental fre- directly related to this scope’s
of a 400-MHz clock captured on quency component and its associ- poorly aligned interleaved ADC
a Tektronix 2.5-GHz bandwidth ated harmonics, but we also see system.
scope — also sampling at 40 GSa/ several spurs at higher frequen-
s. In this FFT analysis, we not cies clustered around 10 GHz and
40 GHz. These imaging spurs are
14
Summary Related Agilent literature
As you’ve read in this application Publication Description Publication
note, there’s more to oscilloscope number
signal fidelity than just sample Agilent 7000 Series InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes Data sheet 5989-7736EN
rate. In some cases a lower-sam- Agilent 8000 Series Infiniium Oscilloscopes Data sheet 5989-4271EN
ple-rate scope may produce more Agilent 90000A Series Infiniium Oscilloscopes Data sheet 5989-7819EN
accurate measurement results. Agilent InfiniiVision Series Oscilloscope Data sheet 5968-8153EN
Probes and Accessories
To satisfy Nyquist criteria, you Choosing an Oscilloscope with the Right Application note 5989-5733EN
need a scope that samples at Bandwidth for your Application
least 3 to 5 times higher than Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Application note 5989-5733EN
the scope’s bandwidth specifica- DSP Filtering on Oscilloscope Waveforms
tion, depending on the scope’s Understanding Oscilloscope Frequency Response Application note 5988-8008EN
frequency roll-off characteristics. and Its Effect on Rise Time Accuracy
Achieving higher sample rates Evaluating Oscilloscope Vertical Noise Application note 5989-3020EN
often requires that scope ven- Characteristics
dors interleave multiple real-time Evaluating Oscilloscope Sample Rates vs. Application note 5989-5732EN
ADCs. But if real-time interleav- Sampling Fidelity
ing is employed, it is critical that Evaluating Oscilloscopes for Best Application note 5989-7885EN
the interleaved ADCs be verti- Signal Visibility
cally matched and the timing of Debugging Embedded Mixed-Signal Designs Application note 5989-3702EN
Using Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes
phase-delayed clocking must be
precise. It should be noted that Using an Agilent InfiniiVision Series MSO Application note 5989-5049EN
To Debug an Automotive CAN bus
the problem is not the number of
interleaved ADCs; the issue is the
level of precision of interleaving.
Otherwise, Nyquist’s second rule
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(equally-spaced samples) can be
cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/xxxx-xxxxEN.pdf
violated, thereby producing
distortion and often negating
Product Web site
the expected benefit of higher
For the most up-to-date and complete application and product information, please
sample rates.
visit our product Web site at: www.agilent.com/find/scopes
When you compare waveform
fidelity of similar bandwidth
scopes, Agilent’s real-time scopes
produce the truest representation
of input signals using the
industry’s highest-precision ADC
technology.
15
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