40 # 1 2 3 4

Topic RNP RNP RNP RNP

Question What is GSM and frequency bands What is RNP How it is done (in short) What is called clutter

RNP

What is Freq planning

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

RNP RNP

Why hexagonal pattern is followed in GSM site planning What is interference What is the thresholds of Co and adjacent chennel interference? How can be interference controlled What is the typical cell range What is the typical o/p power and Rx Sensitivity What is RNO Why RNO is needed

RNP RNP RNP RNO RNO

14

RNO

What are the kinds of RNO

15 16 17 18

RNO RNO RNO RNO

What are the ways of physical tunning What is tilting and which one is better Which antenna is better in which area What is frequency tunning

19

RNO

What is neighbor tunning

20

RNO

How can you detect the interfernce in TEMS

21

RNO

What are the cuases of interference and what are solutions

22

RNO

How can you detect a missing neighbor

23

RNO

What is handover

24

RNO

What is power control How can you monior the singal strength, quality and C/I, speech Quality What are the typical test setup Why idle mode and dedicated mode DT is needed? What are modes of a GSM mobile? How can you check whether the cell supports Edge, GPRS, Hopping, Channel, TS etc How can you collect log of a single operator with AMR FR codec only How can you check the maximum coverage of a cell How to export a logfile How to generate TEMS report

25 26

TEMS TEMS

27

TEMS

28

TEMS

29

TEMS

30 31 32

TEMS TEMS TEMS

33 34 35

TEMS TEMS TEMS

How can you do the indoor drive test What is GSM, GPRS, EDGE What are the KPIs that can be found from TEMS report generation

36

RNO

What is a dropped call and why it happens and how it is improved

37

RNO

What is a handover fail and why it happens and how it is improved What is the speed of GPRS/Edge channel. How can be the speed of the mobile becomes high? How can the users share the GPRS speed? What are the states of a GPRS mobile? What is the cell change event called in GPRS? What are the network HW needed for GPRS service? How is the data transferred in the GPRS network

38

GPRS

39

GPRS

40

GPRS

Answer U:890-915, D:935-960; U:1710-1785, D1805-1880 Radio Network Planning Using some inputs(area in Sq. Km and cell radius for coverage site count, subscribers & traffic(miliErlang per sub), and # of GSM channels for capacity site count) calculate how many sites will required to offer service (coverage & capacity). It is the nature of the area, density of buidlings. Based on this penetration loss is considered. There are mainly four types of clutters - Dense urban, urban, Sub urban and rural. Penetraiton loss in Dense urban is highest and is around 25dB. 1. Using a certain spectrum allocation, reusing the GSM channel over the number of sites in a geographic area to offer GSM comminication services with reduced interference. 2.Base band hopping the reuse pattern is - 4/12, 9/27 and total of 36 frequencies(7.5MHz band) will be divided as 3 channels per cell in a 4/12 cluster resue pattern. 3. In Synthesized Frequency hopping some channels are allocated for BCCH(for example 12 channels in 4/12 cluster) and the rest 24 channels can be put in all cells in 1:1 pattern or 8 channels for each cell in 1:3 pattern In order to make the frequency planning easier and null filling. Null fill means the small gap between two sectors of a site will be covered by a sector of an adjacent site. Disturbance created by an unwanted signal on the channel used for communication. Normally it is two types - Cochannel interference and Adjacent channel interfernce. Co-channel: C/I>=9dB and Adjacent channel: C/I>=-9dB It can be controlled through frequency tunning, power control, maintaining proper handover border, controlling coverage through antenna tilting, azimuth change etc. In metro area with rooftop site is 500~1500meter and in rural area with green field site 6000~8000meter 46dBm(40 watt) and -113dBm Radio Network Optimization 1. Improve the perforfmance of a site after it has been put on air. The traffic and radio conditions are always changing. So to imcrease capacity, improve quality and reduce coverage gaps, optimization is required. 2. Planning is based on assumption thus not always 100% accurate. So optimization is done to reduce the errors coming after implementation. There basically two kinds of optimization - Site physical optimization and site performance optimization. Site physical optimization includes antenna tilting, azimuth change, antenna type and height change etc. The detection is done through drive testing and recommendations impleneted in the field. Site performance optimization includes frequency tunning, neighbor tunning, KPI moniotring and parameter modifications etc. The detection is done through OMC data and KPIs and changes implemented in the OMC parameter database. However, Frequency tunning and neighbor tunning can also be done through drive testing and analysis Site physical optimization includes antenna tilting, azimuth change, antenna type and height change etc. The detection is done through drive testing and recommendations impleneted in the field. Two kinds - Electrical and mechanical. Urban areas: Both mechanical and eletrical Rural areas: Mainly mechnical Urban areas: Low and mid gain Rural areas: High gain antenna Frequecny tunning is changing the frequency(BCCH, TCH) of a cell after the initial frequency planning has been done and sites are on air. Typically it is done when DT done or quarterly for global network

