Design and Construction of A GSM Based Controlled System For A Power Sub-Station

CHAPTER ONE 1.
0 INTRODUCTION
Automation is the key to modernization and has now been conceptually understood as a way to increase efficiency and productivity. [1] To improve the power quality efficient operation and monitoring of high voltage and a low voltage substations is very important. There is a need to ensure power supply at the proper voltage and frequency with the least number of duration of interruptions and with minimum financial and return on investment. [2] The use of cellular phone to control electrical power distribution of a substation is now taken off. Not only does GSM based controlling lead to much power efficiency and better decision systems, it also brings intangibles like safety to the system. [3] A power substation transforms voltage from high to low or reverse. A power substation generally consists of switching equipment, protection equipment, transformers, control equipment, circuit breakers, shunt reactors and capacitor banks. Power substation
ensures that the supply to the end users is reliable, efficient, stable and safe. [4] The supply to the substation is connected from the national grid through a step down power transformer and the circuit breakers. A relay is connected to each phase of the incomer and outgoing feeder via the circuit breakers. Whenever there is faulty condition e.g. earth fault, over current fault, short circuit fault and surges, the relay will sense it and depending on its setting will initiate action on circuit breaker to trip the circuit. [5]
MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA
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A relay is an electromechanical switch that opens and closes with electromagnetic coil. As current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that attract the plunger, pulling it down. [6] The function of a circuit breaker in electrical circuit is to automatically operate to safeguard the circuit and other associated equipment whenever there is power surge, faulty current, short circuit and earth fault in the circuit. Once the fault is detected, contact within the circuit breaker must be open to interrupt the supply. [7] In the past, substations were operated manually and as complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from centrally attended point, to allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operational cost. [8] The automation of a substation monitoring and controlling using microcontroller AT89C51 will be studied. A message would be sent to GSM modem through RS232 cable connected to the microcontroller. The microcontroller AT89C51 is interfaced to the relays which switch (on/off) of the circuit breaker coil. A PC is connected to the microcontroller using MAX 232 IC. GSM modem receives the data from control circuit and sends an input to microcontroller. The microcontroller verifies with reference
specifications, if the logged data is abnormal, relay control will take place. [9] 1.1 Microcontroller
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. These are like single chip computers that are often embedded into systems to function as processing /controllers unit. For example, microcontroller is used to measure and control temperature of a furnace and oven,
MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA Page 2
speed of electric motor, deflection, pressure of boiler etc. It is used in automatic control of car to control air and fuel mixture to test the condition of the engine, brakes etc. Microcontrollers are used to in military equipment, radars, and tanks etc. where automation is needed. [10] 1.2 Types of Microcontrollers The various types of microcontrollers used in industries today are 8 bits, 16 bits and 32 bits. These are classified below: The 8-Bit Microcontroller
When the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on a byte (8-bits) at an instruction, the microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller. The internal bus width of 8-bit microcontroller is of 8-bit. Examples of 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8051 family and Motorola MC68HC11 family. [11] The 16-Bit Microcontroller
When the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on a word (16-bits) at an instruction, the microcontroller is a 16-bit microcontroller. The internal bus width of 16bit microcontroller is of 16-bit. Examples of 16-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12 and MC68332 families. The performance and computing capability of 16 bit microcontrollers are enhanced with greater precision as compared to the 8-bit microcontrollers. [12]
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The 32-Bit Microcontroller
When the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on a double word (32- bits) at an instruction, the microcontroller is a 32-bit microcontroller. The internal bus width of 32-bit microcontroller is of 32-bit. Examples of 32-bit microcontrollers are Intel 80960 family and Motorola M683xx and Intel/Atmel 251 family. The performance and computing capability of 32 bit microcontrollers are enhanced with greater precision as compared to the 16-bit microcontrollers. [13] Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. These are like single chip computers that are often embedded into systems to function as processing /controllers unit. For example, microcontroller is used to measure and control temperature of a furnace and oven, speed of electric motor, deflection, pressure of boiler etc. It is used in automatic control of car to control air and fuel mixture to test the condition of the engine, brakes etc. Microcontrollers are used to in military equipment, radars, and tanks etc. where automation is needed. [14] 1.3 1.3.1 Microcontroller AT89C51 Introduction to AT89C51
The Intel 8051contains two separate buses for the program and data. It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit accumulator and another 8 bit register as main processing blocks.AT89C51 is supported with on-chip peripheral functions like I/O ports, Timers/Counters, serial communication port. The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). [15]
1.4
Problem Statement
Electric power transmission and distribution companies in developing countries continuously encounter challenges of providing efficient and reliable power supply to the end users at competitive price. In the event of power failure which could be due to equipment failure, partial short circuit, lighting strikes, accidents, natural catastrophes and power disturbances. Outages occur in long service hours. The delay in long service period could be attributed to the reasons emulated below In event of maintenance work, personnel have to move from sub-station to substation to carry out switching operations. If the network is faulty, personnels has to drive from sub-station to sub-station to isolate the lines. If the sub-station is sited at the middle of the city, traffic conjunction may delay the operations. If the substation is sited on top of a hill driving to and fro may delay the operation Delay in solving simple problem may result in huge revenue lost. Energy loss as a result of these problems stated above will also affect productivity The safety of personnel switching the circuit breaker manually could be in danger.
In view of these it is advisable to control the substation remotely to avoid time wasting and save human lives during switching operations.
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1.5
Objectives
The aim of this study is to design and construct a GSM based controlled system for a power sub-station. To achieve this, a general pocket radio services (GPRS) or GSM modem was connected to a personal computer to receive a short message service (SMS) from a cell phone. The short message services (SMS) then passes through an RS 232 cable through Max 232Ic to the microcontroller 89C51. The microcontroller 89C51 send signal to the relay which operate the circuit breaker ON/OFF. .
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CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
The utilization of GSM mobile phone and it associate benefit cannot be over emphasis. This technology has emerged as a useful facility to make life easy and safe. It is enhancing development worldwide. Several research works has been done on automation of power substation. [16]. Some of the research works on design and construction of automatic unit to control power sub-station by other authors are as follows: On January 23, 2009, Moxa, one of manufacturer of world leading network realize a white paper on embedded computers for substation automation. Power substations play a critical role in transporting electricity from power plants to homes, businesses, and factories. However, a typical power grid can be comprised of hundreds of substations that need to monitored and controlled. Thanks to the rapid growth of computer and communication technology, power substations are becoming more automated and increasingly deploy intelligent devices to monitor and control unmanned facilities. The company mentioned that the key factors to establishing successful substation automation systems include faster and more reliable networking solutions such as embedded computers. There are three physical layers in substation automation: the bay layer, the communication layer, and the substation layer. The bay layer consists of protection units and control units, and is based on the RS-485 bus. The communication layer serves as the core of the whole remote monitoring system. It not only collects data from the protection units and sends it to the back-end control center, but transmits commands from the
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control center to the control units, such as switching on and off the various system devices, capacitors, and converter transformer taps. The substation layer provides 100Mbps. Compared to the traditional IPC (industrial PC), the embedded computer is a revolutionary technology that considerably changes the structure of control systems. By replacing the PCs hard drive with flash or DOM (disk on module) memory, the RISC based structure of embedded computers provides users with fanless operation and low power consumption. Structurally speaking, embedded technology reduces many unstable factors associated with traditional IPCs that usually require add-on boards or cards for system expansion. Add-on expansion boards/cards seldom meet strict anti-vibration and anti-shock demands of harsh industrial conditions. To solve this problem, embedded systems use a highly integrated layout design for all interfaces including serial ports, Ethernet ports, and DI/DO. This significantly enhances system reliability and operation stability. Moreover, embedded computers usually come pre-installed with either Linux or Windows operating systems for a ready-to-run platform that satisfies real-time industrial application demands, and ensures system maintenance costs and effort. [17]
In 2010 Cisco a network company reported on substation automation for smart grid. The smart grid promises a more efficient way of supplying and consuming energy. In essence, the smart grid is a data communications network integrated with the power grid that enables power grid operators to collect and analyze data about power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumptionall in near real time. Smart grid communication technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power. To achieve
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this vision of ubiquitous nearreal time information, a transformation of the power grid communications infrastructure is needed, particularly in transmission and distribution substations. While modern data communication has evolved from telephony modems to IP networks, many power utilities are still deploying modem access and serial bus technology to communicate with their substations. The existing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) remote terminal unit (RTU) systems located inside the substation cannot scale and evolve to support next generation intelligence. Since flexible IEC 61850compliant intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and utility-grade rugged IP routers and Ethernet switches have become more widely available, many utilities are now ready to transform their communications networks from serial to IP-based communications. [18]. Figure 1 shows the transition from a legacy substation to a next generation substation.
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Figure 2.1 Substation Migrations in Process [18]
The migration toward this future transmission and distribution substation is taking place because of the desire to bring more automation and intelligence to the power grid network to address a myriad of utility concerns such as how to reduce operational expenses to ways to meet new regulatory requirements. This paper describes Ciscos vision and activities in the area of substation automation to help ensure a secure smart grid and a reliable, sustainable energy supply. The transition from a legacy to future substation is taking place because of various substation automation factors: The future substation reduces operational expenses by converging multiple controls and monitoring systems onto a single IP network while helping ensure higher priority for grid operational and management traffic. This network convergence enables utility companies to reduce power outages and service interruptions as well as decrease response times by quickly identifying, isolating, diagnosing, and repairing faults. These improvements are achieved
through automation and flexible access to operational control systems and, in the future, through better data correlation across multiple monitoring systems. In addition, many utilities are facing an aging workforce, which will be retiring in the next 5 to 10 years. Utilities need to fill their pipeline of talent with a younger workforce that is capable of operating todays electric grid, but who can also help build the smart grid of the future. Utilities can benefit from substation automation by more efficiently using their existing workforce and reducing the amount of service calls through programs such as condition-based maintenance. Further, substation automation allows utilities to extract further value from their corporate networks by providing a remote workforce secure access to applications and data that are located in the operations center. As demand for energy continues to grow, utilities must find ways to generate power to meet peak loads. As a regulated industry, utilities must provide power regardless of the amount of power consumed. The cost of providing spinning reserves for peak load hours of the year is extremely high for society. Utilities are challenged to find new ways to shave peak load to help reduce costs and manage supply and demand of energy more efficiently. Substation automation can be the enabling technology for mass-scale peak load shaving and demand response, which will reduce the need to build as many power plants to meet peak demand. Additionally, substation automation can reduce the expense and complexity of dedicated control wiring between devices found in many transmission and distribution substations today by converging to an Ethernet based network. Logical network segmentation and reconfiguration of IED connectivity are much SIMpler to achieve. Point-to-point wiring not only is expensive, but also increases the difficulty of fault isolation detection.
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As network intelligence expands beyond the control center out into the substations, new applications can be developed that enable distributed protection, control, and automation functions. A distributed intelligent network also introduces opportunities for new service creation, such as business and home energy management. [18]
DT Brown and AL Gelink reported on utility experience in the implementation of Substation Automation Project. Their system uses low technology solution for substation automation. Their systems were heavily dependent on on-site hard wires secondary cabling with associated advantages. The reduction in secondary cabling and the
rationalization for functionality in relays made possible by substation automation has enabled significant cost saving to be achieved. [19] Isaac Osei and Julius Anani Akpalu designed and constructed automobile anti hijack system (A remote control unit to prevent car theft and other intruders from entering the car when you are far away. It is a wireless communication system and uses transistors for switching. [20] David Dolezilk; Worked on case study of large transmission and distribution substation automation project. In his findings, he said, The challenge is after choosing the most beneficial and cost effective substation design. He concluded that motor motivators of qualifying reliability issues include deriving the best solution on how to improve the system, how to manage dependability versus security tradeoffs, as well as how to get the best results for the least money when selecting a design. A quantitative understanding is essential in a competitive utility industry. comparing unavailability. [21]
Reliability can be further quantified by
In 2001, Tom Wilson reported on multi-vendor local and remote substation SCADA system. The system logs production data for display on a trend screen or for transfer to a separate software package for analysis and display. The SCADA system maintains alarm and activity log data for sixty days. Operators can view any of these files from the SCADA terminals. The Substation supplier had to balance certain device and SCADA features in design, specifically the power meters were primarily selected for their metering functionality, while relays were selected for their protection characteristics. Integrating the meters and relays with the SCADA systems was important but secondary. These devices were purchased from two different vendors who use different protocols for open communications. Therefore, the SCADA master needed to properly handle
intelligent electronic device (IED) to server to distributed OIT communications. The SCADA system does not any automatic control. Therefore, the SCADA master
functionality relates to handling communications, logging data, logging alarms, operator displays and manual operator control. This functionality lends itself to PC based SCADA master specification in the design. The (OIT) software will run under either the
workstation or server version of Microsoft windows on remote location. Although man software packages provide local operator interface features, very few integrate support for remote monitoring and control. One diagnostic feature is the protective relays ability to store characteristic data at the time of a fault. The event data can be viewed on a PC report by a protective relays. The one-line diagrams on the SCADA system give the operator an overview of how the power is being used. These screens are divided between the main transformer screen and a screen for each bus. Where data is available from multiple sources, the meter data is normally used. If the SCADA master defects a meter
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communication failure, the display automatically switches to relay data. One important SCADA function is recording the operator activity and system alarms for future review. This system is configured to record operator activity such as SCADA system security, manual breaker trip and close and tag-out status for a breaker or switch. The log also records the name of the operator who took the action. [22]
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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter looks at the various methods that are used to achieve the objectives of a gsm based controlled system for a power sub-station. 3.1 3.1.1 Materials Microcontroller
The microcontroller used was AT89C51 and was obtained from Interlogicx Embedded Systems, in India. Some of the properties of the microcontroller are listed in table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Some Properties of Microcontroller Property Nature Shape Pin Supply voltage RAM ROM Timer Available Serial Port Code memory Flash memory Value Tin (1.0mm) plotic Gull wing Quad flat package Rectangular 4 4.0-5.5volts 256Bytes 4KB 2 1 64K bytes 4Kbytes
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Current Timer/counter
25Ma Two stand 16 bits
Table 3.1: Properties of microcontroller AT89C51 The Max 232IC was also obtained form interlogicx and embedded systems in India. A few properties of the max 232 IC are listed in table 3.2 below. Table 3.1.2: Some Properties of Max 232IC Property Operating voltage Nature Level Driver Receivers Frequency Pins Value 5V Rectangular 120bits 2 2 50Hz 16
Rs 232 cable which was obtain from Still searching electronic enterprise, Takoradi. A few of the properties of the Rs 232 is listed in the table 3.3. Table 3.1.3: Some Properties of RS232 Cable Baud Rate 19200 9600
Max cable length (ft) 50 500

