METHODOLOGY

Methodology can be the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline or it can be the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline (Webster). Method can be defined as a systematic and orderly procedure or process for attaining some objective. Methodology does not describe specific methods; nevertheless, it does specify several processes that need to be followed. These processes constitute a generic framework. They may be broken down in sub-processes, they may be combined, or their sequence may change. However, any task exercise must carry out these processes in one form or another (Katsicas, 2009). Methodology may be a description of process, or may be expanded to include a philosophically coherent collection of theories, concepts, or ideas as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry. It may refer to nothing more than a simple set of methods or procedures, or it may refer to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study relative to the scientific method. The aim of this chapter is to explain the tools, techniques, and methods that are used in this research for data collection and analysis of the data.

Universe / population Any set of individuals or objects having some common observable characteristics constitute a population or universe (Dixon and Marry, 1957). Universe is the entire group of items of individuals of interest in a study. The universe for the present study comprised of the all students of the following institutions: 1. Govt. Postgraduate college Dera Ghazi Khan 2. BZU Multan Sub-Campus Dera Ghazi Khan 3. University of education, Sub-campus Dera Ghazi Khan

Sample Sampling refers to a smaller representation of a larger whole (Goode and Hatt, 1952).Time and cost are usually limiting factors in social research. It is therefore, economical to base studies on samples rather than to study the entire universe. A sample refers to smaller representation of a large whole (Good and Hatt, 1952). There are two basic requirements for a good sampling procedure. Firstly it must be representative and secondly it must be adequate. For the present study purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of respondents. The sample consisted of 125 respondents. Instrument for Data Collection After selecting the sample, the next step is to select the appropriate research technique for data collection. For the present study, the researcher has collected the data from respondents through interview schedule. The Interview schedule was used because: 1. It allows the researcher to get relevant information about the topic. 2. It allows the respondent to read it carefully and answer the question after thinking about it. 3. More time permutes more satisfied data. 4. There is the guarantee of its return. 5. The completion rate is 100%. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be put forward as a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. For the present research, hypothesis are:

Statistical Analysis The data were tabulated statistically analyzed to bring it into a computer have various values and their analysis are being described as follow. Percentage In order to bring the data into comparable form, percentages of various categories of data were used in the present study. The percentage was calculated by following formula. Percentage = Where F = Absolute Frequency N = Total Number of item Chi-Square Chi-Square test was applied to examine relationship between independent and dependent variables. X2 were computed by using the following formula. X2 = fo = Observed frequency fe = Expected frequency = Total sum (Sigma) x 100

CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION

The first step in the measurement process, in which the researcher selects the variables to be measured, delineated the exact meanings of the independent and dependent variables. Operationalization is a process of defining a concept, as the operation that will measure the concepts (variables) through specific observations. Conceptualization demands operational definition of general concepts and variables along with their specific components that are used by researcher. A concept is a word that expresses an abstraction formed by generalization from particular. A construct is a concept created explicitly for a specific scientific purpose, while social researchers intend to understand the process of conceptualization in sociology. They will have to note something, to note does that neither concept nor constructs exist in the real social world. They are the things that we create in our mind.

Poverty
The state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support, condition of being poor. For the present study this term was operationalized as the low income level student of Dera Ghazi Khan.