1. Neighbor tunning is addition/deletion of neighbors in the live network(after initial neighbor setting is done and sites are on air). This is detected either through DT(drive test) or performance KPIs. 2. In DT it can be found when the position is close to a site with strong RxLevel but handover doesn;t take place. This is also called a missing neighbor. It can also be chacked from KPI if any cell has low handover success rate becasue the propoer cell is not in the nehbor list for handover and distant cells are takeing the handover. 3. If a cell is in the neighbor list but handover attempt doesn;t take place, it is deleted. 1. In TEMS if we find that RxQual becomes worse 6 or 7 but Rxlevel is stong -50 to -80dBm, then it is an interfernce situation. Then neighbor cells' BCCH and TCH has to be checked whther there is any possible interfer and then frequency retunning has to be done and DT has to be done again to ensure that RxQual becomes good (0 to 5). 2. It can also be detected if the C/I in TEMS go below 9dB 1. The causes of interfernce is mainly Co- channel and it happens even if the RxLevel if good(-50 to -80dBm). Sol: Frequency tunning. 2. It can also happen when the handover doesn;t take place properly to adjacent cells and the adjacent channel RxLevel becomes very strong. Sol: Neigbor tunning and physical optimization for propoer HO border. 3. However, the interfernce can also happen in low coverage areas(-95 to -110dBm) and this comes due to thermal noise in the signal. Sol: Physical optimization to improve coverage or new sites. 1. In DT it can be found when the DT position is close to a site or cell with strong RxLevel but handover doesn;t take place. This is also called a missing neighbor. It can also be chacked from KPI if any cell has low handover success rate becasue the propoer cell is not in the nehbor list for handover. 2. TEMS can also identify the missing neighbor automatically in the EVENTS window 1. While moving in deidicated mode, maintaining the communication from one cell to its neghbor cell is called HO (handover) 2. From entity aspects it can be many types: Intra-cell, Inter-cell, Intra-BSC inter-cell, Inter-BSC inter-cell etc. 3. From causes it can be many types: Level(due to RxLevel), Quality (RxQual), TA(due to distance), Load(due to hgih traffic load), PBGT(due to pathloss), layer(due toand priority setting of cells) HOs. 1. It is controlling the transmit power of the MS BTS dynamically based on the RxLevel or RxQual condition. The purpose is to transmit only minimum power required for good communication but not transmiting excessive power and thus create interference. 2. it works on TCH channels only. It is applied on the BCCH as it is the coverage channel and reducing BCCH power Please refer to TEMS software Please refer to TEMS DT process 1. Idle mode mobile shows real coverage as it monitors BCCH and BCCH doesnt have any power control. It also shows Location updates and LAC borders. 2. Dedicated mode mobile shows other things like Quality, TA, handover success or fails, Call successful or unsuccessful or dropped. 3. GSM mobile has three states - Idle mode(no communication), Dedicated mode (In communication) and Emergency mode (when no coverage it goes into emergency state) Please refer to TEMS software

Lock PLMN and AMR FR codec in TEMS

Lock the BCCH of the cell and drive to the point where call drops and no further calls can be established Please refer to TEMS software Please refer to TEMS software

Please refer to TEMS DT process Global System for Mobile, General Packet Radio Service, Enhanced Data for Global Evolution Call attemts, Call blcoked, Call failed, Call dropped, Handpver attenpts, Handover success, handover fails, Rxlevel distribution, Rxqual distribtuion, TA distribution, SQI distribution, C/I distribution etc. Please refer to TEMS software 1. When a successfully established call gets abnormal(not by users) disconnection, it is dropped. 2. It normally happens in bad quality areas. Bad quality might be found in good rxLevel with high interfence situation. Sol: frequency tune and remove interfernce. 3. It might happen in low Rxlevel condition(in cell edge) with thermal noise and some interfence as well. Sol: Physical optimization to improve coverage or new sites. 4. It can also happen when handover doesn;t take place properly and call dragged to far distance from the cell and get dropped. Sol: Define neigbors properly and physical tune to make proper cell borders 1. When attempt to move a running GSM communication from one cell to its neighbor cell fails, it is called a handpevr fail. 2. Case when the neighbor is define: The neighbor can be interfered and handpver fails take place. Sol: Frequency tunning or physical optimization for proper cell border. 3. Case when neighbor is not defined: The propoer neighbor is not defined as neighbor and thus hadnover takes place to a distant cell. So handover might fail in that case as well. Sol: Define neighbors and if required do physical 1. For GPRS and a single TS it is 10kbps. For edge and a single TS it is 59.2kbps. 2. Mobile can combine a max of 4 or 5 TS at the same time and thus speed becomes 4 times 59.2 or 5 time 59.2kbps 3. In contrast to GSM voice, in GPRS many users share a single TS and then speed per single TS (59.2kbps) is divided equally among the number of users. 1. First the mobile can be attached(when we put the mobile in always online mode in the GPRS settings) or detached state( when we put the mobile in when needed mode in the GPRS settings) 2. For data transfer scenario, it can be Idle state or data transfer state(when it download or uploads) 3. The cell change event in GPRS is called "Cell Update" which is similar to handover in GSM 1. TS(TRX) in BTS, Abis TS or E1 and PCU(Packet control unit) card in BSC. 2. From MS to BTS(through air interface), from BTS to BSC/PCU(through Abis), from BSC/PCU to SGSN(thorugh Gb interface) and from SGSN to GGSN and internet cloud.

Example

1. For example, to cover 100 sq. km. with 4 sq. km. per site would require around 25 coverage sites.2. For 15000 subs with 30miliEr

coverage sites.2. For 15000 subs with 30miliErlang per subs will be a total of 450 Erlang. The number of sites with traffic capacity of 20 Erlang per sites w

tes with traffic capacity of 20 Erlang per sites would be apprx. 22. 3. As we have to take the maximum of both coverage and capacity sites, the final num

both coverage and capacity sites, the final number of sites will be 25.4. Nominal cell planning is done and site survey is started. After the site survey, fina

site survey is started. After the site survey, final site location is fixed.