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4800 2400
1000 3000
The GPRS or GSM was also obtained from interlogicx embedded system in India. A few of the GPRS properties is listed in table 3.4 below. Table 3.1.4: Some Properties of GPRS or GSM Modem Property Frequency Slot class Temperature D.C voltage D.C current Band per seconds Interface Value 1900MHs 10/8 -20co to 55oc 12V 1A 9600 Rs-232 through D-Type 9 pin connector
Properties of General Pocket Radios Service (GPRS) 3.2 Designing 3.2.1 Designing of the Circuit
The circuit was designed using electronic workbench software. This software was used to design a sample for the power supply which was incorporated on the receiver system. The receiver sections were designed by this computer aid. In designing the power supply, the software has menus that contains the various components of the circuit. One
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has to identify which menu contains the component for the power supplies were selected. The components that were selected are: diodes (1n4001) capacitor (220F and 10F) and regulator 7805. A step down transformer of 240/12V AC was also selected was also
selected. These components were laid out and their pins were joined appropriately with lines. These lines are similar to the conductors on the printed circuit board (PCB). The same procedure was followed in the design of the receiver circuit. The resulting circuit diagrams is shown is in fig below.
240 V AC
IN
7805
OUT
+
120
GND
+
220F 180
10F
220
12V
_ FIGURE 3.1 240 V AC TO 12 V AC POWER ADAPTER
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Fig 3.2 Circuit diagram of the receiver
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3.3 3.31
Construction Construction of the Receiver
The receiver was constructed on printed circuit board (PCB) of 30mm x 14mm x 1.5mm dimensions. The PCB was etched in accordance with the receiver circuit shown below with various integrated circuit (IC) pin hole drilled. The microcontroller chip 89C51, max 232 Ic, ULN2803AG (Ic),circuit breakers and the relays were all inserted on the board to form a complete receiver unit. A picture of the receiver is shown below.
RECEIVER SECTION
Fig 3.3: A snap shot of the receiver
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Nokia 1280 was used to transmit Short Message Service (SMS) from a location to the receiver. The SMS message could be sent to the receiver wherever there is a network connectivity.
Fig 3.4: Picture of the transmitter
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CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION System Design
The designed circuit diagram for the receiver section is as shown below.
Fig 4.1: Circuit diagram of the receiver
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4.2
System Operation
The cell phone is used to send on SMS message to the GSM modem which is connected to the PC. The GSM modem reads the data and process it through the software installed on the PC. The output passes through RS232 cable which is also connected to the PC. The RS 232 cable is connected to microcontroller AT 89C51 through an interface MAX 232 Ic. The microcontroller AT89C51 verify the data send with reference specification and send control action to switch ON/OFF the circuit breaker. This circuit uses regulated 5V, 750 mA power supplies. The 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Full wave bridge rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary 240/12 V step down transformer. 4.3 Cross Compilers
Here is a brief introduction about cross compilers in embedded programming and their applications. It is know that the execution of code in a microcontroller takes place as a hexadecimal code. So we can program any microcontroller using an assembly language. Also though the use of cross compilers we can program the microcontrollers in any language like C or C++. The cross compilers acts as a bridge between the programming software and microcontrollers. Suppose we are programming the microcontroller using C the code written in C language cannot be directly executed by microcontroller. So this code written in C is fed to a cross compiler which converts into hexadecimal code which is understood and executed by microcontroller. The advantages of using cross compilers is
that in case of some applications programming the microcontroller using assembly language will become bulk and tedious. So when we use cross compilers we can program the microcontroller in any other language which is easy to program and debug also. The commonly used cross compilers are SDCC (Small devices C compiler), Keil etc. In this steady, the use of Keil cross compiler is to program the microcontroller. The discussion on the introduction to programming in Keil features of Keil and finally advantages of using Keil when compared to other cross compilers will be looked . When we are writing program for any microcontroller using cross compiler we cannot directly write the converted code on to the microcontroller. This means we need to use a special technique to load the program into the microcontroller. One of the methods is to use a microcontroller with a flash memory. Flash memory is similar to erasable programmable read only memory. So once program is written and debugged using cross compiler, we need to flash the program on to the flash memory of the memory. Once program is flashed the microcontroller is loaded with the hex code and it will be ready for execution. 4.3.1 Introduction to Keil Keil software provides the premier 8051 development tools to industry .The Keil software comprises of different tool kits. A tool kit consist of several application program that we can use to create our 8051 application .When the Keil software is used for the study, the development cycle is somewhat similar to a software development project .It consist of creating source file in C or assembly language compiling or assembling the source files debugging error in the source file, linking file from complier and assembler and finally building a project linking all the files and testing the linked application.
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4.3.2
Functioning of Keil
All the files are created through the micro vision integrated development environment are then passed to the C51 compiler or A51 assembler. The compiler and assembler process source files and create relocatable object files. Object files created by the compiler or assembler may be used by the library manager to create a library. A library is a specially formatted, ordered program collection of object modules that linker can process. When the linker processes a library, only the object modules in the library necessary for program creation are used. Object files created by the compiler and assembler and library files created by the library manager are processed by the linker to create an absolute object module. An absolute object file or module is an object file with no relocatable code. All the code in an absolute object file resides at fixed locations. The absolute object file created by the linker may be used to program EPROM or other memory devices. The absolute object module may also be used with the dScope-51 debugger / simulator or with an in-circuit emulator. The dScope-51 source level debugger/simulator is ideally suited for fast, reliable high-level-language program debugging. The debugger contains a high-speed simulator and a target debugger that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals. By loading specific I/O drivers, we can simulate the attributes and peripherals of a variety of 8051 family. The RTX-51 real time operating system is a multitasking kernel for the 8051 family. The RTX-51 real time kernel simplifies the system design, programming, and debugging of complex applications where reaction to time critical events fast is essential. The kernel is fully integrated into the C51compiler and is easy to use. Task description tables and
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operating system consistency are automatically controlled by the BL51 code banking linker/locater. 4.3.3 Development Tools in Keil The tools listed below comprise the professional developers kit. In addition to the professional kit, Keil Software provides a number of other tool kits for the 8051 developer. The most capable kit is the professional developers kit is described as follows: The professional developers kit includes everything the professional 8051 developer needs to create sophisticated embedded applications. This tool kit includes the following components: C51 Optimizing C compiler, A51 Macro Assembler, BL51 Code Banking Linker/Locator, OC51 Banked Object file converter, OH51 Object-Hex converter, LIB51 Library Manager, dScope-1 SIMulator/debugger, tScope-51 Target Debugger, Monitor-51 ROM Monitor and Terminal Program, Integrated Development Environment, RTX-51 Tiny Real-Time Operating System.
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In addition, the professional developers kit includes the following tools for Windows users: dScope-51 simulator/Debugger for windows, Micro Vision/51 Integrated Development Environment for windows.
The professional developers kit can be configured for all 8051 derivatives. The tools included in this kit can run any compatible computer. 4.3.4 C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler
The C programming language is a general-purpose programming language that provides code efficiency, elements of structured programming, and a rich set of operators. Its generality, combined with its absence of restrictions, make C a convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety of software tasks. Many applications can be solved more easily and effectively with C than with other more specialized languages. The Keil software C51 optimizing cross compiler for the MS-DOS operating system is a complete implementation of the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard for the C language. The C51 compiler generates code for the 8051 microprocessor but is not a universal C compiler adapted for the 8051 target. It is a ground-up implementation dedicated to generating extremely fast and compact code for the 8051 microprocessor. For most 8051 applications, the C51 compiler gives software developers the flexibility of programming in /c while matching the code efficiency and speed of assembly language. Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly language programming. For example:
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Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. A rudimentary knowledge of the 8051s memory architecture is desirable but not necessary.
Register allocation and addressing mode details are managed by the compiler. The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability.
Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process can be used.
Program development and debugging times are dramatically reduced when compared to assembly language programming.
The library files that are supplied provide many standard routines (such as formatted output, data conversions, and floating-point arithmetic) that may be incorporated into our application.
Existing routine can be reused in new programs by utilizing modular programming techniques available with C.
The C language is very portable and very popular. C compilers are available for almost all target systems. Existing software investments can be quickly and easily converted from or adapted to other processors or environments.
4.3.5
A51 Micro Assembler
