Trade and Development

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(A Nepalese Journal of Trade and Development)

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Vol. 2 No.3 June/July., 2010 Issue 5
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Phone : 977-1-4211450, 4211292, 4211623
Fax : 977-1-4211167
Email:info@mocs.gov.np
URL:www.mocs.gov.np
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English Section 1-51
l Nepal-China Trade : Opportunities for Growth Purushottam Ojha 1
l SAARC Agreement on Trade in
Services (SATIS) What it is and How it is? Surya Prasad Silwal 10
l Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 : Ground for
Trade-led Development Chandra Ghimire
Shiv Raj Bhatt 12
l Can Aid for Trade Help Nepal Overcome
its Supply-side Constraints? Ratnakar Adhikari 22
l Women Entrepreneurship and
Equity Development Approach Rama Bashyal, Ph.D. 38
l Major Elements in Multilateral Trade Negotiation:
A Lesson Learnt From the WTO Negotiation Lila Dhar Adhikari 45
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l EIF Monitoring and Evaluation Working Meeting
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Introduction
Nepal and China are close neighbors situated on the two sides of Himalayas and have a long
history of friendly ties. Historical records show that the friendly exchanges of emissaries between
Nepal and China dates back to mid 7th Century when various scholars, monks and state dignitaries
started visiting each others country. Fa-Shien, a Chinese monk in the Jin Dynasty and Huen
Tsang, another Chinese eminent monk in the Tang Dynasty came to Lumbini, the birth place of
Lord Budhha, on pilgrimage. Songstan Gompo, King of the Tubo Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty
married the Nepalese princess Bhrikuti, during the 7th century A.D (the period of Lichhavi King
Anshuverma). The Nepalese artisan Arniko built a Buddhist Pagoda in Lhasa and also built
Miao Ying Temple in Beijing under his supervision in the 13th Century.
The exchange of visits of Buddhist scholars, monks, artisans, state dignitaries, traders and people
of various walks of life at various times shows that the relations between two countries spread
multi-dimensions in socio-economic and political sphere, including trade and investment. The
border trade based on barter of goods between Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region of China
has been taking place since early periods. Nepalese major exports to Tibet Autonomous Region
(TAR) included food grains, lentils, vegetables and handicrafts while the imports were raw wool,
woolen carpets, medicinal herbs and salts. Meanwhile, during the ancient and medieval period of
history, Nepal also served as the transit point in conducting trade and facilitating emissaries
between India and TAR China. The trading route between Nepal and TAR China consisted of
eighteen major passes across the mighty Himalayas. Such prominent passes are located at various
districts from east to west. The mode of transportation has mainly been through draft animals and
head loads as the terrain of high mountains lacked in road and other transport infrastructures.
Despite of long economic and trade relationship between Nepal and China, the volume of trade
could not develop in comparison to the faster development of international trade in recent decades
and Nepal is facing a huge imbalance in its trade with China.. The trade figures of the fiscal year
2008-09 shows that China occupies only 3 percent share in Nepals export, while it constitutes
12 percent share in Nepals total imports. Moreover, Nepals trade imbalance with China has
increased persistently and thus a quest for complementarities in trade and economy has been a
common concern. The immense potentialities for increasing Nepalese export trade to China
need to be explored and realized. China has attained a double digit economic growth in recent
years bringing a faster pace of development thereby improving the life and living of the Chinese
@
Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, GON.
@ Purushottam Ojha
Nepal-China Trade :
Opportunities for Growth
people at large. As a close neighbor, Nepal could benefit from spills-over of Chinas fast growing
economy. But, this will require developing common framework and proper strategy to facilitate
trade, investment and economic integration between the two countries.
In the above context, this paper will shed light on Nepal-China economic and trade relations,
initiatives taken by the two sides (governments) to enhance economic relations and prospects for
enhancing economic integration on the basis of mutuality of benefits on both sides.
A Brief Overview of Nepal-China Trade
The overland trade between Nepal and TAR China is taking place since long time in the history
which cannot be traced back to any particular year. The traditional barter trade is still practiced
by the highland people living in the bordering areas. However, with the fast growth of transport
network particularly in the Tibetan side, development of communication network and banking
services on both sides of the border, changes are taking place in the practices of doing trade.
Payment of the trade through banking channels, door-to-door insurance of traded goods and
creation of transporters liability are taking shape and replacing the old system of overland trade.
However, the efforts done to diversify and increase bilateral trade are not adequate. Two issues
are important in terms of Nepal-China trade. The first is the insignificant share of China in overall
export of Nepal. The share of China in the total export of Nepal was merely 4.3 percent (NRs.
2.35 billion in absolute terms) in 2003-04 and China do not appear even among the top ten
exporting countries of Nepal. The share of export to China decreased to 3.1 percent (NRs. 2.2
billion) in 2008-09, but China appears on the fifth rank among the top export destinations from
Nepal. This shows that Chinas rank has gone up in the list of export destination not due to
increase of Nepalese export rather due to overall decrease of the Nepalese export elsewhere in
the world. Nepal's export performance over the past five years has declined due to various
external and internal factors and the export to China also showed a declining trend. The second
issue is the growing share of imports from China which will be unsustainable for Nepal in the
longer term. The figure shows that the total imports from China stood NRs. 9.3 billion (6.7
percent of total imports) in 2003-04 and subsequently increased to NRs. 34.5 billion (11.9
percent of total imports) in 2008-09 thus further increasing the trade deficit for Nepal. The
following Table and figure illustrates Nepals trade with China in the past six years.
Note: Figures also include Tibet Autonomous Region
Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre.
F.Y. Exports Imports Trade Deficit
2003/04 2348.2 9299.9 6951.8
2004/05 1888.5 12859.2 10970.7
2005/06 892.6 12083.5 11190.9
2006/07 378.0 16678.6 16300.6
2007/08 736.4 22255.8 21519.4
2008/09 1847.9 32852.9 31005.0

Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre.

The table and figure above shows that Nepals export to China was almost stagnant during the
last six years, it was even declined during the fiscal years 2004/05 to 2006/07. On the other
hand import from China is increasing continuously during the period. As a result Nepals trade
deficit rises from NRs. 6951.8 million in fiscal year 2003/04 to NRs. 31005 million in fiscal
year 2008/09
The export basket of Nepal dominates the primary and agricultural products like wheat flour,
groats, uncooked pasta, vegetable fats, incense sticks, hides and skins and some manufactured
articles like handicraft, woolen carpets, and textile and garments seats of motor vehicles, among
others. While Nepal imports electronic goods, computer and parts, vehicle and machinery,
readymade garments, onion and garlic, and a wide variety of household utensils and utility items
from China. Nepals export to mainland China and Hong Kong are insignificant and most of the
exports are confined to Tibet Autonomous Region.
Chinese Investment in Nepal
In the contemporary world, every single country seeks to maximize Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) with a view to boost the economy not only at the national level but also at the sub-
national levels. Nepal pursued the open and liberal economic and trade policy since early 90s
where a number of policy measures were adopted such as liberalization of various sectors for
foreign investment, concomitance opening of other sectors of economy like, tourism, trade,
banking and financial sector and transport and communication, among others. Despite of these,
Nepal ranks low among the South Asian countries in terms of foreign investment and a number
of reasons mainly related to; internal conflict, political unrest and transition, power shortage,
lack of transport infrastructures attribute to the low level of investment in the country.
China is the third largest source of FDI in Nepal. The Department of Industry data shows that
there are altogether 310 Chinese investment projects in Nepal with a total investment of 75
million US$ that provides employment for around 20,000 Nepalese people. Given the number
of projects, it seems that most of the projects are of small size with the average investment of
0.24 million US$.

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Figure (1): Nepals Trade with China

Source: Department of I ndustry, Government of Nepal
The Chinese investment is mostly focused in hotel and restaurant, electronics, radio paging services,
readymade garments, pashmina, nursing home, hydropower and civil construction, among others.
The figure above shows that the tourism industry attracts most of the Chinese FDI in Nepal,
though the number of industries registered in manufacturing sector is highest.

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Number of Chi nese I ndut r i es
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Figure 1: Chinese Industries in Nepal
Figure 2: Sector-wise Distribution of Chinese Industries in Nepal
Figure 3: Sector-wise Distribution of Chinese FDI in Nepal
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Nepal attaches great importance and accords high priority to foreign direct investment and
technology transfer as an important strategy for resources mobilization. The priority sectors
for foreign investment are: hydropower, tourism, agriculture and non-timber based high value
products, development of education and health related facilities, financial services, information
technology and biotechnology related industries.Selection of industry and investment would
be of value for channeling the Chinese investment for achieving complementarities in trade.
Initiatives and Instruments of Enhancing Bilateral Trade
The last trade and payment agreement was signed between Nepal and China in November
1981. This agreement is based on most favored nation's principles and identified number of
articles for exchange between the two countries. The agreement also designated three points
namely, Kodari-Nyalam, Rasuwa-Keyrong, and Yari-Purang for frontier trade. Two more
trading points of Kimathanka-Riwu and Nechung-Lizi were added later through the Letter
of Exchange in December 2003. Besides, the agreement further provides facilities for barter
trade for the inhabitants within 30 Kilometers on both sides of the borders.
The second agreement between Nepal and China was done in July 2002 for regulating the
trade and related matters between Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region of China which
allows the inhabitants of the bordering districts to cross the border on the basis of exit-entry
passes for the purpose of border trade in small volumes, pilgrimage visit, visiting relatives or
friends provided that such visitors are not allowed to travel beyond the bordering districts on
both sides. The two sides also agreed to make the full use of Lhasa-Kathmandu highway on
a reciprocal basis for trade, movement of passenger traffic and tourism on the basis of
agreed procedures. Further, it has made a provision of; allowing the importation of livestock
and plant products on the basis of quarantine certificate issued by the exporting country;
encouraging trade based on letter of credit and banking channels; regular consultations between
the officials of the border districts, with a view to exchange information and regulate trade.
Another important instrument agreed between Nepal and China is the road transportation
agreement for promoting bilateral trade and economic cooperation. This agreement was
signed in May 1994 by the Assistant Minister for Ministry of Works and Transport of
Government of Nepal and Vice Minister for the Ministry of Communication China and includes
several provisions for allowing the bilateral road transportation for tourist, goods and mail
services. The agreement provides for; issuance of permit for vehicles, requirement of national
or international driving license by the drivers, payment of the transportation charges on freely
convertible currency, need of third party liability insurances for the vehicles and observance
of traffic laws and regulation of each others country. The Protocol to the treaty has designated
the competent authority for issuing permits and licenses on both sides and defined the regular and
non-regular traffic and the need of compliance with the customs regulation for commercial goods.
The fourth agreement for facilitation of bilateral trade is on Cooperation for Industrial Products
Inspection between General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
of the People's Republic of China and Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology (NBSM)
of Government of Nepal. This agreement basically deals with establishing liaison channel for
industrial product inspection and management, exchanging information on rules, regulation and
inspection standards, making inter-comparison of government designated laboratories, exchanging
inspection technology, extending technical cooperation and training for technicians, extending the
level of cooperation to achieve Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) and setting up channels
for mutual notifications and finding solutions of the quality problems of industrial products. This
agreement has the duration of two years with the provision of automatic renewal until the contracting
parties give six months advance notice to terminate the agreement.
A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed last year in September 2009 for the
establishment of Nepal-China's Tibet Trade Facilitation Committee (NTTFC) that is intended to
facilitate bilateral trade with Tibet Autonomous Region of China through taking measures on
simplification of procedures and documentation in customs, quarantine and transportation, and
recommend to the respective governments on the matters of common interest for promotion and
facilitation of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. This body is supposed to meet alternately
in Kathmandu and Lhasa every year.
Government of Nepal and People's Republic of China signed a memorandum on 14 May 2010
in Kathmandu for giving effect to the Zero tariff to 4721 products from Nepal into the Chinese
markets. This is the unilateral and general concessions provided by the Government of PR China
to all LDCs around the world as part of their commitment to facilitate the market access to least
developed countries under the auspices of World Trade Organization (WTO).
Besides, Nepal and People's Republic of China have formed a Joint Economic and Trade
Committee (JEC) at the level of Finance Minister/Secretary that looks after the whole areas of
bilateral economic cooperation including trade. The meeting of JEC is alternately held in Kathmandu
and Beijing and the committee provides a general framework for promoting collaboration and
cooperation on trade, investment, transport, tourism, agriculture and other areas of economic
cooperation. The last meeting of JEC was held in Kathmandu in July 2007.
Issues on Bilateral Trade Promotion
Government of China has announced duty free tariff preferences to 4721 products line at six
digits customs classification for all least developed countries and Nepal has acceded to this
provision by signing a Letter of Exchange on 14 May 2010. This agreement facilitates duty
preferences effectively to 360 products (full coverage for 265 products and partial coverage for
95 products at six digit level). Nepal requested in the past for providing duty free access to its
497 export potential products in customs six digit classification. It is obvious that a new avenue
is opened with the signing of Letter of Exchange this year for expanding access of Nepalese
products in Chinese market. However, this would require developing a new range of products
that could benefit from duty preferences or zero duty in Chinese market and also creating a
favorable investment climate in the country for attracting investors in the productive sector. Similarly,
effort will require concluding bilateral agreement with China for providing tariff concessions to
Nepal specific products.
Addressing the issues of non-tariff barriers is another area in promoting bilateral trade. The
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cooperation for Industrial Product Inspection
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
provides framework for increasing collaboration on Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) through
exchanging information on technical standards, inspection and test methodology, receiving Chinese
assistance for technical trainings and paving way for mutual recognition agreement of the quality
infrastructures on both sides. Similar, arrangement is expected on food quality assurances and
quarantine requirement. The importance of sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) measures is equally
important for Nepal as most of the products exported to Tibet-China are the agricultural and
non-timber forest products.
Increasing transport connectivity is very much significant in a bid to promote Nepal-China trade.
Till now there is only one road corridor that links Kathmandu with Lhasa via Tatopani. The
portion of the highway that lies in the Nepalese territory is not in a very good shape and needs
renovation and augmentation. The border crossing facilities at Tatopani is inadequate to cater the
growing traffic. A new land port is being developed at Larcha, Sindhupalchowk District with
Chinese assistance, around seven Kilometers away from Tatopani border and is expected to
completion in another two years. It is hoped that the traffic will be eased once this facility comes
to operation.
Second road corridor connecting Kathmandu with Kyorong through Trishuli-Syabrubesi-and
Rasuwagarhi is being opened very soon with the construction of 18 kilometer missing links between
Syabrubesi and Rasuwagarhi. This will be another milestone in promotion of Nepal-China overland
trade as it will increase competition in transport services between two different corridors and
Nepalese traders will be greatly relieved from the syndicated cost of transportation at Tatopani-
Kathmandu corridor. A bridge over the river running along the Nepal-China border at Rasuwagarhi
is in the process of construction that will ultimately facilitate the movement of bilateral traffic.
Lhasa, Tibet was connected with the Chinese railway system in 2006. The railway line is
being extended to Xigatse, the second largest city in Tibet, situated 300 kilometer further
south west from Lhasa. This will bring the Tibetan transport network closer to Nepal thereby,
facilitating the movement of goods and passenger traffic across the border. Thus, there is
need of opening more road corridors with construction of North-South highways in Nepal
that will connect the various parts of country with China-Tibet and thus help in achieving
better economic integration.
The development of transport related infrastructures like Inland Clearance Depots (ICDs),
Container Freight Stations, and Export Processing Zones (EPZ) makes an important aspect in
facilitation of trade. The construction of ICD at Larcha, Tatopani is underway and similar facility
is planned at Rasuwagarhi. The development of EPZ at Panchkhal in Kabhrepalanchowk district
and Ratamate in Nuwakot is under process that will help enhance trade through the Land Customs
Station of Tatopani and Rasuwagarhi respectively
The construction of all weather roads in Tibet along the line of Himalayan range has added
opportunity for transportation of goods from Nepal to Nepal via TAR of China. In the past some
consignments of medicines, school textbooks, and foodstuffs were transported in the mountain
districts of Nepal like Mustang, Humla, Mugu and Dolpa via Tibet on an ad-hoc basis. There is
need of constituting a permanent mechanism for transiting Nepalese cargo within Nepal through
the territory of Tibet, China.
The agreement on bilateral road transportation signed in May 1994 has largely remained non-
operative for a long period. The objective of the agreement is to enhance the economic linkages
through operation of bilateral passenger and goods traffic between Kathmandu and Lhasa on a
regular basis. There is need of effective implementation of this agreement by enabling the operation
of motor vehicles which among others, requires orientation to drivers and crew members on
driving rules, traffic signaling, road safety standards, accident and restoration mechanism,
familiarization with related acts, rules and regulations. Besides, simplification of visa procedures
for businesspeople and traders is equally important in order to facilitate the movement of passenger
vehicles across the border.
The overland trade between Nepal and TAR of China is constrained due to week regulation and
facilitation measures. Hence, the genuine traders are facing difficulties in trade operation. The
trade process could be rationalized by identifying the organized sectors involved in trade of
specific commodities, easing the hassles due to local taxes en route on transport vehicles,
harmonizing the customs regulation and procedures, quarantine and quality standards.
The last (Tenth) JEC meeting between Nepal and China was held in Kathmandu in July 2007
after nine years interval. The JEC has remained in a dormant stage for a long time in the past. The
JEC need to meet in a regular basis in order to sort out the issues on trade, transport and
investment and enhance the bilateral economic cooperation. The mechanism of Nepal-China
Tibet Trade Facilitation Committee, constituted in 2009 may be made more active and effective
in complementing the task of JEC.
Opportunities for Enhancing Economic Cooperation
As member of World Trade Organization, PR China is a key player in the international trading
system as it has been able to expand market access in the big markets around the world. However,
Nepal, as a least developed country has to strive for sustaining its export base in the wake of
competition increased in the destination markets. The challenges faced by Nepal are enormous
in terms of increasing productive capacity and production, identification of export potentials,
domestic value addition and employment generation, and linking trade with poverty reduction
program. Support from the neighboring countries and development partners are very important
to overcome these challenges and benefit from openness of trade.
The growing trade volume between India and China could be an opportunity for Nepal if it could
serve as a transit economy between the two countries. This proposal was raised couple of years
back but still need to work out suitable modality among the partnering countries for using Nepal
as the transit corridor. The primary need for Nepal would be to develop adequate transport
infrastructures and linking the North-South border.
Nepal provides an ample opportunity for making investment in sectors such as hydropower,
tourism, agriculture, non-timber forest based high value products, development of education and
health related facilities, financial services, information technology and bio-technology related
services. The Government of Nepal has bought out new Industrial Policy-2010 which provides
various tax and non-tax incentives to the investors. Similarly, the revision on the Foreign Investment
Policy is being worked out in order to give more comfort and incentives to the foreign investment
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
in Nepal. The formation of a high level Board of Investment is under active consideration of the
Government of Nepal. This Board is supposed to function as a "One-window" shop for meeting
the requirements of the projects. Government priority for development of transport and
communication infrastructures, Special Economic Zones and availability of cheap labor, (but of
course with less productivity), comparatively low level of corporate taxes, simplified visa regimes
and increased market access opportunities under the bilateral regional and multilateral trading
systems are some of the attractions to the potential investors in Nepal
Tourism is another potential sector where Nepal and China can work together for harnessing
benefits mutually. The Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal can promote the package
tour for western visitors in Nepal and Tibet. Nepal aspire for more Chinese tourist as there is
greater potentiality of increasing arrival of Chinese visitors due to fast rise in the income level of
Chinese people.
Promotion of bilateral trade and economic linkages has largely depends upon the collaboration
between the private sector entities and business organizations. A bi-national chamber by the
name of Nepal-China Chamber of Commerce was established in Nepal a few years back.
However, there is need of promoting business to business contact, and participation in the trade
and investment forum by the representatives of trade and industry. This process is expedited in
recent years as Nepal has started participating in South Asian Commodity Fair in Kunming,
Western China Trade and Economy Fair in Chengdu in a regular basis. The bi-annual trade fair
being organized in Tibet and Nepal alternately has proven to be a good opportunity to bring the
business person of both countries together and promote trade and investment relations. This
initiatives need to be consolidated for promoting mutual benefits.
Nepal is now in the political transition and poised for writing a new constitution after the political
movement of 2006. The decade long conflict in the country from 1996 to 2006 has eroded the
investment climate and it has taken a toll in the country's economic performances. Settlement of
the political problems and bringing back the peace and stability has been a prime concern for
Nepal in order to realign the country in the path of economic progress. This is an arduous task
that our political masters are supposed to achieve for a prosperous and peaceful Nepal.
Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.
Government of Nepal (2009). Trade Policy-2009. GON, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.
Government of Nepal (2010). Industrial Policy-2010. GON, Ministry of Industry.
Countries, Sept 21-22, 2004, Lhasa, Tibet.
(http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=28700&cat_id=7)
Sarup Kamala (2005). The Nepal-China Economic Relationship
relationship :)
www
References:
@Joint Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.

SAARCAgreement onTradeinServices
(SATIS) What it is andHowit is?
@Surya Prasad Silwal
What is SATIS ?
SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) was signed in Thimpu during the SAARC
summit in April 2010 with the aim to integrate the region by opening the avenue of trade in services.
Since the early 1990s, when the economic cooperation was brought to the agenda of the SAARC,
various attempts have been made to intensify regional economic cooperation efforts. With the
implementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006, SAARC countries began to
look toward the deeper economic integration within the region. Recognizing the importance of
trade in services, the thirteenth SAARC Summit held in Dhaka on 12-13 November 2005, the
Heads of States or Governments recognized the potential of Trade In Services which have
expanded rapidly at the informal level. They called for a study to see how services could be
integrated into SAFTA process.
At the fifteenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 2-3 August 2008) the Heads of State or Government
expressed satisfaction at the conclusion of the study on Trade in Services by RIS and welcomed
the decision of SAFTA Ministerial Council to commence negotiation on the Framework Agreement
on Trade in Services. Accordingly meetings of the expert group on SAARC Framework Agreement
on Trade in Services were held and with mutual consent of all the member states the Framework
Agreement was finalized by the Expert Group and was finally signed by all the member states in
Thimpu during the meeting of Heads of States or Governements of the region in 2010.
Need for SATIS
Intraregional trade in SAARC was expected to rise significantly as an effect of implementation
of SATIS under SAFTA. It was being argued that the full potential of SAFTA cannot be realized
until its scope is expanded to cover trade in services because the economies of SAARC members
are dominated by service sector. With the SAFTA becoming operational a natural hypothesis
was that the efficacy of SAFTA process can be considerably enhanced by bringing the services
sector into the folds of SAFTA agreement. The growing importance of the service sector in the
region coupled with policy reforms pertaining to this sector, make this sector an ideal candidate
for SAARC regional economic integration efforts. This is supported by the fact that already
trade in services in the region has been on an upswing, though still below their potentials.
The service sector has emerged as the major contributor of income and growth in south Asian
countries. In almost all the south Asian countries, service sector contribution to growth has been
higher. This sector accounts for in an average of 50 percent of regions GDP. This fact shows
that the service sector is emerging as the most dynamic sector in the South Asian economies and
is likely to further increase its share in near future.
Overall Objectives
The objective of SATIS is to promote trade in services among the contracting states in a mutually
beneficial and equitable manner by establishing a framework for liberalizing and promoting Trade in
Services within the region in accordance with the Article V of General Agreement on Trade in Services.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Major Provisions of Agreement

a. National treatment for all member states
b. Most Favored Nation Treatment unconditionally to all member states,
c. Market access to all member states through all modes of supply
d. Progressive Liberalization of services sector
e. Adoption of Safeguard measures based on principle of non-discrimination
f. Non application of restriction on international transfer and payments
Principles for the Negotiations under SATIS.
1. To provide real and effective market access to all contracting states in an equitable manner.
2. Negotiation for schedule of specific commitments shall take place keeping in view the national
policy objectives, the level of development and the size of economies of contracting states
both overall and in individual sectors.
3. In view of the priority accorded to services by all contracting states, the agreement shall
progressively cover liberalization of trade in services with broad based and deeper coverage of
majority of services/sub-sectors with a view to fulfilling the objective of Article V of GATS.
4. A positive list approach shall be followed. Negotiation for specific commitments for progressive
liberalization would be based on request and offer approach.
5. Initial offers of the WTO member states shall be in addition to their existing levels of multilateral
commitments with substantial sectoral and modal improvement over those commitments.
Services Trade in Region:
Telecom is a major service sector, and many SAARC countries have liberalized this sector
autonomously. Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal permit 100 % FDI in this sector. In Sri Lanka,
100 percent equity participation by the foreign companies is allowed in a range of sectors like
Banking, Insurance Telecommunication and Tourism. Nepal has opened almost all the sectors in
services with some restriction. Banking is another service sector which provides opportunities
for greater South Asian integration. Banks are in operation in the South Asian countries either in
the form of 100 percent FDI or in the form of joint venture. Thus with the implementation of the
SAFTA services agreement, there is considerable opportunities for increasing intra-regional trade
in services. As the member states are engaged in liberalizing their more and more services sector
and inviting foreign investors for more investment, implementation of SATIS will provide a good
platform for all the members for investment within the region. Total volume and value of trade
within SAFTA would be increased significantly, as trade in services under SAFTA has opened all
the opportunity for members.
Conclusion
With the inclusion of trade in services under SAFTA the scope of SAFTA has become wider.
Trade in goods between SAARC countries was low because of the complementarities in trade in
goods. Trade in services offers better scope for finding full trade complementarities among the
South Asian countries. As South Asian countries are more competitive in different categories of
services and this sector also contributes in an average of half of the GDPs of SAARC countries,
finalization of framework agreement on trade in services will provide considerable opportunities
for increasing intra regional trade. It will also push for further economic and social integration
within the region since each country has its own areas of expertise and efficiency in specific
services trade.
References
South Asia Framework Agreement on Trade in Services.
Study Report on SAFAS by RITES.
Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 :

Groundfor Trade-ledDevelopment
Background
Trade is an engine of growth and growth
promotes development these are empirically
tested facts and widely accepted doctrines.
Trade promotion, thus, gets high priority in
economic policy making in most countries of the
world, including Nepal. Upon realizing the
significance of trade in national development, the
Government of Nepal adopted export
diversification and import substitution strategies
since mid sixties. Accordingly, various policy
measures were introduced to diversify the
Nepales economy and trade. Besides, Nepal
initiated economic reform program in mid 1980s.
To diversify and expand its trading relations with
other countries, it also joined the World Trade
Organization (WTO) and signed various
regional and bi-lateral trade agreements. As a
result, at present, Nepal is among South Asia's
most open and trade-dependent economies
(MOICS, 2004, p.X).
In generic term, reform process in trade, especially joining of regional and multilateral trading
system, is subjected to be critical. Nepal's reform process and accession to WTO also brought
about a mixed outcome ( Ojha et.al, 2010). During the last 40 years, annual growth of both exports
and imports remained more or less positive. In the fiscal year 1956/57, the export and import of
Nepal was only 95.5 and 169.9 million rupees respectively. During the current fiscal year
(2009/10), it is estimated that the import of goods and services at constant prices was Nepali
Rupees (NRs) 245.04 billion and exports worth NRs 69.35 billion. In general, the growth of
imports has remained higher than that of exports; as a result Nepals trade deficit has continuously
increasing. For example, trade deficit during first eight months of Fiscal Year (FY) 2009/10 has
increased by 61.5 percent as compared to 30.1 percent during the corresponding period of the
previous FY (MoF, 2010, p136.). The rapid increase in imports has resulted in the alarming level
of trade deficit. In the current FY, earning from export of goods and services is estimated to
cover only 30.7 percent of import of goods and services at constant prices. Trade deficit was
recorded NRs 175.69 billion in the current fiscal year (ibid). Moreover, export promotion and
diversification has been very low and Nepal's trade dependence, in terms of both products and
countries, is still very high. India still occupies around two third shares in Nepal's total export and
Chandra Ghimire
Shiv Raj Bhatt
@ Shiv Raj Bhatt
Mr. Ghimire holds the
capacity of Joint Secretary
in Ministry of Commerce
and Supplies, Government
of Nepal and leads
Planning & International
Trade Cooperation
Division. He Frequently
writes on trade and
governance issues.
@ Chandra Ghimire
Mr. Bhatt is the EIF
National Programme
Manager, Ministry of
Commerce and Supplies,
Government of Nepal.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
three countries; i.e. USA, Germany and UK; occupy two third shares in Nepals overseas exports.
Similarly, a few primary commodities still occupy large shares in Nepals export basket.
Continuingly rising trade deficit has been one of the frequently debated issues among Nepal's policy
and decision makers. Likewise, export diversification, promotion and import substitution are the
policy prescriptions provided by many of them so as to narrow down trade deficit. Diversification
of export portfolio, therefore, has been considered as a primary goal of national development
strategies and trade policies in Nepal.
Despite weaknesses related to infrastructure and productivity, various studies show Nepal as a
potentially competitive country across a range of labour intensive manufacturing and agricultural
goods and services sectors (MOICS, 2004 and MoCS, 2010). However, the overall situation of
Nepals trade sector largely remained unsatisfactory, despite Nepals comparative and competitive
advantages in various sectors and governments continuous efforts to diversify countrys export
basket. This situation necessitated to initiate an integrated approach based on three basic components,
e.g., identification of products with comparative advantage; formulation and implementation of sector
development strategies and, development of a negotiation strategy in bi-lateral and multilateral
forums to harness the benefits of Nepals export potential.
Against this background, Government of Nepal (GoN) recently launched Nepal Trade Integration
Strategy (NTIS) 2010. The NTIS charts a possible course for the development of the countrys
export sector over the next five years together with possible capacity development actions and
selected short-to-medium term priorities that are supportive of "inclusive growth." It is the product
of long standing efforts undertaken by the Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, with supports from
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Government of Finland, the United
Kingdoms Department for International Development (DFID), the International Finance Corporation
(IFC), and the International Trade Center (ITC). Various line ministries, business organization and
other stakeholders were also actively participated in its preparation. However, the success of NTIS
will be largely determined by its effective implementation, which will need active involvement of all
the stakeholders. This paper analyses major provisions of NTIS and present implementation roadmap
to achieve the desired outcome of NTIS 2010 - the trade-led inclusive growth.
Salient Feature of NTIS 2010
The NTIS 2010 is a follow-up to the earlier Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study, 2004
(NTCS) which, in a like manner, sought to identify priority actions for export promotion in the
short, medium and long-period. The NTCS was prepared at a time when domestic and
international conditions were quite different. Then Nepal was not yet a member of the World
Trade Organization (WTO) and, the mid-and late-decade turned out to be a period of profound
political transformation
1
of the country. Moreover, the global financial crisis also brought
significant changes at global level, which also affected reform process in many countries and
multilateral negotiations under WTOs Doha Round negotiations. In such upcoming contexts,
at both global and national levels, the GoN should have noticed urgency to revise its trade
policy and export promotion strategy. Accordingly, the government introduced new Trade
Policy 2009 and in following days launched the NTIS.
1
The process of Nepals federal restructuring is ongoing. It is anticipated to have profound changes in
economic decision making and resource allocation in the days to come.

