LA VOZ PASIVA

http://webs.ono.com/lallena/PassiveVoice.html Voz activa En las oraciones activas estamos interesados en quien realiza la accin, en el sujeto: Peter will finish his new book in three months. Voz Pasiva En la voz pasiva estamos ms interesados en la accin que en quien la realiza: His new book will be finished in three months. Forma BE + PARTICIPIO PASADO (del verbo principal activo) Cmo transformar una oracin activa en pasiva: 1. Ponemos como sujeto de la oracin pasiva el complemento directo de la oracin activa. 2. Aadimos el verbo BE en el mismo tiempo en que est el verbo principal de la oracin activa. 3. Pasamos el sujeto de la oracin activa al final de la oracin pasiva, precedido por BY. Voz activa Your little boy Sujeto has broken Verbo activo Voz pasiva The window Sujeto has been broken Verbo pasivo by your little boy. Complemento Agente the window C. Directo

Uso Cuando no conocemos el agente o no es muy importante: Cotton is grown in Andjar. Cuando estamos interesados en la accin y no en el sujeto: Four people were killed in an accident. Los verbos intransitivos (que no tienen complemento directo), tales como like, die, live, exist, sleep, occur, happen, go, come, o arrive no tienen forma pasiva, ya que no hay nada que se pueda convertir en sujeto de una oracin pasiva.

Utilizamos BY + AGENTE slo cuando nos interesa quin o qu realiza la accin o para aadir nueva informacin. En la mayora de las oraciones pasivas no hay complemento agente. Penicillin was discovered by Fleming. We were stopped by a policeman. A new supermarkets just been opened. Detrs de algunos participios que se usan como adjetivos, en vez de BY, utilizamos otras preposiciones para introducir el agente: We were worried ABOUT (by) her attitude. I was excited AT (by) the idea. He was frightened OF snakes. Oraciones interrogativas Cuando preguntamos quin ha hecho algo (complemento agente) hay que poner la preposicin BY detrs del participio pasado: Who was the Spanish football league won by last year? Para hablar del instrumento con el que se realiza la accin utilizamos WITH: He was shot (by the robbers) WITH a revolver. Verbos con preposicin They laughed at him > He was laughed at. They were waiting for you > You were being waited for. You can play with these cubs safely > These cubs can be played with safely. Pasiva con Modales ACTIVA: Modal + V PASIVA: Modal + BE + Past participle He can't find it. > It can't be found. They must publish it > It must be published. ACTIVA: Modal + HAVE + Past participle PASIVA: Modal + HAVE BEEN + Past participle They may have given him the car. > He may have been given the car. He should have typed the letter > The letter should have been typed. Los verbos seguidos de infinitivo sin to en voz activa llevan infinitivo con to en la voz pasiva: We saw them go out > They were seen to go out. He made us work > We were made to work. Sin embargo, el verbo LET va siempre seguido de infinitivo sin to: They let us go > We were let go. En ingls informal, a veces se usa 'get' en vez de 'be' para formar la pasiva: Our car gets cleaned every weekend. (Our car is cleaned every weekend) He got killed in a plane crash. (He was killed in a plane crash)
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Verbos con dos complementos Con los verbos que llevan dos complementos (indirecto + directo), tales como give, send, show, lend, pay, promise, refuse, offer, tell, etc. se pueden utilizar dos tipos de oracin pasiva. De ellos, el ms habitual es aquel en el que el complemento indirecto se convierte en el sujeto de la oracin pasiva: ACTIVA: He gave his sister the car. PASIVA1: His sister was given the car. PASIVA2: The car was given to his sister. Pasivas impersonales 1. Con verbos como acknowledge, allege, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, feel, find, guess, know, know, presume, report, report, rumour, say, suppose, think, understand, etc. se pueden utilizar dos construcciones de pasiva impersonal: Sujeto + is / are + participio pasado + TO + infinitive IT + is + participio pasado + THAT + oracin Ejemplo 1 ACTIVA: People consider (that) he is dangerous. PASIVA1: He is considered to be dangerous. PASIVA2: It is considered that he is dangerous. Ejemplo 2 ACTIVA: People believe he lives alone. PASIVA1: He is believed to live alone. PASIVA2: It is believed that he lives alone. 2. Cuando nos referimos a acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado, utilizamos un infinitivo perfecto (to have + participio pasado): ACTIVA: They think (that) he broke his leg. PASIVA1: He is thought to have broken his leg. PASIVA2: It is thought that he broke his leg.