The A51 assembler is a macro assembler for the 8051 microcontroller family. It translates symbolic assembly language mnemonics into relocatable object code where the utmost speed, small code size, and hardware control are critical. The macro facility speeds development and conserves maintenance time since common sequences need only be developed once. The A51 assembler supports symbolic access to all features of the 8051
architecture and is configurable for the numerous 8051 derivatives. The A51 assembler translates an assembler source file into a relocatable object module. If the DEBUG control is used, the object file contains full symbolic information for debugging with dScope or an in-circuit emulator. In addition to the object file, the A51 assembler generates a list file which may optionally include symbol table and cross reference information. The A51 assembler is fully compatible with Intel ASM-51 source modules. The A51 assembler supports all members of the 8051 family. The special function register (SFR) set of the 8051 is predefined. However, the NOMOD51 control lets you override these definitions with processor-specific include files. The A51 assembler is shipped with include files for the 8051, 8051fx, 8051GB, 8052, 80152, 80451, 80452, 80515, 80C517, 80C517A, 8x552, 8xC592, 8xCL782, 8xCL410 and 80C320 microcontrollers. You can easily create include files for other 8051 family members. 4.3.6 BL51 Code Banking Linker/Locator
The 51 code banking linker/locator combines one or more object modules into a single executable 8051 program. The linker also resolves external and public references, and assigns absolute addresses to relocatable programs segments. The BL51 code banking linker/locator processes object modules created by the keil C51 compiler and A51 assembler and the Intel PL/M-51 compiler and ASM-51 assembler. The linker automatically selects the appropriate run-time library and links only the library modules that are required. Normally, you invoke the BL51 code banking linker/locator from the command line specifying the names of the object modules to combine. The default
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controls for the BL51 code banking linker/locator have been carefully chosen to accommodate most applications without the need to specify additional directives. However, it is easy for us to specify custom settings for your applications. 4.3.7 OC51 Banked Object File Converter
The OC51 banked object file converter creates absolute object modules for each code bank in a banked object module. Banked object modules are created by the BL51 code banking linker/locator when you create a bank switching application. Symbolic debugging information is copied to the absolute object files and can be used by dScope or an in-circuit emulator. We may use the OC51 banked object file converter to create absolute object modules for the command area and for each code bank in your banked object module. You may then generate Intel HEX files for each of the absolute object modules using the OH51 object-hex converter. 4.3.8 OH51 Object-HEX Conveter
The OH51 object-hex converter creates Intel hex files from absolute object modules. Absolute object modules can be created by the BL51 code baking linker or by the OC51 banked object file converter. Intel hex files are ASCII files that contain a hexadecimal representation of your application. They can be easily loaded into a device programmer for writing on Erasable programmable read only memory. 4:3.9 LIB51 Library Manager The LIB51 library manager lets you create and maintain library files. A library file is a formatted collection of one or more object files. Library files provide a convenient
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method of combining and referencing a large number of object files. Libraries can be effectively used by the BL51 code banking linker/locator. The LIB51 library manager lets you create a library file, add object modules to a library file, remove object modules from may be controlled interactively or from the command line. 4.3.10 Dscope-51 for Windows DScope-51 is a source level debugger and simulator for programs created with the keil C51 compiler and A51 assembler and the Intel PL/M-51 compiler and ASM-51 assembler. DScope-51 is a software-only product that lets us simulate the features of an 8051 without actually having target hardware. We may have used Scope-51 to test and debug our embedded applications before actual 8051 hardware is ready. DScope-51 simulates a wide variety of 8051 peripherals including the internal serial port, external I/O, and timers. 4.3.11 vision/51 for Windows Microvision/51 is an integrated software development platform that includes a full function editor, project manager, make facility, and environment control for the keil 8051 tools. When we use Vision/51 speeds our embedded applications development by providing the following: Standard Windows user interface, Dialog boxes for all environment and development tool settings, Multiple file editing capability, Full function editor with user-definable key sequences,
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Application manager for adding external programs into the pull-down menu,
4.4 4.4
Project manager for creating and maintaining projects, Integrated make facility for building target programs from your projects, On-line help system.
System Development Description to Embedded Controllers
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. These are like single chip computers that are often embedded into systems to function as processing /controllers unit. For example, the remote control you are using probably has microcontrollers inside that do decoding and other controlling functions. They are also used in automobiles, washing machines, microwave ovens, toysetc, where automation is needed. The key features of microcontrollers include: High integration of Functionality Microcontrollers sometimes are called single chip computers because they have on-chip memory and I/O circuitry and other circuitries that enable them to function as small standalone computers without other supporting circuitry. Field Programmability, Flexibility Microcontrollers often use EEPROM or EPROM as their storage device to allow field programmability so they are flexible to use. Once the program
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tested to be correct then large quantities of microcontrollers can be programmed to be used in embedded systems. Easy to Use Assembly language is often used in microcontroller and since they usually follow RISC architecture, the instruction set is small. The development package of microcontrollers often includes an assembler ,a simulator ,a programmer to burn the chip and a demonstration board .Some packages include a high level language compiler such as a C compiler and more sophisticated libraries. 4.5 4.5.1 Microcontroller AT89C51 Introduction to AT89C51
The Intel 8051contains two separate buses for the program and data. It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit accumulator and another 8 bit register as main processing blocks.AT89C51 is supported with on-chip peripheral functions like I/O ports, Timers/Counters, serial communication port. The key features of AT89C51 are 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
4.5.2
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
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Fig 4.2: System Block Diagram
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4.6
Architecture of AT89C51
The Accumulator The Accumulator is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register the 8051 has due to the sheer number of instructions that make use of the accumulator. Accumulator performs arithmetic and logic functions. Accumulator is also responsible for conditional branching and provides a temporary place in a data transfer operations within the device. More than half of the 8051s 255 instructions manipulate or use the accumulator in some way. The "R" registers The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, up to and including R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. The Accumulator alone would not be very useful if it were not for these "R" registers. The "R" registers are also used to temporarily store values. The "B" Register The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8051 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. It enables quick and easier way of multiplying or dividing a number by another number, and stores the other number in "B" and makes use of these two instructions.
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Aside from the MUL and DIV an instruction, the B register is often used as yet another temporary storage register much like a ninth "R" register. The Data Pointer (DPTR) The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051s only user-accessible 16-bit (2-byte) register. DPTR is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands which allow the 8051 to access external memory. When the 8051 accesses external memory it will access external memory at the address indicated by DPTR. While DPTR is most often used to point to data in external memory, many programmers often take advantage of the fact that its the only true 16-bit register available. It is often used to store 2-byte values which have nothing to do with memory locations. The Program Counter (PC) The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8051 is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed. It is important to note that PC isnt always incremented by one. Since some instructions require 2 or 3 bytes the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases. The Program Counter is special in that there is no way to directly modify its value. The Stack Pointer (SP) The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from.
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When you push a value onto the stack, the 8051 first increments the value of SP and then stores the value at the resulting memory location. When you pop a value off the stack, the 8051 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP. When the 8051 is initialized SP will be initialized to 07h. If you immediately push a value onto the stack, the value will be stored in Internal RAM address 08h. This makes sense taking into account what was mentioned two paragraphs above: First the 8051 will increment the value of SP (from 07h to 08h) and then will store the pushed value at that memory address (08h). SP is modified directly by the 8051 by six instructions: PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, and RETI. PSW Program Status Word PSW, the Program Status Word is at address D0h and is a bit-addressable register. The status bits are listed in table 4.1 Table.4.1 Program Status Word Symbol Bit C (or CY) AC F0 Address PSW.7 D7h PSW.6 D6h PSW.5 D5h Description Carry flag Auxiliary carry flag Flag 0
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RS1 RS0 0V
PSW.4 D4h PSW.3 D3h PSW.2 D2h PSW.1 D1h
Register bank select 1 Register bank select 0 Overflow flag Reserved Even Parity flag
PSW.0 D0h