The NTIS is a critical building block in the GoNs effort to strengthen its ability to coordinate and
manage Trade-Related Technical Assistances (TRTAs) and Aid for Trade (AfT) by implementing
the mechanisms of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). The GoN is now in the process
to closely align the objectives and actions as identified in the NTIS and in the Nepals recently
introduced Three Year Development Plan (2011-2013). In order to make the NTIS a single and
shared strategy to steer the efforts of the government, the private sector, development partners,
and other stakeholders to develop an "inclusive" trade sector; the Council of Ministers already
endorsed the NTIS.
In view of diagnosing Nepals export potential, the NTIS first identifies the challenges being faced
by the countrys export business. The four major challenges of Nepalese export business, as identified
by the study are: (i) Ensuring proper market access, which will require from Nepalese negotiators
to address issues related to Non-Tariff-Barriers (NTBs) and related regulatory and business
environment issues that may affect Nepalese exports in importing markets. The importance of tariff
negotiations will continue to decline as tariffs shrink for goods and are not relevant for fast growing
service exports; (ii) Building domestic support institutions that can create a more friendly
business environment and help Nepalese exporters address the challenges of NTBs; (iii) Taking
steps to strengthen the supply capacity of exporters especially in selected sector ,
2
where
they can build a competitive advantage, be it in terms of production costs, quality of products,
and/or productivity; and (iv) Mobilizing Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) to assist in
developing pertinent capacity.
Addressing aforementioned four challenges themselves became the four strategic objectives of
the NTIS. The four strategic objectives of NTIS are:
(i) Strengthen trade negotiations capacity: the NTIS identifies a list of 19 possible
priority export potential sectors and priority attractive markets for each of them. The
study categorically recommends as to what Nepalese trade negotiators need to ensure
for proper market access in order to promote them in the respective attractive markets.
As suggested, bilateral market access negotiations and negotiations at regional groupings
are likely to play an important role. Strengthening of policy research capacity especially in
relation to trade negotiations, thus, may ensure space in international market for
Nepalese export items.
(ii) Strengthen the technical capacity of domestic Non-Tariff-Barrier (NTB) and other
business supportive institutions: Building a competitive supply capacity of Nepalese
products has become increasingly dependent upon the ability of the countrys producers to
meet the NTB market entry requirements of importing countries. Such supply capacity
building will requires a supportive domestic support infrastructure in areas of technical
standards, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, trade facilitation, investment environment,
intellectual property rights, domestic service regulation and others. Therefore, the second strategic
objective of the NTIS focuses on capacity building of supportive institutions.
(iii) Strengthen the export capacity of "inclusive" export potential sectors: The NTIS
identified 19 priority export sectors for Nepal, therefore Nepali policy-makers has to
2
The NTIS 2010 identifies 19 priority sectors, which includes 7 agro-based products, 5
industrial and manufacturing products and 7 services sectors (see Annex 1).
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
prioritize their attention on those sectors and ensure their success in their current or potential
attractive destination markets. The NTIS suggest for deepening the individual sector analyses
presented therein and ensure those sectors benefit from proper sector-specific supportive
measures. It is also suggested that the initial focus of government and private sector under
objectives first and second will also need to target at the areas of trade negotiations, trade-
related policy reform and NTB related institution-building. They are imperatives to support
priority export sectors.
(iv) Strengthen the capacity of government to coordinate and manage Trade-Related
Technical Assistance (TRTA) and to implement NTIS: Achieving the objectives of the
NTIS will require domestic as well as external resources. The NTIS suggest that the MoCS,
on behalf of the GoN, needs to put in place a set of 'implementation arrangements' that will
assist in formulating implementation projects in support of the NTIS objectives, in securing
TRTA resources, coordinating and managing those, and monitoring results. It is also indicated
that the coordination and management of aid in the trade sector are quite complex as they
involve not simply coordinating and managing with and among DPs but also among various
line ministries and agencies directly or indirectly involved in trade development. Aid
coordination and management also requires a large amount of capacity-building in the new
implementation arrangements, therefore, this need should not be underestimated during the
implementation of the NTIS.
An action matrix along with the aforementioned four strategic objectives is presented in the
study. And additional recommendations are prescribed for selected 19 priority export sectors.
The suggested eight possible short-to-medium-term key actions are as follows:
(i) Focus on 19 priority export sectors: Nepal should focus on its short-to-medium term
efforts to promote 19 export potential goods and services. Among those, agro-based
goods and services exports potentially hold high socio-economic impact and high value
addition; therefore, they should get high priority
3
.
(ii) Enhance negotiation capacity: The study suggest that the Nepalese trade negotiators
should take into deeper knowledge of the attractive destination markets identified for each of
the 19 export potentials in the NTIS and ensure favorable market access for them in those
markets
4
. It is suggested to develop an appropriate agenda for negotiation, with supportive
analytical work, as required. India, China, other SAARC countries, selected Gulf and Middle-
East countries are recommended as priority countries going for bi-lateral negotiations.
(iii) Maintain Quality of Export Products: The NTIS suggest managing the quality of export
items, particularly of agro-based products. In this regard, efforts to build a competitive
supply-capacity for exporting agro-food items should focus initially on setting up a number
of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Quality
Management System (QMS) in selected agricultural commodities. Such effort is to be
accompanied by Third Party Certification (TPC) programs to enhance the quality and
quantity of such supplies and to lower the current burden for SPS certification. To be
specific, the NTIS proposes four sectors that could become initial targets with respect to
such programs: tea, lentils, cardamom, and ginger. In addition, such efforts could be supported
3
The priority exports sectors and their socio-economic impacts are presented in the Annex 1.
4
The attractive markets for those 19 priority export sectors are presented in the Annex 2.
by the introduction of Geographical Indications (GIs) to be required for some of those

commodities. It is also suggested to accelerate progress on formulating new Plant Protection
Act, and on reviewing plus amending the existing Food Act, Pesticides Act as well as
Pesticides Rules.
(iv) Establish a Board of I nvestment: The study suggests that Nepal is missing out on
opportunities to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), including FDI aimed at potential
export sectors. Therefore, some alignments between targeted sectors for investment
campaigns and potential export sectors promoted under NTIS should be made.
(v) Create Trade Support Network in the Periphery: Trade information and trade-support
services trickles down rather very poorly to businesses in most of the targeted development
regions and sectors. Therefore, the NTIS suggests that a Trade Support Network (TSN)
should be organized and developed with strong focus on building the capacity of product
associations in the export potential sectors. It is also suggested to re-define the functions and
mission of Trade and Export Promotion Center (TEPC) and restructure the center accordingly.
(vi) Focus on Priority Services Sectors: The NTIS identifies tourism, labour services, IT &
BPO Services, Engineering services, Education and Health Services as Nepals priority
export sectors. To further build up export potential in these sectors, the study suggests
focusing on consolidating the gains from export of temporary labor services through holding
bilateral agreements with labor importing countries. Likewise, seizing opportunities to move
up the value chain by expanding supply capacity in the areas of priority services sectors
also will pay tremendously. A set of recommendations are suggested in each individual
profile of those selected sectors. The study also suggests establishing a "service export
champion" as there has been as of now a complete absence of an agency that coordinates
service exports from the country.
(vii) Create Synergies between Nepal Business Forum (NBF) and the NTI S
I mplementation: The study suggests using proposed Trade Sector Working Group under
NBF as a mechanism for the Nepalese business sector and the GoN. This window is
suggested to monitor the implementation of the NTIS and the effectiveness of its results.
(viii) Strengthen Coordination Mechanisms for Aid for Trade and Trade Related
Technical Assistance: GoN should ensure an effective and efficient mechanism for
mobilization and management of Official Development Assistance (ODA) resources. In
this regard, two critical factors can be instrumental. First, such mechanism, among ODA,
should focus on Aid for Trade (AfT) and Trade Related Technical Assistances (TRTAs).
Second, GoN, business sector of the country, and DPs should recognize the NTIS as a
shared strategy to be used as a broad platform for mobilization of resources with respect
to implementation of the NTIS.
Challenge Ahead: In Implementation of the NTIS
The challenge ahead for the GoN is to implement NTIS. As soon as formulation of a strategy
accomplished, the strategy is led further to implementation stage. Implementation stage tends to
host very complex processes, actors and agencies as multiple nature and layers of agencies are
required to be involved in this stage. Powerful groups affected by a policy can condition the character
of implementation by supporting or opposing it (Howlett and Ramesh, 2003, p.189). Many empirical
studies from developing world also suggest that formulation of a strategy in itself is initial and rather
simple step that, however, is followed by more complex steps when it goes for implementation.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Since trade performance is a complex summation of multi sectors, MoCS alone or any one single
institution can not be sufficient to meet a significant export surge (Ghimire, 2010, p.55). Therefore,
support of all the stakeholders, including line ministries, Nepalese business community and
development partners are a must. The seven challenges as the pre-condition of successful NTIS
implementation can be outlined as: (i) trade should be a priority agenda in government policies and
development plans; (ii) agency coordination (public-public, public-private and private-private) at
all levels and of all types should be strengthened; (iii) strengthened institutional capacity for delivery;
(iv) assurance of resource availability; (v) conducive business environment i.e. constitutional making,
political stability, bandh, politics etc.; (vi) visionary leadership with strong commitment; and (vii)
development partners' cooperation to Nepal's plea for greater AfT and TRTAs.
For effective implementation of the strategy, a phase-wise roadmap can be a fast-moving vehicle.
In this context, a three phased roadmap is outlined as below:
Phase I: Strengthen Implementation Mechanism:
The implementation of the NTIS will require a strong implementation mechanism
5
. In this regard, a
mechanism, consisting of a National Steering Committee, headed by the Chief Secretary of GoN,
five Technical Working Groups headed by the Secretaries of respective ministries, EIF Focal Point
- the Secretary of MoCS, a provision for donor facilitators, is arranged in this Nepalese provision.
In addition, a National Implementation Unit (NIU) has been already established at MoCS. However,
effective engagement of other key line ministries and private sector is a pre-condition to implement
the activities identified in the NTIS. Therefore, a mechanism and people working under this process
should be clearly identified and their roles and responsibilities (ToRs) should be well defined.
Assessment of their capacities to perform such activities should be conducted on a regular basis
and capacity building related training and other activities should go together accordingly.
The NIU and MoCS should also discuss with development partners to find one EIF DF and
additional lead DFs for each strategic objective of NTIS. As there are four strategic objectives,
separate DPs for each of the strategic objectives could pay higher.
Phase II: Prepare Project Proposals and Mobilize Resources
Once implementation mechanisms at place, MoCS embarks on project proposals and liaise with
potential sources of funds, including government, in country DPs and EIF/Aid for Trade mechanism
under WTO. In this regard, continuous consultation with line ministries and local DPs is needed.
The proposals, prepared on the basis of the NTIS should be discussed with the local DPs first and
afterwards maximum resources would be mobilized from them. In the areas, where local DPs do
not show their interest, EIF Executive Secretariat and GoN, mainly Ministry of Finance and National
Planning Commission should be requested for programmes and funds.
Phase III: Implementation of Trade SWAp
Many countries are using Sector-Wise Approach (SWAp) as a strategy for resource mobilization in
various sectors of the economy, including trade and development. Broadly, SWAp is defined as an
implementation model, in which, all stakeholders supports a single sector policy and expenditure
5
For mobilization of Aid for Trade, including implementation of EIF, the GoN has
created an institutional mechanism a mechanism, which is still evolving (see Annex 3).
programme, adopting common approaches across the sector, and progressing towards Government
procedures to disburse and account for all funds (Callebaut, 2010). Similarly, trade SWAp can be
further defined as a mechanism to coordinate and plan resources by putting top government, DPs
and other stakeholders around a single trade strategy (e.g. NTIS 2010). In doing so, limited set of
shared objectives (e.g. the four strategic objectives of NTIS 2010) are shared in order to develop
trade sector. The main advantages of trade SWAp include: (i) it gives more attention for overall
policy coherence; (ii) it helps improve planning, coordination and monitoring mechanism; (iii) it
strengthens role of government in external resource mobilization; (iv) it pays more attention for
capacity building; (v) it ensures better coordination mechanism among the stakeholders; (vi) it helps
avoid duplication or replication of the same activities, producing no or little value addition at outcome
level; (vii) it helps ensure stakeholders participation in the process in a transparent manner; and (viii)
it helps control excessive aid fragmentation and divided ownership.
However, implementation of trade SWAp approach demands for buy-in from all the stakeholders,
i.e. government, private sector and DPs, at first place, which may require a reasonable time
period. Therefore, it is necessary for the MoCS to expedite its consultation with the stakeholders
and convince them on the benefits of trade SWAp. Once a fair number of the development
partners agree to work in this initiative with the ministry, the government may need to create and
operationalize a 'basket fund' in which money from different funding sources are contributed -
and develop guidelines for managing 'basket fund'. Similarly, in order to disburse the basket fund,
development of templates for proposals and criteria for project selection would be required.
By and large, above discussed three phase-wise challenges are very potential, however, couple
with enormous opportunities for trade-led inclusive growth. GoN especially MoCS seems to
have stood in the borderline to face them in the days ahead.
Conclusions
It is now widely accepted that trade could play an instrumental role in Nepals overall development.
However, to construct trade as an instrument of national development, it should be one of the top
priorities of national development programs/plans. In this regard, Nepals recently introduced Three
Year Plan prioritized trade sector and emphasized on trade-led growth of the economy. Realizing the
need of a strategic vision for trade sectors development, the GoN brought in new trade policy 2009
and recently introduced the NTIS. With the NTIS, there are immense opportunities for Nepal to
develop itself through trade. The priority sectors and recommended actions for those priority sectors
are clearly indicated in the strategy. Now it is the high time for the government to implement the NTIS
recommendations to make Nepals trade sector an effective vehicle of growth and overall development
of the country. In order to do so, a phase-wised implementation plan, as indicated above, should be
developed and must be implemented in association with all the stakeholders. The role of line ministries
and departments of GoN, DPs and private sector will remain crucial in implementation of the NTIS;
therefore, MoCS should strengthen its coordination with them in tandem with institutional point of
view. Provided that the conditions are met, the NTIS is expected to open a number of new avenues.
By them, the country could enhance business environment, thereby, much greater business volume.
Similarly, a big push can be created for additional employment opportunities, narrowing down trade
deficits and promoting export-led inclusive growth. That ultimately would have huge impact on causing
poverty alleviation and availing peace dividend for people at large. With such advantage, the most
aspired peace building in the country can be sustained.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Bhatt Shiv Raj (2007). "Nepal: Export Diversification Prospects and Challenges", Udyog Banijya Jhalak-
The Journal of Industry, Commerce and Supplies published by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and
Supplies, Government of Nepal, Vol. and No. 3, Issue 6, June 2007.
Callebaut S. (2010). Trade SWAp: The "Integrating" Framework (When can a SWAp do to increase mainstreaming
and coordination). A presentation delivered to EIF Asian Regional Workshop, Kathmandu 20-23 June 2010.
Ghimire, Chandra (2010). "Mainstreaming of Trade: A Giant Leap". New Business Age (p.54-55), July 2010,
Vol 9, No 10. Kathmandu.
Howlett Michael and M. Ramesh (2003). "Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems
(second edition)". Oxford University Press.
MOF (various years). Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal.
MoCS (2010). Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010: Executive Summary and Action Matrix, Ministry of
Commerce and Supplies, Government of Nepal.
MOICS (2004). Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study. Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies,
Government of Nepal.
NPC (2007). Three Year Interim Plan (2007-2010), National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal.
Ojha Purushottam, Chandra K. Ghimire and Shiv Raj Bhatt (2010). "Nepal's WTO Compliance and Resulting
Economic Gains (A Critical Assessment)" a paper presented at Annual Conference of Management
Association of Nepal (MAN), February 2010. http://www.man.org.np/moreresearch.php?flag=
1&catagory=Article
TEPC (various issues). Nepal Overseas Trade Statistics, Trade and Export Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
References :
Annex 1: Socio-Economic Impactof 19 Priority Sectors
# Sector
Index 1:
Export
perf ormance
Index 2:
Worl d
market
condi ti ons
Index 3:
Domest i c
suppl y
conditions
Overal l
export
potenti al
Soci o-
economi c
i mpact
1 Lar ge car damom hi gh low hi gh hi gh medi um
2 Gi nger medi um low medi um medi um medi um
3 Honey l ow medi um medi um medi um medi um
4 Lentils medi um hi gh hi gh hi gh medi um
5 Te a hi gh low medi um medi um hi gh
6 Inst ant noodl es hi gh medi um hi gh hi gh low
7 Medicinal herbs / oils l ow medi um hi gh medi um hi gh
8 Handmade paper l ow low hi gh l ow hi gh
9 Si l ver j ewel ry l ow hi gh medi um medi um medi um
10 Iron & steel products hi gh hi gh hi gh hi gh medi um
11 Pashmi na product s medi um medi um hi gh medi um medi um
12 Wool product s medi um hi gh medi um medi um hi gh
13 Touri sm hi gh hi gh hi gh hi gh hi gh
14 Labor services hi gh hi gh medi um hi gh hi gh
15 IT & BPO servi ces medi um medi um medi um medi um medi um
16 Health services l ow medi um low l ow low
17 Educat i on servi ces medi um low low l ow low
18 Engi neeri ng servi ces l ow medi um medi um medi um low
19 Hydro -electricity low hi gh medi um medi um medi um
Source: Nepal Trade Int egrat i on St rat egy 2010: Execut i ve Summary and Act i on Mat ri x, page 11
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@ Ratnakar Adhikari
I. Introduction
Trade negotiations are dominated by market access discussions, more so when trade negotiators
suffer from mercantilist predilection.
1
The focus on market access may be sound strategy for developed
market economies, which have the ability to penetrate the market of their trading partners due to their
supply capacity. They have both the exportable surplus as well as ability to supply the markets of their
partner countries in a competitive manner. Even if they do not have such an ability, market takes care
of this requirement.
However, excessive focus on market access has done little to help least developed countries
(LDCs) such as Nepal to expand their trade (particularly export) volume. Consequently, they
are left with a situation whereby they obtain market access, but are unable to enhance their
exports. This is partly because market-based solution does not always work for them (Pandey
2006). These countries are handicapped by several structural and supply side constraints including
lack of adequate infrastructure, human capital, technology, finance and trade facilitation measures,
which prevent them from making use of market access opportunities.
Resource constraint is often cited as one of the fundamental problems facing these countries in their
quest for overcoming these barriers, although it must be admitted that these are the not only barriers.
Therefore, various initiatives at the multilateral level are designed to help build the supply capacity of
the LDCs, of which Aid for Trade (AFT) is one.
Against this backdrop, the objective of this article is to highlight the supply-side constraints facing
Nepal and critically analyze the role that AFT could play in helping the country overcome these
constraints. Section II of this article discusses supply-side constraints facing Nepal, benchmarking
them with other South Asian countries, where possible. Section III highlights the nature and
contours of AFT including some of the recent developments, while section IV analyzes the
arguments made by the critiques of AFT initiative. Section V discusses Nepalese perspective.
Section VI concludes the article with some possible way forward.
II. Supply-side Constraints
Being an LDC, Nepal does not have the necessary capacity to competitively supply products of
a quality demanded in the fiercely competitive international market. While this has its roots in
@
Mr. Adhikari is the General secretary of South Asia watch on Trade, Economics & Environment (SAWTEE)
The author would like to thank Dr. Posh Raj Pandey, Puspa Sharma and Paras Kharel for their
comments and suggestions on the article.
1
They get a sense of achievement not only by obtaining market access in their partner countries, but
also by closing market access to own countrys market. See a terse analysis of this phenom phenon
made by Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman (1997).
Can Aid for Trade Help Nepal Overcome
its Supply-side Constraints?
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
structural factors such as narrow range of products in which Nepal has a comparative advantage,
the problem is further exacerbated by several governance-related problems. The continued political
turmoil is the country means that the situation is not likely to improve in the immediate future
(Adhikari 2010).
Supply-side constraints can be broadly divided into two categories, namely: a) production-related
supply-side constraints, such as lack of capacity to produce; and b) competitiveness-related
supply-side constraints, such as factors that hinder the ability of firms to "competitively" supply
the international market. A few studies conducted so far in the context of Nepal have focused
predominantly on the second category of constraints, which are discussed below. This paper
makes an attempt to look at the first type of supply-side constraints as well. The best possible
measure to gauge this constraint is to look at the data industrial and agricultural value addition
growth data. Figure 1 provides data for industrial value added growth for Nepal for the period
between 2000 and 2008 and compares the same with two other South Asian countries, Bangladesh
(LDC) and India (developing country). The figure shows that Nepal falls clearly behind both the
countries in terms of industrial value added growth, particularly since 2002 coinciding with the
peak period of the armed insurgency in the country. The peak growth of 8 percent achieved in
the beginning of the decade could never be attained in the later years. The average growth in
industrial value added during the nine-year period was 3.8 percent in the case of Nepal, whereas
India and Bangladesh attained an average growth of 7.4 and 7.6 percent respectively.
Figure 1: Industrial value addition growth rate (%) for select South Asian
countries, 2000 2008
Source: Authors calculation based on World Development Indicators online data of the World Bank.
However, the data for the agricultural value added growth, which is not shown here, looks
relatively better for Nepal compared to the industrial sector. While the average annual growth for
the corresponding period was 3.49 percent for Nepal, Bangladesh achieved an average growth
rate of 3.62 percent. India, however, achieved an average annual growth of 2.78 percent in the
corresponding period, which is mainly owing to the negative growth in 7.2 percent in 2002. The
crux of the matter is that Nepal is left with very little surplus for exports, both on industrial as well

as agricultural sector, in particular after accounting for population growth rate, which has been
hovering around 2.1 percent in the recent past.
While it can be argued that size of industrial exports such as carpet, readymade garments and
pashmina is determined by the demand from importing countries, the production growth of various
other sectors determines the ability of the country to meet the local demand as well as generate
surplus for exports. If we have limited production, which is not even sufficient to meet the domestic
demand, what follows is that we will have limited surplus left for exports. This seems to be the
case with both industrial and agricultural production in Nepal.
As regards competitiveness related supply-side constraints studies conducted so far in the context
of Nepal highlight inadequate infrastructure for efficient production and transportation of goods,
lack of human capital endowed with education and skills to process exportables, limited access
to credit due to conventional/conservative banking practices that rely more on collateral than on
the feasibility of business ventures, limited use of technology in the production processes which
impedes the prospects of what is known as "moving up the value-chain ladder"; and virtual
absence of trade facilitation measures which causes delays in the shipment of goods as the major
binding supply-side constraints (see, for example, SAWTEE and ActionAid Nepal 2007; Raihan
et al 2007; Adhikari et al. 2008; Pandey 2008).
These features are also reflected in Nepals ranking on the Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)
2009-2010 produced by the World Economic Forum (2009a), which bases its analysis on 12
different components of competitiveness. While all the factors analyzed by the GCR are necessary
to measure the level of competitiveness of the economy, this article shall only focus on four
factors that have been identified as the major binding constraints by earlier studies, namely:
infrastructure, human capital (represented by health and primary education), access to finance
(represented by ease of access to loan), and access and adaptability to technology (represented
by technological readiness), based on the ranking and index prepared by the Global
Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 (Table 1).
Table 1: Select competitiveness ranking and indices, 2009-2010
Source: World Economic Forum (2009a)
Similarly, trade facilitation indicators presented in Table 2, which is reflected in the "Trading
across Borders" segment of the Doing Business Report produced by the World Bank (2009)
show that Nepal performs only better than Afghanistan and follows Bhutan with a close margin,
but lags far behind other countries in the region on a number of counts. Of particular note is the
Infrastructure

Health and primary
educationducation
Ease of access to
loan
Technological
readiness
Country/Economy Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index Rank Index
N = 133 (1 to 7) N = 133 (1 to 7) N = 133 (1 to 7) N =
133
(1 to 7)
Switzerland (Overall, top) 5 6.35 21 6.10 32 3.7 3 6.01
Bangladesh 126 2.39 105 4.49 108 2.4 125 2.45
India 76 3.47 101 4.82 34 3.6 83 3.33
Nepal 131 2.03 106 4.45 84 2.7 132 2.21
Pakistan 89 3.06 113 3.95 53 3.2 104 2.87
Sri Lanka 64 3.88 47 5.69 51 3.2 85 3.28
Burundi (Overall, bottom) 125 2.41 121 3.74 126 2.1 129 2.31

Jofkf/ / lj sf;
number of documents required for imports and exports, and the number of days taken for imports
and exports. These are also reflected in the costs to import and export, which are much higher
compared to the developing countries in the region. It is understandable that landlockedness has
contributed, at least in part, to the higher cost of exports. However, Bhutan too shares the same
geographic characteristics as Nepal, but incurs a much lower cost to export.
Table 2: Trade facilitation indicators of South Asian countries (2009)
Moreover, the Global Enabling Trade Report published by World Economic Forum (2009b),
which is largely based on the data gathered for Global Competitiveness Report, ranks Nepal
very low in terms of the Enabling Trade Index (ranked 110 out 121 countries). On two major
pillars of the index (border administration and transport and communication infrastructure), which
are indicative of the magnitude of supply-side constraints faced by these countries, Nepal does
not fare well either. While on the border administration pillar Nepals ranking is 113, on transport
and communication infrastructure its ranking is 107.
Finally, the latest Logistics Performance Index (LPI)a composite index of efficiency of clearance
process, quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure, ease of arranging competitively
priced shipments, competence and quality of logistics services, ability to track and trace
consignments and timeliness of shipments in reaching destination within the scheduled or expected
delivery time)ranks Nepal one of the lowest, i.e., 147 out of the 155 countries ranked (Table
3). Nepals ranking has not only slipped by 17 positions, but also, for the first time, has been
surpassed even by Afghanistan (World Bank 2010). While the difference with the ranking of
other South Asian countries in terms of timeliness is not huge, the margin is huge in the case of
infrastructure, international shipments and logistics competence (Table 3).
Table 3: Nepals LPI vis--vis other South Asian countries (1 to 5 best), 2010
Source: Logistics Performance I ndicators, World Bank (2010)
So ut h As i a n LDCs
Sout h As i an
D C s
Indi cat ors

A F B D B T M V N P I N PK S L
Doi ng bus i nes s - t r adi ng acr oss
bor der s ( r ank out of 183)

1 8 3

107

1 5 3

126

161

97

78

6 5
No. of document s r equi r ed f or expor t s
1 2

6

8

8

9

8

9

8
No. of days pr ocess r equi r ed f or
expor t s

7 4

2 5

3 8

2 1

41

17

22

2 1
Cost t o expor t ( US$ per cont ai ner ) 3 , 350 970 1, 210 1, 348 1, 764 945 611 7 1 5
No. of document s r equi r ed f or i mpor t s
1 1

8

1 1

9

10

9

8

6
No. of days pr ocess r equi r ed f or
i mpor t s

7 7

2 9

3 8

2 0

35

20

18

2 0
Cos t t o i mpor t ( US$ per cont ai ner ) 3, 000 1, 375 2, 140 1, 348 1 ,8 2 5 960 680 7 4 5

S o u t h As i a n LDCS So ut h As i a n DCs I ndi cat ors

AF B D B T MV NP I N PK SL
Ove r a l l LPI 1 4 3 7 9 1 2 8 1 2 5 1 4 7 4 7 110 137
Cus t oms 1 0 4 9 0 1 1 8 98 1 3 0 5 2 135 143
I nf r ast r uct ur e 1 3 9 7 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 7 120 138
I nt l s hi pment s 1 4 1 6 1 1 2 0 1 2 5 1 4 3 4 6 66 117
Logi s t i c s c ompe t e nc e 1 4 1 9 6 1 2 7 1 1 7 1 4 3 4 0 120 142
Tr acki ng & t r aci ng 1 2 8 9 2 1 0 5 1 2 1 1 4 0 5 2 93 142
Ti me l i nes s 1 4 6 7 0 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 9 5 6 110 125

Initiatives Mai n objecti ves

Int egrat ed Framework for Trade
Rel at ed Techni cal Assi st ance (IF)
(1997)
To hel p LDCs mai nst ream t rade i n nat i onal
development strategies and enhance their trade
capacity
Doha Devel opment Agenda Trade
Rel at ed Techni cal Assi st ance
(2001)
To help developing countries better frame their
trade policies and participate in trade
negotiations
St andards and Trade Devel opment
Facility (2002)
To hel p devel opi ng count ri es enhance t hei r
expert i se and capaci t y t o anal yze and t o
i mpl ement i nt ernat i onal sani t ary and phyt o-
sanitary (SPS) standards, and to gain and
mai nt ai n market access
Enhanced IF (2005) Same as IF, but with additional funding
Ai d for Trade (2005) To hel p devel opi ng count ri es, i n part i cul ar
LDCs, address t hei r suppl y- side constraints,
build productive capacity and adjust to evolving
nature of global trade liberalization

The above discussions provide testimony to the fact that Nepals competitiveness has not only
been inadequate but has also been constantly deteriorating while other countries continue to
improve their performance and increase their foothold in the international market. This is attributed
to the enormous supply-side constraints Nepal faces, which militate against Nepals quest for
export expansion.
III. Aid for Trade
Although AFT initiative was announced for the first time during the Hong Kong Ministerial
Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), this can be considered proverbial "old
wine in new bottle" for various reasons. First, as per the database maintained by the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the AFT data are available since 1967
(OECD/WTO 2009: 53). This is because the various categories of funding that are now classified
as AFT were being provided by donors for at least past 43 years. Second, some other
initiatives designed to "aid trade" or for that matter build trade capacity of developing countries
in general and LDCs in particular have been around for the past 13 years. Table 4 provides a
snapshot of the evolution of these initiatives.
Table 4: Various versions of trade capacity building in chronological order
Source: Authors compilation from WTO website
While earlier initiatives were also party designed to address the supply-side constraints faced by
developing countries in general and LDCs in particular, the issue did not figure predominantly in
these initiatives. A closer look at the way they were implemented reveal that, with the exception
of Standards and Trade Development Facility, they were more focused on providing "software"
nature of funding in the form of training, seminar, research and studies, which can help the recipient
countries overcome supply-side constraints only in an indirect manner, but not directly.
What is required for the developing countries and LDCs to overcome their supply-side constraints
are "hardware" such as investment in purchase of equipment and construction of infrastructure,
which was clearly missing in most of the above trade-related capacity building initiatives. This is
partly due to the amount of resources available under these initiatives. For example, even the
much hyped IF initiative had a total funding envelop of approximately US$ 1.338 million per
country, divided into to two windows:
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Window 1: for financing Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies (DTISs) (US$300,000 per
country) and strengthening in-country structures (US$38,000 per country).
Window 2: for financing priority capacity building projects in the LDCs as identified in the
DTIS Action Matrices (US$1 million per country) (WTO 2006a)
In order to address this problem, the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference also decided to take
the IF to a new level by scaling up funding for the initiative through what is now known as
Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). The Task Force constituted to develop proposals for
such an enhancement, including expanding the IFs resources and scope, and making it more
effective, has recommended that US$ 400 million is required for the effective implementation of
the framework (WTO 2006a).
However, the question again remains more or less the same because even when the entire US$
400 million is mobilized, amount dedicated per LDC remains very low compared to their need to
overcome supply-side constraints. Therefore, this mechanism too, like its predecessor, may not
move beyond helping LDCs prepare their need assessment and mainstream trade into their
national development strategies. Realizing the paucity of fund available under the EIF trust fund,
the WTO suggests that for most activities identified through the EIF, resources for implementation
have to be mobilized from other sources, indicating that the LDCs need to tap into AFT resources
to fund resource-intensive projects.
2
AFT, among others, intends to directly address the issue of supply-side constraints. As stated in
paragraph 57 of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, "....Aid for Trade should aim to help
developing countries, particularly LDCs, to build the supply-side capacity and trade-related
infrastructure that they need to assist them to implement and benefit from WTO Agreements
and more broadly to expand their trade..." (WTO 2005) (emphasis added).
The Declaration also invited the Director-General of the WTO to create a task force to provide
recommendation on the modalities for operationalizing AFT. As per the mandate provided by the
Ministerial Conference, the Director-General constituted a Task Force, which submitted its report
to the General Council in July 2006. The Task Force Report, which was later adopted by the
General Council, recommended dividing AFT into the following six categories:
1. Trade-related infrastructure (e.g., road, telecommunication, electricity).
2. Building productive capacity (e.g., enhancing productivity of agriculture, industry, fishery
sectors).
3. Trade development (e.g., investment promotion, trade promotion, business services).
4. Trade-related adjustment (e.g., retraining of workers, compensation for retrenched
workers).
5. Trade policy and regulations (e.g., training of officials and stakeholders, help in designing
policies and comply with trade rules).
6. Other areas (e.g., other needs of the recipient countries that are not included above).
3
Out of these categories, the first two are directly related to addressing supply-side constraints
faced by developing countries in general and LDCs in particular. The Task Force also
recommended that the two major guiding principles should be followed while disbursing and
2
See WTO EIF page of the WTO website.
3
See WTO (2006b) for further details.
monitoring the flow of AFT. First, the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness should be followed
to measure the effectiveness of AFT. Paris Declaration, as is well known, was agreed in 2005,
which defines a number of commitments on the part of donors and partner countries, and a set of
indicators to measure progress towards 2010. The Declaration rests on five common-sense
tenets, that aid is more likely to promote development when:
1. Developing countries exercise leadership over their development policies and plans (ownership).
2. Donors base their support on countries development strategies and systems (alignment).
3. Donors co-ordinate their activities and minimise the cost of delivering aid (harmonisation).
4. Developing countries and donors orient their activities to achieve the desired results (managing
for results).
5. Donors and developing countries are accountable to each other for progress in managing
aid better and in achieving development results (mutual accountability) (OECD 2007).
The second guiding principle was that the WTO should be responsible for monitoring the flow
and effectiveness of aid for trade. This would mean that the donors would continue to provide
resources to the developing countries on a bilateral basis, but the WTO would be responsible for
overseeing the implementation of the commitments made. In order to fulfil this mandate, WTO
organizes Global Review of AFT. Two such reviews have taken place in 2007 and 2009. According
to the latest review document, produced jointly by the OECD and the WTO, AFT has reached
US$ 25.42 billion in 2007, which represents an increase of US$ 4.3 billion (21% percent) over
the baseline period (2002 2005), under the four major headings, namely: a) Economic
infrastructure, b) building productive capacity, c) trade policy and regulations, and c) trade related
adjustment (OECD/WTO 2009). The Report claims that the above increase is in addition to the
regular ODA, and it was not provided at the cost of the funding provided to social sectors (such
as health and education) (Ibid). The major focus of the AFT initiative has been on economic
infrastructure in which 54 percent of total commitments were made. This is followed by building
productive capacity, which attracted an average share of 43 percent between 2002 and 2007.
If we combine these two categories, almost 94 percent of AFT commitments were made in
helping developing countries overcome their supply-side constraints (OECD/WTO 2009:57).
The Global Review Report also states that maintaining the same pace of funding would be a
challenging task given the impact of global financial crisis on the donor countries. Assuming that
AFT funding is pegged to the Gross National Income (GNI) of the donor countries, which is
normally the case, a fall in their GNI will have a direct impact on the flow of AFT. Another fact
highlighted in the report is that multilateral donors (such as the World Bank, and regional
development banks) delivered more than 60 percent of the total resources under the AFT.
The Report also highlights the fact that the flow of AFT has increased to low income countries,
particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, although Asia is still the largest recipient of AFT, which is not
surprising given the size of the economies of Asia as well as the number of absolute poor living in the
region. While Asia received a total of US$ 10.7 billion in 2007, Africa was close second which
received AFT funding commitment of US$ 9.5 billion. However, the growing importance placed by
aid donors on Africa is visible from the fact that the share of total AFT committed to Africa increased
from 30 percent in the baseline period to 38 percent in 2007. In the case of Asia, this share fell from
50 percent to 42 percent during the corresponding period (OECD/WTO 2009:59). From South
Asia, five countries figure amongst the top 20 countries receiving AFT with India topping the list
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
and Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in the 3

rd
, 9
th
, 13
th
and 18
th
positions
respectively. Unfortunately, Nepal does not figure in the list of top 20 recipients of AFT (Table A1).
Another important facets reported in this publication, based on questionnaire based survey
conducted, is that partner countries are increasingly more engaged in AFT, with mainstreaming of
trade in national development plans and strategies taking place at the policy-level in a majority of
partner countries (Ibid: 47). Finally, the report considers that South-South flow of AFT is increasing
rapidly, which, unfortunately, could not be captured by the report, because the data presented in
the report were based on the reporting of donors belonging to the OECD Development Assistance
Committee (DAC). Southern donors such as Brazil, China, and India seem to have emerged as
the major AFT donors providing support to other developing countries both within the region
and outside. However, this is an under-researched area and no evidence of these flows is available
in the public domain, to the best of our knowledge.
IV. Critique of AFT
Although the OCED/WTO publication discussed above claims that AFT has been effective, the
initiative has come under serious criticisms from the academics, developing country policy makers
and practitioners, among others. One of the major criticisms is the extremely broad definition of
AFT, which encompasses everything ranging from trade related infrastructure to trade adjustment.
The residual category "others" makes it even broader so as to allow donors to include several
categories of ODA under AFT, and jack up the figure. For example, if a road construction takes
place through donors assistance, it could have several positive impacts on the socio-economic
condition of the partner country. It could potentially connect local market to the city centre. At
the same time, it could help children attend school without losing much time commuting, sick and
elderly to visit hospitals, and political parties to bring their cadres to cities to organize
demonstrations. Potential contribution of a newly constructed road to enhance international or
regional trade cannot be denied, but would it be fair to include the entire assistance provided for
road construction under AFT? Similarly, establishment of a vocational training institute in a country
could potentially help in raising the skills of a group of young participants, which could contribute
to build productive capacity of the enterprises where they are eventually absorbed, but their
contribution to enhance trade may be limited by several factors. However, assistance of this
nature is also included under AFT.
Secondly, developing countries do not seem particularly pleased with the way AFT architecture
has been designed. They were hoping that some form of dedicated fund would be established at
the global level, to which all the donors would contribute their resources, and such fund would be
allocated resources to the developing countries and LDCs based on their AFT needs. Nobel
Laureate Joseph Stiglitz together with his colleague Andrew Charlton (2006) had also floated
this type of proposal, which was supported by the African Group, except that the latter did not
want a new institutional apparatus to be created for administering the fund. However, both these
recommendations were rejected and what has now happened is that AFT has to be directly
negotiated by the partner countries with the donors, who are also the providers of regular ODA.
It has therefore become difficult for the partner countries to segregate the AFT and ODA while
approaching the donors. Worse still, donors seem to be using AFT to achieve their other policy
objectives rather than helping developing countries and LDCs in their quest for achieving increased
volume of exports. Although these hidden agenda of donors are difficult to fully uncover, an
indication of this tendency can be seen from the way the AFT resources are allocated to the
major recipients of AFT. For example, as can be seen from the Annex (Table A1), India and
Vietnam, which are the major emerging markets as well as FDI destinations for the developed
countries, together received more than US$ 3.6 billion worth of AFT in 2007, which represent
14.3 percent of the total AFT provided to developing countries. Similarly, Afghanistan and Iraq
together received more than US$ 2.5 billion in AFT, representing 9.7 percent of total AFT flow.
The latter ones fall into the group of countries where donors could potentially leverage AFT
funding to achieve their foreign policy objectives (including but not limited to "war on terror"). It
is also worth noting that out of the top 20 countries receiving AFT, only seven (including Afghanistan)
are LDCs, and others are developing countries. Some of these developing countries, notably,
India and Vietnam are quite resourceful and they can take care of their needs through the generation
of internal resources.
Thirdly, the nature of funding contradicts the intended purpose of AFT, a demand that AFT
should be "non-debt-creating" in nature. Not all the donors provide AFT in the form of grant,
some of them provide AFT in the form of loan. Developing countries, over-burdened with debt
may be able to make effective use of such resources, adding debt burden to these countries in the
form of AFT may not be desirable.
Fourthly, donors continue to focus on the provision of "software" which does not add to the
productivity of the economy and is not likely to contribute significantly to increase trade, particularly
exports, of the partner countries. Worse still, some of the donor conditions even for "hardware"
projects include the requirement to hire consultants from their own countries. Since expatriate
salaries are, more often than not, much higher than locally recruited professionals, most of the
project resources go back to the donor countries, yet the entire funds allocated under the project
is counted as AFT provided to the partner country concerned.
Finally, there is a lack of coordination among donors on the provision of AFT funding. Some
areas such as capacity building are over-funded and there is a huge concentration of donors in
these areas, whereas there is limited funding available to meet the genuine trade-related needs of
partner countries. For example, in the case of Nepal, which needs to upgrade it customs
infrastructure in line with Customs Modernization Work Plan prepared by Department of
Customs, in order to reduce the cost of trading across borders, has not so far received any major
funding in this area. The only funding received so far in this area is through UNCTAD to develop
and implement Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) project for customs
automation (ENTReC 2010).
V. Nepalese Perspective
Although Nepal has been a beneficiary of various versions of trade related capacity building
initiatives, the country officially participated in the IF initiative in 2002-2003, when it started
the preparation of DTIS called Nepal: Trade and Competitiveness Study under the Window
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
1 of the IF. The study was led by the World Bank, and the report was prepared by a Team of
foreign experts chosen by the Bank, with some participation of select Nepalese experts as
well. The study was intended to identify the trade related opportunities and challenges faced
by Nepal as well as propose a policy action matrix for utilizing those opportunities as well as
addressing the challenges. The policy action matrix was supposed to serve as a guideline for
the country to seek funding from donors as to achieve these objectives. However, due to lack
of ownership of the DTIS either by the donor or by the government, not much could be
realized in terms of generating resources and implementing the programme envisaged by the
study. The study became outdated by 2008, such that Nepal is currently in the process of
updating the study, which is now called Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS). The Strategy
is almost complete and is expected to be launched in June 2010 according to a MoCS source.
4
Later, Nepal received funding through the Window 2 of the IF, the objective of which was to
strengthen the governments capacity to implement its WTO commitments as well as its capacity
to coordinate the design of trade priorities and negotiating objectives among stakeholders and
policy makers (ENTReC 2010).
After the IF was upgraded to EIF, with a full-fledged secretariat in Geneva, Nepal prepared
proposal for EIF Tier I funding. The proposal with a budget of US$ 1.5 million has recently been
approved and the project will soon start operating. The major objective of this project is to
strengthen the capacity of various institutions such as Steering Committee, National Implementation
Unit and others, to implement the EIF.
Besides, Nepal has either received or is in the process of receiving what is now categorized as
AFT from various bilateral donors such as UK Department for International Development (DFID),
European Commission (EC) and German Technical Assistance (GTZ), as well as multilateral
donors such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, STDF, and UNDP, among others
(ENTReC 2010).
However, to what extent these resources have contributed in better integrating Nepal into
the global economy in general and enhancing Nepals export in particular is a moot question.
Although some of the projects under these initiatives have recently started and they will take
time to show results, even those that have been implemented since 2002-2003 does not
seem to have contributed to the export expansion of the country. Nepals trade data from
1991/92 to 2008/09, shows that it has suffered a severe setback on export front with the
export rising only by 25 percent between 2002/03 (the cut-off point from which export
stagnation began) and 2008/09, whereas import has increased by 109 percent during the
corresponding period, resulting in an increase in trade deficit by 164 percent (Figure 2).
5
These exports figures are in local currency and exchange fluctuation has not been taken
into account. Neither have they been adjusted to factor in relative price changes over the
years.
4
The Strategy was lanched on June 24, 2010, in Kathmandu -editors.
5
These exports figures are in local currency and exchange fluctuation has not been taken into account.
Neither have they been adjusted to factor in relative price changes over the years.
Figure 2: Nepals trade performance, 1991/92 to 2008/2009 (NPR million)