Carry flag(C) This is a conventional carry, or borrows, flag used in arithmetic operations. The carry flag is also used as the Boolean accumulator for Boolean instruction operating at the bit level. This flag is sometimes referenced as the CY flag. Auxiliary carry flag (AC) This is a conventional auxiliary carry (half carry) for use in BCD arithmetic. Flag 0(F0) This is a general-purpose flag for user programming. Register bank select 0 and register bank select 1. RS0 and RS1 These bits define the active register bank (bank 0 is the default register bank). Overflow flag. OV This is a conventional overflow bit for signed arithmetic to determine if the result of a signed arithmetic operation is out of range. Even Parity flag (P) The parity flag is the accumulator parity flag, set to a value, 1 or 0, such that the number of 1 bits in the accumulator plus the parity bit add up to an even number.
SFR Registers for the Internal Timer TCON, the Timer Control register is an SFR at address 88h, which is bit-addressable. TCON is used to configure and monitor the 8051 timers. TMOD, the Timer Mode register is an SFR at address 89h and is used to define the operational modes for the timers. TL0 (Timer 0 Low) and TH0 (Timer 0 High) are two SFR registers addressed at 8Ah and 8Bh respectively. The two registers are associated with Timer 0. TL1 (Timer 1 Low) and TH1 (Timer 1 High) are two SFR registers addressed at 8Ch and 8Dh respectively. These two registers are associated with Timer 1. Power Control Register PCON (Power Control) register is an SFR at address 87h. It contains various control bits including a control bit, which allows the 8051 to go to sleep so as to save power when not in immediate use. Serial Port Registers The SCON (Serial Control) is an SFR register located at addresses 98h, and it is bitaddressable. SCON configures the behavior of the on-chip serial port, setting up parameters such as the baud rate of the serial port, activating send and/or receive data, and setting up some specific control flags. The SBUF (Serial Buffer) is an SFR register located at address 99h. SBUF is just a single byte deep buffer used for sending and receiving data via the on-chip serial port.
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Interrupt Registers IE (Interrupt Enable) is an SFR register at addresses A8h and is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The MSB bit (bit 7) is used to disable all interrupts. IP (Interrupt Priority) is an SFR register at addresses B8h and it is bit addressable. The IP register specifies the relative priority (high or low priority) of each interrupt. On the 8051, an interrupt may either be of low (0) priority or high (1) priority. 4.6.1 Pin Description
Figure.4.3 Pin Description
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VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal Pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high
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by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source Current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
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Table.4.1 Port 3 Functions
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.
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If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program Memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program Executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier is XTAL2 pin.
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4.6.1 Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 4.4. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 4.5. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Figure 4.4 Osciliator Connections
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Figure.4.5 Oscillator Characteristics 4.6.2 Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
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4.6.3
Power down Mode
In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the onchip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize 4.6.4 AT89C51 Reset
Figure.4.6.Reset
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RESET is an active high input. When RESET is set to high, AT89C51 goes to the power on state. Power-On Reset. Push PB and active high on RST. Release PB, Capacitor discharges and RST goes low. RST must stay high for a min of 2 machine cycles
4.7 Timer/Counters The 8051 has two internal sixteen bit hardware Timer/Counters. Each Timer/Counter can be configured in various modes, typically based on 8-bit or 16-bit operation. The 8051 product has an additional (third) Timer/Counter 4.7.1 8-Bit Counter Operation
First let us consider a simple 8-bit counter. Since this is a modulo-8 set up we are concerned with 256 numbers in the range 0 to 255 (28 =256). The counter will count in a continuous sequence as follows: Hex 00h 01h 02h . Binary 00000000 00000001 00000010 . Decimal 0 1 2 .
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FEh FFh 00h 01h
11111110 11111111 00000000 00000001
254 255 0 1 here the counter overflows to zero1
Timer/Counter 8-bit
TF1
Overflows after 255 events, i.e. on the 256th event.
Event
TL1
Figure.4.7. Timer/Counter 1 Supposing we were to initialize this Timer/Counter with a number, say 252, then the counter would overflow after just four event pulses, i.e.: FCh FDh FEh FFh 00h 11111100 11111101 11111110 11111111 00000000 252 253 254 255 0 here the counter overflows counter is initialised at 252
An 8-bit counter can count 255 events before overflow, and overflows on the 256th event. When initialized with a predefined value of say 252 it overflows after counting just four
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events. Thus the number of events to be counted can be programmed by pre-loading the counter with a given number value. 4.7.2 8-bit Timer Operation
The 8051 internally divides the processor clock by 12. If a 12 MHz. processor clock is used then a 1 MHz instruction rate clock, or a pulse once every microsecond, is realized internally within the chip. If this 1 microsecond pulse is connected to a Timer/Counter input, in place of an event input, then the Timer/Counter becomes a timer which can delay by up to 255 microseconds. There is a clear difference between a timer and a counter. The counter will count events, up to 255 events before overflow, and the timer will count time pulses, thus creating delays up to 255 microseconds..
Timer/Counter 8-bit
12MH z. Clock
1 MHz. i.e. pulse micro. 12 every 1 Sec.
TF1
Overflows at
TL1
256 micro sec.
Figure. 4.8.Reset If the timer is initialized to zero it will count 256 microseconds before overflow. If the timer is initialized to a value of 252, for example, it will count just 4 microseconds before overflow. Thus this timer is programmable between 1 microsecond and 256 microseconds. Working Operation Configure the Timer/Counter as a TIMER or as a COUNTER
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Program the Timer/Counter with a value between 0 and 255 Enable and disable the Timer/Counter How to know when the timer has overflowed interrupt vs. polling.
TMOD register (Timer Mode Control): It is an SFR register at location 89h in internal RAM and is used to define the Timer/Counter mode of operation. TMOD register Gate msb ------------- Timer 1 ------------|----------- Timer 0 --------------Consider Timer/Counter 1 only. The Gate bit will be ignored for now and will be set to 0 in the examples. The C/T bit is set to 1 for COUNTER operation and it is set to 0 for TIMER operation. MI and M2 bits define different modes, where mode 2 is the 8 bit mode, i.e.: M1 0 0 1 1 M0 0 1 0 1 mode 0: 13 bit mode (seldom used). mode 1: 16-bit mode mode 2: 8-bit mode (with auto reload feature) mode 3: ignore for now C/T M1 M0 Gate C/T M1 M0 lsb
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To run in TIMER mode using 8-bit operation, the TMOD register is initialized as follows: MOV TMOD, #00100000b ; assume timer 0 is not considered
Program the Timer/Counter value The 8-bit Timer/Counter is pre-programmed with a value in the range 0...255. This is achieved by writing this value into the TH1 register for the Timer/Counter. TH1 is an SFR register (located at 8Dh in Internal RAM). An example is as follows: MOV TH1, #129d Timer Overflow TCON register (Timer Control) has some bits which represent Timer/Counter status flags as well as some bits which can be set or cleared to control the Timer/Counter operation. The relevant bits for Timer/Counter 1 are bolded in the diagram. TR1 is set to 1 to enable Timer/Counter 1. Clearing TR1 turns the Timer/Counter off. TF1 is the Timer/Counter overflow flag. When the Timer/Counter overflows TF1 goes to logic 1. Under interrupt operation TF1 is automatically cleared by hardware when the processor vectors to the associated ISR routine. TCON register: TF1 Msb TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0 lsb ; Timer/Counter 1 is programmed for 129 counts
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Auto reloading of the 8-bit Timer/Counter The TL1 SFR register (located at 8Bh in Internal RAM) represents the current value in the 8-bit Timer/Counter. The Timer/Counter can be programmed by initializing this register with a number between 0 and 255. However, there is an interesting automatic reload feature in mode 2, where, when TL1 overflows (its value reaches 0), the Timer/Counter is automatically reloaded with the 8-bit value stored in SFR register TH1. 4.7.3 The 16 Bit Timer/Counter
When the Timer/Counter is configured for mode 1 operation it operates in 16 bit mode. Since this is a modulo-16 set up we are concerned with 65,536 numbers in the range 0 to 65,535 (216 = 65,536). Consider a 16 bit Timer/Counter as shown below, which will count in the sequence as follows Hex 0000h 0001h 0010h . Binary 0000000000000000 0000000000000001 0000000000000010 . . 65,534 65,535 0 here it overflows to zero. Decimal 0 1 2
FFFEh 1111111111111110 FFFFh 1111111111111111 00000h
0000000000000000
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Timer/Counter 16-bit
TF1 Overflows after 65,536 events
Event or time pulse depending on C/T bit setting
TL1
TH1
Figure.4.9. 16 bit Timer Overflow
Now we have a 16-bit Timer/Counter and we can preload it with a sixteen bit number so as to cause a delay from bewteen 1 to 65,535 microseconds (65.535 millisecs.), or in counter mode it can count between 1 and 65,535 events. To preload the Timer/Counter value SIMply write the most significant byte into the TH1 register and the least significant byte into the TL1 register. The 16-bit counter is not automatically reloaded following an overflow and such reloading must be explicitly programmed. 4.8 Interrupts
An interrupt causes a temporary diversion of program execution in a similar sense to a program subroutine call, but an interrupt is triggered by some event, external to the currently operating program. We say the interrupt event occurs asynchronously to the currently operating program as it is not necessary to know in advance when the interrupt event is going to occur. There are five interrupt sources for the AT89C51. Since the main RESET input can also be considered as an interrupt, six interrupts can be listed as follows:
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Interrupt
Flag
Vector address
EA msb System RESET External interrupt 0 Timer/counter 0 External interrupt 1 Timer/counter 1 Serial port RST IE0 TF0 IE1 TF1
ES
ET1
EX1
ET0
EX0 lsb
0000h 0003h 000B 0013h 001Bh 0023h
RI or TI
The Interrupt Enable, IE, register is an SFR register at location A8h in Internal RAM. The EA bit will enable all interrupts (when set to 1) and the individual interrupts must also be enabled. 4.8.1 EA Enable interrupt bits. Set to 1 to permit individual interrupts to be enabled by their enable bits. Cleared to 0 by program to disable all interrupts. Interrupt Enable Register
ES Enable serial interrupt. Set to 1 to enable by program. Cleared to 0 to disable it.