Source: Ministry of Finance (various issues)
It can be seen from the figure provided above that the year 2008/09 was a relatively better year
for Nepalese exports during which exports increased by 13 percent and contributed to more
than half of the 25 percent increase seen since 2002/03. However, if we look at the figures for
the first nine months of the ongoing fiscal year, the export figures look even more disappointing.
Between mid-July 2009 and mid-April 2010, Nepals merchandise export was only NPR 45.67
billion, which is 10.4 percent lower than in the corresponding period last fiscal year (NRB 2010).
However, we need to exercise caution before ascribing our failure to increase our exports to the
ineffectiveness of trade related technical assistance programmes. This is because various national
factors such as political instability, frequent strikes, power shortage and inhospitable business
climate as well as international factors such as phasing out of textiles and clothing quotas, growing
protectionism in the developed countries in the wake of global economic crisis, and unfavourable
market access conditions in the largest market for the country (India) are equally to be blamed
for Nepals lackluster performance on the export front. At the same time, this does not mean that
we should provide a clean chit to the trade related technical assistance programmes.
Admittedly, two major problems of most of the initiatives discussed above have been lack of
adequate resources and predictability of funding. AFT is meant to address these problems,
particularly the former one, to a significant extent. However, other problems associated with
development aid in general and trade related aid in particular may continue to bedevil AFT as
well. Table 5, which provides a comparison of AFT commitments made to Nepal during the base
period (2002-2005) and the most recent period (2007) for which data is available, shows that
commitments to Nepal has increased by 56 percent, whereas AFT increased globally by only 21
percent as discussed above. This does raise some hope, because Nepal, whether being an LDC
or due to its ability to articulate it needs to the donors, was able to receive much higher funding
commitment than the global average. Even if we look at the per capita commitment it has increased
by 45 percent during the corresponding period, which should also be considered quite impressive.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
However, the disbursement figure for 2007, which is only US$ 89.1 million (representing only 40
percent of the commitment) is not encouraging at all. Low disbursement itself might not be a
major problem and it can not merely be attributed to donors failure. According to OCED/WTO
(2009: 54), low level of disbursement could be due to several reasons, and all of which are
applicable in the context of Nepal. First, a change in government in a partner country often leads
to changes in priorities, and the aid funding needs to be reassigned to the priorities of the government
of the day, which takes time and could cause less than optimal disbursement in a reported period.
Second, which is related to donors procedure, the requirements for the release of donor funds
have proven burdensome in some cases. For example, some funds are provided on reimbursement
basis, which means that the partner country should spend the resources first and then ask the
reimbursement of the expenses. Even when the resources are spent in a particular year, it does
not get reflected in the disbursement until such time money is physically transferred to the partner
country, which could take place in the next calendar year. Finally, the delay in disbursement could
also be a result of the low level of absorption capacity of the partner countries, which is something
we need to admit in the case of Nepal as well.
6
Therefore, both donors as well as partner
countries need to do their respective bit to increase the disbursement rate.
Table 5: Nepal AFT Flows (US$ million, 2006 constant)
Breakdown data may not add up to total due to rounding
Source: OCED/WTO (2009): 234
One of the surprising facts that came to the notice of the author, during his interaction with high
level officials of the MoCS recently, is that even these officials are not aware of what has been
shown in Table 5 in the form of AFT commitment, or disbursement for that matter. The nodal
ministry responsible for designing and implementing AFT programme being unaware of the total
amount of AFT resources meant for improving trade capacity of the country is a serious issue
requiring further investigation. Some of the plausible reasons could be as follows.
6
There are two opposing views in the case of South Asian LDCs, particularly Bangladesh and Nepal, in
which the author is currently engaged in his doctoral research. Unfortunately, both views are of "blame
shifting" variety. Those who fault donors are of the view that the highly bureaucratic disbursement
process of the donors is responsible for the slow disbursement. They also contend that due to stringent
procurement guidelines adopted by their governments at the behest of the donors, project implementation
gets delayed. If the disbursement is tied to the progress of the project, it is bound to be slow. Those who
blame the partner countries for delay argue that governments in these countries do not even spend their
own development budget on time, let alone the resources provided by the donors, which is manifested in
the historically low absorption capacity. See Adhikari (forthcoming) for further details.
Commitments
Aid for Trade
2002-05 avg. 2007
Disbursements
2007
Trade policy and regulations 0.1 1.2 0.8
Economic Infrastructure 68.3 111.4 63.5
Building productive capacity Of
which: Trade development marker
75.7
-
111.9
3.4
24.8
1.3
Trade-related adjustment - - -
Total AFT* 144.1 224.5 89.1
AFT per capita (USD) 5.5 8.0 3.2

First, foreign aid is coordinated by the Ministry of Finance which might not have put in place a
robust inter-ministerial coordination mechanism to make the other ministries (MoCS in this case)
aware of the funding being committed/disbursed under such mechanisms (AFT in this case) in
which the latter ministries have significant stake. Second, monitoring mechanism of the projects
intended to the funded through AFT, by involving the concerned ministry could be either non-
existent or weak. Third, the AFT categories are so broad that donors might have reported even
regular ODA under the AFT (such as funds provided for road construction) in the Creditors
Reporting System (CRS) of the OECD, which is the source used by the international institutions
such as OECD or the WTO to generate AFT data. Whatever may be the underlying cause of the
problem, a fundamental rethinking is required on the part of both donors and partner countries to
strengthen the reporting system.
Focus on "output" rather than "outcome", one of the most pernicious traditions of the aid industry
is reflected in the AFT as well. There is a relatively sound understanding amongst both donors
and partner countries that the ultimate objective of AFT is to contribute to economic development
and poverty reduction in the partner countries, towards which trade could potentially play a role.
This is indeed one of the reasons why most trade related assistance programmes emphasize the
need to mainstream trade into national development strategy. Cambodia, for example, has gone
one step further by designing and implementing Trade Sector Wide Approach (SWAp), which is
underpinned by inclusive growth and poverty reduction perspectives.
7
However, when donors as well as partner countries focus on "output" such as amount of fund
disbursed, number of training provided, number of studies conducted, and number of missions
fielded, which are much easier to report rather than on "outcomes" such as change in value of
trade and growth indicators at the macro level (including poverty reduction), which are difficult to
report, the raison detre of AFT itself comes under the shadow of suspicion.
The AFT Review Meeting, which has taken place twice since the inception of the idea has remained
a mere ritualistic exercise rather than serving as a platform for initiating serious discussion and
debates on enhancing effectiveness of AFT. The third Review Meeting, which is going to take place
in 2012, may not prove fundamentally different if the mindset of people and institutions involved in
the delivery and utilization of AFT remain unchanged. In order to raise the level of debate to a higher
level, some form of independent mechanism for monitoring AFT needs to be devised.
VI. Conclusion and way forward
The above analysis makes it abundantly clear that AFT, despite contributing to ramping up
funding for enhancing trade capacity and providing a predictable source of funding, is not
likely to prove radically different than the previous versions of the trade related technical
assistance programmes. If AFT continues to be delivered through the present modality without
addressing the concerns raised by its critics, this too may not contribute significantly to
alleviate the supply-side constraints faced by LDCs in general and Nepal in particular.
7
The benefits of Cambodian Trade SWAp lies not only on firmly grounding aid for trade on development
imperatives, but also in facilitating donor coordination and alignment, genuine stakeholder
engagement and ex ante analysis of human development implications of trade reform. Although there
are some non-trivial challenges to realize true potentials of this initiative, it is hailed as a path
breaking model. See ODI (2009) for further details.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Changing the current pattern and or modality requires actions from all stakeholders at the
international level. It may not be possible to radically revamp the entire system, but some
incremental approach may produce significant payoff. Therefore, at a bare minimum, the
following actions need to be taken.
At the international level
First, in order to raise the level of debate on AFT to a higher level, what is urgently required is the
creation of an independent monitoring apparatus, outside the international bureaucracy, to: a)
conduct research and prepare case studies to gauge the effectiveness of AFT in select countries,
and disseminate their findings; b) develop methodologies to help partner countries assess the
effectiveness of AFT themselves; and c) create a platform for an informed dialogue between
donors and partner countries so as to propose innovative ideas for enhancing the effectiveness of
AFT. Failure of AFT to deliver, will not only undermine the credibility of the international aid
system, but will also cause significant damage to the reputation of the WTO, which initiated the
idea with much fanfare, but does not have any major role to play in shaping its course.
Second, a stand-alone facility for the pooling of resources delivery of AFT should be put in
place. There are lessons to learn from similar facilities being created for environmental
sustainability (such as Global Environment Facility) and health (such as Global Fund) while
creating such a facility. It may not be necessary to create a separate institution to administer
the fund; some existing institution could be tasked to manage the resources.
Third, AFT needs to be scaled up further and targeted to the specific needs of the LDCs in
particular. Developing countries with adequate resource endowments can finance their AFT
needs themselves and countries participating on "war of terror" campaign deserve much less
funding than, say landlocked LDCs, which face significant barriers to international transportation.
Fourth, improvement in donor coordination is necessary, which can be done through the sharing
of information on their funding priorities, funding envelop available and their willingness to
collaborate on joint-funding initiatives.
Fifth, AFT funding, which are primarily meant to address supply-side constraints of the partner
countries should continue to focus on providing "hardware" facilities rather than "software" ones.
It goes without saying that the "technical assistance" component (including the practice of
parachuting consultants from donor countries/organizations) should be put to an end.
At the domestic level
First, given that trade mainstreaming in the national development strategy is a necessary condition
for recognizing the role played by trade in achieving overall national development objectives, it is
necessary to continue such a process with added emphasis.
Second, partner countries should ensure increased coordination between government agencies,
department and local governments as well as with other stakeholders (e.g., private sector and
civil society) on how aid priority should be defined, and once received, how it should obtained,
utilized, recorded and monitored. If this process is institutionalized, it will not only enhance the
ownership of the various stakeholders on the programmes targeted for AFT funding, but also
produce better results due to effective coordination.
Both the above mentioned issues can be addressed, to a significant extent, by introducing Trade
SWAp by replicating the Cambodian model, with some fine-tuning, where required, to suit the
ground realities in Nepal.
References
Adhikari, Ratnakar. "Nepal's WTO Compliance: A Critical Assessment." 29th National Management
Convention (Management Association of Nepal), February 2010: 1-10.
Political Economy of Aid for Trade: A Study on Governance for the Provisioning of Trade Related Public
Goods in South Asian LDCs. PhD Thesis (Work in Progress), Coventry: University of Warwick,
Forthcoming.
Adhikari, Ratnakar, Navin Dahal and Manisha Pradhanang. Ensuring Development-Supportive Accession
of the Least-Developed Countries to the WTO: Learning from Nepal. Research Report, Trade Knowledge
Network, Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2008.
ENTReC. Current and Planned Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Nepal. Draft Document, Kathmandu:
Enhancing Nepal's Trade Related Capacity, 2010.
Krugman, Paul. "What Should Trade Negotiators Negotiate About?" Journal of Economic Literature
XXXV (March 1997): 113-120.
Ministry of Finance. Economic Survey. Kathmandu: Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal, 2009.
Economic Survey. Kathmandu: Ministry of Finance, Various Issues.
NRB. Direction of Foreign Trade. Recent Macroeconomic Situation Based on First Nine Months Data of
2009-2010, Kathmandu: Nepal Rastra Bank, 2010.
ODI. An integrated approach to Aid for Trade: Cambodia Trade Sector-wide Approach (SWAp). London:
Overseas Development Institute, 2009.
OECD. Aid Effectiveness: 2006 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration. Overview of the Results,
Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , 2007.
OECD/WTO. Aid for Trade at a Glance 2009: Maintaining Momentum. Geneva and Paris: Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development and World Trade Organization, 2009.
Pandey, Posh Raj. Binding Constraints to Export Promotion in Nepal. Kathmandu: DFID, 2008.
Realising Aid for Trade in the Doha Round. Briefing Paper No. 3, Kathmandu: South Asia Watch on Trade,
Economics & Environment, 2006.
Raihan, Selim, Ratnakar Adhikari and Kamalesh Adhikari (eds). Export Diversification for Human
Development in the Post-ATC Era: Perspectives from Asian LDCs. Colombo: UNDP Asia Pacific
Regional Centre, 2007.
SAWTEE and ActionAid Nepal. Trade and Industrial Policy Environment. Kathmandu: SAWTEE and
ActionAid Nepal, 2007.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Charlton. Aid for Trade. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2006.
Word Bank. Doing Business 2010: Reforming through Difficult Times. Comparing Regulations in 183
countries, Washington, DC and New York: World Bank, International Finance Corporation and Palgrave
MacMillan, 2009.
Logistics Performance Index. January 2010b. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/tradesurvey/
mode1a.asp?countryID=101 & best=on& compareWith=region# (accessed January 20, 2010).
World Development Indicators. 2010a. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed June 9, 2010).
World Economic Forum. Global Enabling Trade Report. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2009b.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2009a.
WTO. Doha Work Programme: Draft Ministerial Decision. Ministerial Conference, Sixth Session, Hong
Kong, Geneva: World Trade Organization , December 13-18 , 2005.
Recommendations of the Task Force on Aid for Trade. Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2006b.
Report of the Chairman of the Task Force on an Enhanced Integrated Framework. Integrated Framework
Steering Committee, Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2006a.
The Enhanced integrated Framework. http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ devel_e/a4t_e/enhance_if
_e.htm (accessed June 5, 2005).
WTO website. 2010. www.wto.org (accessed May 21, 2010).
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
2007
Country Region Income Group
2002-05
avg.
2006
2007 Share(%)
of Total
AFT
ODA
as% of
GNI
India Asia Other Low Income 1,352.3 1,522.6 1,963.8 7.7 0.11
Viet Nam Asia Other Low Income 1,371.9 1,154.1 1,673.9 6.6 3.58
Afghanistan Asia Least Developed 655.0 1,168.2 1,341.2 5.3 33.86
Iraq Asia Lower Middle Income 1,979.2 2,061.8 1,111.0 4.4 -
Ethiopia Africa Least Developed 485.1 655.4 813.6 3.2 12.48
Indonesia Asia Lower Middle Income 936.9 814.4 772.6 3.0 0.19
Kenya Africa Other Low Income 300.0 294.1 735.0 2.9 4.31
Ghana Africa Other Low Income 235.6 207.1 667.1 2.6 7.59
Bangladesh Asia Least Developed 642.1 459.7 655.8 2.6 2.06
Mali Africa Least Developed 159.5 79.6 653.3 2.6 15.43
Uganda Africa Least Developed 221.2 105.4 640.8 2.5 15.72
Egypt Africa Lower Middle Income 518.5 701.3 469.8 1.8 0.84
Pakistan Asia Other Low Income 345.8 322.5 408.2 1.6 1.51
Tanzania Africa Least Developed 324.2 213.0 398.1 1.6 17.43
El Salvador America Lower Middle Income 27.0 23.8 369.8 1.5 0.45
Mozambique Africa Least Developed 284.2 316.9 365.3 1.4 26.33
China Asia Lower Middle Income 695.4 537.5 338.8 1.3 0.04
Sri Lanka Asia Lower Middle Income 410.9 281.7 285.1 1.1 1.84
Morocco Africa Lower Middle Income 280.6 433.5 265.0 1.0 1.51
Bolivia America Lower Middle Income 215.6 115.4 259.0 1.0 3.69

Source: OECD/WTO (2009): A1-3
www
Annex
Table A1: Top 20 Recipients of AFT in Volume in 2007, Commitments in US$ million
(2006 constant price)
Women EntrepreneurshipandEquity
Development Approach
Introduction
Entrepreneurship for women is one of the important pathways out of poverty and a march towards
equality. Studies have proven that entrepreneurship, in the form of small and medium-sized
enterprises, can indeed empower women and through time, it can transform power relations
within the society. However, in the past, women's entrepreneurship in many developing world
has gone little beyond informal business ventures which ensure daily survival for women and their
families. Women entrepreneurship, in a formalised sense, is a relatively new phenomenon in
Nepal. Although certain ethnic communities in the country, especially some ethnic groups like
Newars, Sherpas, Gurungs, Thakalis are known to have a long tradition of women being involved
in small business enterprises.
These days however womens participation in the labour force has increased in almost all regions of
the world largely because womens use of family planning has enabled them to spend less time on
child care and more on work outside home. Attitudes towards women also have changed to some
extent. In addition, economic growth and the expansion of service industries in many developing
countries (like finance, communications and tourism) has tended to employ large numbers of women.
But the increased womens labour force participation has not still led to an equal sharing of the work
burden or market opportunities for women nor has reduced the number of unpaid workers as they
are still contributing on the household duties. Although women in Nepal constitute a little over one
half of total population, they rank lower than men in almost every social indicator of the country.
Within the increasing tides of poverty in Nepal, women are the poorest of the poor, a relatively
more deprived segment even from among the poor (World Bank, 1991).
Womens Status in Nepal
According to 2001 census data, the literacy rate of the population aged 6 years and above is 54.1
percent (42.8 percent female and 65.5 percent male). Similarly, the adult female literacy rate (34.9
percent) is much lower than the adult male (62.7 percent) literacy rate. Regarding marriage and
social deprivation, the percentage of married population of age group 10-15 years is 28.8 percent
for female and 11.2 percent for male. The percentage of economically active female and male
population is 43.7 and 62.6 percent respectively. The estimated national level unemployment is 5.1
percent. The labour force participation rate of population (in all activities) for 16-49 years of age for
female and male is 48.9 and 67.6 percent respectively. By employment status, the unpaid women
workers are 12.9 percent in comparison to 5.7 percent for unpaid men workers. Approximately,
70 percent of women working outside the domestic sphere are self-employed (agricultural labour,
non-agricultural family enterprises, and off-farm work in urban areas) and 12.8 percent are wage
employed, as compared to 56.7 percent and 33.7 percent in the case of men. Similarly, less than
four percent of working women hold the status of employer (CBS, 2001 and 2003).
@Associate Professor, Tribhuvan University
@Rama Bashyal, Ph.D.
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Moreover, female participation in non-agricultural sector is lower than that for male. It means
womens labour input in agricultural sector is increasing in the successive censuses making
agriculture progressively feminised. The census data show the increasing proportion of female
labour force - 30 percent in 1971, 36 percent in 1981, 45 percent in 1991, and 57.8 percent in
2001 census (Acharya, 1994; Adhikary, 1995; CBS, 2001). But "agricultural feminisation" in
Nepal is caused by de facto rather than de jury reason as the number of female-headed households
in rural areas is increasing mainly because of male out-migration and due to male employment in
other sectors. Majority of women therefore do not have the access to the provision of land rights
in Nepal. Thus, women of Nepal work hard contributing much in the domestic and the national
economy. But their access to skills, resources, opportunities, and power still remains low. They
work as agricultural labourers not as resource managers in Meiers words (Meier, 1995).
Constraints of Women Entrepreneurs in Nepal
Despite the changed attitudes, womens access particularly of rural women to knowledge, skills,
resources, opportunities and power still remains low. In Nepal, embedded structural and socio-
cultural constraints challenge women entrepreneurs and make it hard for them to realise their
potential as leaders in business. The constraints often faced by the Nepalese women are:
(a) Women have less freedom to select sectors within which to operate. They have less access to
credit and other productive resources. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial
Development Organisation (UNIDO), "despite evidence that women's loan repayment rates
are higher than men's, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to
discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups (UNIDO, 1995);
(b) Women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital.
They lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few
women particularly rural women have the tangible property in hand;
(c) Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both
developed and developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and
older dependent family members, few women can devote all their time and energies to their
business" (Starcher, 1996);
(d) Women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to
make a fine balance between business and home. More over the business success is
depends on the support the family members extended to women in the business process
and management. The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the
realisation of womens business aspirations;
(e) Women have less time and opportunity to obtain education and experience relevant to
entrepreneurship. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education
level of the person are significant factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in
Nepal is found at low level compared to male population;
(f) Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into
business. Low level of education provides low level of self-confidence and self-reliance to the
women folk to engage in business; and
(g) Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of
women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity
and like similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas.
Reasons Given for Inactivity Both Male Female

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Attending School 31.8 51.7 21.5
Household Duties 27.8 4.6 39.7
Old, sick 30.4 31.0 30.2
Disabled 2.2 3.7 1.5
Others 7.8 9.1 7.1

These constraints often affect women more than men of the same class due to the different roles
and responsibilities women are assigned by society. This means that women tend to have different
needs than men regarding entrepreneurship support. Therefore, the policies and programmes
must address these various constraints acting on their abilities to succeed.
The Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) report 2008 has presented the differences of currently
inactive population aged 15 and over by sex with the reason for inactivity. The survey report
gives the reason of inactivity of the population and percentage for the reason. Accordingly, the
most important reason for being inactive is being engaged in household duties, which accounts
for 27.8 percent of the total inactive population. Among them, the percentage of inactive male
and female population is 4.6 and 39.7 percent respectively. Table 1 highlights the percentage
differences of currently inactive population and the reasons given for inactivity.
Table 1
Economically I nactive Population aged 15 years and
over by Sex and Reasons (%)
UNDP/CBS/I LO Report on the Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) 2008: 61
So these large number of inactive and unemployed female population should be supported in
their enterprise endeavours through entrepreneurship development because of the benefits that
will accrue to the national economy at large. In the same way, the NLFS Survey reveals the male
female differences in current employment status in Nepal. Table 2 presents the figures of current
employment status and male female differences.
Table 2
Persons aged 15 years and over Currently
I nformally Employed by Sex and Status in Employment (%)
Source: As of Table 1
The poverty in Nepal ranges over a wide variety of socio-economic groups irrespective of caste,
sex religion and geographic regions. Majority of women still remains marginalised from the benefit
of gender development activities like primary education access, health status or labour force
participation. Since 1995, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) was introduced by
United Nations in measuring human development differences between women and men. As
Current Status in Employment Total Male Female
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Paid employee 39.7 48.0 23.6
Self-employed, with regular paid employees 3.4 4.5 1.3
Self-employed, without regular paid employees 36.5 37.7 34.1
Contributing family member without pay 19.8 9.1 40.6
Other 0.6 0.6 0.6
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measured by the Nepal GDI measures, the difference in capabilities between women and men is
low for the entire country; but higher in some regions like in the Mid-western (0.441) and Far
western hills and mountains (0.447), which is far below the national GDI measure (0.499). On
the other hand, the GDI in urban areas is at high level as 0.618 even higher than the national level
measure. The Table 3 highlights the gender inequality as measured by the GDI across the country.
Table 3
Gender-related Development I ndex (GDI )
Source: UNDP, Nepal Human Development Report 2009
The history of entrepreneurship development programmes in Nepal is quite recent. While
Nepal has been interested in the development of small-scale and microenterprises since the
late seventies, issues and questions relating to the promotion of women entrepreneurs have
only been raised more recently. The context in urban areas is changed like Biratnagar,
Kathmandu, Pokhara and Nepalgunj is changed. Large number of women entrepreneurs is
found engaged in the enterprises like knitting, sewing, garment making weaving and hotel
enterprises. Women are also increasingly migrating to urban areas for employment in a range
of cottage industries, such as carpet weaving, textiles and handicrafts. But the number of
women who come under the category of entrepreneurs in rural areas in a formal sense is still
negligible. The representation is somewhat better in the informal sector with a higher percentage
of women applying for loans for cottage industry enterprises. This does not necessarily mean
that these women intend to enter the economy as entrepreneurs. They may simply remain self-
employed and limit the scale of their enterprise to meet the requirements of household consumption.
However, since last few decades, women's participation in economic activities has moved beyond
agriculture into the local market economy. A large number of microfinance programmes are expanding
microloans to support economic activities of the poor and disenfranchised people particularly focusing
on womens empowerment as their explicit goal. Microfinance as a technical tool for economic
development and poverty alleviation made famous since 1976 by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh
and it was made popular in many other developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin American
countries. Microfinance builds a path for many types of services for the poor people as insurance
services, business development services etc. But some challenges have been prominently realised
regarding microfinance programmes particularly credit-based programmes as: (a) the practical operation
of the major programmes seems to be more focused on meeting financial targets (short term view only
no entrepreneurship development); (b) there is lack of skill, marketing and technology for the
diversification of business schemes; and (c) the group activities of the beneficiaries are of poor quality
and thereby making poor women more dependant on the loan. The group dynamism spirit through
providing group loans for collective enterprises could not be promoted by the microfinance institutions.
Ge n d e r-r e l a t e d de v e l o pme nt i nde x ( GDI ) a c r o s s a r e a s a nd r e g i o ns , Ne pa l , 2 0 0 6
Ur b a n 0 . 6 1 8
Ru r a l 0 . 4 7 1
Mo u n t a i n 0 . 4 2 3
Hi l l 0 . 5 3 4
Te r a i 0 . 4 8 2
Ea s t e r n Re g i o n 0 . 5 1 6
Ce n t r a l Re g i o n 0 . 5 1 7
We s t e r n Re g i o n 0 . 5 1 1
Mi d - we s t e r n Re g i o n 0 . 4 4 1
F ar - we s t e r n Re g i o n 0 . 4 4 7
N e p a l 0 . 4 9 9

Government Policy
With the growing recognition that women have unique talents which could be harnessed for
development and for creating employment opportunities for others who are not suited to an
entrepreneurial career, developing women as entrepreneurs has become an important part of
national development planning and strategies of Nepal only after the Sixth Plan (1980-1985).
The developing strategies of 1980s targeted women only as passive beneficiaries or "welfare
recipients" of food and shelter. They did not care much about equity aspects (Acharya, 1995).
Currently it has been realised that both efficiency as well as equity is important to empower
women and combat poverty. Nepal ratified the non- discriminatory provisions of UN Convention
on All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1981 only after one decade of its
enforcement (in April1991). Since then, the government made few efforts in improving the social,
economic and political status of women. Some specific provisions (like equal salary for equal
work, provisions for womens education, health and employment, reservation of at least five
percent seats for women candidates in Parliament) had been added in the constitution of 1990
following the restoration of democracy in Nepal.
Few policy guidelines were effectively formulated in the Eighth Plan (1992-1997) for mainstreaming
women in economic development with the intervention of credit programmes like Production
Credit for Rural Women, Small Farmer Development Programme and expansion of Grameen
model rural development banks. In 1993, the National Planning Commission created the Children
and Women Development Section under the Population Division. In 1994, the National Council
for Women and Child Development was formed followed by the establishment of the Ministry of
Women and Social Welfare in 1995 to coordinate and monitor all activities directed towards
enhancing womens status. The Eighth Plan also undertook other important actions like elimination
of discrimination against women and enforcement of the revised Mulki Ain (inheritance law) to
remove the legal constraints related to equitable access to resources. Similarly, the Ninth Plan
(1997-2000) and the Tenth Plan (2002-2007) also considered women as its major target group
to fulfill the goal of human resource development and poverty alleviation in the country.
Since November 2006 Janaandolan and the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA), Nepal has
provided some inclusive provisions to remove gender-based discrimination. The new Citizenship
Act (26 November) has permitted both father and mother to transmit citizenship to their children;
amendment Bill of Interim Constitution (9 March 2007) provides a proportional representation
in the state to all caste, ethnic group and gender; Civil Service Bill (3 August 2007) has provided
seat reservation to excluded people and backward regions and trade union rights, e.g. providing
33 percent for women followed by others; and Ordinance on Social Inclusion (2009) makes the
public service inclusive reserving 45 percent of posts to women and other ethnic groups i.e.
Janajati, Madhesi, Dalits, persons with disabilities and residents of backward regions.
How to Develop Women Entrepreneurs?
Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their
greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into account
for effective development of women entrepreneurs.
1 Training and Counseling
Training and Counseling should be extended on a large scale of existing women entrepreneurs to
build self-confidence and remove psychological fear of success. Counseling through the aid of
committed Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs, psychologists, managerial experts and
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
technical personnel should be provided to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs. The
microfinance institutions should coordinate to concerning district level agencies for skill
development training like Cottage and Small-scale Industry Development committee, district
level FNCCI etc. Extension of vocational training to women is more important that enables them
to understand the production process and production management. Skill development training
could be provided through women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Continuous
monitoring and improvement of training programmes and activities are also equally important.
Because the training programmes in which women are trained should focus on their marketability
and profitability. Provision of marketing and sales assistance from the government also is essential.
2 General Business Training
As one of the constraints women face in starting business enterprises, is a lack of relevant education
and experience. Therefore, general business training will be vital in filling this gap as long as it is
designed to meet womens needs. Business training should also be given to service providers (like
MFIs) supporting womens entry in the Enterprise sector. This can help them focus on
entrepreneurship rather than income generation.
3 Financing
State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely
trade related finance to women entrepreneurs. The financial institutions should provide more
working capital assistance small scale and large-scale business ventures. The microfinance
institutions (MFIs) also need to provide substantial amount of loan rather than providing only
microloan making provision of microcredit system and enterprise credit system to the women
entrepreneurs at local level. The restriction on loan limit should be avoided. For example, an
average loan size of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was US$376 (2004) whereas the maximum
loan taken by the microentrepreneurs was up to US$17195. That loan was used in purchasing
a truck which is operated by the husband of the borrower (Yunus, 2004).
4 Provision of Infrastructure
Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries should be to be provided
by state run agencies. Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and sale
of products made by women. Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell should be set up to handle the
various problems of women entrepreneurs in all districts of the country. Cottage and Small-scale
Industry Development committee, district level FNCCI can cooperate in this matter.
5 Reaching Girls
Strategies supporting womens entrepreneurship are short sighted if they do not recognise how
society influences girls perceptions of what they are capable of doing. Awareness campaigns
and educational programmes introducing girls to entrepreneurship are important in expanding
their future plan and increasing their confidence. This may then have long-term positive effects on
womens entrepreneurship as girls finish school and enter the workforce. Therefore, training in
entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high school level through well-designed courses,
which build confidence through behavioral games.
6 Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
Access to information is an important but often under-demanded resource for improving women
entrepreneurship. Wide provision of information by using telephone, fax and online modes of
access may increase awareness and usage of the services. Using online, telephone and fax-

based modes of information provision should improve womens access to information since
they can use the services at times that fit their schedules. The internet and electronic commerce
are key means to improve access to markets for inputs and for sales of finished goods. This
can help those producing in areas where access to markets is limited or those whose lack of
mobility limits market access. The ICT can also be used to provide entrepreneurship support
services such as training. Distance learning may also increase womens access to training since
courses can be taken at times suited to the womens schedules. In this regard, the Village Cell
Phone Scheme under the Grameen programme Bangladesh is the best example. The clients of
Grameen Bank who uses the cell phone are earning a net income of more than 800US$
annually (in a country where average annual per capita income was less than 400US$ (Yunus,
2004). With the cell phone, they can communicate with their distant relatives, check market
price of goods and look for the important information. Doing this they can save the costs
associated with transportation and loss of productivity.
Conclusion/Recommendations
Government brought some policies regarding equality of opportunity in all sphere to the Nepalese
women and laws guaranteeing for their equal rights of participation in political, economic and social
activities. But unfortunately, the government sponsored development activities have benefited only a
small section of women (i.e. the urban middle class women). The large majority of them are still
unaffected by change and development activities. The reasons are well sighted in the discussion part of
this article. It is hoped that the suggestions forwarded in the article will help the entrepreneurs in
particular and policy-planners in general to look into this problem and develop better schemes,
developmental programmes and opportunities to the women to enter into more entrepreneurial ventures.
Along with the above discussed ways in the middle of the paper, a vital starting point for service
providers who aim to support womens entrepreneurship is to know their clients. Ongoing gender
sensitive needs assessments are the key means of incorporating womens heterogeneous needs
into programme design and implementation. Womens entrepreneurship support programmes
should give equal importance to non-economic programme outcomes. These include: improved
quality of work through lower workloads and greater social protection, improved family well-
being and improvements in womens self esteem. In some cases this may mean supplying non-
business services such as childcare, transport assistance and personal development training.
References :
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Major Elements in Multilateral Trade

Negotiation: A Lesson Learnt Fromthe
WTONegotiation
Meaning of Negotiation
Negotiation is the process of converging on issues that have interest of two or more than two
parties. It is a discussion intended to produce an agreement. Negotiation is one of the most
common approaches used to make decisions and manage disputes. It is also the major building
block for many other alternative dispute resolution procedures. Oxford Advanced Learner
dictionary defines negotiation as "a process of bargaining that precedes an agreement".
Negotiation is a pervasive function of diplomacy and parties sort out the problems and reach into
an agreement. Thus, negotiation is a problem-solving process in which two or more parties
voluntarily discuss their differences and attempt to reach a joint decision on their common concerns.
Negotiation requires participants to identify issues, about which they differ, educate and convince
each other about their needs and interests generate possible settlement options and bargain over
the terms of the final agreement.
Generally negotiation involves three basic elements: process, behavior and substance. The latter
refers to what the negotiating parties negotiate over. It may be the agenda on issues. Negotiation
on these issues is affected by process of negotiation which provides contextual environment for
making a deal. Parties need to employ different tactics, and arrange the sequence and steps for
better negotiation. Negotiating behavior refers the relationships among the parties, the
communication between them and the styles they adopt for the negotiation is very crucial. Hence,
negotiators need to be acquainted with these elements.
Principles of Negotiation
In negotiation literature we may find various principles which are useful to any negotiators. Marvin
Gottlieb and William J. Healy have emphasized the following 12 principles of negotiation which
can be taken into account in negotiation
1
.
@
Section Officer, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies
1
Making Deals: The Business of Negotiating, 2nd ed., Marvin Gottlieb and William J. Healy downloaded
from the http://www.comproj.com/twelve.htm
@ Lila Dhar Adhikari
The greatest failure in negotiation is failing to negotiate.
The most important person to know in a negotiation is yourself.
Everyone has power in a negotiation.
Single-issue bargaining leaves both parties unsatisfied.
Urgency drives decisions.
Agreement is the end; trading off is the means.
Even in a collaborative environment, best results are obtained by keeping the other party on a
"need to know" basis.
The value of something is always in the eye of the beholder.

Success in negotiation is directly related to the amount and kind of preparation preceding the
negotiation.
The ability to walk away or select another alternative to a negotiated agreement puts a
negotiator in a very strong position.
Even when two sides are far apart on major issues, there are always things they can agree upon.
Meaningful negotiation involves conflicts. The person who has a strong need to be liked, or
who tends to avoid conflict, is likely to be at a disadvantage.
Some experts have categorized the principles of negotiation into two types. They are:
1) Position-based negotiation which we call hard negotiation principle assume the following:
Negotiation is a distributive bargaining where goal is victory
Negotiators are adversaries
There is only one answer to the problem the one you would accept
Negotiation is zero sum game (I win what you lose)
Concession are a condition of relationship
Pressures and powers are used as a tactics
2) Interest based negotiation which we call soft negotiation principle assume the following:
Goal is agreement and there is easy to sustain
Negotiators are friends not enemy
Negotiators should be soft on people hard on merit
Mutual gains, sought for win-win situation
Both sides should search for the answer
Change in position is a normal behavior
Multilateral Trade Negotiation
Multilateral trade negotiation involves more than two members. These members participate in a
formal discussion at the multilateral level aiming at reaching an agreement. The multilateral trade
negotiation was started from the establishment of (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
GATT in 1947. Since then, GATT had provided the rules for the system and encompassing
many Rounds of negotiation. Among them Uruguay Round negotiation of GATT which established
the World Trade Organization (WTO) was a successful as it changed the weak multilateral trade
negotiation into a strong rule based system. The WTO and its agreements now cover trades in
services, and intellectual property which were not addressed before. Moreover, the WTO has a
strong dispute settlement mechanism in order to ensure that international trade is done in a fair
and free manner.
To date there are 153 members in the WTO and many others are in the accession process. Thus,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with
the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed
by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified by their respective parliaments. The goal is
to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
Current multilateral trade negotiations generally follow the interest based (soft) negotiating principle
and position based (hard) negotiation do not play significant role as members are trying to reach
an agreement which bring "win-win" results to the parties.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
The success or failure of a negotiation depends on a variety of elements. This article is an attempt
to analyze the major elements of trade negotiation which plays significant roles in multilateral
trade negotiation, the WTO negotiation in particular. These major elements have been discussed
broadly by Charan Devereaux, Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins in their book
"Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation" which are discussed here in developing countries' context.
1. Organizing to Influence
For member countries to reach an agreement over issues about which they disagree, they must
have some means to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of other negotiators. In most cases,
now a day, in multilateral trade negotiation, organizing to influence is seen as the power to encourage
another to change. Asking thought-provoking questions, providing needed information, seeking
the advice of experts, appealing to influential associates of a party, exercising legitimate authority
or providing rewards are all means of exerting influence in negotiations.
Generally trade policy making is influenced by interest groups, industry group and other lobbyists.
They try to influence the government and sometimes influence their counter parts in the next
country. Government negotiators themselves have to figure out how to organize their team, secure
their mandate, and get instruction from their principals.
2
This element was weak in case of developing countries, even though there were some organization
in those countries, they did not have influencing role in trade policy making. However, developed
countries were influenced by organized lobbyists and major industries. For example, a group of
Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of United States (US) pharmaceuticals, software, and
entertainment companies created the Intellectual Property Committee (IPC) and staffed this new
organization with people skilled both in working out policy positions and playing the trade
negotiation game in Uruguay Round to incorporate Intellectual Property (IP) as a key agenda.
After the establishment of WTO, the trend of organizing these kinds of groups has substantially
increased in developing countries. Developing countries have also been supported by a large
number of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and intergovernmental
organization. South Centre, The Third World Network, and many other organizations have been
helping these countries in trade negotiation indirectly. This makes them capable to deal with the
developed countries. For example, Doha Declaration on Public Health was possible due to their
increased coordination.
Members of WTO have different capacity to influence negotiation, for example, the US has a
prominent role, as it has capacity to influence making or breaking the Doha Development Agenda
(DDA) negotiation, other members, for example, one LDC member, though it has granted the
right to say no but leading to fail or make the negotiation can rarely exercise the power. Thus,
country like Nepal needs to organize in the like minded group. Nepal, thus, is making every
efforts of its interest through Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Consultative group. Moreover,
it sometimes joins the group of developing countries in order to promote her interest.
2. Selection of the Forum
Selecting the right forum to table a proposal of negotiation is very important element to ensure the
end result on the proponents favor. We may notice that the developed countries initially formed
GATT to expedite the tariff negotiation. After having the positive results from the GATT previous
rounds, they selected the GATT with regard to inclusion of services and intellectual property in
the new agreement. Developing countries were opposing to bring the intellectual property matters
in the WTO system; however, developed countries wisely selected the WTO as a right forum to
incorporate intellectual property in the Uruguay Round negotiation. To them, the issue of
international IP protection had been housed at WIPO, whose lack of enforcement had frustrated
many industry representatives; the WTO, they believed, would offer more recourse against a
nation that failed to honor IP rights.
3
Developed countries, however, failed to get success to make an agreement on investment. One
of the causes for failure was the selection of Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) instead of the WTO. With the objection of the developing countries,
only one of the four Singapore issue, trade facilitation negotiation is underway at the WTO
negotiation.
Thus, selection of right forum is extremely importance to expedite the negotiation process. This
leads to a successful agreement. LDCs have selected WTO as a forum to urge developed
countries to make the latters trade policy regime generous to the export of LDCs. LDCs are
bargaining for the 100 per cent Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) market access for their product
of export interest. The Hong Kong Ministerial meeting has paved the way to the implementation
of DFQF.
3. Shaping the Agenda
During the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiation, the IPC was successful in persuading
the US government to make inclusion of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on the agenda as
a precondition for launching the round. Developing countries were mainly defensive during
GATT time where developed countries had an offensive interest in services and IPRs. The
failure of the Seattle Ministerial meeting had made Doha a make- or- break meeting, a
circumstance that increased the developing- country leverage. Developing countries were able
to put the name of the Doha round as a development round. They were able to make the
provision of less than full reciprocity in reduction commitment that means developed countries
have to sacrifice more to achieve the goal of development.
4. Building Coalition with the Like-minded Groups
Perhaps this element has been more exercised after the establishment of the WTO. During GATT
time, the area of negotiation were not broad thus countries did not need that much of coalition.
During the Uruguay Round negotiation the North made better coalition than the South. Developed
countries, in some cases were able to break the coalition among developing countries, for example,
to break the possible coalition of developing countries in Trade Related Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS) negotiation, they use Multi- Fiber Agreement (MFA) instrument, so called "TRIPS
for MFA" strategy.
2
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation, Vol. 1 Making the Rules, Charan Devereaux,
Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins, Institute for International Economics,
Washington, DC, September 2006, page 29.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Figure: 1
Negotiation at the WTO: Coalition in DDA negotiation
However, the present WTO context has been quite changed. Decision making process has
become multi-polar. Figure 1 shows the coalitions of members to achieve their goal in the WTO
negotiation. There are so many like minded groups and the coalition has been pretty much guided
by the members interest. Developing countries have a strong coalition with African Group,
African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, LDCs countries. They have a critical mass in
many agenda that makes them in a better position than the Uruguay Round negotiation. Developed
countries have also been actively engaged in the negotiation by providing some leverage to the
LDCs and Small and Vulnerable Economies (SVEs). But all developing countries have not been
capable enough to deal with rules negotiation and many other areas of negotiations.
5. Leveraging Linkages
During the GATT period developed countries were able to leveraging linkages, for example, the
linkage between "Super 301" provision of the Omnibus Trade and Competitive Act, 1988 in the
Uruguay Round was important negotiation strategy of the US in achieving agreement with
developing countries on TRIPS.
4
The provision of this Omnibus Trade and Competitive Act,
1988 was very strict on intellectual piracy and trade mark infringement and some developing
countries preferred TRIPs provision to "Super 301" provision. Developing countries, however,
have been quite able to leverage linkages on various areas of negotiation after the establishment
of the WTO. They successfully link the AIDS crisis in their countries with the TRIPS provision of
patent; they worked together with the NGOs and activist to incorporate the provision which
3
Ibid. p. 30
4
Ibid. p.115.
paved the way to issue Compulsory License. Now, in the current round, they are linking the
TRIPS with Convention on Bio- Diversity (CBD). Developed countries are trying to relate the
reduction of industrial tariff with technology transfer arguing that the more the importation of
industrial and capital good in the developing country the more the technology transfer there will be.
6. Playing the Frame Game
The art of framing is to define the problem and the options in ways that tap into particular
preconceived beliefs and attitudes, elevating the importance of some and suppressing other. In
the case of TRIPS incorporation in the Final Act of Marrakesh Agreement, for example, the
supporters of strengthening international protection of intellectual property rights succeeded in
painting the developing countries as engaging in "intellectual piracy".
5
Moreover, in Multilateral
Agreement in Investment (MAI) negotiation case the opponents manage to frame the issue as an
effort by large corporations to secretly take over the world.
After the establishment of the WTO, particularly during the Doha Round, developing countries
and NGOs applied the same term piracy- to efforts by multinational companies to patent
indigenous knowledge from developing countries. And they were able to make a declaration
on TRIPS and Public Health. Frame game like "medical apartheid", "essential drugs" used by
the NGOs and other actors helped much to them in the negotiation. Now developing countries
are trying to capitalize the word development of the Doha Development Agenda, so they are
continuously urging developed countries to make more concession in the Round, on less than
full reciprocity basis. Developed countries are arguing that the implementation of compulsory
Licensing will affect the right of public to access the quality medicine. Further, they are arguing,
the exercise of "Compulsory Licensing" retards the Research and Development (R&D) activities
which might bring more challenges in the future.
7. Creating Momentum
Skill at channeling the flow of the negotiation process is very important to achieve the goal of
negotiation. Developed countries have created very good momentum during the Uruguay Round
negotiation. The negotiators from EU and the US had done a very good homework in the negotiating
table during that period.
Unlike GATT, WTO negotiation is much complex and creating momentum rather depend on the
decision of the political leaders. Even though developing countries, less developing in particular,
always want to make some deal, their desire remain on just a hope unless the key players do not
bring momentum.
To conclude the present round of negotiation, there need a momentum to bring substantial and
meaningful programmes in favor of poor countries. Hopefully the leaders would be able to conclude
Doha Round soon.
Nepal in the Multilateral Trade Negotiation
In late 90's Nepal realized the fact that liberalized economy would be in line with the principle of
multilateral trading system which opens door of market access in the global society through its
non discriminatory principle. Thus, Nepal applied for the GATT in 1989 and later became the
147th member of WTO in 23 rd April 2004 through the hectic negotiating process.
Nepal now has a small Permanent Mission in Geneva, facing difficulties in multilateral negotiation
however, there is LDC consultative group where it is actively engaged. Nepal has been just learning
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
the multilateral trading negotiation and has more or less similar weaknesses like other developing
countries as mentioned above. Nepal has been benefited from the trade related technical assistance
from international organization.
Nepal is optimistic to the successful conclusion of the Doha Round. Implementaion of elements
like Special and Differential treatment, Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) market access to LDCs
product of export interest, special priority to the LDCs service provider (Mode 4) through
waiver, Aid for Trade, Enhanced Integrated framework would certainly be helpful to take benefits
from multilateral negotiation for Nepal and other LDCs.
As successful negotiations generally result in some kind of exchange or promises being made by the
negotiators, all developing countries are trying to boost up their economy through trade negotiation.
There is growing gap and growing inter dependency among the nations of the world, As such economic
integration among the countries is essential for bringing the gap for which negotiation is an instrument.
In fact, economic integration is becoming the principle objectives of negotiation. Nepal as a new
republic, is trying to promote its international image through economic diplomacy. Thus, the elements
discussed above need to be considered while taking strategies in multilateral trade negotiation.
Conclusion
Multilateral trade negotiation has more strength than weaknesses in bringing fruits to the LDCs.
Negotiation which could bring "win-win" results to LDCs, developing and developed countries
is desirable. As we see the success of negotiation depends on a number of factors, Nepal needs
to improve its strength on above discussed elements through internal capacity buildings, increasing
resources required to a successful negotiation. Moreover, it needs to organize a like minded
group and has to follow soft negotiation process. Then, the negotiation outcome in DDA is
expected to be better than the Uruguay Round negotiation for Nepal.
References
Adhikari, Lila Dhar (2010), " Harnessing the Benefits of WTO Membership for Least Developed Countries:
A Case Study of Nepals Foreign Trade", An Unpublished Master Thesis Submitted to Seoul National
University, Korea.
Bhagwati, Jagdish (2008), "Termites in the Trading System, How Preferential Agreements Undermine
Free Trade", Oxford University Press, Inc. New York.
Charan Devereaux, Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael D. Watkins (2006), Case Studies in US Trade
Negotiation, Vol. 1., Making the Rules, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC.
Gottlieb Marvin and Healy William J., Making Deals: The Business of Negotiating, 2nd ed.,
http://www.comproj.com/twelve.htm.
Hoda, Anwarul (2001), "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO, Procedures
and Practices", Cambridge University Press.
Hoekman, Bernard (1996). "Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services", in Will Martin and L.
Alan Winters (eds).
Hoekman & Kostecki (2001). "The Political Economy of the World Trading System, Oxford University
Press, Inc. New York.
Maggi, G. 1999. "The Role of Multilateral Institutions in International Trade Cooperation." American
Economic Review, vol. 89, no. 1, 190-214.
Messerlin, Patrick, Ernesto Zedillo, and Julia Nielson (2005), "Trade for Development, Report of the UN
Millennium Task Force on Trade", London: Earthscan for the UN Millennium Project.
The WTO Secretariat (1999), "Guide to the Uruguay Round Agreements", Geneva.
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Trade Negotiations", Geneva.
UNCTAD (2007), "Trade and Development Report 2007", United Nation, New York and Geneva.
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.
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lj Zj sf e"kl/j ]li6t d'n'sxsf ; femf ; d:of eg]sf]; /n kdf ; fd'lb|s kx'Fr sf]cefj xf]t/
o'/f]kdf o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf]lgdf{0f; Fu}o'lgogleqsf e"kl/j ]li6t ; b:oxnfO{kf/j xg ; 'lj wf pkof]u
ug{cGo dxfb] zsf e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]t' ngfdf lgs}; xh / nfut lskmfotLl:ylt l; h{ gf x' g uPsf]
5. ax' kIfLo Jofkf/ k| 0ffnLdf sd lj sl; t / lj sf; f] Gd' v e" kl/j ] li6t d' n' sxn]kf/j xg ; ' lj wfnfO{
; ' lglZr t ug{; femf Ph] 08f agfP/ j ftf{ df cufl8 a9\ g]k| of; ug{ ]u/] sf]kfOG5. ; femf Ph] 08f cGtu{ t
sd lj sl; t e" kl/j ] li6t d' n' sxn]; d' b| ; F usf]; /n kx' F r sf]cefj / ; fdflhs, cfly{ s tyf
Jofkfl/s ultlj lwsf lx; fan]k| lt:kwf{ Tds Ifdtf sdhf] / ePsf]sf/0fn]cGo lj sl; t tyf lj sf; f] Gd' v
d'n'snfO{eGbf cfk"mxnfO{km/s Joj xf/ (Special and differential treatment) sf]; ' lj wf pknAw
u/fpg'kg{]lj ifo p7fpg]u/]sf 5g\.
; d' b| ; F u ; Lw}kx' F r gePsf e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 n]l5d] sLb] zsf]kf/j xg ; ' lj wf pkof] u ubf{d" ne" t kdf
tLg j 6f s' /fnfO{lj r f/ u/Lkf/j xg dfu{ sf]pkof] u ug{ ]; DaGwdf lg0f{ o lng'a' l4dfgLx' g]eP tfklg
Joj xf/df oLtLgj 6}zt{k"/f gx'g klg ; S5. t/ klg oLtLgj 6f kIfsf]lj Zn]if0f u/]/ ; s]; Dd a9L
zt{k" /f x' g]u/Lcd' s kf/j xg ; ' lj wf pkof] u ug{ ] , gug{ ]af/] df lg0f{ o ug{ 'a' l4dfgLx' G5.
k| :tflj t kf/j xg dfu{(transit route), pknAwcGo j } slNks dfu{ eGbf a9L; ' lj wfhgs 5, 5} g
(most convenient),
; do sd vr {x'g]vfnsf]5, 5}g (less time Consuming),
nfut lskmfotL5, 5}g / kf/j xg dfu{df plr t ; 'lj wfx pknAw5g\, 5}gg\(Cost effective
routes with appropriate facilities),
e"kl/j ]li6t b]zxsf]kf/j xg clwsf/; DaGwdf cGt/f{li6o:t/df ePsf k|of; xM
cGt/f{ li6 o:t/df e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 nfO{kf/j xgsf]lgj f{ w; ' lj wf pknAwu/fpg / pgLxsf]kf/j xg
clwsf/ ; ' /lIft /fVg lgs}kxnx ePsf 5g\. ; + o' Qm/fi6 ; + 3 / o; n]lj leGg ; dodf kfl/t u/]sf
k| :tfj lg0f{ odxf; lGwcle; lGwn]; b:o /fi6 xnfO{e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]lj sf; sf]cfj ZostfnfO{
a' e\ mg / tL/fi6 nfO{plr t kf/j xg ; ' lj wf lbg cfu| x u/] sf 5g\. o; /Le" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 n]glur sf]
; fd' lb| s gfsf k| of] usf nflu l5d] sLb] zaf6 kf/j xg ; ' lj wf kfpg'kg{ ]s' ' /f cfh cGt/f{ li6 o sfg" gs}kdf
:yflkt eO; s] sf]5. o; qmddf ; + o' Qm/fi6 ; + 3n]e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]kf/j xg clwsf/nfO{; ' lglZr t ug{
; g\!(%&df kfl/t u/] sf]k| :tfj g+ =(Resolution N0.) !)@*-!!_e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 nfO{kf/j xg :j tGqtfsf]
clwsf/ lbnfpg]; Gbe{ sf]cGt/f{ li6 o:t/sf]of} 6f dxj k"0f{lg0f{ o xf]. cfh cGs6f8, lj Zj Jofkf/ ; + u7g
h:tf cGt/f{ li6 o ; + :yfxn]g] kfn h:tf e" kl/j ] li6t / sd lj sl; t /fi6 xsf]kf/j xg ; d:ofnfO{
; Daf] wg ug{/ Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg dxj k" 0f{; xof] u k' ofpF b}cfPsf 5g\. e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]kf/j xg
clwsf/sf]; DaGwdf cGt/f{ li6 o:t/df ePsf k| of; xnfO{b] xfoadf] lhd pNn] v ug{; lsG5.
Peace Treaty of Westphalia, 1864 : o; n]e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf nflu ; d' b| ; Ddsf]:j tGq
kx' F r nfO{klxnf]kN6 j sfnt uof].
Barcelona Convention, 1921 : o; n]e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]General Right of Transit nfO{klxnf]
kN6 cGt/f{ li6 o:t/df ; ' lglZr t ug{ ]sfd uof]. kmntMk| yd lj Zj o' 4 kZr ft\e" kl/j ] li6t d' n' snfO{
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
; d' b| df cfgf]em08f /fvLhxfh r nfpg kfpg]kf/j xg clwsf/ pknAweof]. e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]
kf/j xg :j tGqtf ; DaGwdf j fl; { nf] gf ; lGwklxnf]cGt/f{ li6 o ; lGwsf]kdf /x] sf]5.
UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958 : ; +o'Qm/fi6; +3Lo dxf; efsf]lg0f{ofg'; f/
h] g] efdf ; DkGg ; fd' lb| s sfg" g; DaGwLof]cGt/f{ li6 o ; Dd] ngn]e" kl/j ] li6t b] zxnfO{; d' b| df
hxfh r nfpg kfpg], v'nf ; d'b|sf]pkof]u ug{kfpg], ; fd'lb|s gfsf; Dd k'Ug kf/j xgsf]
clwsf/ pknAwx'g], kl/j xgsf ; fwgx cf]; f/ k; f/ ug{kfpg]:j tGqtf x'g]nufotsf
lj ifonfO{; d]6]sf]lyof]. ; +If]kdf eGbf o; n] Coastal / Non Coastal /fHonfO{Right to Freedom
of High Sea lbPsf]lyof].
United Nations Conference on Trade and Develpment (UNCTAD), 1964 : o; n]
e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 xsf]; d' b| ; Ddsf]:j tGq kx' F r nfO{g} ; lu{ s clwsf/sf kdf :yflkt ub{ }
:j tGq / cj /f]w/lxt kf/j xgsf]lj ifonfO{e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6sf]k|fyldstfsf]lj ifosf]kdf
a9fj f lbof]. o; } sf]l; kmfl/; cg' ; f/ ; g\!(^%df Go" of] s{ df e" kl/j ] li6t b] zxsf]kf/j xg
tyf Jofkf/; DaGwLdxf; lGw; DkGg eof].
Convention on Transit and Trade of LLC, 1965 : Go" of] s{ df ; DkGg o; dxf; lGwn]e" kl/j ] li6t
/fi6sf]kf/j xg clwsf/sf ; DaGwdf s]xLdxj k" 0f{lg0f{ ox kfl/t u/] sf]5. o; n]e" kl/j ] li6t
/fi6 nfO{kf/j xg ; ' lj wf lbF bf ; ' lj wf lbg]/fi6 n]cfk; L; xdltdf to x' g]Route af6 lbg' kg{ ] ,
o:tf]kf/j xg ; 'lj wf lbFbf 5'}s/, z'Ns nufpg gkfpg]/ cfj Zos k|zf; lgs / Customs
; ' lj wf ; d] t pknAwu/fpg' kg{ ]s' /fnfO{; ' lglZr t u/] sf]lyof].
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 : o; n]Landlocked State
(LLS), Transit State (TS) / Traffic in Transit (TIT) sf]kl/efiff ub{}; d'b|t6 (Coast) gePsf
/fi6nfO{(LLS) / To:tf]/fi6hf] ; F u ; fd' lb| s t6 x' g klg ; S5 / gx' g klg, t/ e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6
/ ; d'b|aLr df cj l:yt 5 / h; sf]e"efu x'Fb}kf/j xg ; j f/Lr N5, -a state with or without sea
coast situated between a landlocked state and the sea through whose territory traffic in
transit passes.) eg]To:tf]/fi6nfO{Transit State sf]kdf JofVof u/] sf]5. o; n]e" kl/j ] li6t
/fi6 nfO{v' nf ; d' b| sf]pkof] usf]:j tGqtf, ; d' b| ; Dd cfj thfj t clwsf/ / kf/j xg :j tGqtf,
Common Heritage of Mankind sf]k| of] u, o; sf nflu ; a}k| sf/sf oftfoftsf ; fwg Transit
State sf]If] q eP/ k| of] u ug{kfpg]clwsf/, / o; sf]nflu d' n' sxn]lkIfLo, If] qLo / pkIf] qLo
; Demf}tfaf6 terms & modalities tf] Sg ; Sg]tyf cfgf]If] qleq t6Lo d' n' s (Transit State) sf]
k" 0f{; fj { ef} d; Qf /xg]s' /fnfO{ :j Lsf/ u/] sf]5. ; fy}o; /Lkf/j xg ; ' lj wf pkof] u ubf{Transit
State n]s' g}cltl/Qms/, z' Ns nufpg, tf] Sg gkfpg] , ; dfg Joj xf/ ug{ ' kg{ ]cflb Joj :yf klg
o; dxf; lGwn]u/] sf]5. e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 nfO{; fd' lb| s kx' F r tyf pkof] udf t6Lo d' n' s; /xsf]
; dfg ; ' lj wf pknAwu/fpg ; ' lglZr ttf k| bfg ug{ ]o; dxf; lGwn]; fd' lb| s sfg" gsf]; Gbe{ df
e" kl/j ] li6t b] zsf]clwsf/ cGtu{ t lgDg If] qnfO{; d] 6] sf]kfOG5 M
v'nf ; d'b|sf]k|of]u ug]{clwsf/
cfgf]em08f /fvLhxfh r nfpg kfpg]clwsf/,
v'nf ; d'b|df k|j ]z ug{l5d]sLt6j tL{d'n'saf6 kf/j xgsf]:j tGqtf kfpg]clwsf/,
l5d] sLt6j tL{ o b] zsf]Psnf} 6Lcfly{ s If] qdf df5f nufot cGo hLlj t ; | f] tx? kS8g kfpg]
clwsf/
/fli6o If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/sf]slG6g] G6n z] Nkmaf6 ul/Psf]pTkfbgaf6 k| fKt x' g]cg' bfgsf]
lx:; f kfpg]clwsf/,
; fd'lb|s lkFwsf]pkof]u ug{kfpg]clwsf/
; fd' lb| s lkF w; DaGwLlj ifodf cGt/f{ li6 o lgsfodf k| ltlglwTj ug{kfpg]clwsf/
oLclwsf/sf lj ifox dxf; lGwdf l; 4fGttMJoj :yf eP tfklg Joj xf/df ; DalGwt
t6j tL{b]zxn]e"kl/j ]li6t b]zx?nfO{; xfg'e"ltk"j {s h]h:tf]; 'lj wf pknAwu/fpF5g\,
h]h:tf]zt{tf]S5g\, To; }df e/ kg'{kg]{l:ylt /x]sf]5. dxf; lGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf
e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6sf kf/j xg; Da4 xs clwsf/sf lj ifonfO{Joj xf/df kfGt/0f ug{]sfo{
lgs}sl7g /lxcfPsf]5.
GATT Article V : o; n]klg e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6sf]kf/j xg :j tGqtf (Freedom of Transit)
; DaGwdf s]xLdxj k"0f{Joj :yf ; d]6]sf]5. o; cGtu{t s'g}klg e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6nfO{
cGt/f{li6o kf/j xgsf]lglDt ; a}eGbf ; 'lj wfhgs dfu{x t6Lo d'n'sn]pknAwu/fpg'kg]{,
cfj Zos dfn; fdfg /fVg uf]bfd ; 'lj wf lbg'kg{], dfnj fxs ; j f/L; fwgnfO{eG; f/ k|lqmof
k"/f u/Llgj f{wcfj t hfj t ug{lbg'kg{]h:tf Joj :yf ; d]l6Psf 5g\. To:t}; fdfGo
k|zf; sLo vr {afx]s cGo eG; f/, s/, dx; "nx? ltg'{gkg]{, ; j f/L; fwgsf]kl/j xgnfO{
; f}lj Wok"0f{Joj xf/ (MFN) ul/g'kg]{h:tf Joj :yf klg Uof6 ; Demf}tfn]; d]6]sf]5.
kf/j xg; 'lj wfsf ; Gbe{df ef/tdflysf]g]kfnsf]lge{/tfM
blIf0f Plzofsf]Ps lj sf; zLn / e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6g]kfn k"j {, blIf0f tyf klZr d u/LtLglt/af6
ef/tl; t v'nf l; dfgf hf]l8Psf]d'n's xf]. ef/t, g]kfnsf]cfly{s tyf ; f+:s[lts kdf 3lgi7
; DaGwePsf]l5d]sL/fi6sf]cnfj f e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6g]kfnnfO{; fd'lb|s dfu{; Ddsf]kx'Fr pknAw
u/fpg kf/j xg ; 'lj wf k|bfg ug{]/fi6; d]t xf]. e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6g]kfnsf]; a}eGbf glur sf]
; fd'lb|s aGb/ufx ef/tsf]sf]nsftf xf]h'g g]kfnsf]; a}eGbf 7"nf]Jofkfl/s gfsf j L/u~haf6
em08}&$@ls=ld=sf]b"/Ldf /x]sf]5. g]kfnsf]cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/sf]nflu pko'Qmcsf{]k"j L{t6Lo
; fd'lb|s aGb/ufx klg ef/tsf]cfGw|k|b]z/fHo l:yt lj zfvfkgd\aGb/ufx xf]. of]j L/u~haf6
em08}!$)) ls=ld=sf]b"/Ldf cj l:yt 5. ef/tsf]; a}eGbf r NtLsf]/ g]kfnsf]o'/f]k tyf
cd]l/sfdf lgof{tsf]b[li6n]pko'Qmd'DaO{l:yt hj fx/nfn g]x? aGb/ufx j L/u~haf6 sl/a !())
ls=ld=b"/Ldf /x]sf]5. o; /Lg]kfnn]t]; |f]d'n's; Fu Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{]tyf nfut
/ b"/Lsf]b[li6n]pko'Qm; a}; fd'lb|s aGb/ufx ef/td}x'g'n]g]kfnsf]kf/j xg k|0ffnLef/tl; t
cTolws lge{/ x'g':j feflj s b]lvG5. kf/j xgsf]; DaGwdf g]kfn ef/tdfly k"0f{tMlge{/ 5.
ef/t / g]kfnsf]; Gbe{df g]kfn kf/j xg ; 'lj wfu|fxL(Transit Receiving) d' n' s ePsf] n]g] kfnn]
kf/j xg ; DaGwdf cg] sf} F; d:of e] mNb}cfPsf]5. lj =; + =@)$^; fndf ef/tl; t g] kfnsf]kf/j xg
; lGwgj Ls/0f x' g g; Sgfn]g] kfndf nueu gfsfaGbLs}l:ylt l; h{ gf x' g k' u] sf]lyof]. o; af6
g]kfnsf]; Gbe{df kf/j xg sltsf]; +j ]bgzLn, hl6n / r 'gf}tLk"0f{lj ifosf]kdf /x]sf]5, :ki6 x'G5.
x/]s k6ssf]kf/j xg ; lGwsf]; Demf}tf j ftf{a8f]hl6n / ptf/r 9fj o'Qm/x]sf]kfOG5. k|To]s k6s
kf/j xg ; lGwgj Ls/0f x'Fbf If, But Unless h:tf Conditions ylkF b}hfg' n]klg of]s' /fsf]; ] t ub{ 5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
g]kfnsf]ef/t / anfb]zl; tsf]kf/j xg ; Demf}tfM

g] kfn / ef/taLr Jofkf/ tyf kf/j xg; ' lj wfnfO{cf} kr fl/s tj /df Joj l:yt ug{ ]; DaGwdf ; j { k| yd
; g\!(%) df lkIfLo ; lGwul/Psf]lyof]. /f0ffzf; gsf]cGTolt/ ul/Psf]; f]; lGwg] kfnsf]Jofkf/
/ kf/j xgsf]Oltxf; df klxnf]xf]. ; f]; lGwn]g] kfnnfO{ef/tsf]snsQf nufotsf]h' g; ' s}aGb/ufx
lgj f{wkdf pkof]u ug{kfpg]clwsf/ k|bfg ug{'sf ; fy}; f]k|of]hgsf nflu %j 6f kf/j xg laGb'
-dfu{_pknAwu/fPsf]lyof]. pQm; lGwbz j if{sf nflu axfn /xg]/ To; kl5 k'gM!) j if{sf nflu
gj Ls/0f ub{}hfg]k|fj wfg ; lGwdf lyof]. tbg'k ; g\!(^) df g]kfn / ef/taLr Treaty of Trade
and Transit ; DkGg eof]. of]; lGwn]klxnf]kN6 g] kfnn]ef/tsf]sf] nsftf aGb/ufx k| of] u ug{ ' kg{ ]s' /f
pNn]v uof]. z'?df kfFr j if{sf nflu ePsf]of]; lGwTo; kl5 k|To]s kfFr kfFr j if{df gj Ls/0f ub{}
hfg]s'/f lyof]. o; qmddf ; g\!(&! Dff g]kfn ef/taLr ePsf]j fl0fHo tyf kf/j xg ; lGwn]
sf] nsftf aGb/ufxdf g] kfnnfO{uf] bfd ; ' lj wf pknAwu/fpg]Joj :yf uof]eg]kf/j xg ; ' lj wf afkt
!) j 6f gfsf pknAwu/fof]. lj utdf kf/j xg / j fl0fHo ; lGwof} 6}x' g]u/] sf]lyof]. o; n]Pp6f ; lGw
; dfKt x' g]lalQs}csf{ ] nfO{; d] t k| eflj t ug{ ]l:ylt lyof]. t/ kf/j xg e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6 sf]g} ; lu{ s
clwsf/l; t hf] l8Psf]lj ifo ePsf]Pj +of]t] ; | f]d' n' s; F usf]j :t' cfoft lgof{ t; F u ; DalGwt lj ifo
ePsf]/ j fl0fHo ; lGwr flxFd" ntMef/t / g] kfnaLr Jofkf/ k| j 4{ gsf nflu s] lGb| t x' g]ePsf]; Gbe{ df
g] kfnn]oLb' O{j 6f ; lGw5' f5' }ug{ sf nflu ef/tl; t nfdf]; dob] lv cg' /f] wub{ }cfPsf]lyof]. o;
qmddf ef/tdf hgtf bnsf]; /sf/ ePsf]a] nf ; g\!(&* df j fl0fHo ; lGw, kf/j xg ; lGw/ cglws[ t
Jofkf/ lgoGq0f ; lGwu/LtLg j 6f 5' f5' }; lGwug{g] kfn ; kmn eof]. To; a] nf b] lv oL; lGwx 5' f
5'}x'Fb}cfO/x]sf 5g\. o; qmddf kf/j xg ; lGwkl5Nnf]k6s ; g\@))^, hgj /Ldf ; ft j if{sf nflu
gj Ls/0f ePsf]lyof]. g] kfnef/t kf/j xg ; Demf} tfdf plNnlvt k| fj wfg cg' ; f/ g] kfnsf]nflu t] ; | f]
d' n' saf6 cfoft ul/g]dfnj :t' sf]cfoftlgof{ t, eG; f/ r ] s hfF r sf]nflu One Time Lock h:tf
k|lqmofx? tf]lsPsf 5g\. pQm; lGwn]g]kfn / ef/taLr x'g]kf/j xg gfsfsf]kdf g]kfnnfO{
ef/ttkm{!%j 6f laGb'pknAwu/fPsf]5. t/ oL; a}gfsf plQs}k| of] udf 5} gg\. k| To] s ; lGwsf]
cj lw; dfKt ePkl5 ; fdfGo kl/j t{ g ug{ ' kg{ ]s' /fnfO{; d] 6L; lhn}/ :j tM; lGwgj Ls/0f x' F b}
hfg' kg{ ] df k| To] s k6ssf]; lGwgj Ls/0f sfo{sl7g / hl6n aGb}uPsf]g] kfnLkIfsf]cg' ej 5.
j fl0fHo ; lGwkl5Nnf]k6s cS6f] a/, @))( df ; Dkg ePsf]5 / o; sf]cj lwklg lj utdf kfF r j if{ sf]
x' g] af6 a9fP/ ; ft j if{k' ofOPsf]5. pQm; lGwn]lj utdf g] kfn / ef/taLr x' g]Jofkfl/s k| of] hgsf
nflu @@j 6f :ynut gfsf -Jofkfl/s laGb' _pknAweO/x] sf] df %j 6f gfsf yk u/L@&j 6f gfsf
pknAwu/fPsf]5.
g] kfn / a+ unfb] zaLr ; g\!(&^df Jofkf/ tyf kf/j xg ; Demf} tf ePkl5 g] kfnn]anfb] zsf b' O{7" nf
aGb/ufx r 6ufpFtyf df] \ nf kf] 6{k| of] u ug{kfpg]/ ; f] sf nflu /flwsfk' /anfaGwcflb nfO{kf/j xg
dfu{ sf]kdf pkof] u ug{ ]; ' lj wf k| fKt u/] sf]lyof]. pQm; ' lj wfsf]cTolws pkof] u ug{g] kfnn]c:; Lsf]
bzsdf r 6ufF pdf Ps ; Dks{sfof{ no ; d] t vf] n] sf]lyof]. k| f/lDes j if{ xdf ; f]kf/j xg dfu{x' F b}t] ; | f]
d' n' s; F u Jofkf/ lj :tf/ ug{ ]sfo{eP klg ; g\gAa] sf]bzsdf cfP/ pQmkf/j xg dfu{ sf]k| | efj sf/L
pkof] u x' g ; s] g. kmntMr 6ufpF l:yt g] kfnsf]kf/j xg; DaGwLsfof{ no ; d] t aGb ul/of]. xfn g] kfn
/ anfb] zaLr ; a} eGbf 5f] 6f]b" /Lsf]km" nj f/L-ef/t_/ anfaGw-anfb] z_kf/j xg dfu{k| of] u ug{
kfpg]u/L; Demf} tf ePsf]5.
South Asian LDCs South Asian DCs