ET 1 Enable/disable the timer 1 overflow interrupt. EX1 Enable external interrupt 1.Set to 1by program to enable external interrupt 1. Cleared to 0 to disable it. ET 0 Enable/disable the timer 1 overflow interrupt. EX0 Enable external interrupt 1.Set to 1by program to enable external interrupt 1. Cleared to 0 to disable it. 4.8.2 Sources of Interrupts The external interrupt INT0, for example, we see that this external interrupt connects to the processor at the P3.2 pin. Note Port 3 can be used as a standard input/output port as shown earlier but various Port 3 pins have alternative functionality. When INT0 is activated (negative edge usually), internally within the 8051 the EX0 request is raised. This flags an interrupt request but the relevant interrupt bit within the IE register must be set, along with the EA bit if this interrupt request is to raise an interrupt flag. The interrupt flag IE0 is then raised and causes the program counter (PC) to vector to vector location 0003h, as discussed earlier. The Timer/Counter interrupt flags can be software polled even if the ETx bits are not enabled. Interrupts can also be software generated by setting the interrupt flags in software. The interrupt flags are accessible as flags on the TCON and SCON registers as follows:
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TCON register TF1 msb TF0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0 Lsb
SCON register M0 msb M1 M2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI Lsb
Interrupt Requests Enables
Interrupt FLAGS in TCON
Vector Table
Via and SCON IE register EA
UART
Tx Rx
P3.5 Timer 1 ES
registers 0023h RI 001Bh or TI
P3.3
T1
P3.4 Timer 0 P3.3 P3.2 ET1 TF1
0013h 000Bh
INT1
EX1 IE1
0003h
External int. 1 T0 Timer/counter 0