Indicators
AF BG BT MD NP IN PK SL
doing business- trading across boarders (rank out of 181) 179 105 155 121 157 90 71 66
No. of documents required for exports 12 6 8 8 9 8 9 8
No. of days required for exports 74 28 38 25 19 23 44 6
Cost to export (US $ per container) 3,000 970 1,210 1,348 1,764 945 611 865
No. of documents required for imports 11 8 11 9 10 9 8 6
No. of days required for imports 77 32 38 20 35 20 18 20
Cost to import (US $ per container) 2,600 1,375 2,140 1,348 1,900 960 680 895

g] kfnLJofkf/Lxn]cGt/f{ li6 o ahf/df ; fdfg lgof{ t / cfoft ug{cTolws dfqfdf k| of] u ug{ ]
aGb/ufx eg] sf]sf] nsftf / xlNbof g}xf]. a+ unfb] zsf]; fd' lb| s aGb/ufxaf6 g] kfndf ; fdfg cfoft
lgof{ t ug{/f] xgk' / l; \ 3j fb dfu{/ km" nj f/La+ unfaGwdfu{u/Lb' O{j 6f kf/j xg dfu{tf] lsPtf klg
ef} lts ; + /r gfsf]cefj sf sf/0f km" nj f/La+ unfaGwdfu{dfq r fn'cj :yfdf /x] sf]5. t/ o; dfu{ sf]
lgoldt ; ~r fngsf]nflu xfn; Dd klg ef/t, a+ unfb] z / g] kfnaLr lqkIfLo ; Demf} tf x' g g; s] sf]
sf/0fn]g] kfnaf6 ; fdfg lnP/ uPsf]dfnj fxs ; fwg ; Lwf a+ unfb] z hfg; Sg]cj :yf /x] sf]5} g. of]
dfu{; g\!((&; ] K6] Da/df pRr :t/Lo Letter of Exchange sf]dfWodaf6 ; ~r fngdf cfPsf]xf].
blIf0f PlzofnLd'n'sxsf]Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f tyf kf/j xg nfutsf]l:ylt M
e"kl/j ]li6t d'n'sxn]cfgf j :t'x pTkfbgsf]:yfgaf6 pkef]Qmfsf]xft; Dd k'ofpFbf Jofkf/
; xhLs/0f nfut tyf kf/j xg nfutn]dxj k"0f{e"ldsf v]n]sf]x'G5. cfoft / lgof{tsf k|lqmofut
; /nLs/0f / kf/j xg nfut Go"gLs/0f g}pTkflbt ; fdfgsf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf xf]. blIf0f
PlzofnLd'n'sxdf j :t'sf]cfoftlgof{t sfo{sf]nflu cfj Zos kg]{k|lqmof, sfuhft / nfut
cGo d'n'ssf]t'ngfdf g]kfnsf]a9L/x]sf]l:ylt 5. g]kfnsf]; a}eGbf glhssf]sf]nsftf aGb/ufx
lbgfg'lbg ; fF3'/f]x'Fb}hfg', aGb/ufx k|zf; g af]lemnf]/ emGeml6nf]x'g'tyf Clearing, Forwarding
sf nflu tf]lsPsf]dx; 'nsf cltl/QmSpeed Money afkt yk vr {ug{'kg{]l:yltn]kf/j xgdf ; do
/ nfut al9/x]sf]5. kf/j xg k|j ]z tyf lgu{d laGb'df sf]nsftfj L/u~hsf7df08f}dfu{df
kl/j xgafkt nfUg]vr {-nfut_ sf]em08}!) k|ltzt hlt cltl/Qmvr {x'g]u/]sf]k|f/lDes
cWoogxn]b] vfPsf 5g\. o; n]ubf{Psflt/ cfGtl/s vktsf nflu lemsfOPsf j :t' x pkef] Qmfn]
:yfgLo ahf/df dxFuf]d"No lt/Lvl/b ug{'kg{]l:ylt 5 eg]csf{tkm{t]; |f]d'n's lgof{t x'g]j :t'x
nfut k|lt:kwL{aGg g; ls/x]sf]l:ylt 5. blIf0f Plzofsf cGo d'n's; Fu t'ngf ubf{sf]g]kfnsf]
l:ylt lgDg cg'; f/ /x]sf]5 M
Trade Facilitation Indicators of South Asian Countries (2008):
Source: World Trade I ndicators, World Bank (2008)
h' g; ' s}b] zsf]cy{ tGqsf]lj sf; / j :t' sf]cfoft lgof{ tdf kf/j xg If] qn]dx j k"0f{e"ldsf v]n]sf]x'G5
eGg]s' /f dfly pNn] v eO; Sof]. o; cfwf/df x] bf{e" kl/j ] li6t /fi6g] kfnn]kf/j xg If] qdf vlr { g'kg] {
; do, nfut, hgzlQmcflbsf sf/0f cfofltt j :t' xsf]d" Nodf lgs}7" nf]k| efj kl//x] sf]l:ylt 5. t] ; | f]
d' n' saf6 sRr f kbfy{cfoft u/Lj :t' sf]pTkfbg u/] / t] ; | f]d' n' sdf lgsf; Lubf{!%b] lv @%k| ltzt; Dd
; d' b| t6Lo d' n' ssf]t' ngfdf yk nfut kg{hfg]cWoog k| ltj ] bgxn]b] vfPsf 5g\. cfh g] kfnLj :t' n]
cGt/f{ li6 o ahf/df k| lt:kwf{ug{g; Sg' sf k5fl8sf sf/0fx lj Zn] if0f ug{ ]xf]eg]kf/j xg If] qsf]pRr
nfut / emGeml6nf]k| zf; lgs k| lqmofnfO{g}d' Vo afwssf]kdf cf} F Nofpg ; lsG5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
j fl0fHo gLlt, @)^%df kf/j xg / Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f; DaGwLlj ifo M

gofFj fl0fHo gLltn]kf/j xg dfu{ sf]lj sf; sf]s' /fnfO{pRr dxj sf ; fy pNn] v u/] sf]5. kf/j xgnfO{
; 'lj wfo'Qm/ sd vlr {nf]agfO{Jofkf/sf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej [l4 ug{; 'Vvf aGb/ufxaf6 k|bfg
ul/g]; ] j fnfO{k| efj sf/LagfOg]s' /f gLltn]k| fyldstfsf ; fy pNn] v u/] sf]5. g] kfnsf]cGt/f{ li6 o
Jofkf/sf]nfut sd ug{kf/j xg b]zx (Transit Countires) Pj +l5d]sLd'n'sxsf]j }slNks
kf/j xg dfu{x tyf aGb/ufxxsf]ef}lts k"j f{wf/, dlN6df]8n ; 'lj wf, oftfoftsf]; 'lj wf / nfutsf]
cWoog u/Lpko'Qmkf/j xg dfu{sf]k|of]u ug{; lGw, ; Demf}tf ub{}hfg]s'/f gLltn]pNn]v u/]sf]5.
pQ/ / blIf0ftkm{ sf Jofkfl/s gfsfxnfO{/] ndfu{tyf km/flsnf /fhdfu{ af6 hf] 8\ g cwoog u/fOg' sf
; fy}lj Bdfg pQ/ blIf0f ; 8sdfu{ xsf]; ' wf/ / :t/f] Gglt ul/g]lj ifo klg gLltdf ; d] l6Psf]5.
To; } u/LblIf0f Plzofsf ef/t, g] kfn, a+ unfb] z / e" 6fgnfO{hf] 8\ g]cGt/f{ li6 o:t/sf]oftfoft dfu{ ; lxtsf]
pkIf] qLo lj sf; cj wf/0ff (Growth Quadrangle) nfO{; Da4 kIfxsf]k/fdz{df cl3 a9fpg kxn
ul/g]s'/f klg gLltn]pNn]v u/]sf]5. ef/t / r LgaLr sf]:yndfu{af6 x'g]lkIfLo Jofkf/df
g]kfnnfO{kf/j xg laGb'(Transit Point) sf kdf lj sf; ug{ ]p2] Zoaf6 klxr fg ul/Psf d' Vo eG; f/
gfsfxdf k" j f{ wf/ lgdf{ 0f ul/g]s' /fnfO{gLltn]dxj sf ; fy p7fPsf]5. blIf0f tyf pQ/ b' j }tkm{ sf
gfsfdf ; ' Vvf aGb/ufxsf]lj :tf/ ub{ }hfg]s' /fnfO{klg gLltn]k| fyldstfsf ; fy ; d] 6] sf]5. gLltdf
5' }kf/j xg tyf nlhl:6s sfo{ qmdzLif{ s cGtu{ t kf/j xg ; ' lj wf lj :tf/; DaGwdf lj leGg sfo{ug{ ]
s' /f ; d] l6Psf]5. o; cGtu{ t vf; u/L:yflkt eO; s] sf]; ' Vvf aGb/ufxxsf]k| efj sf/L; ~r fngsf
nflu ; fdfgsf]ax'lj lws 9'j fgL; DaGwLP]gsf]k|efj sf/Lsfof{Gj og ug{], g]kfn ef/taLr lj Bdfg /]n
; ]j f ; Demf}tfdf k'g/fj nf]sg tyf kl/dfh{g ug{]/ cGo ; Deflj t laGb'df ; d]t /]n; ]j f lj :tf/ ug{
kxn ul/g]s' /f plNnlvt 5. To; } u/LeG; f/ k| zf; gnfO{; " r gf k| lj lwdf cfwfl/t :j r flnt agfpg]
af/]klg pNn]v ePsf]5. g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf ; 'Vvf aGb/ufx, sG6]g/ k|m]6 :6]; g, PsLs[t eG; f/
laGb'(ICP) sf]; ~r fng, Joj :yfkg / lgodgsf nflu OG6/df] 8n oftfoft k| flws/0fsf]:yfkgf ul/g]
s'/f klg gLltn]pNn]v u/]sf]5. t/ gLltn]; d6]sf]kf/j xg; 'lj wf lj sf; ; DaGwLsfo{nfO{Joj xf/df
d" t{k k| bfg ug{lj leGg sfg" gL, ; + :yfut / k| lqmofut ; ' wf/sf sfo{ x ; doa4kdf ; ~r fng ug{
cfj Zos x'G5 / o; sf]nflu k|z:t ; fwg; |f]t lj lgof]hg ug{'kg{]x'G5. t/ j fl0fHo If]qnfO{/fHon]
; Lldt dfqfdf dfq ah] 6 pknAwu/fpF b}cfPsf]kl/k| ] Iodf kf/j xg If] qsf]lj sf; ; DaGwLplNnlvt
sfo{ x lgwf{ l/t ; doleq}; DkGg x' g]s' /fdf lj Zj :t x' g]7fpFsd 5. t; y{; /sf/n]Jofkf/
; xhLs/0f tyf kf/j xg dfu{ df ef} lts ; + /r gf ; ' wf/nfO{k| d' v k| fyldstf lbg' kg{ ]b] lvG5.
sf]nsftfxlNbof kf]6{af6 ; fdfg g]kfn k}7f/Lug]{k|lqmof M
sf]nsftf aGb/ufx g]kfnsf]glur sf]/ ; a}eGbf a9Lk|of]udf cfpg]Jo:t aGb/ufx ePsf]; Gbe{df
g]kfnsf]kf/j xg k|0ffnLsf]s'/f ubf{o; aGb/ufxsf]af/]df s]xLr r f{ug{':j feflj s x'G5. sf]nsftf
kf] 6{ df cfpg]s' n sfuf] { dWo]g] kfnsf]nflu cfpg]sfuf] { sf]dfqf !) k| ltzt hlt x' g]u/] sf]5. sl/a
*( k| ltzt sfuf] {ef/tsf]nflu / afF sL! k| ltzt hlt sfuf] {e" 6fgsf]nflu cfpg]u/] sf]kfOG5.
sf] nsftfaf6 sl/j !@) ls=ld=blIf0f kg] {xlNbof kf] 6{ sf]t' ngfdf ; fgf hxfh (Feeder Vessel) nfUg]
sf] nsftf kf] 6{ df cfpg]sfuf] { sf]dfqf lbg k| ltlbg a9\ g hfgfn]pQmaGb/ufx xfn ; fF 3' /f]aGb}uPsf]
k| tLt x' G5. sf] nsftf tyf xlNbofsf]kf] 6{ sf]k| zf; g 5' f 5' }/x] sf]eP klg eG; f/ k| zf; g eg]
sf] nsftfaf6}; ~r fng x' g]ub{ 5.
g] kfnsf]nflu sf] nsftf tyf xlNbof aGb/ufx x' F b}cfpg]sfuf] {g] kfn r nfg ug{lgDg cg' ; f/sf]k| lqmof
k"/f ug'{kg]{k|fj wfg /x]sf]5 M
cfj Zos kg]{sfuhft / k|lqmof
g] kfnaf6 k| tLtkq (L/C) vf]n]sf]kq
cfoft Ohfhtkq
; fdfg k7fpg]Suppliers n]; fdfg k7fpF bf Packing List, Invoices, Insurance Policy, Certificate
of Origin h:tf sfuhft Shippers dfkm{ t ; F u}k7fPsf]x' G5.
Shipper n]Container Load u/]/ hxfhaf6 kf]6{df k7fpF5.
Shipper n]Original Bill of Lading (B/L) , Packing List ; fdfg k7fpg](Supplier) nfO{k7fpg'kb{ 5.
Supplier n]; a}Document ; + sng u/] / L/C ; F u ; DalGwt a} + sdf k7fpg'kb{ 5.
L/C vf] n] sf]a} + sn]k| fKt ePsf Document nfO{endorse u/] / cfoftstf{(Importers) nfO{k7fpF 5.
cfoftstf{ n]a} + s dfkm{ t k| dfl0ft Document nfO{sf] nsftfl:yt /lhi68{ Clearing and Forwarding
Agent nfO{Authority ; lxt k| ltlglwtf] s] / k7fpg]ub{ 5g\.
Original Shipping Document ; DalGwt Shiping Agent n]cfoftstf{ n]lgo' Qmu/] sf]Agent nfO{
a'emfpg]ub{5g\.
Clearing Agent n]; f] xLDocument sf]cfwf/df Container sf]cj :yf, kf]6{df ; fdfg cfOk'Ug]
; do OToflbsf]hfgsf/Llng]ub{ 5g\.
xfn; fn}sf]nsftf kf]6{n]sfuf]{sf]Status yfxf x'g]WebBase k| lqmofsf]z' ?j ft u/] sf] n]; DalGwt
Agent n]cfgf]Cargo sf]Status sf]hfgsf/Llng ; xh ePsf]5.
; DalGwt Clearing Agent n]cfkm\ gf]Cargo ; F u ; DalGwt Document L/C dfk{ mt cfofltt
; fdfgdf ; Lw}eG; f/ sfof{ nodf k] z ub{ 5g\. L/C dfkm{ t afx] s bft[lgsfon]g] kfn k7fPsf] ,
lj b] zdf /x] sf]JolQmn]g] kfnsf]; + :yf j f JolQmnfO{k7fPsf] , Document Against Payment
(DAP) dfkm{t cfoft u/]sf], 5'}; Demf}tf dfk{mt g]kfndf cfoft u/]sf]; fdfg, T/T dfkm{t
g]kfnsf]nflu k}7f/LePsf ; fdfgsf]xsdf g]kfnLdxfj fl0fHob"tfj f; sf]nsftfdf ; DalGwt
a}+sn]endorse u/] sf ; Ssn Document ; lxt ; DalGwt ; + :yfsf]l; kmfl/; kq; fy k] z ug{ ' kg{ ]
Joj :yf 5. dxfj fl0fHob" tfj f; n]g] kfndf cfoft ug{kfpg]k| lqmof cGtu{ t L/C vf]n]sf]lj j /0f
g]kfn /fi6a}+sn]tof/ u/Lk7fPsf]lj j /0fnfO{k|dfl0ft u/]/ sf]nsftf Customs df k7fpg]
ub{ 5. dxfj fl0fHob" tfj f; n]k| dfl0ft u/] sf]L/C List sf]cfwf/df sf]nsftf eG; f/ k|zf; gn]
lj j /0f ?h' u/Lkf] 6{x' F b}g] kfnsf]nflu /] n j f sG6] g/ sfuf] { af6 ; fdfg k7fpg cg' dlt lbg]
k|fj wfg /x]sf]5.
L/C vf] n]afx] ssf]xsdf j fl0fHo lj efu tyf cGo ; DalGwt ; /sf/Llgsfosf]l; kmfl/; sf]
cfwf/df Kolkata Customs nfO{g] kfnLdxfj fl0fHob" tfj f; f/f kqfr f/ dfkm{ t g] kfnsf]nflu
cfofltt sfuf] {r nfg ug] {ul/G5. o:tf]kqfr f/ b} lgs kn]sDtLdf @%#) j 6f; Dd x' g]ub{ 5.
g] kfnsf ; /sf/Llgsfo tyf g] kfndf /x] sf lj b] zLlgof] u tyf ; f] ; F u ; DalGwt ; + :yfxn]cfoft
ug]{; fdfgsf]xsdf k}7f/Lx'g]dfn; fdfgsf]Insurance afkt sf]nsftfdf /x]sf]g]kfn kf/j xg
tyf uf] bfd Joj :yf sDkgLlnld6] 8n] Undertaking lng]ub{5. pQmJoj :yf g]kfn ef/t
kf/j xg ; lGwdf ePsf]k|fj wfgadf]lhd /x]sf]5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
cGo Jofkfl/s / lghLk| of] hgsf]nflu cfofltt ; fdfgsf]xsdf ef/tLo OG:of] ] /] G; sDkgLdf
aLdf u/fpg' kg] {k| fj wfg /x] sf]5. o; aLdf k| lqmofn]g] kfnsf]nflu cfofltt sfuf] {ef/tLo
kf] 6{ af6 g] kfn k| j ] z gu/] ; Ddsf]cj lwdf x' g; Sg]; Deflj t ef/tLo eG; f/ dx; ' nsf]xflggf] S; fgLsf]
; '/Iffy{k|of]u ul/Psf]b]lvG5.
g]kfnLsfuf]{sf]nsftf kf]6{df cfPb]lv #lbgsf]nflu kf]6{r fh{5'6sf]Joj :yf /x]sf]5 eg]
To; kl5 ; DalGwt lgsfon]sG6]g/ kf]6{r fh{, nf]l8 r fh{h:tf r fh{x? ltg'{kg]{x'G5. hlt w]/}
lbg cfofltt sfuf] {kf] 6{tyf CFS df /fVof]ToxLcg'kftdf Demurrage Charge HofldtLo
k| lqmofn]a9Lltg' { kg] {k| fj wfg /x] sf]5.
g] kfnsf]nflu k| of] u ePsf sG6] g/xdf %lbgsf]nflu 8] d/] h z' Ns ldgfxf ug] {ul/G5 eg]&
lbg b] lv !) lbg; Dd @) lkm6sf]nflu &8n/ / $) lkm6sf]sG6] g/sf]nflu !$ 8n/sf]b/n]
ltg' { kg] {x' G5. !@lbg b] lv @! lbg; Ddsf]nflu @) lkm6sf]sG6] g/df !$ 8n/ / $) lkm6sf]
sG6] g/sf]nflu @( 8n/ / @#lbgeGbf a9L; dosf]nflu !&b] lv #%8n/ 8] d/] h z' Ns g] kfnL
cfoftstf{ n]ltg' { kg] {cj :yf 5. ; do ; dodf g] kfnnfO{lbOF b}cfPsf]kf] 6{r fh{ sf]; ' lj wf 36\ b}
uPsf]cj :yf 5.
; do ; dodf aGb/ufxdf ef/t ; /sf/n]lj leGg gLltut / k| lqmofut axfgfdf g] kfnsf]nflu
cfofltt ; fdfgdf lsr nf]l; h{ gf u/L; fdfg ; dod}r nfgLug{cj /f] wl; h{ gf u/] sf]l:ylt klg 5.
kf/j xg ; 'lj wf lj sf; sf]; Gbe{df g]kfnn]; 'wf/ ug{'kg{]If]q M
g]kfnn]t]; |f]b]zsf]Jofkf/df xfn; Dd cTolws dfqfdf k|of]u ub{}cfPsf]aGb/ufx snsQf
aGb/ufx xf]. pQmaGb/ufx g]kfnsf cnfj f e"6fg / ef/t :j o+n]klg k"j L{d'n'sx; Fusf]
Jofkf/sf]; DaGwdf cTolws k|of]u ug{]ePsf]n]xfnsf lbgdf ; fF3'/f]x'Fb}hfg yfn]sf]5. ctM
snsQf aGb/ufxdf s] lGb| t g] kfnsf]cfoft lgof{ tnfO{cfufdLlbgdf o; sf]cltl/Qmef/ts}
cGo 7" nf aGb/ufx h:t}lj zfvfkgd\ , hj fx/nfn g] x? kf] 6{hf]c6f] gf] dfOh] ; gdf klg uO; s] sf
5g\ , cflb tkm{lj s] lGb| t u/L; do / nfut 36fpg ; lsG5 ls To; tkm{k| of; x' g' kg{ ]b] lvG5.
j } slNks aGb/ufxsf]kdf lj zfvfkgd\ nfO{k| of] udf NofPkl5 o; af6 sf] nsftfxlNbof kf] 6{ sf]
klg ef} lts ; + /r gfdf ; ' wf/ x' g' sf]; fy}dfgj Lo lqmofsnfkdf ; d] t ; ' wf/ cfO{xfn ltl/F b}cfPsf]
kf]6{r fh{tyf ; fdfg 8]lne/L; dodf ; d]t sdLcfpg]; Defj gf b]lvPsf]5.
ef/tn]kf/j xg ; lGwcg'; f/ g]kfnnfO{kf/j xg lj Gb'sf kdf pkof]u u/fPsf !%j 6f
gfsfxsf]cTolws pkof] u u/Llgof{ t Jofkf/nfO{k| j 4{ g ug{lj z] if hf] 8 lbg' kg{ ]b] lvG5. ; fy}
xfn &&j if{df gj Ls/0f x'Fb}cfPsf]kf/j xg ; lGwnfO{sDtLdf !) j if{sf nflu axfn /xg]u/L
cfufdLlbgdf gj Ls/0f ul/g' kb{ 5. o; n]g] kfnsf]Jofkf/df :yfloTj / ; ' lglZr ttf k| bfg u5{.
g]kfn / a+unfb]zaLr sf]Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf dxj k" 0f{e" ldsf lgj f{ x ub{ }cfPsf]km" nj f/La+ unfaGw
dfu{ af6 plr t nfe lng / anfb] zsf]; fd' lb| s aGb/ufxsf] k| of] unfO{lj :tf/ ug{cfj Zos 5.
; fy}a+unfaGwsf]; Ldfdf /x]sf]ef}lts ; +/r gfdf ; 'wf/ u/Llgoldt ; j f/L; fwg cfj t hfj t
ug{; Sg]Joj :yf ug{anfb]z ; /sf/nfO{cg'/f]wug{'kg{]b]lvG5. o; kf/j xg dfu{sf]plr t
pkof] usf nflu g] kfn, ef/t / anfb] zaLr lqkIfLo kf/j xg ; Demf} tf ul/g' kb{ 5.
anfb] zsf]df] nf kf] 6{ nfO{g] kfnsf] ]j :t' cfoft lgof{ t ug{ ]j } slNks kf] 6{ sf]kdf k| of] udf
Nofpg /f] xgk' /l; + 3j fb kf/j xg dfu{ nfO{cTolws pkof] udf Nofpg cfj Zos 5.
g]kfn kf/j xg tyf uf]bfd Joj :yf sDkgLlnld6]8sf]klZr d afnsf]sf]nsftf / xlNbofdf

/x]sf]hUufnfO{Container Freight Station sf]kdf k| of] udf Nofpg' kb{ 5. o; sf]nflu
cfj Zos kg] {oGq, pks/0f cfkm} F n]v/Lb gu/Lef8fdf lnP/ k| of] udf Nofpg'pko' Qmb] lvG5.
g] kfnsf cfoftstf{ n]sf] nsftfxlNbof kf] 6{ df ; fdfg cfpgf; fy cfoft; F u ; DalGwt sfuhft
oyfzL3|; DalGwt Clearing and Forwarding Agencies dfkm{ t kf] 6{ , g] kfnLdxfj fl0fHob" tj f; df
k] z ug' { kb{ 5. hlt ; Sof] ]l5f]sfuhft k] z uof]Tolt l56f]; fdfg r nfg / aGb/ufx z' Nsnfut
sd x' g]x' F bf o; tkm{; a} n]lj z] if Wofg lbg' kg{ ]x' G5. l56f]5l/tf] sf]nflu E-documentation nfu"
ug{h?/L5.
xfn k|of]u x'Fb}cfPsf]sf]nsftfj L/u~h ; 'Vvf aGb/ufxsf]dfn9'j fgL/]Nj ]; ]j fnfO{lgoldt
kdf ; ~r fngdf Nofpg ef/tsf]/]Nj ]CONCOR sDkgL; F u ; Demf} tf ug{ ]k| lqmof cl3 a9fOg'
kb{ 5.
g] kfnsf]l; dfgfdf /x] sf eG; f/ sfof{ noxsf]lgsf; Lk} 7f/Lk| lqmof, eG; f/ k| zf; g / dfgj Lo
lqmofsnfkdf ; ' wf/ NofO{nfut Go" gLs/0f ug{ ]tkm{b' j }b] zsf ; /sf/ / lghLIf] qaf6 ; + o' Qmkxn
x'g'kg{]b]lvG5.
sf] nsftf / g] kfnsf eG; f/ sfof{ nodf /x] sf Clearing and Forwarding Agents xnfO{xfn cfoft
tyf lgof{ tstf{ n]e' QmfgLub} {cfPsf]; ] j f z' Ns Go" gLs/0f ug{kf/blz{ tf / k| lt:kwf{ Tds pkfosf]
cj nDag ug' { kb{ 5. o; af6 cfoftlgof{ t nfutdf sdLcfpg ; Sg]; Defj gf 5.
g] kfnsf dfn; fdfgx ; /n, ; ' lj wfhgs / lgoldt kdf lgsf; Ltyf k} 7f/Lx' g]Joj :yf
; ' lglZr t ug{/ lgsf; Lk} 7f/L; DaGwLk| lqmofut nfut Go" gLs/0fdf ; 3fp k' ofpg g] kfn tyf
ef/t ; /sf/sf eG; f/ / kf] 6{ sf kbflwsf/LxaLr j flif{ s kdf lgoldt a} 7s a; L; DalGwt
lj ifodf 5nkmnk/fdz{ug{ ]Joj :yf z' ? ul/g' kb{ 5. o:tf]a} 7sdf g] kfnsf cfoftlgof{ t Jofkf/; F u
; DalGwt lghLIf] qsf ; + :yfxnfO{klg ; xefuLu/fpg'pko' Qmx' G5.
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation) lj ifo g] kfnh:tf]e" kl/j ] li6t
d'n'ssf]k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej [l4sf]nflu dxj k"0f{lj ifo /x]sf]5. Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0fsf
lj ifodf ; /sf/L/ lghLIf] qsf]Ifdtf lj sf; , k| lqmof Go" gLs/0f u/Lsfuhft 36fpg]-Less
documentation) tyf g]kfnsf]kf/j xg dfu{nfO{e/kbf]{/ l56f], 5l/tf]agfpg ef}lts ; +/r gf
lj sf; df ; xfotf kl/r fng ug{ ] tkm{hf] 8 lbg'kb{ 5.
g] kfnsf]nflu k} 7f/LeO{cfPsf ; fdfg sf] nsftfxlNbof x' F b}/] ndfu{ af6 j L/u~hl:yt ; ' Vvf
aGb/ufx / sf] nsftf xlNbofaf6 sG6] g/ 9' j fgLug] {; fwgdfkm{ t g] kfnsf]sfF s8lef, lj /f6gu/,
j L/u~h, e}/xj f, g]kfnu~hh:tf Land Route x' F b}; DalGwt 7fpF df k' Ug]ub{ 5. 6 sdfkm{ t sfuf] {
9' j fgLug{ ' eGbf /] nsf]dfWodaf6 sfuf] {9' j fgLubf{; do, nfut sd nfUg' sf]; fy}a9L; ' /lIft
klg x' g]ub{ 5. xfnsf lbgdf sf] nsftfaf6 hf] uj gL; Dd ; Lwf /] n; ] j f ; ~r fngdf cfPsf]
kl/k|]Iodf ef/tLo ; /sf/; Fu /]Nj ]; Demf}tf u/Lsf]nsftfxlNbofaf6 dfnafxs l; N8 sG6]g/
; Lw}hf]uj gL; Dd /]ndfkm{t 9'j fgLx'g]Joj :yf ug{h?/L5. o; f]ePdf nfut / ; dodf sdL
cfO{; fdfgsf]lgsf; Lk} 7f/Lklg ; ' /lIft tj /df x' g]x' G5. o; af6 d' n' ssf]bL3{ sfnLg Jofkf/
k| 0ffnLdf cg' s" n k| efj l; h{ gf x' g]b] lvPsf]5. lj /f6gu/df ; ' Vvf aGb/ufx klg alg; s] sf]
cj :yfdf hf]uj gLaf6 ; 'VvfaGb/ufx; Dd /]Nj ]; ]j fnfO{hf]8\g ; lsg]cj :yf klg lj Bdfg ePsf]
s' /fnfO{b[ li6ut ubf{o; tkm{tTsfn kxn x' g' kg{ ]b] lvG5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
g] kfndf ; do; dodf eO/xg]aGb, x8tfn, af9Lklx/f] sf]sf/0fn]kf/j xg dfu{ sf]k| of] udf klg
cj /f] wpTkGg x' g]u/] sf]5. o; af6 g] kfnsf cfoftlgof{ tsf ; fdfgx lgoldt kn]uGtJo:yndf
k' Ug gkfPsf]cj :yf 5. o; n]g] kfnsf]cfoftlgof{ tsf]nflu k| of] u x' F b}cfPsf]sf] nsftf kf] 6{ df
; d]t Congestion sf]l:ylt pTkGg x' g]u/] sf]cg' ej 5. o; af6 ; dod}; fdfg r nfg x' g g; sL
g] kfnLkIfnfO{cgfj Zos kdf yk nfutJooef/ kg{ ]u/] sf]5. o; s' /fnfO{lj r f/ u/Lt] ; | f]
d' n' sl; t x' g]j :t' sf]cfoft lgof{ t k| 0ffnLdf cj /f] wl; h{ gf x' g]u/LaGb x8tfn gug{/fhgLlts
bnx uDeL/ x' g' kg{ ]b] lvG5. ; fy} , kf] 6{k| zf; gn]dfu]adf] lhdsf]sfuhft ; dod}k] z ug{ ] ,
u/fpg]tkm{; /sf/Ltyf lghLIf]q b'j }n]r gfvf]x'g'kg{]b]lvG5.
g] kfnsf]nflu cfofltt j :t' xsf]kl/df0ftkm{gh/ nufpF bf vf; u/L7" nf r f8kj {/ hf8f]df} ; dsf]
glur 7" nf]kl/df0fdf ; fdfg k} 7f/LeO{cfpg]u/] sf]b] lvG5. cGo ; dodf cfoft ug{ ]j :t' sf]kl/df0f
36\ b}hfg]cj :yf 5. t; y{sf] nsftf aGb/ufxdf x' g] Congestion ; d] tnfO{dWogh/ u/Lg] kfnsf
lghLIf] qn]g] kfndf vkt x' g]j :t' sf] ]cfoft ; dodf k' g/fj nf] sg ug' { kg] {b] lvG5. cyf{ t\cfoft
lgof{ tsf]; doa4 of] hgf agfO{Jofkf/ ; ~r fng ug{h?/Lb] lvG5.
g] kfnsf cfoftstf{ n]sf] nsftfxlNbof kf] 6{ df ; fdfg lgsf; Lk} 7f/Lsfo{ df ; xof] u k' ofpg
Clearing and Forwarding Agents lgo' Qmubf{k| lt:kwf{ Tds 9n]5gf} 6 u/L nfut 36fpg] tkm{
kxn u/]sf]b]lvFb}g. dgf]dfgL9n]Psnf}6Lkdf lgo'QmPh]G6n]; ]j fz'Nsdf PsflwkTo
hdfpF b}cfPsf 5g\. pgLxsf]thlahdf pgLxn]tf] s] sf]pRr nfutdf kf] 6{/ 9' j fgLnfut
lgwf{/0f x'g]sfo{n]; ]j f z'Ns a9Lltg'{kg{]eO{g]kfnLsf]nflu cfofltt j :t'dxFuf]x'g uPsf]5.
o; sf]lgoGq0fsf]nflu k| lt:kwf{ sf dfWodaf6 cfgf Clearing and Forwarding Agent lgo'Qm
ug{lghLIf] q; F u cGtlq{ mof ug{h?/L5.
g] kfnn]cltsd lj sl; t d' n' ssf]gftfn]ax' kIfLo Jofkf/ k| 0ffnLcGtu{ t Trade Facilitation sf
If]qdf ef}lts k"j f{wf/ / lj sf; sf]nflu IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WCO, World Bank h:tf
; xof] uL; + :yf; F u cfly{ s tyf k| flj lws ; xof] usf]nflu kxn ug' { kb{ 5. o; af6 g] kfnn]Supply
Side Constraints df ef] Ub}cfPsf]; d:of / kf/j xg dfu{ , ; ' VvfaGbufx ; ' wf/, cfGtl/s ; 8s
; ' wf/, uf] bfd Joj :yfkg, zLte08f/0f Joj :yf h:tf Jofkf/ lj sf; sf nflu cTofj Zos k" j f{ wf/sf
If]qdf pNn]Vo ; 'wf/ ug{; lsG5.
xfnsf lbgdf kf/:kl/s cfly{ s, k| flj lws ; xof] u lj :tf/sf nflu If] qLo:t/df klg lj leGg ; lGw,
; Demf}tf x'Fb}hfg yfn]sf]; Gbe{df If]qLo:t/df kf/j xg ; 'lj wf lj :tf/ ug{]u'~hfO; a9\bf]5.
g] kfn, ; f6f (SAFTA), lad:6]s (BIMSTEC), / ; f; ]s (SASEC) h:tf If] qLo Jofkf/ ; + /r gfdf
cfa4 ePsf] n]l5d] sLb] zsf cnfj f cGo b] zsf kf/j xg ; ' lj wf pkof] u ug{ ]cj ; / lj :tf/ ePsf]
5. t/ Tof]sltsf]nfut lskmfotL/ ; /n x' G5 lj :t[ t lj Zn] if0f g}ug{ ' kg{ ]x' G5. elj iodf g] kfn,
a+unfb]z, e"6fg / ef/taLr High Speed Cross Border Rail and Road System lj sf; eof]eg]
If] qLo / pkIf] qLo:t/df kf/j xgsf]lj sf; x' g]; Defj gf 5. To; tkm{klg cfh} af6 ; f] r agfO{
cl3 a9\ g'a' l4dfgLx' G5.
pk; +xf/ M
g]kfn h:tf]e"kl/j ]li6t / clt sd lj sl; t d'n'ssf]b|'tt/ cfly{s lj sf; df kf/j xg ; 'lj wfsf]
dxj k"0f{e"ldsf /x]sf]x'G5. ; xh, ; /n, nfut lskmfotL/ Go"gtd k"j f{wf/ ; 'lj wfo'Qmkf/j xg
dfu{sf]pkof]uaf6 d'n'ssf]cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df u'0ffTds ; 'wf/ cfpg]s'/f lglj {j fb 5. o; af6

b]zdf cf}Bf]lus nufgL/ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf]lj :tf/sf nflu ; d]t plr t j ftfj /0f tof/ ug{
; 3fp k' Ug]x' G5. d' n' ssf]ef} uf] lns kl/l:yltnfO{b[ li6ut u/Lplr t kf/j xg dfu{ sf]5gf} 6 / pkof] u
ug{; s]o; af6 Psflt/ lj b] z lgof{ t x' g]j :t'tyf ; ] j fnfO{lj Zj ahf/df k| lt:kwL{d" Nodf lj qmLu/L
lgof{ t j [ l4f/f cfly{ s nfe lng ; lsG5 eg]csf{ lt/ :j b] zleq k} 7f/Lx' g]j :t'tyf ; ] j fsf]nfut /
9'j fgL; dodf pNn]Vo sdLNofO{; j {; fwf/0fnfO{k|ToIf nfe k'ofpg ; lsg]x'G5.
e" kl/j ] li6t / blIf0f Plzofsf]clt sd lj sl; t d' n' s g] kfnsf]cfly{ s lj sf; nfO{ult lbg b] zdf
cf} Bf] lus j ftfj /0fsf]lgdf{ 0f, k" j f{ wf/ lj sf; / zf; sLo ; ' wf/ ug{h?/L5. b] zdf nufgLof] Uo
; '/lIft / :j :y cf}Bf]lus j ftfj /0f tof/ ug{kf/j xgn]s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf lgefpF5. g]kfnsf]; Gbe{df
kf/j xg, ef/tdfly cTolws lge{ /, s] xLxb; Dd c; ' /lIft / Go" gtd k" j f{ wf/ ; ' lj wf; d] t af6 j l~r t
l:yltdf /x] sf]5. o:tf]sdhf] / kf/j xg k| 0ffnLdf pTkflbt ; fdfgnfO{lj Zj sf h' g; ' s}d' n' ssf]
uGtJodf ; xh / nfut lskmfotL9n] k' ofpg]sfo{lgs}r ' gf} tLk" 0f{5. ctMef/tsf]kf/j xg dfu{ sf]
plr t, Jofks / ; ' /lIft pkof] u ub{ }r Lg / anfb] zsf]j } slNks kf/j xg dfu{ sf]pkof] u ug{ ]tkm{klg
cfufdLlbgdf xfd|f]k|of; s]lGb|t x'g'h?/Lb]lvG5. lj Bdfg kf/j xgdfu{sf]:t/f]Gglt u/Lcfw'lgs
kl/j xgsf ; fwg ; + oGqsf]lgj f{ wpkof] u ug{ ] , kf/j xgsf ; DaGwdf b] lvPsf afwf Joj wfg / cK7\ of/fxnfO{
lgK6\ ofP/ bL3{ sfnLg kf/j xg ; ' lglZr ttf sfod ug{ef/tl; t s" 6gLlts / pRr :t/Lo /fhg} lts
sf} zn k| bz{ g ug{ ] , d' n' sleq ; ' Vvf aGb/ufxsf]lj sf; / lj :tf/nfO{k| fyldstf ; fy cl3 a9fO{cfoft
lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{lj :tf/ ug{]tkm{ca xfd|f]Wofg hfg'kb{5. cf}Bf]lus k|j 4{g / Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0fdf
s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf cf]u6]sf]kf/j xgnfO{; a}If]qn]dxj sf ; fy x] g{ ' kb{ 5. o; sf]nflu ; /sf/LIf] q, lghL
If] q, l5d] sL/fi6/ bft[ ; d' bfo ; d] taf6 ; lqmo / ; dGj ofTds kxn x' g'h?/L5. l5d] sLd' n' sl; tsf]
; DaGwnfO{cem; ' b[ 9 agfO{a9LeGbf a9Lkf/j xg ; ' lj wf pkof] u ug{ ] , kf/j xgdfu{ df yk ; ] j f /
; ' lj wf lj :tf/ ug{ ] , kf/j xg nfut 36fpg]/ kf/j xgl; t k| ToIf hf] l8Psf eG; f/ k| zf; g, uf] bfd
Joj :yfkg cflb kIfdf cfd"n kl/j t{g ub{}e"kl/j ]li6t /fi6nfO{kf/j xg ; 'lj wf pkof]u ; DaGwdf
lj leGg cGt/f{ li6 o ; lGw, ; Demf} tf / dxf; lGwn]k| bfg u/] sf clwsf/x clwsflws pkof] u ug{ ]
9n]cl3 a9\ g'cfhsf]o' uLg cfj Zostf xf].
;Gbe{;fdu|LM
j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno -@)^%_, j fl0fHo gLlt , @) ^%
j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno -@)^^_, Jofkf/ / lj sf; , j if{@, c !, k"0ff{ #
j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno -@)^%_, j fl0fHo t yf cfk"lt {emns, j if{!, c !
kf} 8] n, dfwj -@)%#_, ; fj {hlgs cGt /f{li6o sfg"g (Public I nternational Law), k} /j Lk| sfzg Msf7df08f}.
cfr fo{ , dgf] hs' df/ -@)^^_, g]kfnsf]j fl0fHo If]q Mj t{dfg l:ylt / efj Lsfo{lbzf, s] xLzf; sLo
k| aGwx -; Dkfbs /fhg vgfn_, ; f] kfg dfl; s Msf7df08f}.
Economic Policy Network (2006), Policy Orientation Study on Transit Trade of Nepal, Ministry of
Finance : Kathmandu.
Nepal Trade and Warehousing Company Limited (2004), Treaty of Transit, Treaty of Trade and
Agreement of Cooperation to Control Unauthorised Trade between Government of Nepal
and the Government of I ndia. Kathmandu : NTWCL.
Treaty of Trade between the Governement of Nepal and the Government of India, 2009 <available from
mocs.gov.np>
mohanbanjade.wordpress.com
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Ps ; b:o /fi6sf ; ]j f k|bfosxnfO{Ps /fi6j f6 csf]{/fi6df / csf]{/fi6sf ; ]j f k|bfosxnfO{
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b] zxn]; ] j f lgof{ t ug{; Sg]cj :yf b] lvPsf]5. w] /} h; f]lj sf; zLn / Least Developed Countries
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; s]sf]5}g. w]/}h; f]lj sl; t b]zxn]cfgf]cWofudg; DaGwLsfg"gnfO{GATS cg's"n pbf/
agfO/x]sf 5}gg\. Doha Work Programme cGtu{ t ; ] j f Jofkf/df gofF9n]; ] j f If] qnfO a9Lv' s' nf]
kfg]{u/Lj ftf{x z' ePsf 5g\. k|d'v lj sl; t b]zxn]lj sf; zLn b]zxnfO{; ]j fsf If]qdf a9L
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lj ifoxdf g}xfn ; ] j f Jofkf/sf]j ftf{-negotiation_r ln/x]sf]b]lvG5.
; ] j f Jofkf/ If] qsf]xfn eO/x] sf j ftf{; dfgfGt/ kdf b] xfo cg' ; f/ cufl8 a9L/x] sf]5M
lj z] if k| lta4tfsf]nflu w] /} h; f]; ] j f Jofkf/sf If] qx Request / Offer sf]af6f] df,
cg'bfg, ; '/Iff pkfo / ; /sf/Lvl/bsf]; DaGwdf sfd ug]{lgod aflx/ Nofpg]tyf of]Uotf
lgwf{ /0f / k| lqmofx, k| flj lws :6\ of088{/ Ohfhtsf]cfj Zostfsf]; DaGwdf o; nfO{dfkg ug] {
cg' zf; gsf s' /fx; + u ; DalGwt lj ifosf]af6f] df,
lj sf; zLn b] z; F u ; DalGwt GATS sf s]xLwf/fx k|efj sf/Lsfof{Gj ogsf]lj ifodf.
; ] j f Jofkf/ ; DaGwLj ftf{ sf]nflu WTO n]dfr {@))! df 'Guidelines and Procedures for the
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5 h; n]pbf/Ls/0fsf]nflu j ftf{d'VotMrequest and offer approach df x' g]s' /f u5{. of]p2] Zo
k" lt{ sf]nflu lkIfLo, ax' kIfLo / cg] s kIfLo j ftf{ x z' ePsf 5g\. lj sf; zLn b] zsf]; DaGwdf
j ftf{GATS sf]wf/f !(=@/ wf/f $ cg'k x'g'kg]{s'/f pNn]v 5. j ftf{sf]bf]; |f]af6f]eg]sf]cg'bfg,
; '/Iff pkfo / ; /sf/Lvl/bsf]If]qsf lgodx; Fu ; DalGwt 5 h'g GATS sf]wf/fx !%,!) / !@
df pNn]v 5. wf/f $=$ n] cg'bfg, ; '/Iff pkfo / ; /sf/Lvl/bsf]lj ifosf cj /f]wx x6fpg / o;
If]qsf]Jofkf/nfO; 'lglZr ttf k|bfg ug{cg'zf; gsf s'/fx agfpg ; Sg]s'/f pNn]v 5.
j t{dfg j ftf{sf]t]; |f]kf6f]eg]GATS sf]wf/f $ / !(=@; F u ; DalGwt 5. wf/f $ lj sf; zLn
b] zxsf]cGt/f{ li6 o Jofkf/df j 9\ bf]; xeflutf u/fpg j hf/ kx' F r sf Ifdtf clej [ l4; F u ; DalGwt 5.
wf/f !(=@lj sf; zLn b] zxn]cfgf]; ] j f If] qsf s] xLIf] qx wf/f $ sf]p2] Zo k" lt{ sf]nflu v' nf
ug' { kg] {s' /f l; t ; Da4 5.
lj sf; zLn b]zxsf]k|:tfj / ; DaGw
; ] j f Jofkf/sf]If] qdf ePsf j ftf{ sf r /0fxdf lj sf; zLn b] zxn]w] /}k| :tfj / k| ltlqmofx k] z
ul/; s]sf 5g\. tLdWo]s]xLlng cg'/f]wug]{/ s]xLlbg k|:tfj ug]{-request and offers_kdf k] z
ul/Psf 5g\. w] /} h; f]lj sf; zLn b] zx GATS sf]wf/f $ / !(=@tyf k|fs[lts JolQmsf]cfj t hfj t
-Mode 4_; Fu ; DalGwt 5g. j ftf{sf]r /0fdf h'g b]zxn]s]xLlbg]k|:tfj u/]sf lyPgg\ltgLxnfO{
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
l56f]lbg egLbj fj lbOof]. t/ of]k|:tfj lbg]s'/f]:j ]R5fr f/Llyof]g ls j fWofTds, d"ntMof]; b:o
b] zxsf]gfkmfsf]cfF sng; F u ; DalGwt lyof].
xfn eO/x]sf]j ftf{d"ntMk|flj lws lj j fb, :ki6tf h:tf If]qxsf]lgod; Fu ; DalGwt /x]sf]/ j ftf{sf]
ult x] bf{Hofb}; Lldt b] lvG5. Uof6\ ; sf]wf/f $ / !(=@; F u ; DalGwt s' /fx lj sf; zLn b] zxsf]
kIfdf eP klg xfn e}/x]sf j ftf{df oLs'/fxsf]k|utLGo"g b]lvPsf]5.
w] /} h; f]cNk lj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b] zxnfO{lj sl; t b] zxn]lbF b}cfPsf]; ' lj wf-5'6_; Gtf] ifhgs
g/x] sf]cj :yf 5. lj sl; t b] zxn]uxg ksf]5' 6 / ; ' lj wf lbg g; s] sf] , lj sf; zLn b] zxsf]d' ne" t
r f; f] nfO{a] j f:tf ul//x] sf]cf/f] k lj sl; t b] zxnfO{nfUg]u/] sf] 5.
cNklj sl; t j f lj sf; zLn b]zxn]p7fpFb}cfPsf]Uof6\; sf]df]8 r f/sf]k|fs[lts JolQmsf]lgaf{w
cfj t hfj tdf lj sl; t b] zx pbf/ x' g g; ls/x] sf]cj :yf 5. s] xLb] zxn]o:tf]Joj :yf ; lhnf]
/ v's'nf]kfg]{eg]klg Joj xf/df Tof]b]vfpg ; ls/x]sf 5}gg\. lj sl; t b]zxn]df]8 $ sf ; DaGwdf
u/] sf]k| lta4tfx d" ntMdf] 8 r f/sf]k| fs[ lts JolQmsf]sfg" gLpkl:ylteGbf Uof6\ ; df] 8 @df
plNnlvt Jofj ; flos pkl:ylt; F u a9Lglhs b] lvG5. lj sl; t /fi6 x Jofj ; flos pkl:yltdf g/d
b] lvPsf 5g\. pgLxsf]cGo b] zdf Jofj ; flos pkl:ylt /x] sf]5. of]Ifdtf cNklj sl; t /
lj sf; zLn b] zx; F u 5} g. lj sf; zLn b] zxn]lj sl; t b] zx df] 8 $ sf]lj ifodf pbf/ x' g' kg] {dfu
ub}{cfPsf 5g\. t/ j t{dfg j ftf{sf]lj ifo eg]cGt/ Jofj ; flos / Jofj ; flos cj nf]sg ; DaGwdf
dfq s] lGb| t /x] sf]5 eg]o; nfO{s/f/Lo ; ] j f cfk" lt{ stf{ x, :j tGq ; ] j f cfk" lt{ stf{ x; Dd lj :tf/
x'g'kg]{b]lvg cfPsf] 5.
; '/Iff pkfo; Dj GwL]lj ifosf]j ftf{df ePsf]l9nfOsf]sf/0f lj sf; zLn b]zx ; Gt'i6 x'g ; ls/x]sf
5} gg\. s] xLb] zxn]t oLlj ifodf cfgf]k| :tfj k] z u/Lk| Zg / k| ltlqmofsf]; Daf] wg klg u/] sf 5g\.
s]xLlj sl; t b]zxn]; /sf/Lvl/bdf klg ulx/f]lr b]vfO{of]lj ifodf j ftf{x'g'kg]{s'/f cufl8
a9fPsf 5g\. o; f]ug' { sf]k5fl8sf]d" n p2] Zo eg] sf]lj sl; t b] zxn]cfgf]ahf/ kx' F r lj sf; zLn
b]z ; Dd k'ofpg'xf].
j ftf{sf]qmddf lj sf; zLn / cNk lj sl; t b]zxn]Uof6\; sf]wf/f $ / !(=@df ePsf]lj sf; sf]
dfkb08sf ; DaGwdf cfgf]b[ li6sf] 0f / ; ' emfj x lbO; s] sf]cj :yf 5 t/ lj sl; t b] zsf]tkm{ af6 Tof]
j ftf{ df uxg pkl:ylt eO{j ftf{ nfO{cufl8 a9fpg g; s] sf]cj :yf 5. lj sl; t b] zxsf]Wofg oL
lj ifoxdf s] lGb| t x' g ; s] sf]5} g. lj Zn] ifsxsf]egfO5 ls GATS Ps o:tf]; Demf} tf xf]h; n]
c; Gt'ngsf]cj :yf ; [hgf u5{. of]; Demf}tf d"n kdf ahf/ kx'Fr sf]lj ifo; Fu j 9L; DalGwt 5.
cfk"lt{Ifdtf tkm{d"Nof+sg ubf{lj sl; t / cNk lj sl; t -lj sf; zLn_b]zxsf]aLr df 7"nf]km/s
/x]sf]cj :yf 5. c; dfgtfnfO{a9fpg]sfd eO{/x]sf]5, lj z]if ; ]j f If]qx h:tf]cfly{s /
b"/; ~r f/sf]If]qdf lj z]if j ftf{/ ; Demf}tfsf s'/fxdf j ftf{cl3 a9fOPsf]5, o; af6 To:tf b]znfO{
a9LkmfObf 5 hf] ; F u cfk" lt{Ifdtf alnof]5.
lj sf; zLn b]zxsf]kmfObf / ; '/Iff pkfosf]nflu Uof6\; sf wf/fx $ / !(=@sf dfWodaf6 o;
; Demf} tfnfO{; Gt' lnt agfpg vf] lhP klg wf/f !(=@sf k| fj wfgnfO{a] j f:tf / wf/f $ sf k| fj wfgnfO{
sfof{ Gj og ul/Psf]b] lvPsf]5} g.
Uof6\; sf]sfof{Gj og ePsf]w]/}eO{; s]sf]5, o; aLr df xfn cfP/ s]xLlj sf; zLn b]zxn]; ]j f
cfk"lt{sf]nflu cj ; /xsf]vf]hLul/ /x]sf 5g\eg]s]xLIf]qx klxr fg ; d]t u/]sf 5g\. lj sl; t
b] zxn]lj sf; zLn b] zxsf]o:tf]k| :tfj nfO{; sf/fTds b[ li6n]gx] /LlbPsf]sf/0f ; kmntf k| fKt
x' g ; ls /x] sf]5} g. ctMcNk lj sl; t tyf lj sf; zLn b] zxn]Uof6\ ; sf]c; Gt' ng x6fO{o; af6 kmfObf
k| fKt ug{ sf]nflu :ki6 kdf cfgf r fn tyf /0fgLltx j ftf{ df /fVg'kg] {cfj Zostf b] lvPsf]5.
j ftf{sf]tof/Lsf]qmddf lj sf; zLn b]zxn]Wofg lbg'kg]{s'/fx M
d" ne" t kdf cfhsf]j ftf{ sf]d" n dfu{-Modality_ eg] sf]cg' /f] w/ s] xLlbg]k| :tfj -request and offer_
g}xf]. WTO sf s] xL; b:oxn]of]s' /f klxn]g}ul/; s] sf 5g\. lj sf; zLn b] zxsf]tkm{ af6 klxn]
g}; Daf] wg ul/Psf]s' /fxnfO{lj sf; zLn b] zxn]k' g/fj nf] sg ug' {/fd| f]b] lvG5. lkIfLo / ax' kIfLo
j ftf{ x lj leGg ; ] j f If] qsf]5' 6sf]cfbfg k| bfgsf]nflu ePdf /fd| f]x' g]x' F bf tn n] lvPsf s' /fxnfO{
g5' 6fpF bf cNk lj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b] znfO{kmfObf k' Ug]b] lvG5.
cNklj sl; t tyf lj sf; zLn b]zxnfO{h'g If]qdf ahf/ kx'Fr af6 s'g}kmfObf x'g; Sb]}g To:tf
If] qdf s' g}klg k| :tfj gug' {a' l4dfgLx' G5. cg' /f] w/ k| :tfj -request and offer_j ftf{ sf]o:tf]
s' /f xf]h' g lkIfLo kmfObfdf lge{ / x' G5. ctMo:tf b] zx hf]s] xLgfkmf lng ; Sb} gg\eg]s] xL
glbg'g}; a} eGbf pQd x' G5.
To:tf lj sf; zLn / cNklj slzt b] zx hf]s] xL5' 6sf]nflu cg' /f] wug] {/ s] xLlbgsf]nflu /fhL
x'G5g\ltgLxn]cfgf]ckm/ -offer_df k'g/fj nf]sg u/Lcfgf]wf/0ff lkIfLo / ax'kIfLo
j ftf{ sf]nflu :ki6 ug{ ' k5{. o:tf s' /fxsf]lgdf{ 0f tyf k| lqmofsf]nflu b] xfosf s' /fxn]
pgLxsf]k|:tfj df d2t k'Ug ; S5.
-s_ cNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b]zxn]h'g If]qdf s; }nfO{k|j ]z glbg]xf]eg]Tof]s'/f :ki6
kdf tf] Sg'kb{ 5. cfGtl/s ; ' /Iff / hgsNof0fsf lj ifox o:tf If] qxdf kg{; S5g\.
s]s:tf If] qdf cfGtl/s ; ] j f k| j fxstf{ x dfq /xg]x' g\eGg]s' /fsf]lgwf{ /0f klxn]g}
x'g'k5{. cfGtl/s u[xsfo{af6 :ki6 eO{; s]kl5 h'g If]qdf cfk"mafx]snfO{kxF'r lbg
g; lsg]xf]ltgLxsf]gsf/fTds ; "r Ltof/ ug'{k5{. o; k|sf/ h'g If]qxdf 5'6 lbg
; lsF + b} g To:tf s' /fx uxg kdf /fVg]/ cGo If] qx hxfFlbg / lng ; lsG5 To:tf If] qdf
j ftf{s]lGb|t ug'{k5{.
-v_ To:tf ; ] j fsf If] qx h' g cfly{ s lj sf; sf]nflu afws tyf cfGtl/s ; ] j f pTkfbgstf{ xnfO{
k| f] T; fxg ug' { kg] {x' G5 To:tf If] qxsf]lqml6sn ; " r Ltof/ ug' { k5{. To:tf If] qx hxfF
lj b]zL; ]j f k|j fxstf{xnfO{k|j ]z lbg g; Sg]eP cfGtl/s ; ]j f k|bfosnfO{afXo ; ]j f
k| bfosaf6 x' g]k| lt:kwf{; d] taf6 ar fpg]s' /fnfO{klg Wofg lbg'cfj Zos 5. a} ls / b" /
; ~r f/ h:tf If] qxnfO{pbfx/0fsf]kdf lng ; lsG5. oLIf] qx v' nf ubf{s' g}klg
lj sf; zLn j f cw{lj sl; t b] zsf]p2] Zo o:tf]x' g' k5{ls ahf/ k| j ] zdf s7f] / zt{ nfO{cl3
; fb}{cfGtl/s :j b]zL; ]j f k|bfosxnfO{; xof]u ug{k"0f{nr stf ckgfpg]vfnsf]x'g'k5{
g ls lj b] zL; ] j f k| bfosxsf]lj :tf/ xf] ; \. k" 0f{nr stf /fli6 o Joj xf/sf]cg' zf; g
sfod ug]{s'/fdf x'g'k5{. -o:tf]nr stfsf]cefj df /fli6o Joj xf/sf]l; 4fGtdf /fi6x
afWosf/Lx'g]5g\:j b]zL/ lj b]zLkmd{xnfO{Pp6}Joj xf/ ug{_.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
-u_ csf] {s' /f o:tf /fi6 xn]; ] j f If] qsf]cfj ZosLo cfoft ; " r Llgdf{ 0f ug' { k5{h' g :j b] zdf
pTkflbt ; ] j f / j :t' sf]nfuLpkof] uLx' g ; sf] ; \/ cfGtl/s pTkfbg Ifdtfdf ; d] t clej [ l4 x' g
; sf] ; \. d" n kdf /fi6 xn]j ftf{ df w] /}If] qxdf pbf/j fbLb[ li6sf] 0f ckgfpg'kg] {eP tfklg
of]s' /f cfgf]lgof{ tof] Uo If] qdf cn]lbg ; Sg]k| :tfj df e/ k5{.
oL#j 6f ; 'emfj x tL/fi6xsf]j ftf{df hfg'k"j {cfGtl/s u[xsfo{sf]nflu dfq xf]. oL; "r Lxsf]
tof/Laf6 tL/fi6 xnfO{lkIfLo / ax' kIfLo j ftf{ df dfu{ bz{ g ub{ 5g\.
; ] j fsf s' g s' g If] qdf s]lng cg' /f] wug{vf] lhPsf]xf]To; sf]Pp6f ; " r Ltof/ ug' { k5{. klxn]
g}tof/ ePsf]eP b] xfo cg' ; f/ d" Nof g ul/g'pko' Qmx' G5M
-s_ To:tf If] qx / kx -Modes_hxfFTof]/fi6 sf]cfk" lt{Ifdtf 5 j f elj iodf cfk" lt{ug{
; Sg]Ifdtf b] lvPsf]5 ; dfj ] z ul/g'k5{.
-v_ oLIf]qxsf]nflu Tof]b]zn]cfgf]; Deflj t ; ]j fsf]lgof{tsf]ahf/ ePsf b]zx hxfFs]
s]lgoGq0ffTds aGb]hx nufOPsf]5 To; sf]; "r gf ; +sng, cfFsng / lj Zn]if0f u/L
/fVg'k5{. h'g b]zxdf To:tf]aGb]hx nufOPsf 5}gg\r gfvf]eO{cg'/f]w; "r Laf6
To:tf]If] q x6fpg'k5{. of]s' /f 1ft x' g' k5{ls j ftf{ sf]z' txdf k| :tfj / cg' /f] wdf
; Gt' ng sfod u/Lcl3 a9\ g' k5{. To:tf If] qx hxfFcfgf]lgof{ tsf ; Defj gfx 5g\/
tLb] zdf cj ; /x v' nf 5g\eg]j ftf{ df To; nfO{aGb ug] {u/Lcufl8 a9\ g'x' Gg a
cg'/f]w; "r Laf6 To; nfO{x6fpg'a'l4dfgLx'G5.
lj z]if k|lta4tfsf If]qxdf x'g]j ftf{j f/kf/ -Cross_; a}If]qxdf x'g'k5{. s'g}Ps dfq If]qdf
lj z]if pkr f/sf nflu j ftf{x x'g'7Ls x'Fb}g. lsgls cfgf]cfk"lt{Ifdtf gePsf If]qx v'nf
ubf{cn]cfgf]ahf/df k| e' Tj hdfpg ; Sg]; Defj gf a9Lx' G5. olb j ftf{ x j f/kf/
If] qxdf x' G5g\eg]s] xLIf] qx o:tf x' g ; S5g\hxfFcNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b] zxsf]
lgof{t Ifdtfsf ; Defj gfx /x]sf x'G5g\.
o:tf b] zxn]lgdf{ 0f u/] sf]cg' /f] w; " r Ldf To:tf If] qx hxfFcfgf]lgof{ t ; Defj gf 5g\/ ; DefJo
ahf/df afwfx /x] sf 5g\eg]To; nfO{x6fpg]pkfox klg pNn] v x' g'cfj Zos 5.
j ftf{sf]s|ddf lj sf; zLn b]zxn]p7fpg'kg]{d"n lj ifox / Wofg lbg'kg]{s'/fxM
cNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b]zxsf]; ]j f If]qdf Ps k|efj sf/L; '/Iff pkfo; DaGwLk|0ffnL
ePdf o; n]cfGtl/s ; ] j f cfk" lt{ stf{ xnfO{; ' /If0f ug] {; ' lglZr ttf k| bfg ug' { sf ; fy}cfoftaf6
em kg{; Sg]k| efj nfO{Go" g ug{; lsG5. o; ; DaGwLk| :tfj blIf0fk" j L{PlzofnLb] zxsf]
tkm{ af6 lj Zj Jofkf/ ; + u7gdf k] z eO{; s] sf]/ o; df clwsf+ z lj sf; zLn / cNklj sl; t
b]zxn]; dy{g hgfO{; s]sf 5g\.
lj sl; t b]zx lj sf; zLn b]zx; Fu bl/nf]; '/Iff pkfo; DaGwLk|0ffnLxf]; \eGg]s'/fdf
; xof]u ug{r fxFb}gg\/ pgLxsf]; ]j f Jofkf/ lgaf{wkdf lj sf; zLn b]zxdf /xf]; \eGg]
r fxgf /fVb5g\. oLs' /fxdf j ftf{cufl8 a9\ g' sf]; f k| flj lws lj :tf/ -Technical details_ df
uP/ c8\ lsPsf]5. ctMo; nfO{t' Gt z' u/LuGtJodf k' ofpg'cfj Zos 5.
cg'bfgsf]If]qdf lj sf; zLn / cNklj sl; t b]zxsf]nflu of]s'/f dxTj k"0f{x'G5 ls
z'j ftsf]cj :yfdf /x]sf cfgf cfGtl/s ; ]j f If]qxsf]lj sf; / lgof{tnfO{k|fyldstf lbg
cg'bfg lbg' g}pko'Qmx'G5. o; ; DaGwdf lj sl; t b]zxn]lj sf; zLn b]zxsf]lj z]if
cj :yfsf oLs'/fxnfO{; +:d/0f u/Lk|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg ; xof]u ug'{cfj Zos b]lvG5.
j ftf{ sf]r /0fdf k| d' v lj sl; t b] zx ; /sf/Lvl/bsf]pbf/ ; Demf} tf ug{cufl8 al9/x] sf]
cj :yf 5. o:tf]; Demf} tf ubf{; Gt' lnt kdf x' g' k5{/ cNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b] zsf
cfGtl/s cfk" lt{ stf{ xnfO{k| fyldstf lbg]nlr nf]Joj :yf x' g' k5{. cNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn
b] zxsf]tkm{ af6 o; cj :yfdf s] xL5' 6sf]Aoj :yf To; cj :yfdf ug{plr t x' G5 h' g cj :yfdf
; f/e"t ahf/ kx'Fr sf]; 'lj wf lj sl; t b]zdf lj sf; zLn b]zn]kfpF5g\. o; sf]nflu ; Deflj t
cj ; /xsf]vf] hLa[ xt kdf x' g'cfj Zos 5.
of]Uotf, dfkb08 / Ohfhtsf zt{x agfpgsf]nflu x'g]j ftf{x lj sf; zLn b]zsf]nflu
dxTj k"0f{x'g; S5. oLs'/fx ahf/ kx'Fr sf] lj ifo; Fu 3lgi7 kdf hf]l8Psf 5g\.
cNklj sl; t / lj sf; zLn b]zxn]s]xLIf]qdf lj sl; t b]zdf ahf/ kx'Fr sf]; fdfGo
cj ; / kfP klg cfj Zos of]Uotf, :t/Lotf tyf Ohfhtsf]sdLsf]sf/0faf6 o; sf]k"0f{
pkof]u ug{; ls/x]sf 5}gg\.
lj sf; f]Gd'v / sd lj sl; t b]zxn]Uof6\; sf]wf/f $ / !(=@sf]sfof{Gj ogsf]nflu k|:tfj k]z
ug'{kg]{cfj Zostf b]lvPsf]5. oLwf/fsf k|fj wfgxsf ; DaGwdf lj sl; t b]zxn]u/]sf
k|:tfj xdf cfgf]uDeL/ k|ltlqmof ; d]t k]z ul/; s]sf]cj :yf 5. lj sf; zLn b]zxn]/fv]sf]
s'/fnfO{lj sl; t b]zxn]; sf/fTds kdf lnPsf]b]lvPsf]5}g. oLk|fj wfgxsf]sfof{Gj ogsf]
nflu lj sf; f]Gd'v b]zxn]cfgf sbdx Psgf; cufl8 a9fO{/xg'k5{gq Uof6\; af6 k|fKt
x'g; Sg]pknlAwx kfvf nfUg ; S5g\.
pk; +xf/
lj sf; zLn b] zxn]; ] j fsf]j ftf{ df cfTd; ft u/] sf s] xL/0fgLlts kmfObfxnfO{ltgLxn]k" 0f{ tM
sfof{Gj og ul/Psf]b]lvPsf]5}g,sfof{Gj og u/Lo; sf]pkof]u ug'{kg]{vfFr f]/x]sf]5. lj sl; t
b]zxn]j ftf{df p7fPsf lj leGg lj ifoxsf]d"n p2]Zo lj sf; zLn b]zxaf6 5'6 k|fKt u/L
lj sf; zLn / cNklj sl; t b] zsf]ahf/df cfkm\ gf]k| e' Tj hdfpg' xf]. o; s' /fnfOWofg lbOlj sl; t
b] zx 5' 6sf]nflu tof/ ePsf]cj :yfdf dfq lj sf; f] Gd' v b] zxsf]tkm{ j f6 5' 6 lbg plr t x' G5.
k| foMcNklj sl; t / lj sf; l; n b] zxsf]cfj Zostf / lr Ps}lsl; dsf]x'g]ePsf]n]j ftf{sf]qmddf
Pp6}cfj fh x' g]xf]eg]; kmntf k| fKt x' g]s' /fdf z f /xF b} g.
;Gbe{;fdfu|LM
Behind the Scenes at the WTO the real world of international tradenegotiations the lessons of
Cancun. Written by Fatoumata Jawara & Alieen Kwa and Published by Zed Books Ltd. 7
Cynthia Street,London.
The current negotiations in the WTO. Written by Bhagirath Lal Das and Published by Third World
network 121-5 ,Jalan Utama 10450 Penang, Malaysia.
Relevant informations from the following websites:
www.wto.org , Geneva.
www.mocs.gov.np , Kathmandu.
www.wtc.org , Geneva.
www.southcentre.org , Geneva.
www
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
ljZj Jofkf/ ; 7g (WTO) sf]:yfgLos/0f

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(Localization of WTO)
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; xefuLu/fpF bf ahf/sf]dfucg' ; f/ pTkfbg ug{; lsG5, To:tf]j :t' sf]pTkfbg ubf{; DalGwt ls; fgnfO{
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u/fpg' k5{cflb lj ifodf lj :t[ t cWoog u/] / ; ' lgof] lht / Joj l:yt 9n]v] tLu/fpg' k5{.
g]kfn WTO nufot ax' kIfLo, If] qLo, / lkIfLo Jofkf/ ; Demf} tfsf]kIf /fi6ag] sf]5. o; af6 g] kfn
klg nfeflGj t x' g ; S5, :yfgLo s[ ifsx klg nfeflGj t x' g ; S5g\ , o; af6 nfe p7fpg xfdLn]o:tf]
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sfi7snfsf j :t' x, kl:dgf, x:tsnfsf ; fdfgx cflb. To; }u/LNTIS, 2010 n]klg nueu ltg}
j :t' nfO{lgof{ t ; DefJo j :t' sf kdf klxr fg u/] s] f 5. dfly elgPh:t}o:tf j :t' sf pTkfbsx / cem
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lkIfLo Jofkf/ ; Demf} tf / pbf/ / v' nf lj Zj Jofkf/af6 l; lh{ t cj ; /af6 nfe lng]inward looking
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cfP. bzf} Fof] hgfdf lghLIf] qnfO{cfj Zos k| f] T; fxg / ; xof] usf]dfWodaf6 cf} Bf] lus pTkfbgdf j [ l4
Pj +lj :tf/ u/Ls' n ufx{ :Yo pTkfbgdf pBf] u If] qsf]of] ubfgdf j [ l4 ug] { , n3' , 3/] n'tyf ; fgf pBf] usf]
dfWodaf6 u| fdL0f If] qdf /f] huf/Lsf cj ; / l; h{ gf u/Lul/aL36fpg] , t' ngfTds nfesf If] qdf lj b] zL
nufgLtyf pko' Qmk| lj lwleq\ ofO{cf} Bf] lus k| lt:kwf{ Tds Ifdtfsf]clej [ l4 ug] {h:tf nIo tyf p2] Zox
/flvPsf lyP. tyflk o; of] hgf cj lwdf zflGt ; ' /Iffsf]lau| F bf]l:ylt, ; + :yfut ; ' b[ 9Ls/0f / ; ] j f
k| efj sfl/tfdf /x] sf sdLsdhf] /Lsf sf/0faf6 kg{uPsf]gsf/fTds k| efj n]tf] lsPsf]nIo xfl; n x' g
; s] g. bzf} +of] hgf cj lwdf j flif{ s ; /b/ &=* k| ltztsf b/n]cf} Bf] lus j [ l4 xfl; n ug] {nIo /flvPsf] df
!=( k| ltztsf]j [ l4b/ dfq xfl; n ePsf]lyof]. To; } u/Lo; of] hgf cj lwdf pBf] u tyf vfgLIf] qsf]s' n
ufx{ :Yo pTkfbgdf If] qut of] ubfg (=#k| ltzt x' g]cg' dfg /flvPsf] df *=! k| ltzt dfq /xg k' u] sf] ]lyof].
lqj ifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf pBf]u If]q
tLg j ifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$^&_df pBf]u If]qn]ef]lu/x]sf]ef}lts k"j f{wf/sf]sdL, Jofj ; flos
j ftfj /0fsf]cefj , sdhf]/ cfwf/e"t ; +/r gf, k|lj lwx:tfGt/0fsf]; d:of, k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf]
cefj h:tf ; d:of tyf gLltut cl:y/tf, ; ' /Iffsf]cefj , dhb' / x8\ tfn, hl6n sfg" gL; + /r gf,
k| lqmofut l9nfO, bIf hgzlQmsf]sdL, k" F hLsf]ckof{ Kttf, e+ ; f/ d" Nof g; DaGwLhl6ntf, j ftfj /0f
; + /If0fsf k| fj wfg cg' k pBf] un]; dfof] hg ug{g; Sg'h:tf r ' gf} tLxnfO{; fdgf ub} {cufl8 a9\ g]
u/Llj Zj cy{ tGq; F u k| lt:kwf{ug{; Sg] , a[ xt\cfwf/ ; lxtsf]pRr Pj +bLuf]j [ l4b/ ePsf]cf} Bf] lus
j ftfj /0f l; h{gf ug]{bL3{sfnLg ; f]r /flvPsf]lyof]. To; }u/L; an cf}Bf]lus j ftfj /0f l; h{gf ug]{,
n3', 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]usf]dfWodaf6 ; fdflhs ; dfj ]zLs/0f / ul/aLlgj f/0fdf hf]8 lbg], lghL
If]qsf]; fem]bf/Ldf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j [l4 Pj +g]kfnnfO{; '/lIft, cfsif{s, j ftfj /0fd}qLnufgL
:ynsf]kdf lj sf; ug] {p2] Zo ; lxt j flif{ s ; /b/ ^=#k| ltztsf b/n]cf} Bf] lus j [ l4b/ xfl; n ug] { ,
of]hgf cj lwdf sl/a ?=$&ca{cf}Bf]lus nufgLug]{-cfGtl/s / afXo b'a}_yk ! nfv %) xhf/
/f] huf/Ll; h{ gf ug] {h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox ls6fg ul/Psf lyP.