ET0 TF0
INT External int. 0 Figure.4.10.Interrupt sources

EX0 IE0
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IE 0
4.8.3 Interrupt Priority Level Structure An individual interrupt source can be assigned one of two priority levels. The Interrupt Priority, IP, register is an SFR register used to program the priority level for each interrupt source. A logic 1 specifies the high priority level while a logic 0 specifies the low priority level. IP REGISTER x msb X PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT1 PX0 lsb
IP.7 IP.6 IP.5 IP.4 IP.3 IP.2 IP.1 IP.0
x x PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0
reserved reserved Timer/counter-2 interrupt priority (8052 only, not 8051) Serial ports interrupt priority Timer/Counter-1 interrupt priority External interrupt-1 priority Timer/Counter-0 interrupt priority External interrupt-0 priority
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An ISR routine for a high priority interrupt cannot be interrupted. An ISR routine for a low priority interrupt can be interrupted by a high priority interrupt, but not by a low priority interrupt. If two interrupt requests, at different priority levels, arrive at the same time then the high priority interrupt is serviced first. If two, or more, interrupt requests at the same priority level arrive at the same time then the interrupt to be serviced is selected based on the order shown below. Note, this order is used only to resolve SIMultaneous requests. Once an interrupt service begins it cannot be interrupted by another interrupt at the same priority level. The interrupts and the its priorities are given as below, Interrupt IE0 TF0 IE1 TF1 RI, TI TF2 lowest Priority within highest
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4.9
Serial Communication
Serial communication is basically the transmission or reception of data one bit at a time. Todays computers generally address data in bytes or some multiple thereof. A byte contains 8 bits. A bit is basically either a logical 1 or zero. Every character on this page is actually expressed internally as one byte. The serial port is used to convert each byte to a stream of ones and zeroes as well as to convert a stream of ones and zeroes to bytes. The serial port contains a electronic chip called a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter UART that actually does the conversion. The serial port has many pins. Electrically speaking, whenever the serial port sends a logical one a negative voltage is effected on the transmit pin. Whenever the serial port sends a logical zero a positive voltage is affected. When no data is being sent, the serial ports transmit pins voltage is negative and is said to be in a mark state. Note that the serial port can also be forced to keep the transmit pin at a positive voltage and is said to be the SPACE or BREAK state. The terms MARK and SPACE are also used to SIMply denote a negative voltage 1 or a positive voltage 0 at the transmit pin respectively.
Figure.4.11.Serial Communication.
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When transmitting a byte, the UART first sends a START BIT which is a positive voltage 0, followed by the data generally 8 bits, but could be 5,6,7,8 bits, followed by one or two STOP BITS which is a negative voltage. The sequence is repeated for each byte sent. The figure explains what a byte transmission would look like. The duration of the bit is dependent on the baud rate. The baud rate is the number of times the signal can switch states 9600 times per second. The first characteristic is the length of the byte that will be transmitted. This length in general can be anywhere from 5 to 8 bits. The second characteristic is parity. The parity characteristic can be even, odd, mark, space, or none. If even parity, then the last data bit transmitted will be a logical 1 if the data transmitted had an even amount of 0 bits. If odd parity, then the last data bit transmitted will be a logical 1 if the transmitted had an odd amount of 0 bits. If MARK parity, then the last transmitted data will always be a logical 0. If no parity then there is no parity bit transmitted. The third characteristic is the amount of stop bits. This value in general is 1 or 2. If the letter A is sent then the binary representation of it is 000001.Remembering that bits are transmitted from least significant bit to most significant bit, the bit stream transmitted would be as follows for the line characteristics bits, 1 stop bit,9600 baud. LSB 0100000101 MSB The above represents Start bit Data bits Stop bits 4.9.1 The 8051 UART
The 8051 includes a hardware UART to support serial asynchronous communications so that, typically, the product can support RS-232 standard communication. The UART
(Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) block diagram is shown in figure 4.12 . In this examples, BAUD clocks are, in fact, a single clock source provided by Timer/Counter 1.
BAUD Clk. e.g. 9600
TRANSMITTER HALF
Stop bit
Send 8-bit data
SBU F 8 data 8
10 bit parallel to serial conversion
Start bit Transmitter Buf f er is empty Serial data transmit TI

8 data bits stop bit start bit
Tx
RECEIVER HALF
Start bit
Receiv e 8-bit data
SBU F 8 data 8
10 bit serial to parallel conversion
Stop bit Receiv e data is av ailable Serial data receive RI

8 data bits start bit stop bit
Rx
Figure.4.12.8051 UART
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SBUF is an SFR register which can be written to, so as to hold the next data byte to be transmitted. Also it can be read from to get the latest data byte received by the serial port. SBUF is thus effectively two registers: one for transmitting and one for receiving. The SCON (Serial Control) register is an SFR register, used for configuring and monitoring the serial port status. SCON register SM0 Msb Lsb SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
SM0, SM1 bits define the mode of operation, such as the number of data bits (8 or 9), the clock source etc. Our examples will use mode 3, which specifies 9 data bits (8 data plus a parity bit) with the clock source being Timer/Counter 1. SM2 is set to 0 for normal operation REN is set to 1 to enable reception, 0 to disable reception TB8 is the ninth bit (parity bit) to be transmitted RB8 is the ninth bit received (parity bit) TI Transmit Interrupt flag. A logic 1 indicates that transmit buffer (SBUF) is empty. This flag must be cleared by software.
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RI Receive Interrupt flag. A logic 1 indicates that data has been received in the receive buffer (SBUF). This flag must be cleared by software. 4.9.2 SETTING THE BAUD RATE
Timer/Counter 1 (in SCON mode 3) provides the serial port baud rate clock. Usually the 8-bit auto reload operation (Timer/Counter mode 2) is used. The table shows some values defined for the TH1 register to achieve some of the more common baud rates. The values shown assume a processor clock rate of 11.059MHz. This is a common crystal value for 8051 based designs as it divides down to provide accurate baud rates. Table.4.3. Setting the BAUD Rate Baud rate Timer/Counter1 TH1 value 300 1,200 2,400 9,600 A0h D0h FAh FDh PCON.7 SMOD 0 0 0 0 8051clock Frequency 11.059MHz. 11.059MHz. 11.059MHz. 11.059MHz.
4.10 4.11
Microcontroller Interfacing GSM/GPRS Modem