o; /LcGtl/d of]hgfn]ck]Iff u/]sf k|ltkmnx k|fKt x'g ; s]; s]gg\eg]/ of]hgfsf]k"0f{sfnLg
pknlAwlj Zn] if0f eOg; s] sf]x' F bf ls6fgLug{; lsg]cj :yf geP tfklg lj ut @j if{ sf pknlAwnfO{
cfF sng ubf{pT; fxk| b cj :yf dfGg ; lsg]l:ylt 5} g. cfly{ s j if{@)^^.^&sf]ah] 6sf]dWofj lw
d" Nof g k| ltj ] bgn]o; cf=j =sf]qodf; df cf} Bf] lus pTkfbg ; " r sf )=)&k| ltztn]a9] sf]b] vfP
tfklg a9\ bf]nf] 8 ; ] l8, cf} Bf] lus If] qdf r s{ + bf]tgfj , cfk" lt{Joj :yfdf b] lvPsf]c; xhtf nufotsf
sf/0f r fn"cfly{s j if{df pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u If]qsf]pTkfbgdf ; +s'r g cfpg ; Sg]cg'dfg u/]sf]5.
ev{ /}k| sfzdf cfPsf]cfufdLlqj ifL{ o of] hgfsf]cfwf/kq -@)^&.^*@)^(.&)_n]cf} Bf] lus ; ' /Iffsf]
k| Tofe" lt x' g g; s] sf] , cfGtl/s Pj +j fXo nufgLcfslif{ t ug{g; lsPsf] , nufgLcg' s" n j ftfj /0f
l; h{gf x'g g; s]sf], bIf hgzlQmsf]cefj /x]sf], lgof{tof]Uo j :t'xsf]lj lj wLs/0f x'g g; s]sf], gofF
k| lj lwleq\ ofpg g; lsPsf]; fy}k| lj lwu| x0f ug] {Ifdtf Go" g /x] sfn]pTkfbgdf j [ l4 ug{g; lsPsf] ,
cf} Bf] lusd} qL>d gLlt nfu"ug{g; lsPsf] , lj B' t cfk" lt{ df clgoldttf -nf] 8 ; ] l8sf]; d:of /x] sf] _,
Joj ; foLtyf >ldsaLr clj Zj f; / c; dembf/Lsf]j ftfj /0f l; h{ gf ePsf] , u| fdL0f k" j f{ wf/sf]sdL
/x] sf] , n3'pBdLxsf]n3'lj Qdf kx' F r gePsf] , ahf/; F usf]cu| ; DaGwsdhf] / /x] sf] , lj Zj JofkLs/0f
tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn]l; h{gf ub}{NofPsf]tLj |k|lt:kwf{Tds j ftfj /0f, ; "r gf tyf ; ~r f/ k|lj lwsf]
lj sf; ; F u cfTd; ft ug{ ; Sg]Ifdtf clej [ l4 x' g g; s] sf]cflb h:tf cf} Bf] lus If] qsf ; d:of /
r 'gf}tLx cfF}NofpFb}o; nfO{; Daf]wg ug]{u/Lp2]Zo Pj +/0fgLlt ls6fg u/]/ j flif{s ; /b/ %k|ltztsf
b/n]cf} Bf] lus pTkfbg j [ l4b/ xfl; n ug] {nIo lnPsf]5.
gofFcf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&sf]cfj ZostfM
lj utsf j if{ xb] lv xfn; Dd cf} Bf] lus If] qdf b] lvPsf]c; xh kl/l:yltxnfO{gLltut, sfg" gL,
; + u7gfTds, ; + /r gfTds, k| lqmofut cflb If] qxdf ; ' wf/ u/L; Daf] wg ug{ , cfly{ s If] qdf b] lvPsf
kl/j t{ g, ; " r gf k| lj lwsf]If] qdf cfPsf]qmflGt, g] kfnsf]ax' kIfLo, If] qLo, lkIfLo ; lGw; + u7gdf k| j ] z
h:tf lj ifoxaf6 cf} Bf] lus If] qdf pTkGg cj ; /xsf]; d' lr t pkof] u ug{; ] j f pBf] uxsf]cy{ tGqdf
a9\ bf]e" ldsfnfO{Joj l:yt ug' { sf ; fy}lj utsf]cf} Bf] lus gLltdf ; d] 6\ g g; lsPsf lj ifoxnfO{
; dfj ]z u/Lpbf/ / km/flsnf]cf}Bf]lus gLltsf]lgdf{0f u/Lsfof{Gj ogdf Nofpg cfj Zos ePsf],
g] kfnsf ; Ldf hf] l8Psf l5d] sLd' n' sxsf If] qxdf pBf] usf]k| j 4{ gsf nflu k| bfg ul/Psf ; ' lj wf
tyf ; x' lnotx ; d] tnfO{b[ li6ut u/Lk| lt:kwf{ Tds Ifdtf clej [ l4 ug{ , cf} Bf] lusLs/0f b] zsf]cfly{ s
lj sf; sf]dxTj k" 0f{; + j fxs ePsf]x' gfn]cf} Bf] lus ultlj lwa9fpg' sf ; fy}cf} Bf] lus lj sf; df ; xof] uL
x' g]k| lj lwut, ef} lts / dfgj ; + ; fwg; DaGwLk" j f{ wf/xsf]lgdf{ 0f ug{lghLIf] qnfO{; d] t ; xefuL
u/fpg cfj Zos ePsf]; Gbe{ df gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)^&tof/ ePsf]5.
; ] j f pBf] udf cfPsf]lj lj wtf tyf To; af6 l; lh{ t cj ; /nfO{; d] t ; d] 6Lcf} Bf] lusLs/0fsf]ultnfO{
tLj |t/ kfg]{, n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]usf]k|j 4{gsf lgldQlj z]if gLltut Joj :yf ug{, dlxnf
pBdLxsf]lgldQlj z] if Joj :yf ug] { , cf} Bf} lus k| j 4{ g / lj sf; sf nflu cf} Bf] lus gLltsf]; j f] { Rr tf
sfod u/LgLltn]k| bfg u/] sf]; ' lj wf, ; x' lnot tyf k| j 4{ gfTds Joj :yfdf ; + s' r g x' g]u/LcGo
gLltut Pj +sfg" gLJoj :yf gug] {/ cgfj Zos x:tIf] k gx' g]u/L; ' lglZr ttf sfod ug{; d] t cfj Zos
ePsf]; Gbe{ df oL; a}s' /fxsf]; ' lglZr ttf ug] {p2] Zon]gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)^&hf/Lul/Psf]5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&sf]bL3{sfnLg nIoM

; fj {hlgs, lghL/ ; xsf/LIf]qsf]k|efj sf/L, ; dGj ofTds / ; fd~h:ok"0f{; xsfo{df lbuf]Pj +a[xt\
cfwf/; lxtsf]cf} Bf] lus lj sf; sf]dfWodaf6 /fli6 o cy{ tGqdf pNn] Vo of] ubfg k' ofO{ul/j LGo" gLs/0fdf
; 3fp k'ofpg].
gLltsf k|d'v p2]Zox MplNnlvt bL3{ sfnLg nIo xfl; n ug{gofFcf} Bf] lus gLltn]b] xfosf kfF r
j 6f k|d'v p2]Zox ; d]6]sf]5 M
u' 0f:t/Lo tyf k| lt:kwf{ Tds cf} Bf] lus pTkfbg Pj +pTkfbsTj clej [ l4af6 /fli6 o cfo / /f] huf/Ldf
a9f] Q/L; lxt cf} Bf] lus j :t' sf]lgof{ t a9fpg].
:yfgLo ; | f] t, sRr f kbfy{ , ; Lk / ; fwgsf]kl/r fng u/L; Gt' lnt /fli6 o tyf If] qLo lj sf; df
pBf] u If] qsf]of] ubfg a9fpg].
gj Lgtd k| lj lwPj +j ftfj /0fd} qLpTkfbg k| lqmofnfO{k| of] u u/LpBf] u Joj ; fonfO{lbuf]Pj +
e/kbf] {If] qsf]kdf :yflkt ug] {.
cf} Bf] lus lj sf; sf nflu cfj Zos pTkfbgzLn hgzlQmtyf Joj :yfksLo Ifdtfsf]lj sf; ub} {
; an nufgLsf]cfwf/ v8f u/Lg] kfnnfO{blIf0f Plzof If] q tyf lj Zj s}cfsif{ s nufgL:ynsf]
kdf :yflkt ug] {.
cf} Bf] lus af} l4s ; DklQclwsf/sf]; + /If0f ug] {.
p2]Zo xfl; n ug]{gLltut Joj :yf MplNnlvt kfF r j 6f k| d' v p2] ZonfO{xfl; n ug{gLltn]
b] xfoadf] lhdsf gLltut Joj :yfx ; d] 6] sf]5
cf} Bf] lus j :t' sf]lgsf; La9fpg ; xof] u k' ofO{lj b] zLd' b| f cfh{ g ug] {/ e' QmfgL; Gt' ngdf
; 3fp k'ofOg].
cf} Bf] lus j :t' tyf ; ] j fsf]k| lt:kwf{ Tds Ifdtf, u' 0f:t/ tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg /fli6 o Pj +
cf} Bf] lus PsfOsf]txdf gofFk| lj lwsf]lj sf; tyf k| flKtnfO{k| fyldstf lbOg].
; ' b[ 9 cf} Bf] lus ; DaGwnfO{pBf] u lj sf; sf]k| an cfwf/ dfgLpTkfbsTj j [ l4 x' g]u/Lnlr nf]>d
gLlt agfO{/f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLr sf]; DaGwnfO{; 'dw'/ agfpg tyf yk /f]huf/Ll; h{gf /
; ' lglZr ttf k| bfg ug] {p2] Zon]>d sfg" gn]lglb{ i6 u/] adf] lhd sfd gubf{ sf]kfl/>lds lbg'gkg] {
l; 4fGt (No pay for no work principle) nfO{cLsf/ ul/g].
lgof{ td" ns pBf] u, lj z] if cfly{ s If] qdf :yflkt pBf] u, k| fyldstf k| fKt pBf] u, / clt clj sl; t,
clj sl; t / sdlj sl; t If] qdf :yflkt pBf] uxnfO{k| f] T; fxg:j k yk ; ' lj wf Pj +; x' lnot
pknAwu/fOg].
lj Zj df gofF; Defj gfsf]kdf cufl8 al9/x] sf]cf} Bf] lus ; " r gf tyf ; ~r f/, pko' Qmk| lj lwPj +
h} lj s k| lj lw(Bio-technology) sf]If]qdf cg'; Gwfg tyf lj sf; ; DaGwLsfo{; ~r fng ug{
k| f] T; fxg ul/g].
:yfgLo ; | f] t / sRr f kbfy{ , ; Lk, >d / k| lj lwsf]pkof] u ug] {pBf] usf]k| j 4{ g ug{lj z] if hf] 8 lbOg].
k| lt:kwf{ Tds nfe / t' ' ngfTds kmfObf ePsf If] qsf]klxr fg Pj +pkof] u u/Lcf} Bf] lus cfwf/nfO{
alnof]/ lbuf]agfOg].
/fli6 o pBf] uxsf]; + /If0fsf nflu g] kfndf sDtLdf #) k| ltzt d" No clej [ l4 ePsf]cf} Bf] lus
pTkfbg ; /sf/Ltyf ; /sf/L:j fldTj ePsf]; + :yfn]vl/b ug] {u/Lk| f] T; fxgsf]Joj :yf ul/g].
cfg}k|of; df j ftfj /0fd}qLk|lj lwPj +pmhf{ar t ug]{pBf]uxnfO{k|flj lws / cfly{s

; xof]u k'ofOg].
xl/t pBf]usf]k|j 4{g tyf :yflkt pBf]uxnfO{k|b""if0fd'Qm/ z"Go sfj {go'Qmt'Nofpg lj z]if
pkfo cj nDag ul/g].
:j /f]huf/Lsf]cj ; / l; h{gf ug{pBf]u Joj ; fodf l; h{gzLn o'j f k|ltefnfO{cfslif{t ug{
cf} Bf] lus ; Lk, pBdzLntf lj sf; tyf s' zn cf} Bf] lus Joj :yfkgsf nflu Ifdtf clej [ l4sf
lqmofsnfknfO{cleofgsf kdf ; ~r fng ul/g].
; dli6ut cfly{ s gLlt, /fh:j gLlt, :yfgLo s/ / cGo If] qut gLlt lgdf{ 0f tyf kl/dfh{ g ubf{
cf} Bf] lus gLlt; F u k| lts" n gx' g]k4lt cj nDag ul/g]/ pBf] unfO{; + /If0f, ; ' lj wf tyf ; x' lnot
pknAwu/fpF bf ax' kIfLo Pj +If] qLo ; Demf} tfsf k| fj wfg; F u ; fd~h:o sfod /flvg].
cf} Bf] lus ; ' /Iff Joj :yfnfO{; ' b[ 9 t' Nofpgsf nflu cf} Bf} lus ; ' /Iff an u7g u/Lk| efj sf/Lt' NofOg].
j } b] lzs nufgL; + /If0f, lj lj wLs/0f / k| j 4{ g ug{u} /cfj f; Lo g] kfnLxnfO{g] kfndf nufgLug{
k| f] T; flxt ul/g]/ k| ToIf j } b] lzs nufgL(Foreign Direct Investment) a9Lug] {d' n' sl:yt g] kfnL
/fhb" tfj f; tyf lgof] udf cf} Bf] lus nufgLk| j 4{ gsf nflu cfly{ s s" 6gLlts PsfOnfO{; an t' NofOg].
lghLtyf ; xsf/LIf] q ; d] tsf]; xeflutfdf nufgLk| j 4{ g sf] if, k| lj lwlj sf; sf] if, n3'3/] n'
tyf ; fgf pBf]u lj sf; sf]if, ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg sf]if / u}/ Jofj ; flos / u}/ Jofkfl/s hf]lvd
(Non-Business and Non-Commercial Risk) sf]Ifltk" lt{(Compensation) lbg cf} Bf] lus nufgL
; +/If0f sf]if (Industrial Investment Protection Fund) sf]:yfkgf tyf ; ~r fng ul/g].
pBf] unfO{; + /If0f, ; ' lj wf tyf ; x' lnot pknAwu/fpg nufgLaf] 8{ , Psn lj Gb"; ] j f s] Gb| ,
cf} Bf] lus k| j 4{ g af] 8{ , cf} Bf] lus If] q Joj :yfkg k| flws/0f, cf} Bf] lus hgzlQmlj sf; k| lti7fg,
g]kfn Joj ; fo d~r (Nepal Business Forum) h:tf ; + :yfut Joj :yf ul/g].
pTkfbg k| lqmofdf cu|Pj +k[ i7 ; DaGw(Forward and backward linkages) a9fpg ; xof] u k' Ug]
u/LContract Manufacturing, Outsourcing, Contracting-out, Franchising, Ancillary / Buy
Back h:tf lqmofsnfknfO{k| f] T; flxt ul/g].
af}l4s ; DklQclwsf/ ; +/If0fsf]nflu k|efj sf/Llgsfo :yfkgf ul/g].
af} l4s ; DklQsf]k| of] u ug{pBdLnfO{lj z] if k| f] T; fxg lbOg].
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&sf d'Vod'Vo lj z]iftfxM
; 'lj wf / ; x'lnotsf]Joj :yf M
cf} Bf] lus If] qdf nufgLcfslif{ t ub} {n} hfg]tyf lgof{ td" ns pBf] uxsf]k| j 4{ g ug] {u/LgLltn]lj leGg
; 'lj wf / ; x'lnotxsf]k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]5 M
s_ cfos/MpBf] usf]lj sf; tyf k| j 4{ g ub} {n} hfg ; " lt{ , dlb/fhGo / sTyf pBf] u afx] s cGo lj z] if
pBf] uaf6 cflh{ t cfodf nfUg]s/sf]skf] { /] 6 b/df %k| ltzt laGb' n]sd x' g] , clt clj sl; t If] qdf
:yflkt pBf] unfO{!) j if{ ; Dd nfUg]cfos/df () k| ltzt 5' 6, clj sl; t If] qdf :yflkt pBf] unfO{
*) k| ltzt 5' 6, sd lj sl; t If] qdf :yflkt pBf] unfO{&) k| ltzt 5' 6sf]Joj :yf ePsf]5.
k| fyldstf k| fKt pBf] uxdWo]hnlj B' t pTkfbg, vlgh pTvgg, l; d] G6 pTkfbg, k] 6 f] lnod tyf UofF ;
cGj ] if0f pBf] unfO{sf/f] j f/ z' ? u/] sf]ldltn]&j if{ ; Dd cfos/df () k| ltzt 5' 6 x' g] , ; " r gf kfs{ leq
:yfkgf x' g]; " r gf tyf ; ~r f/ k| lj lwpBf] unfO{cfos/sf]%) k| ltzt 5' 6 x' g]Joj :yf ePsf]5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
; fgf pBf] un]^dlxgfeGbf a9L!)) hgf, demf} nf pBf] un]@)) hgf / 7" nf pBf] un]%))
hgfeGbf a9LJolQmnfO{k|ToIf /f]huf/LlbPdf To:tf pBf]un]To; j if{nfUg]cfos/df yk @%
k| ltzt 5' 6 kfpg] , k| ToIf /f] huf/Lsf]%) k| ltzt :j b] zLdlxnf, blnt j f ckftf ePsf JolQm
ePdf $) k| ltzt 5' 6 kfpg] , ; xfos j :t' sf]k| of] uaf6 tof/ ul/Psf]j :t' sf]lj qmLaf6 x' g]
cfDbfgLsf]%) k| ltzt c+ zdf cfos/ 5' 6 x' g]Joj :yf 5.
v_ e+; f/, cGtMz'Ns / d"No clej [l4 s/ Md' n' sleq pTkflbt j :t' lj b] z lgsf; Lu/] df
cGtMz'Ns / d"No clej [l4 s/ gnfUg], lgof{td"ns pBf]uxn]cGo pBf]u; Fu s/f/ -Sub
Contracting_u/Llgsf; Ld"ns j :t'pTkfbg u/]df To:tf j :t'df k|of]u x'g]sRr f kbfy{, ; xfos
sRr f kbfy{tyf Kofs] lh ; fdu| Ldf nfu] sf]e+ ; f/ dx; ' n, cGtMz' Ns / d" No clej [ l4 s/ lgof{ t
ePsf]kl/df0fsf]cfwf/df lkmtf{kfpg]Joj :yf ePsf]5. To:t}8\ o' 6L8Aofssf]; ' lj wfsf]
Joj :yf ul/Psf]5 eg]pBf]un]cfgf]k|of]hgsf]nflu cfoft ug]{d]lzg/L, 6fG; kmd{/, h]g]/]6/,
cf} Bf] lus pks/0f tyf cf} hf/df ! k| ltzt dfq e+ ; f/ dx; ' n nfUg] , ; fy}u' 0f:t/ dfkg
k| of] uzfnfxn]cfoft ug] {d] lzg/L, j } 1flgs pks/0f / pBf] u lj :tf/sf]nflu yk d] lzg/Ltyf
pks/0f nufot cg' ; Gwfg tyf lj sf; sf nflu Nofpg]d] lzg/Ltyf pks/0fdf ; d] t ! k| ltzt
dfq e+ ; f/ dx; ' n nfUg]/ cGtMz' Ns tyf d" No clej [ l4 s/ gnfUg]Joj :yf ul/Psf]5.
; +:yfut Joj :yf, ; +u7gfTds ; 'b[9Ls/0f M
gLltn]lj Bdfg ; + u7gfTds Joj :yfdf cfd" n kl/j t{ g u/LgofF; + u7gxsf]:yfkgf / ; + /r gfut
; ' b[ 9Ls/0f ub} {n} hfg b] xfo adf] lhdsf]; + :yfut Joj :yf ug] { tkm{hf] 8 lbPsf]5 M
s_ nufgLaf]8{sf]Joj :yf MgLltn]cf} Bf] lus nufgLnfO{k| fyldstf, ; + /If0f, ; xof] u / k| lta4tf k| bfg
ug{ , PsLs[ t gLlt lgdf{ 0f ug{ , k| j 4{ g sfo{ df cfj Zos kg] {; | f] t / ; fwg h' 6fpg Pj +nufgLstf{ nfO{
Ps}ynf] af6 cfj Zos kg] {; a}lsl; dsf ; ] j f / ; xof] u k| bfg ug{; DdfggLo k| wfgdGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf clwsf/ ; DkGg pRr :t/Lo nufgLaf] 8{-Board of Investment_sf]Joj :yf u/] sf]5.
v_ cf}Bf]lus k|j 4{g af]8{sf]Joj :yf MgLltn]cf} Bf] lus If] qsf]k| j 4{ g tyf lj sf; ug{tyf pBf] u
If]qsf]; d:of ; dfwfgsf nflu ; dGj o / ; xhLs/0f ug{dfggLo pBf]u dGqL/fHodGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf lghLIf] qsf lj 1x ; d] t /xg]u/LPp6f cf} Bf] lus k| j 4{ g af] 8{-Industrial Promotion
Board_u7g ug] {Joj :yf u/] sf]5.
u_ cf}Bf]lus hgzlQmlj sf; k|lti7fg MpBf]u Joj ; fosf]lj sf; sfo{df ; +nUg ; /sf/Ltyf
lghLIf] qsf ; + 3; + :yfxsf]hgzlQmPj +k| lj lwlj sf; ug{lj leGg k| sf/sf k| lzIfsxsf]
k| lzIf0f, Joj :yfkg / k/fdz{; ] j f k| bfg ug{tyf cg' ; Gwfg, k| lzIf0f tyf pTkfbsTj clej [ l4; DaGwL
sfo{ug{:yflkt cf} Bf] lus Joj ; fo lj sf; k| lti7fg, a' 6j n 6] lSgsn OlG:6Ro" 6, 3/] n'tyf ; fgf
pBf] u k| lzIf0f s] Gb| , ; Lklj sf; tflnd s] Gb|h:tf ; + :yfxnfO{PsLs/0f u/L5' 6\ 6}sfg" g
cGtu{ t cf} Bf] lus hgzlQmlj sf; k| lti7fgsf]:yfkgf ug] {Joj :yf ePsf]5.
3_ cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj :yfkg k|flws/0f Mcf}Bf]lus If]qxsf]k"j f{wf/ Joj :yf tyf ; ]j f
Joj :yfkgdf ; ' wf/ NofO{cf} Bf] lus If] qsf]lj :tf/nufot To:tf If] qdf :yflkt pBf] uxsf]
k| lt:kwf{ Tds Ifdtf clej [ l4 ug{cfj Zos sfo{ qmdx ; ~r fng ug{ sf nflu xfnsf]cf} Bf] lus
If] q Joj :yfkg lnld6] 8nfO{5' 6\ 6}sfg' gf/f /fli6 o:t/sf]cf} Bf] lus If] q Joj :yfkg k| flws/0fsf]
kdf :t/f] Gglt ul/g]Joj :yf ePsf]5.
_ /fli6o pTkfbsTj kl/ifb\MpTkfbsTj clej [ l4sf nflu cg' ; Gwfg, k/fdz{ , k| lzIf0f tyf Ifdtf
lj sf; sf sfo{ug] {u/Lxfnsf]/fli6 o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{ s lj sf; s] Gb| sf]; + :yfut ; ' b[ 9Ls/0f
u/L5' 6\ 6] }/fli6 o pTkfbsTj kl/ifb\ sf]:yfkgf ug] {; f] r gLltn]lnPsf]5.
r_ pBf]u lj efu M; a}:t/sf pBf] usf]k| zf; g tyf ; ] j f ; ' lj wf; DaGwLsfo{Ps}lgsfoaf6
; Dkfbg x' g]u/Lxfnsf]3/] n'tyf ; fgf pBf] u lj efu / pBf] u lj efunfO{PsLs[ t u/LPp6}; Ifd
lj efusf kdf pBf] u lj efusf]:yfkgf x' g]Joj :yf gLltn]; d] 6] sf]5.
5_ Psn lj Gb' ; ]j f s]Gb|Msfg' gf/f k| bQ; ' lj wf, ; x' lnot tyf k" j f{ wf/ ; ] j f ; dod}lagf eGem6
Ps}ynf]af6 pBf]unfO{pknAwu/fpg pBf]u lj efudf Psn laGb' ; ]j f s]Gb|sf]u7g ug{]
Joj :yf gLltn]; d]6]sf]5.
h_ af}l4s ; DklQ; +/If0f sfof{no Maf} l4s ; DklQsf]clwsf/; DaGwL; du|sfo{ If] q / lhDd] j f/LnfO{
; d] 6Laf} l4s ; DklQ; + /If0f sfof{ nosf]:yfkgf ug] {Joj :yf gLltdf ; dflj i6 5.
em_ /fli6o n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ; fgf pBf]u k|j 4{g af]8{Mn3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]usf]
k|j 4{g Pj +k|zf; gdf sfo{/t lgsfox j Lr sf]c:ki6tf x6fpg s]Gb|Lo:t/df n3'pBd, 3/]n'
tyf ; fgf pBf] u k| j 4{ g j f] 8{ u7g ug{ ]s' /f gLltdf pNn] v ePsf]5. 3/] n'tyf ; fgf pBf] usf]
k| j 4{ g, lj sf; / lj :tf/ ug] {lhDd] j f/L/x] sf]3/] n' tyf ; fgf pBf] u lj sf; ; ldltnfO{; f] xL
af] 8{ sf]; + /r gfleq ; dflxt u/L&%j 6}lhNnfdf ; ldltsf]sfof{ noxaf6 n3'pBd, 3/] n'tyf
; fgf pBf]uxsf]btf{gj Ls/0f ; 'lj wf l; kmfl/z nufot ; Dk"0f{k|j 4{gfTds ; ]j f pknAwu/fpg]
; f] r gLltn]lnPsf]5.
dlxnf pBdLxsf nflu lj z]if Joj :yf M
gLltn]dlxnfxnfO{cema9LpBf]u Joj ; fodf ; +nUg u/fO{pgLxnfO{{a9LeGbf a9L/f]huf/Lsf]
cj ; / k| bfg ub} {pBf] u Joj ; fosf]If] qdf cufl8 a9fpg]p2] Zon]dlxnfsf]cfly{ s ; zQmLs/0fsf nflu
; dfj ]zLcj wf/0ff cg'k lgDg adf]lhd lj z]if Joj :yf u/]sf]5 M
o s' g}klg pBf] uJoj ; fo; DaGwLgLlt lgdf{ 0f ug] {txdf ; DalGwt cf} Bf] lus Joj ; fodf ; + nUg
cflbj f; L, hghflt, blnt, dw] zL, ; LdfGts[ t j u{ sf dlxnfxsf]k| ltlglwTj clgj fo{ul/g].
o 3/] n'tyf ; fgf :t/sf dlxnf pBdLxnfO{; /n tyf ; ' ne tl/sfaf6 C0f k| j fx ug{lj leGg
a}+ls tyf ; xsf/L; +:yfxdf ; d"x C0fsf]Joj :yf ul/g].
o pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{lbOg]Venture Capital df dlxnfxnfO{k| fyldstf lbOg].
o dlxnfsf]gfddf dfq pBf] u btf{ul/Pdf To:tf]pBf] u btf{ubf{nfUg]btf{ b:t" /df #%k| ltzt 5' 6lbOg].
o dlxnf pBdLxn]cf} Bf] lus If] qdf pBf] u /fVg r fx] df lj z] if k| fyldstf lbOg].
o dlxnf pBdzLntf lj sf; u/LdlxnfxnfO{pBdLaGg k| f] T; fxg ug{k| lj lwlj sf; ; DaGwL
tfnLd, ; ef, ; ]ldgf/, cWoog e|d0f bndf dlxnf pBdLxnfO{; dfj ]z ul/g].
o lj leGg lj sf; If] qxdf :yfkgf x' g]lj qmLsIfxdf dlxnf pBdLxf/f pTkflbt ; fdfgxsf]
lj qmLsIfsf]; d] t Joj :yf ul/g].
o ; /sf/Llgsfof/f ; + r fng ul/g]pBf] u Joj ; fo; DaGwLk| bz{ gLdf dlxnf pBdLJoj ; foLxnfO{
clgj fo{kdf ; +nUg u/fOg].
o cfgf]cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg lgof{t ug]{dlxnf pBdLJoj ; foLxnfO{Joj ; fosf]lj QLo l:yltsf]
cfwf/df lgof{ t shf{pknAwu/fpg]Joj :yf ul/g].
o dlxnfsf]gfddf dfq btf{ePsf]pBf]unfO{cf}Bf]lus ; DklQk]6]06, l8hfOg / 6]8dfs{btf{
u/fpF bf nfUg]b:t' /df @) k| ltzt 5' 6 lbOg].
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
o dlxnf pBdzLntf lj sf; sf nflu 5' }dlxnf pBdzLntf lj sf; sf] if v8f ul/g].
o dlxnf pBdLsf]lj sf; sf]nflu pBf]u dGqfnodf 5'6\6}lj ifout PsfO(unit) v8f ul/g].
o ; a}pBf]u Joj ; fon]dlxnf pBdL, dlxnf sfdbf/ / dlxnf ; ]j fu|fxLsf]clwsf/ ; +/If0fsf nflu
sfo{:yndf n}+lustfdf cfwfl/t ; a}k|sf/sf lx+; fhGo sfo{/ Joj xf/sf]/f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf
nflu lgb] { lzsf agfO{nfu"ug{clgj fo{Joj :yf ul/g].
o pBf]u k|j 4{g; DaGwLof]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf]sfof{Gj ognfO{n}+lusd}qLt'NofO{n}+lus
; dfgtfsf]k| Tofe" lt ; ' lglZr t ug{; DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{ qmdsf]n} + lus lj Zn] if0f / n] vfhf] vf
(Gender Analysis and Assessment), n} + lus k/LIf0f (Gender Audit) tyf n} + lus ah] 6 (Gender
Budget) k4lt sfof{ Gj ogdf NofOg].
n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ; fgf pBf]u; DaGwLlj z]if Joj :yf
n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]usf]k|j 4{g, lj sf; / lj :tf/nfO{6]j f k'Ug]cfj Zos sfg"gLJoj :yf
ub} {; + :yfut ; + /r gf tyf k" j f{ wf/xsf]lgdf{ 0f ul/g] , n3'pBd, 3/] n'tyf ; fgf pBf] usf]k| lt:kwf{ Tds
Ifdtf j [l4 u/Lahf/ kx'Fr tyf lj :tf/sf nflu ; Ifd agfpg xfn /x]sf]n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf
pBf]u lj sf; sf]ifsf]; ]j fnfO{lj :tf/ u/Lk|efj sf/LagfOg], lhNnfdf pknAwk|fs[lts ; |f]t,
dfgj Lo ; +; fwg / nufgLsf cj ; /sf]cfwf/df :yfgLo lhNnf lj sf; ; ldltgu/kflnsf / ufpF
lj sf; ; ldlt; Fusf]; dGj odf lhNnf pBd tyf pBf]u lj sf; of]hgf tof/ u/LoLlgsfox; Fusf]
; xsfo{df r /0fut kdf sfof{Gj og ul/g], n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]uxsf]:yfkgf tyf
k|j 4{g ubf{g]kfn ; /sf/n]tf]s]sf]nlIft ; d"xnfO{lj z]if k|fyldstf lbFb}pTk|]/0ff tyf pBdzLntf
lj sf; tflndsf]]dfWodaf6 nlIft ; d"xdf ; |f]t; fwgsf]; DefJotf / ahf/sf]dfudf cfwfl/t
pko'QmpBdxsf]5gf}6 u/LTo:tf pBd ; ~r fng ug]{Ifdtfsf]lj sf; ul/g], u|fdL0f If]qsf
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]uxnfO{Joj ; fo lj sf; ; ]j f (Business Development Service- BDS) k'ofpg
; fd'bflos j f ; xsf/Ln3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ; fgf pBf]u u|fd :yfkgf u/Lcf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x
(Industrial Clusters) sf]lj sf; ul/g], Ps ufpFPs pTkfbg (One Village One Product) sf]
cj wf/0ff cg'; f/ :yfgLo:t/df ; a}eGbf a9L; DefJo b]lvPsf ; |f]t / ; fwgsf]klxr fg u/LTo; df
cfwfl/t cf}Bf]lus j :t'sf]pTkfbgnfO{k|j 4{g ug{j :t' lj sf; s]Gb| (Product Development
Centres) x :yfkgf ub}{yk ; d"xut cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x (Product Specific Industrial Clusters) sf]
dfWodaf6 cf}Bf]lus k|j 4{gnfO{k|fyldstf lbOg], n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]u u|fd :yfkgf ug{
cf}Bf]lus k"j f{wf/ lj sf; ug]{sfo{df cu|; /tf b]vfpg]:yfgLo lgsfonfO{vr {sf]cg'kftdf cg'bfg
/sd j [l4 ug]{Joj :yf ldnfOg], ; fd"lxs lr Xg -Collective Mark_sf]pkof]uf/f n3'pBd, 3/]n'
tyf ; fgf pBf]uxsf]pTkfbgsf]klxr fg sfod u/fO{logLxsf]k|j 4{gsf nflu ; xof]u ul/g], n3'
pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]udf af}l4s ; DklQ; +/If0fsf]nflu PsLs[t / ; Ifd ; +:yfut Joj :yf u/L
o; sf]; d'lr t ; +/If0f / pkof]unfO{k|f]T; fxg ul/g], n3'pBd, 3/]n'tyf ; fgf pBf]usf]pTkfbg
tyf ahf/ k|j 4{gsf nflu pko'Qm; "r gf k|lj lw (Information Technology) sf]]k|of]usf]nflu lj z]if
Joj :yf ul/g]h:tf k|fj wfgx gofFcf}Bf]lus gLltn]; d]6]sf]]5.
lj z]if cfly{s If]q; DaGwLlj z]if Joj :yf
lgof{ t k| a4{ g ug] {p2] Zon]cufl8 ; fl/Psf]lj z] if cfly{ s If] qsf]cj wf/0ff cg' k :yfkgf ePsf]lj z] if
cfly{ s If] qleq ; + r fng x' g]pBf] uxnfO{cfos/, e+ ; f/, d" No clej [ l4 s/ nufot :yfgLo s/df
lj z] if 5' 6 / ; x' lnotsf]Joj :yf ul/Psf] ]5.
?U0f pBf]u; DaGwLJoj :yf M