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This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232. Supports features like Voice, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP
The GPRS Modem 4.12 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
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A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
4.12.1 Basic Design and Operation A SIMple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
FIGURE 4.13
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Simple Electromechanical Relay When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that attracts the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
4.12.2 Types of Relays
Latching relay A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a
power outage. A remanent core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state. Reed relay A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside an evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the enclosing solenoid. Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays, require only little power from the control circuit, but have low switching current and voltage ratings. Polarized relay A polarized relay placed the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to detect faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. The poles were on screws, so a technician could first adjust them for maximum sensitivity and then apply a bias spring to set the critical current that would operate the relay. Machine tool relay A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to normally-closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the
programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications. Solid-state relay A solid state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a SIMilar function to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability. With early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor has a small voltage drop across it. This voltage drop limited the amount of current a given SSR could handle. As transistors improved, higher current SSR's, able to handle 100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially available. Compared to electromagnetic relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients. Overload protection relay Electric motors need over current protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings. One type of electric motor overload protection relay is operated by a heating element in series with the electric motor. The heat generated by the motor current heats a bimetallic strip or melts solder releasing a spring to operate contacts. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same environment as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided.
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4.12.3 Applications
Relays are used to and for:
Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers,
Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile,
Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays),
Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
Logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function. SIMilar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks.
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4.13
RS232 Serial Connector Pin Assignment
The RS232 connector was originally developed to use 25 pins. In this DB25 connector pinout provisions were made for a secondary serial RS232 communication channel. In practice, only one serial communication channel with accompanying handshaking is present. Only very few computers have been manufactured where both serial RS232 channels are implemented. Also on a number of Telebit modem models the secondary channel is present. It can be used to query the modem status while the modem is on-line and busy communicating. On personal computers, the smaller DB9 version is more commonly used today. The diagrams show the signals common to both connector types in black. The defined pins only present on the larger connector are shown in red. Note, that the protective ground is assigned to a pin at the large connector where the connector outside is used for that purpose with the DB9 connector version.
RS232 DB9 pinout
FIGURE 4.14 RS232 DB9 pinout
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The pinout is also shown for the DEC modified modular jack. This type of connector has been used on systems built by Digital Equipment Corporation; in the early days one of the leaders in the mainframe world. Although this serial interface is differential (the receive and transmit have their own floating ground level which is not the case with regular RS232) it is possible to connect RS232 compatible devices with this interface because the voltage levels of the bit streams are in the same range. Where the definition of RS232 focussed on the connection of DTE, data terminal equipment (computers, printers, etc.) with DCE, data communication equipment (modems), MMJ was primarily defined for the connection of two DTE's directly.
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9-pin Description Signal DTE
25-pin Source DTE or DCE DCE
Carrier Detect
CD
from Modem
Receive Data
RD
from Modem
Transmit Data
TD
from Terminal/Computer
Data Terminal Ready
DTR
20
Signal Ground
SG
from Modem
Data Set Ready
DSR
from Modem
Request to Send
RTS
Clear to Send
CTS
from Modem
Ring Indicator
RI
22
from Modem
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SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION The block diagram shown in fig 4.14 below is used to design a gsm based controlled system for a power sub-station.
Fig 4.15: The Block Diagram The implementation of the system involves two steps which are; setting up the system and inter facing with graphic user interface (i.e. application software). The application software for the system has been developed by using a high lever language Cprogramming debugger. The debugger contains a high speed simulator and a target debugger that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on chip peripherals.
The execution of code in microcontroller takes place as a hexadecimal code. The cross compiler act as a bridge between the programming software and microcontroller. Below is the screen shot of Login Screen.
Figure: 4.16 Screen shot of Login Screen
Setting up the System The system was tested by connecting a GPRS modem and RS232 cable to the PC. The RS232 cable is connected to microcontroller AT89C51 through an interface MAX 232Ic. The microcontroller AT89C51 is connected to the circuit breaker through a relay. When the circuit is powered by connecting it to 240 V AC supply. The incoming AC voltage is rectified by bridge rectifier. The voltage is then reduced to 5V by a regulator which serves as an input to the microcontroller. The system was tested manually by pressing a knob on the software to activate the circuit breaker.
Secondary, the system was tested remotely by sending an SMS message to the GPRS or modem through the PC to RS232 cable to the microcontroller AT89C51 and it also worked. Below is the screen shot of the system control Panel with circuit breakers turned ON.
Figure: 4.17 Screen shot of control Panel with circuit breakers turned ON.
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CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 5.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result
The design and construction of remote control unit using a cell phone has 240V AC power input. This input is then converted by bridge rectifier to 5V Dc for the use of microcontroller. A capacitor placed after the rectifier, filters the rippling Dc voltage to give a smooth supply. The voltage regulator, MAX 232Ic regulates supply to the serial communication part and the microcontroller AT 89C51. The system has two ports through which communication is done. The GPRS modem communication port and the RS 232 cable communication port. This system has clock circuit which provide clock pulses to the microcontroller. The reset switch initializes the microcontroller in order to re-start the operation from the beginning the application software gives a graphical view of the substation. The device was tested by placing a SIM card in the GPRS or GSM modem. An SMS message was sent to the GPRS modem and responded by delivery the message. A feedback appeared on the cell phone indicating message delivered that fulfils the desired objectives. In an ideal case SMS message when SMS message is sent it takes between periods of 120s before it get to its destination. Below is graph of SMS messages from different locations sent to the remote controlled system stationed at a substation at Ho in the Volta Region and time delay in seconds for the remote controlled.
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20 Time in seconds 15 10 5
0
Accra
Takoradi
Different Location
Kumasi
Tamale
Cape coast
Dambai
Tarkwa
5.2
Discussions
As clearly stated in the objectives, the aim of this study is to control a substation from remote location is achieved. This will go a long way to enhance safety of personnel who operate the system. The microcontroller AT89C51 is the heart of the prototype of the study and the backbone to the operation of the system. When the GPRS or GSM modem receives the SMS message it relay it to the PC through the software. The signals finally come out of the PC through the RS 232 cable. The microcontroller receives the query and initiates action to switch ON/OFF. During the test it was observed the time delay for an SMS message to get to its destination is between 10 20 seconds. It was also observed that the system cannot receive and process voice messages. The unit does not function when there is no network connectivity.
BUDGET NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. COMPONENT Microcontroller AT89C51 Voltage Regulator Reset Button Oscillator Diode (1n 4001) 1000f Capacitor 0.1f Capacitor RS 232 Cable GPRS Power Adaptor Miscellaneous TOTAL QUANTITY 1 2 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 ****** ****** UNIT PRICE US$ 74.00 25.50 8.00 15.50 1.50 5.50 1.50 6.00 64.00 6.00 50.00 ****** TOTAL AMOUNT US $ 74.00 51.00 8.00 15.50 6.00 5.50 7.50 6.00 64.00 6.00 50.00 293.50
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CHAPTER SIX 6.0 6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion
Thus the automation of electrical power substation is designed and implemented using GSM technology. This brings out the efficient way of power transmission and
distribution in electrical substation though it is carried out using wireless mobile communication technology. AT commands are used to communicate the GSM modem and the microcontroller. Over the past decade, cellular phones have been invading all over the globe. Cellular phones enable people to communicate over a wide area by using a network of radio antennas and transmitters arranged in small geographical area called cells. By using a rooming facility provided by cellular phone providers, communication could be effective wherever you are on a globe. Technology can explore more benefit on the utilization of cellular phones. The GPRS was able to read the data sent by cell phone at a frequency of 900MH3. The GPRS uses packet switching method to transfer data, which means that data is sent over the time, which has less traffic. The microcontroller AT89C51 is a low power, high performance Cmos 8-bit computer. It provides high-flexible and cost effective solution to the control applications.
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6.2
Recommendation
This work is a pilot study and the aim is to implement it in power providing companys in Ghana such as ECG, VRA, CRIDCO and Aboadzi thermal plant.sThis system can be used to control boiler, pumping station, process monitoring using SMS, remote vehicle monitoring (positioning, location, lock and ignition control) and process monitoring using SMS. There is no need to rush and cause havoc when this system is in place. It can be operated in the comfort of your room and wherever there is net work connectivity.
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REFERENCE 1. Cobus S, (2003). Electrical Network Automation and Communication Systems. Page 142-153 2. Brown Richard, (2008). Electrical Power Distribution Reliability. Page 17-34 3. Khedkar M.K., Dhole Gm, Electrical Power Distribution Automation. Page 73-82 4. Mc Donald John D., (2003), electric power substation on engineering page 124 192 5. Klaus-Peter Brand, Volker Lohmann, Wolfgang Wimmer, (2007), Substation automation Handbook page 119-133 6. Gates D Earl, (1991) introduction to electronics second edition page (93-98) 7. http://electrical-engineering-portd.com/download-centr/books-and-guides/powersubstations. 8. Beauty Wayne, (1998) Electrical Power Distribution systems. Page (91-158) 9. http:/www.nowsms.com/faq/what-gsm-modem 10. http://www.seopromolinks.com/microncontroller-technology.asp 10/07/11 11. Calcutt David M, Cowan J Frederick and Parchizadeh Hassan G. (1998), 8051 microcontrollers Hardware, Software and applications. Page 1-13 12. Ibrahim Dogan, (2008) Advanced PIC microcontroller project in C. page (12-14) 13. Braithwaite Christ, Cowan Fred and Parchizadeh Hassan (2004) 8051 microcontroller an application based introduction. Page -39 14. http://www.newagepulishers.com/soupleshaper/001599 pdfs 15. I. Scott Mackenzie, Raphael C-W Phan (2007). The 8051 Microcontroller. Page 243-264
16. Stephen F. Barrett, Daniel J. Pack. (2006) First Edition Microcontrollers Fundamentals for Engineers and Scientists. Page 29-32 17. http:www.industrialautomation.com//whitepapers//emberded_computer_i. 30/07/11 18. http:www.cisco.com/enlus/prod/collateral/routers/ps10967/ps20967/white_paper_ c11_603566pdf. 15/08/11 19. http://www.geditalenergy.com/smartgrid/Dec07/5-sinstatopm-aitp,atopm 24/08/11 20. Isaac Osei, Anana Akpalu, Automobile Anti-Hijack System Project. Page 17-21 21. http://wwwz.selinc.com/techpprs/6084 pdf. 16/09/11 22. http://pcsuticidata.com/userfiles/file/NWA_SCADA_VIpdf. 14/06/11 pdf
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GLOSSARY GSM Global System for Mobile Communication ALU Arithmetic and Logical Unit PEROM - Programmable Erasable Read Only Memory CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor GPRS General Pocket Radio Services SMS Short Message Service IPC Industry Pc DOM Disc on Modem RISC Reduce Instruction Set Computer IP Internet Protocol SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition RTU Remote Terminal Unit IEDS Intelligent Electronic Devices PCB Printed Circuit Board SDCC Small Device C Complier EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read only memory DPTR Data Pointer PC Program Counter SP Stack Pointer
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PSW Program Status Word AC Auxiliary Carry Flag OV Overflow Flag TCON Timer Control Register TMOD - Timer Mode Register SCON Serial Control SBUF Serial Buffer IE Interrupt Enable TTL Transistor Transistor Logic ALE Address Latch Enable PSEN - Program Store Enable EA External Access Enable CPU Control Processing Unit UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter
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APPENDIX A FINISH PROTOTYPE
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APPENDIX B LIST OF TABLES FIGURE 1.1 Substation Migration in Process ....10 3.1 Properties of microcontroller AT89C51 15 3.2Rs 232 cable length according to taxes instrument .18 3.2 Circuit diagram of the receiver ..20 3.3 Picture of the transmitter ...21 4.2 The Block Diagram ..23 4.3 System Block Diagram ....37 4.4 Pin Description ....43 4.5 Oscillator Characteristics ...49 4.6. Reset ..50 4.7 Timer / Counter 152 4.8 Reset ...53 4.9.16 bit Timer Overflow ...57 4.12.8051 UART .66 4.1 Circuit diagram of the receiver .22 The GPRS Modem ..69
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APPENDIX C 3.2 Properties of microcontroller AT89C51 ..16 4.1 Program Status Word ...17 4.1 Port 3 Functions 18 4.3. Setting the BAUD Rate ...68
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Design and Construction of A GSM Based Controlled System For A Power Sub-Station

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Design and Construction of A GSM Based Controlled System For A Power Sub-Station

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CHAPTER ONE 1.

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

The 32-Bit Microcontroller

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MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

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MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Figure 2.1 Substation Migrations in Process [18]

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Reliability can be further quantified by

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY

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25Ma Two stand 16 bits

Max cable length (ft) 50 500

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

_ FIGURE 3.1 240 V AC TO 12 V AC POWER ADAPTER

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Fig 3.2 Circuit diagram of the receiver

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Construction Construction of the Receiver

Fig 3.3: A snap shot of the receiver

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Fig 3.4: Picture of the transmitter

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Fig 4.1: Circuit diagram of the receiver

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

A51 Micro Assembler

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

System Development Description to Embedded Controllers

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Fig 4.2: System Block Diagram

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

PSW.4 D4h PSW.3 D3h PSW.2 D2h PSW.1 D1h

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Figure.4.3 Pin Description

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MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

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Table.4.1 Port 3 Functions

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MARK WILSON B. Eng (Hons) REGENT GHANA

Figure 4.4 Osciliator Connections

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Figure.4.5 Oscillator Characteristics 4.6.2 Idle Mode

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Power down Mode

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