; a}:t/sf ?U0f pBf] usf]klxr fg / k' g?Tyfg tyf k' glg{ df{ 0f ug{sfg" gdf Joj :yf u/L; DalGwt If] qsf
lj z] if1x /x] sf]Ps clwsf/; DkGg / pRr :t/Lo Goflos clwsf/; lxtsf]cfof] u u7g u/L?U0f
pBf]u; DaGwL; d:ofsf]; dfwfg ub}{n}hfg]Joj :yf gLltn]/fv]sf]5.
cf}Bf]lus Joj ; fosf]j uL{s/0fsf]Joj :yf M
gofFcf} Bf] lus gLltn]cf} Bf] lus Joj ; fonfO{pTkfbg, k| s[ lt tyf ; ] j f / nufgLPj +k| s[ ltsf]cfwf/df
d"nt b'O{k|sf/n]j uL{s/0f u/]sf]5.
!= pTkfbg k|s[lt tyf ; ]j fsf cfwf/df j uL{s/0f M
s_ s[lif tyf j g k}bfj f/df cfwfl/t pBf]u -s[lif j f j g k}bfj f/df cfwfl/t sRr f kbfy{af6
pTkflbt j f k| zf] lwt Joj ; fox_
v_ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u -tf] lsP adf] lhdsf]d" No clej [ l4 u/LsRr f kbfy{j f cw{k| zf] lwt sRr f
kbfy{j f v]/ uO/x]sf]j :t'k|of]u u/Lj f k|zf]wg u/Ldfn; fdfg pTkfbg ug]{pBf]u_
u_ lgsf; Ld"ns pBf]u -s' n pTkfbgsf]%! k| ltzt j f ; f] eGbf a9Ldfqf lj b] zdf lgof{ t ug] { ]pBf] u_
3_ pmhf{d"ns pBf]u -hn; | f] t, j fo' , ; f} o{ zlQm, sf] Onf, k| fs[ lts t] n tyf UofF ; , j fof] UofF ; tyf cGo
; |f]taf6 pmhf{k}bf ug]{pBf]u_
_ vfgLhGo pBf]u -wft'tyf cwft'vlgh (Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals) pTvgg tyf
k| zf] wg ug] {pBf] u_
r _ ko{6g pBf]u -ko{ 6sxnfO{; ] j f k' ofpg]Joj ; fox_
5_ lgdf{0f pBf]u -ef} lts k" j f{ wf/ lgdf{ 0f u/L; ~r fng ug] {Joj ; fox_
h_ ; "rgf tyf ; ~rf/ k|lj lwpBf]u -; "r gf ; +sng, k|zf]wg / k|; f/0fsf]nflu k|lj lwk|of]u u/L
; "r gf, 1fg tyf ; ~r f/ ; ]j f k'ofpg]cf}Bf]lus Joj ; fox_
em_ ; ]j f pBf]u (Service Industries)
@= nufgL/ k|s[ltsf]cfwf/df j uL{s/0f M
s_ n3' pBd (Micro Enterprises):
o 3/ hUuf afx] s a9Ldf b' O{nfv k} + of; Dd l:y/ k" F hLnufgLx' g] ,
o pBdL:j o+Joj :yfkgdf ; + nUg /x] sf] ,
o pBdL; d]t ( hgf; Dd sfdbf/ /x]sf],
o j flif{s cfly{s sf/f]j f/ @) nfv k}+of eGbf sd /x]sf], /
o OlGhg pks/0f k|of]u x'g]ePdf To:tf]OlGhg j f pks/0fsf]lj B't df]6/ j f cGo t]n
OGhLg zlQmIfdtf !) lsnf] j f6 eGbf sd ePsf].
v_ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u (Traditional and Other Cottage Industries): k/Dk/fut ; Lk
/ k| lj lwk| of] u ug] { , :yfg Lo sRr f kbfy{Pj +:yfgLo k| lj lwdf cfwfl/t cf} hf/ pks/0f pkof] u ug] { ,
b] zsf]snf / ; + :s[ lt; F u ; Da4 / !) lsnf] j f6; Dd lj B' t zlQmk| of] u ug] {pBf] u Joj ; fox,
u_ ; fgf pBf]u (Small Scale Industries): n3'pBd / k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n'pBf]u afx]s kfFr
s/f] 8 k} } + of; Dd l:y/ h] yf ePsf cf} Bf] lus Joj ; fox,
3_ demf}nf pBf]u (Medium Scale Industies): kfF r s/f] 8eGbf a9LkGw|s/f] 8 k} + of; Dd l:y/ h] yf
ePsf cf} Bf] lus Joj ; fox,
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
_ 7"nf pBf]u (Large Scale Industries): kGw|s/f] 8 k} + ofeGbf a9Ll:y/ h] yf ePsf cf} Bf] lus
Joj ; fox,
cGo lj z]iftfxM
s_ pBf] u k| zf; g; DaGwLk| lqmof ; /nLs/0f ul/Psf]5.
v_ s0ff{ nLc~r ndf pBf] uxsf]:yfkgf / ; + r fngsf nflu cf} Bf] lus sl/8f] /x :yfkgf ; DaGwL
lj z] if Joj :yf ul/Psf]5.
u_ /fli6o pBf]uxsf]; +/If0fsf]Joj :yf ul/Psf]5.
3_ s/f/ sfg"gsf]Joj :yf ePsf]5.
_ >d sfg"gn]lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd sfd gubf{sf]kfl/>lds lbg'gkg]{l; 4fGt (No Pay for No
Work Principle) nfO{cLsf/ ul/Psf]5.
r _ af}l4s ; DklQclwsf/sf]k|j 4{g / ; +/If0fsf nflu 5'}sfof{no :yfkgf ul/g]/ cfos/ tyf btf{
z' Nsdf ; ' lj wf / ; x' lnot lbg]Aoj :yf ul/Psf]5.
5_ cf} Bf] lus lj sf; sf cfwf/df lhNnfxsf]j uL{ s/0f ul/Psf]5.
o clt clj sl; t If] q -@#lhNnf_
o clj sl; t If] q -!%lhNnf_
o sd lj sl; t If] q -@$ lhNnf_
gLlt sfof{Gj ogsf ; d:of Pj +r'gf}tLx M
cf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)$( hf/LePsf]em08}!* j if{ kl5 pQmgLltnfO{k| lt:yfkg ub} {gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt,
@)^&hf/LePsf]5. d' n' sdf pBf] u j fl0fHo If] q lbgfg' lbg w/f; foLaGb}hfg yfn] sf]kl/k| ] Iodf hf/L
ul/Psf]gofFcf} Bf] lus gLltn]d[ tk| foMcj :yfdf k' u] sf]pBf] u If] qsf]lj sf; df gofF/Qm; + r f/ ug] {ck] Iff
lnOPsf]5. gofFgLltn]pBf] u If] qsf]bLuf]/ bl/nf]lj sf; sf]nflu y' k| }gLltut, ; + :yfut, k| lqmofut ; ' wf/
/ ; ' b[ 9Ls/0fsf s' /fnfO{; d] 6] sf]5. gLltdf plNnlvt dx j fsf+ IfLJoj :yfnfO{; doa4 kdf sfof{ Gj ogdf
ptfg{; s]o; af6 cfufdLs] xLj if{ leq}pBf] u j fl0fHo If] qnfO{/fli6 o cy{ tGqsf]Pp6f dxj k"0f{
cfwf/:tDesf]kdf :yflkt ug{; xof] u k' Ug]s' /fdf s' g}z+ sf 5} g. t/ o; sf nflu lj leGg lgsfoaLr
plr t ; dGj o sfod ub} {k| lt a4tfsf ; fy cl3 a9\ g' kg] {x' G5. ; fy} , gLltn]k| lta4tf hfx] / u/]adf] lhdsf
gLltut, sfg" gL, ; + :yfut / k| lqmofut ; ' wf/sf s' /fx cl3 a9fpg kof{ Kt ; fwg ; | f] t pknAwx' g]Joj :yf
ldnfpg cfj Zos x' G5. o; cltl/Qmlj leGg ; /sf/LlgsfoxaLr dfq geO{; /sf/ / lghLIf] qaLr
klg /r gfTds / kf/:kl/s lj Zj f; df cfwfl/t gofF; DaGw:yflkt x' g h?/L5. t/ t/n / ; + qmd0fsfnLg
/fhg} lts cj :yf, v:sF bf]zflGt ; ' /Iffsf]l:ylt, sdhf] / cy{ tGq / ; /sf/ / lghLIf] q aLr a9\ bf]
clj Zj f; cflbn]gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)^&sf]sfof{ Gj og lgs}r ' gf} tLk" 0f{b] lvG5.
gofFcf}Bflus gLltn]/fv]sf]; fj {hlgs, lghL, / ; xsf/LIf]qsf]; xsfo{df bLuf]Pj +a[xt\cfwf/
; lxtsf]cf}Bf]lus lj sf; ug{]bL3{sfnLg nIo / o; nIonfO{xfl; n ug{]u/LgLltn]lnPsf p2]Zo
tyf gLlt/0fgLltxnfO{; Dj f]wg ug{]sfo{x cufl8 a9fpg]s'/f Tolt ; xh b]lvFb}g. gLlt
cg's"n x'g]u/Lcf}Bf]lus Joj ; fo P]g nufot cGo P]gsfg"g, lgod, sfo{lj lwcflbsf]lgdf{0f,
; +zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ub{}n}hfg'kg{]ePsf]5 t/ oLsfo{xnfO{cufl8 a9fpg ; do nfUg], gLltdf
Joj :yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus ; 'lj wf tyf ; x'lnotxnfO{; 'lglZr ttf k|bfg ug{cfos/, eG; f/,
cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej [l4 s/ cflbdf ; 'wf/ ug{h?/LePsf]/ of]sfo{pBf]u dGqfno PSn}sf]
kxndf dfq x'g g; Sg]l:ylt 5. o; sfo{df cy{, pBf]u, j fl0fHo nufot cGo ; Da4 dGqfnox
aLr ; dGj o / ; xsfo{clt ck]lIft 5. t/ oL; a}lgsfoaLr ; dGj o ; 'b[9 u/LgLltut, sfg"gL,
k|lqmofut ; 'wf/sf k|lqmofnfO{cl3 a9fpg]sfo{Tolt ; xh 5}g.
gLltn]pBf]u If]qdf :yflkt w]/}; +u7gfTds Joj :yf / 9fFr fdf cfd"n kl/j t{g ug{]; f]r lnPsf]5.
; +/r gfTds ; 'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbPsf]5. gofF; +u7g lgdf{0f ug{], eO/x]sf ; f+u7lgs Joj :yf
km]/abn / ; 'b[9Ls/0f ug{]sfo{vr f{n'x'g], w]/}; do nfUg]b]lvG5. o; s'/fnfO{; 'lglZr ttf k|bfg
ug{]u/Lg s'g}sfo{qmdx lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\g st}ah]6 Joj :yf ul/Psf]5. of]cj :yfn]gofF
cf}Bf]lus gLlt t'?Gt}sfof{Gj ogdf cfpg]s'/fdf lj Zj f; ug{; lsg]cj :yf b]lvFb}g. gofFgLlt
; +u; +u}gLlt sfof{Gj ogsf]nflu cfj Zos sfof{Gj og of]hgf tof/ ug{'kg{]lyof], To; f]x'g ; s]sf]
5}g. cfufdLcfly{s aif{sf]ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdn]gLlt sfof{Gj ognfO{; Daf]wg ug{h?/LePsf]
b]lvP tfklg o; tkm{k|z:t u[xsfo{sf]cefj /x]sf]b]lvG5.
gLlt sfof{Gj ogdf w]/}; Da4 kIfx, lgsfox, ; /f]sf/j fnfxsf]; +nUgtf / ; xsfo{sf]vfFr f]
/xG5. tyflk xfd| f]k| zf; lgs ; f] r / cfcfg}pRr kgsf]efj gf (superiority feeling) n]PsLs[ t
; DaGw:yfkgf / cfk; L; xof] u clej [ l4 ug{g; lsg]x' g; S5. of]kIf gLlt sfof{ Gj ogsf]; Gbe{ df
Pp6f cj /f] wsf]kdf v8f x' g; Sg]; Defj gf k| an 5.
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgxdf sfo{/t >ldssfdbf/x / Joj ; foLxaLr pTkGg dte]b, clj Zj f; sf]
j ftfj /0fnfO{bL3{sfnLg kdf ; dfwfg vf]Hg]k|of; gLltn]ug{; s]sf]5}g. cf}Bf]lusd}qL
nlr nf]>d gLlt agfO{>d sfg"gn]lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd sfd gubf{sf]kfl/>lds lbg'gkg{]l; 4fGt
-No pay for no work principle_ nfO{cLsf/ ul/g]egLgLltn]af]n]sf s'/fdf tTsfn}>ldsxsf
tkm{af6 lj /f]wsf cfj fhx p7\g yfln; s]sf 5g. of]lj ifonfO{Joj l:yt u/]/ >ldsxsf]dg
lhTg]u/L/ bLuf]Pj +lg/Gt/ pBf]u Joj ; fosf]; ~r fngaf6 yk /f]huf/Lsf]cj ; / ; [hgf ug{]
nufgLstf{xnfO{cfZj :t agfpg]aLr sf]; Gt'ng sfod ug{]sfo{lgs}r 'gf}tLk"0f{b]lvPsf]5.
j }b]lzs nufgLk|j 4{g / u}/ cfj f; Lo g]kfnLxnfO{g]kfndf nufgLug{k|f]T; flxt ug{], o; sf nflu
g]kfndf a9Ldfqfdf k|ToIf j }b]lzs nufgLug]{d'n'sl:yt g]kfnLb"tfj f; tyf lgof]udf cf}Bf]lus
nufgLk|j 4{gsf nflu cfly{s s"6gLlts PsfOnfO{; an t'NofOg]s'/f gLltn]af]n]sf]eP tfklg
o; sf]; +:yfut / ; +/r gfut Joj :yf :ki6 x'g g; s]sf], cGtlg{sfout ; dGj osf]cefj /x]sf],
cfj Zos ; |f]t ; fwgsf]Aoj :yf / sfo{qmd ; d]t gcfPsf]; Gbe{df cfly{s s"6gLltsf]; kmn
sfof{Gj og ug{sl7g / r 'gf}tLk"0f{b]lvPsf]5.
d' n' ssf]/fhg} lts k| 0ffnLn]:yfloTj k| fKt gu/] ; Dd cfly{ s k| 0ffnLn]ult lng ; Sb} g. clxn]/fHo
/fhg} lts cGof} n, cl:y/tf / ; + qmd0fsfnLg cj :yfdf u' lh| /x] sf]5. bLuf]zflGt :yfkgf ug] {sfo{
emg\ emg\hl6n aGb}/ nlDaF b}uPsf]5. /fhg} lts bnxdf Pstf / /fli6 o ; xdlt sfod x' g g; s] sf]
cj :yfn]/fhg} lts lgsf; wldlng k' u] sf]5. o; af6 cfly{ s j if{@)^&.^* sf]ah] 6 tyf sfo{ qmd
k| eflj t x' g; Sg]l:ylt 5. o; n]d' n' ssf]lj sf; sfo{ df dfq k| lts" n k| efj kfg] {geO{; du|cfly{ s
lj sf; sf]ultnfO{cj /f]wk'ofpg]b]lvG5. o; k|sf/sf]/fhg}lts / cfly{s kl/j ]zdf cfPsf]gofF
cf}Bf]lus gLltnfO{k|efj sf/Lsfof{Gj ogsf]r /0fdf k|j ]z u/fpg sfof{Gj ogof]Uo j ftfj /0f lgdf{0f
ug{ ] , gLltn]c+ uLsf/ u/] sf sfg" gL, ; + :yfut, ; + /r gfut nufotsf Joj :yfxnfO{qmda4, lglZr t
; Ldf / ; doleq sfof{Gj og u/L; /f]sf/j fnf; DdnfO{nfebfoLagfpg]sfo{Hofb}r 'gf}tLk"0f{b]lvG5.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
pk; +xf/
cfly{s lj sf; sf]d]?b08sf]kdf /x]sf]cf}Bf]lus If]qsf]j ftfj /0f k|lts"n cj :yfdf /x]sf]5.
xfn d'n'sdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, bLuf]zflGt :yfkgfdf b]lvPsf]bnLo c; xdlt, ; +lj wfg lgdf{0f
k|lqmofn]ult lng g; s]sf]cj :yf, /fhg}lts / cfly{s k|0ffnLlgdf{0f / lj sf; df x'g uO/x]sf]
9Lnf; 'l:t, cf}Bf]lus ; '/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g; s]sf]cj :yf, r Gbf cft , ckx/0f, xTof, lx+; f h:tf
cfk/flws 36gfxsf]a9f]Q/L, aGb, x8tfn, tfnfaGbL, cfuhgLcflb lqmofsnfkxn]cf}Bf]lus
If]q g/fd|/Lk|eflj t ePsf]5. a9\bf]nf]8z]l8, >ldsJoj ; foLaLr pTkGg clj Zj f; sf]j ftfj /0f,
l56f]gfkmf sdfpg]Jofkfl/s ; f]r sf Joj ; foL/ sfd}gu/]klg Hofnf kfpg'k5{eGg]>ldsxsf]
bfj LaLr g}lts ; Gt'ng sfod ug{; lsPsf]5}g. of]cj :yf lj Bdfg /lx/xFbf w]/}pBf]ux ?U0f
cj :yfdf k'u]sf 5g\eg]sltko aGb ; d]t ePsf 5g\.
gLltn]k|bfg u/]sf sltko ; 'lj wf / ; x'lnotxsf]sfof{Gj og ug]{lglb{i6 P]g, sfg"gxsf]
ckof{Kttfn]o:tf ; 'lj wf / ; x'lnotxsf]; 'lglZr ttfsf]k|Tofe"lt ug{g; lsPsf]cj :yf 5.
j flif{s kdf cfpg]ah]6 j QmJo dfkm{t sltko s'/fxnfO{; Daf]wg ug]{kl/kf6Ln]nufgLstf{x
cGof}ndf /xg]/ cf}Bf]lus j :t'xsf]d"Nodf ; d]t km]/j bn x'g]eO{cfd pkef]Qmf ; d]t df/df
kg]{cj :yf l; h{gf ePsf]kfOG5. t; y{o:tf k|lts"n cj :yfxnfO{; d]t ; Daf]wg ug]{u/Lhf/L
ePsf]gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)^&nfO{k| efj sf/L9+ un]sfof{ Gj og ub} {n} hfg'clxn] sf]cx+; j fn b] lvG5.
b] zdf 8] 9 bzseGbf a9Lsf]cGt/fnkl5 gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt cfPsf]5. gofFj fl0fHo gLlt o; k" j {g}
@)^%; fn r }qdf hf/LeO; s]sf]5. Pp6}l; Ssfsf b'O{kf6fsf kdf /x]sf oLb'O{gofFgLltx
sfof{ Gj ogdf cfpg'xfdL; a} sf]nflu ; ' vb lj ifo xf]. casf]vfF r f]oLb' O{gofFgLltaLr plr t ; dGj o
/ tfnd] n sfod ub{ }d' n' sdf lbuf]/ km/flsnf]cfwf/; lxtsf]pBf] uj fl0fHo If] qsf]lj sf; ug{gLltdf
Joj :yf ePsf k| fj wfgnfO{oyfzSo sfof{ Gj ogdf ptfg{ 'xf]. /fhg} lts l:y/tf, zflGt ; ' Joj :yfsf]
k| Tofe" lt, pmhf{; 6sf]bL3{ sfnLg ; dfwfg, nufgLd} qLj ftfj /0f / >ldsxsf]plr t ; + /If0f aLr
; Gt' ng sfod /fVg]>d gLltsf]cj nDag ub} {; an cf} Bf] lus j ftfj /0f l; h{ gf ug{; lsPdf tyf
kof{ Kt ; | f] t ; fwg ; lxt lglZr t ; do ; Ldf / pknlAwls6fg u/Lsfof{ Gj og sfo{ of] hgftof/ u/] /
; f]adf] lhd gLlt sfof{ Gj ogsf s' /fnfO{k| fyldstfsf ; fy cufl8 a9fpg ; lsPdf xfn}hf/LePsf]
gofFcf} Bf] lus gLlt, @)^&cf} Bf] lus lj sf; sf]Pp6f dxTj k" 0f{cfwf/lznfsf]kdf :yflkt x' g ; Sg]
s' /fdf lj Zj f; ug{; lsG5.
; Gbe{; fdu|LM
bzf}+of]hgf -@)%*^#_, /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] u
lqj ifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$^&_, /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] u
lqj ifL{o of]hgfsf]cfwf/kq -@)^*&)_, /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] u
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&, pBf] u dGqfno
j fl0fHo gLlt @)^%, j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno
cf=j =@)^^.^&sf]ah]6sf]dWosfnLg d"Nofg k|ltj ]bg, cy{dGqfno
cf}Bf]lus tYof @)^%^^, pBf] u lj efu
cf}Bf]lus tYof @)^%^^, 3/] n'tyf ; fgf pBf] u lj efu
Jofkf/ / lj sf; klqsfsf lj leGg c x, j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno
pBf]u / lj sf; klqsfsf lj leGg c x, pBf] u dGqfno
k|zf; g ; ]j f lbUbz{g, af} l4s ; + ; f/ ; Dkfbg ; d" x

cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg MPs kl/ro
-/fli6o lj sf; of]hgf z+[vnf_

/ fli6o gLlt cyf{t
/ fHosf lgb]{zs l; 4fGt tyf gLltx
/ fli6o cfj lws of]hgf
I f]qutlj ifout gLltx
/ 0fgLltsfo{gLltsfo{qmdsfo{of]hgf
cfof]hgf sfo{qmd
lqmofsnfkx
@
zfvf clws[ t, j fl0fHo tyf cfk" lt{dGqfno

@lzj/fh ;]9fO{+
e"ldsf
; g\!(#) sf]bzsb] lv k| f/De ePsf]nf] ssNof0fsf/L/fHo Joj :yfcGtu{ t ; /sf/f/f gful/s lxtsf
lgldQug' { kg] {ofj t\sfo{ xnfO{; ' Joj l:yt / of] hgfa4 9af6 ; Dkfbg ug{of] hgfa4 lj sf; k4ltsf]
z'?j ft eof]. cfd gful/ssf c; Lldt cfj Zostf / r fxgfsf]; Daf]wg k|efj sf/L9af6 ug{; /sf/
f/f ug' { kg] {sfo{ , To; sf nflu r flxg]ef} lts, cef} lts Pj +dfgj Lo ; + ; fwg, ; do ; d] tsf]lj lgof] hg
; d' lr t 9af6 ug' { kg] {x' G5 . o; lsl; daf6 ; Lldt ; | f] t; fwg / c; Lldt hgck] IffaLr k| efj sf/L
; Gt'ng sfod ug'{g}of]hgfsf]k|d'v p2]Zo xf]. of]hgf k|fl1s vfsf dfq xf]. of]hgfsf nIo /
p2] Zox xfl; n ug{; Dkfbg ug' {kg] {lj lj wlsl; dsf sfo{ xdWo]; dfg k| sf/sf sfdxnfO{
; d" xa4 u/L; fwg ; | f] t Pj +; do; Ldf lglb{ i6 u/Lul/g]lqmofsnfkxsf]; du| tfnfO{cfof] hgf
Joj :yfkg elgG5 . o; y{cfof] hgf of] hgfcGtu{ tsf]lqmofsnfk xf]. ; du|lj sf; k| lqmofdf of] hgf
sfo{ qmd, cfof] hgf tyf lqmofsnfkx Ps ; du|z+ [ vnf -Chain_sf kdf /x]sf x'G5g\. lj sf;
k| lqmofsf]To:tf]qmd (Chain) df ; a} eGbf dfly /fli6 o gLlt cyf{ t\/fHosf lgb] { zs l; 4fGt tyf gLlt
/x] sf]x' G5 eg]To; cGtu{ t qmdzMcfj lws of] hgf, If] qutlj ifout gLltx, gLlt sfof{ Gj ogsf
lgldQsfo{ qmd, sfo{ qmdcg' ; f/sf cfof] hgfx tyf cfof] hgfcGtu{ t lqmofsnfkx kb{ 5g\. cfof] hgfx
; fd" lxs kdf of] hgfaf6 lgM; [ t x' G5g\. o; y{cfof] hgf of] hgfsf]lgM; [ t c+ z xf] , h; n]of] hgfsf]p2] Zo
k| fKt ug{ sf nflu r flxg]; a}lsl; dsf ; fwgsf]s' zntfk" 0f{pkof] u ub{ 5 .
\
Jofkf/ / lj sf;

lj sf; f]Gd'v d'n'sxn]; fwg; |f]tsf]; Lldttfsf sf/0f /fli6o cfj Zostf / r fxgf k"/f ug]{
bfloTj nfO{afWofTds gagfO{; |f]t; fwgsf]pknAwtfsf cfwf/df qmdzMsfof{Gj og ub}{hfg]u/L
cfgf]bfloTj nfO{lgb]{zs l; 4fGt tyf gLltsf kdf cfTd; fy u/]sf x'G5g\. xfd|f]; Gbe{df klg
cGtl/d ; +lj wfg @)^#sf]efu $ df /fli6o lj sf; sf lgldQlgb]{zs l; 4fGt / gLltxsf]Joj :yf
ul/Psf]5 . lgb]{zs l; 4fGt tyf gLltsf cfwf/df /fli6o cfj Zostfr fxgf cg'ksf If]qxnfO{
; d] 6] / /fli6 o of] hgf th' { df ul/G5 . g] kfnsf]; Gbe{ df @)!#b] lv cfj lws of] hgfxsf]cEof; ul/F b }
cfOPsf]5 . s]xLIf]q / lj ifoxsf 5'}gLltx th'{df ul/G5 eg]s'g}lj ifoxsf ; DaGwdf
of]hgfdf ; DalGwt lj ifout zLif{sdf g}To; lj ifo; DaGwLIf]qut gLltx pNn]v ug]{k|r ng 5 .
gLltut Joj :yfxsf]sfof{Gj og kIfdf k|efj sfl/tf clej [l4 ug{gLlt; DaGwL/0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt,
sfo{qmd / sfo{of]hgf -Action plan/Loge frame_ ; d]t agfOG5 . o; }cfwf/df cfof]hgf
th'{df:yfkgf u/Llj sf; ; DaGwLlqmofsnfk ; ~r fng ul/G5g\. o; lsl; dn]of]hgfa4 lj sf;
k|lqmofcGtu{t cfof]hgfsf]; ~r fng lj sf; k|zf; gn]ub{5 . o; }sf/0f lj sf; k|zf; gnfO{of]hgf
sfof{Gj og ug]{; +oGq elgG5 . s; }s; }n]lj sf; k|zf; gnfO{nf]ssNof0fsf/L/fHo Joj :yfsf]
k|zf; lgs /0fgLltsf kdf klg lr gfpg]u/]sf]kfOG5 .
kl/ro
sfo{; Dkfbg k| lqmof hgfpg]b' O{; dfgfyL{gfdaf] ws zAbx ldn] / ; + o' Qmkdf cfof] hgf Joj :yfkg
eGg]lqmofaf] ws zAbx j g] sf x' g\. ; " Idkdf s] nfpF bf b' O{zAbn]leGg leGg cy{lbP klg ; fdfGo
kdf x]bf{; dfg cy{lbG5g\. cfof]hgf / Joj :yfkg c+u|]hLzAbx Project / Management sf
kfGtl/t zAbx x'g\. Oxford Dictionary n]Project eGgfn]"An individual or collective
enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particuaLr aim." tyf Management:
eGgfn]"The process of dealing with or controlling things or people." egLcYof{ Psf]5 .
g]kfnLzAbsf]ifn]cfof]hg / cfof]hgfnfO{Ps}kdf -!_s'g}sfd k"/f ugf{sf lglDt klxn]b]lv
ul/Psf]k|aGw, OGthfd, aGbf]a:t -@_s; }nfO{s'g}sfddf nufpg]sfd, lgo'lQm-#_ldnfpg]j f hf]8\g]
k| lqmof -$_pBf] u, pGglt -%_; fdu| L, ; fdgfegLcYof{ Psf]5 eg]Joj :yfkgnfO{ -!_s' g}sfd
s'/fsf]Joj :yf j f k|aGwldnfpg]sfd, th'{df -@_ s'g}j :t', dfn ; fdfg cflbnfO{oyf:yfg /
oyfqmddf /fVg]sfd -#_s' g}s' /f]j f ; d:ofsf]6' f]nufpg]sfd, lgwf{ /0f, lg0f{ o, kl/r o -$_s' g}
lj ifodf lgod sfg" g agfpg]sfd j f lj lwegLcYof{ Psf]5 .
; " Id kdf x] bf{of] hgfn]lglb{ i6 u/] sf nIo Pj +p2] Zo k| fKt ug{ sf lgldQ; ~r flnt lgof] lht
lqmofsnfk Pj +sfo{ k4ltnfO{cfof] hgf elgG5. cfof] hgfnfO{kl/of] hgf klg elgG5 . b' j }; dfgfyL{
kof{ ofj fr LzAb x' g\. cfof] hgf To:tf]sfo{ z} nLxf]h; sf]cwLgdf /xLlglZr t ; do k| lqmof Pj +; | f] t
; fwgsf]k|of]uf/f tf]lsPsf]sfo{; Dkfbg ul/G5. cfof]hgf :j o+df sfo{geO{sfo{z}nLxf]. s'g}
lglZr t p2] Zo k| fKt ug{ sf nflu ug' { kg] {sfo{ sf]nflu pkof] u ul/g] ; fwg, sfo{ k| 0ffnL, o; sf]nflu nfUg]
; do cj lwcflbsf]k" j { lgwf{ l/t k| fk g}cfof] hgf xf]. lglZr t p2] Zo j f sfo{; DkGg ug{ sf lglDt
tf] lsPs}; do, ; | f] t / nfutdf u' 0f:t/Lo j :t' j f ; ] j f pTkfbg ug] {sfo{ k4lt g}cfof] hgf xf].
cfof] hgfsf]; DaGwdf lj leGg ; + :yf tyf lj fg\ xn]leGgleGg kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\. American
Project Management Institute sf cg'; f/ cfof]hgf eg]sf]To:tf]Joj :yf xf]h'g lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt

ug{ sf nflu ag] sf c:yfoL; + u7g, h' g Psk6s ; ~r fng x' g]sfo{ sf]lgldQ:yflkt ul/G5/ o; sf]
nflu r flxg]dfgj Lo ; fwg ; | f] tsf]lgwf{ /0f clu| d kdf ul/Psf]x' G5eg]To; nfO{cfof] hgf elgG5 .
x}/fN8 sh{g/sf cg'; f/ tf]lsPsf]; Lldt ; |f]t / ; fwgsf]k|of]u x'g]u/LlglZr t ; dodf k|f/De
u/LlglZr t ; dodf ; DkGg ul/g]lqmofsnfkxsf]; dli6nfO{cfof]hgf elgG5 . o; cg'; f/ s'g}
lglZr t sfo{ug{sf nflu r flxg]; a}r /0fa4 lqmofsnfkx, ; fwgx tyf z'? ug]{/ ; DkGg ug]{
lglZr t ; do ls6fg ul/Psf]sfo{qmdnfO{cfof]hgf elgG5.
Encyclopedia of Commerce and Management sf cg'; f/ leGg lj efu / lgsfoxaLr ; dGj o
sfod u/Lsfo{tflnsf cg'; f/ lglZr t ; doleq sfo{; Dkfbg ug]{Ps hl6n ; f+u7lgs Joj :yfnfO{
cfof]hgf elgG5. To;}u/L cfof]hgfnfO{ Cutting Edge of Development klg elgG5 .
; ; { tLx] bf{Joj :yfkg csf]dfWodf/f sfo{; Dkfbg u/fpg]sf} zn j f ; Lk xf]. cfj Zostf cg' k
lj leGg z} nLxsf]k| of] u u/] / c dflg; xf/f sfd u/fpg]k| lqmofnfO{Joj :yfkg elgG5 . Joj :yfksLo
lqmofsnfk Pp6f lglZr t ; + u7gf/f ; ~r flnt x' G5g\/ k| To] s ; + u7gsf]j l/kl/ cfGtl/s Pj +afXo
kdf Ps lsl; dsf]j ftfj /0f /x]sf]x'G5 . ; +u7g eGg]lj lQs}To; df cef}lts, ef}lts Pj +dfgj Lo
tj x cGtlg{ lxt x' G5g\. ; + u7g j l/kl/sf]j ftfj /0f / ; + u7gsf tj xaLr sf]cGof] Gofl>t ; x; DaGwn]
; + u7gsf]p2] ZonIo k| fKt ug] {sfddf dxj k" 0f{e" ldsf lgj f{ x u/] sf]x' G5 . log}b' O{kIf j ftfj /0f /
; f+ u7lgs tj xaLr tfbfDo sfod ub}{nIo Pj +p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQcfj ZosLo ; fwg; |f]tsf]
kl/r fngsf lgldQof] hgf, ; + u7g, sfo{; ~r fng tyf lgoGq0f ug] {; LknfO{Joj :yfkg elgG5 .
Joj :yfkg If] qsf lj fg\n' y/ u' lnsn]POSDCORB Phrase sf]lj :t[t k Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting ; DaGwL; Dk"0f{sfo{sf]
; du|tfnfO{Joj :yfkg -Management_ eg] sf 5g\ . cfof] hgfut ; + u7g PsfOnufotsf ; a}
lsl; dsf ; + u7gxn]lgb] { lzt kdf o; lsl; dsf sfdx ul//x] sf klg x' G5g\.
lgisif{df lglZr t ; dofj lwleq lj z]if sf}znsf]dfWodaf6 ; Lldt t/ ax'k|s[lto'Qm; a}lsl; dsf
dfgj Lo tyf u}/dfgj Lo ef}lts Pj +cef}lts ; |f]t ; fwgxsf]dxQd kl/r fng u/Lck]lIft nIo
xfl; n ug{; + :yflkt of] hgfsfo{ qmdsf]sfo{ d" ns PsfOtyf To; sf lqmofsnfkxnfO{cfof] hgf
Joj :yfkg elgG5. of]of] hgf sfof{ Gj og Pj +sfo{ qmd ; ~r fng k| lqmof xf]. o; cGtu{ t cfof] hgf
th' { df, sfof{ Gj og tyf cg' udg d" Nof g; DaGwL; a}lqmofsnfkx kb{ 5g\.
cfof]hgfsf lsl; d
lj sf; f]Gd'v d'n'sdf ug'{kg]{sfo{x c; Lldt x'G5g\. /fli6o hLj gsf ; fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts,
k|flj lws cflb ofj t\If]qsf]lj sf; sf lgldQw]/}lsl; dsf cfof]hgf ; ~r fng ug'{kg]{x'G5 . o;
b[li6sf]0fn]x]bf{lj lj wlsl; dsf cfof]hgfsf]j uL{s/0f ug]{sfd Hofb}sl7g 5 . xfn; Dd s; }n]klg
cfof]hgfsf]lj j fb/lxt Pj +; j {dfGo lj efhg ug{; s]sf 5}gg\ . t; y{lj leGg lj fg\, n]vs,
lj Zn]ifsxsf]dtsf cfwf/df cfof]hgfnfO{tkl; n adf]lhd lj leGg cfwf/df lj efhg ubf{o; sf
af/]df :ki6 x'g ; lhnf]kb{5 . o; cfwf/df oLafx]s cGo lsl; daf6 klg cfof]hgfsf]j uL{s/0f
ug{; lsg]s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
Jofkf/ / lj sf;

lj wfut cfwf/df
; fdflhs cfof] hgfMlzIff, :j f:Yo, j ftfj /0f cflb ; fdflhs If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx
o; cGtu{ t kb{ 5g\.
cfly{ s cfof] hgfMcfly{ s If] q; F u ; DalGwt k" j f{ wf/ lj sf; ; DaGwLcfof] hgfx .
/fhgLlts cfof] hgfM/fhgLlt, zf; g, k| zf; g If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgf o; cGtu{ t kb{ 5g\.
g] kfndf xfn ; + lj wfg lgdf{ 0f ug] {sfo{ df ; xof] u k' ofpg lj leGg /fi6 x tyf INGOs sf]; xof] udf
; ~r flnt ; + lj wfg lgdf{ 0f ; xof] u cfof] hgfnfO{o; sf]Hj nGt pbfx/0fsf kdf lng ; lsG5 .
nufgLsf cfwf/df
7"nf cfof]hgfMw]/}; fwg; |f]t nufgLx'g]/ 7"nf]If]q j f hg; +VofnfO{k|eflj t j f nfeflGj t
ug{; Sg]cfof] hgfx .
demf}nf cfof]hgfMw]/}sd klg xf]Og w]/}a9Lklg xf]Og l7s}; fwg; |f]t nufgLx'g]/ s]xL
If]qj u{j f hg; +VofnfO{nfe lbg]cfof]hgfx .
; fgfn3'cfof]hgfMyf]/}j f ; fgf]nufgLdf ; ~r fng eO{; fgf]If]q j f s'g}hg; +VofnfO{
nfeflGj t ug] {cfof] hgfx
lj ifout cfwf/df
s[ lif If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx .
j g If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx .
z} lIfs If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx .
l; + r fO{If] q; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx .
lj B' t pTkfbg tyf lj t/0f; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx .
; 8s lgdf{ 0f Pj +dd{ t ; Def/; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx cflb .
cj lwsf cfwf/df
5f]6f]cj lwsf cfof]hgf
nfdf]cj lwsf cfof]hgf
nufgLdf ; +nUgtfsf cfwf/df
PskIfLo cfof]hgfMPs d'n's; +:yfaf6 dfq nufgLu/L; ~r flnt cfof]hgfx .
lkIfLo cfof] hgfMb' O{; /sf/d' n' s; + :yfx ldn] / nufgLu/L; ~r flnt cfof] hgfx .
ax' kIfLo cfof] hgf Mb' O{eGbf a9Ld' n' s; + :yfx ldn] / nufgLu/L; ~r flnt Multinational
cfof] hgfx .
cg'e"ltsf cfwf/df
Hardware Project: k" j f{ wf/ lgdf{ 0f ; DaGwLcfof] hgfx .
Software Project: hgr ]tgfd"ns cfof]hgfx
k|efj sf cfwf/df
t' ?Gt}k| efj b] lvg]cfof] hgf .
bL3{sfndf k|efj b]lvg]cfof]hgf .
nlIft j u{p2]Zosf cfwf/df
Jofj ; flos cfof] hgfMlghLIf] qf/f ; ~r fng ul/g]gfkmfd' vLcfof] hgf o; cGtu{ t kb{ 5 .
lj sf; cfof] hgfM; /sf/f/f ; ~r fng ul/g]gfkmfsf]p2] Zo gePsf ; fj { hlgs sNof0f,
gful/s lxt; F u ; DalGwt cfof] hgfx o; cGtu{ t kb{ 5g\.

klxrfgsf cfwf/df
; fwg; | f] tsf]pknAwtfsf cfwf/df s] Gb| af6 klxr fg ul/g]Topdown Apprach Project.
cfj Zostfsf cfwf/df ; ] j fu| fxLn]klxr fg ul/g]Bottomup Approach Project.
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf lj z]iftfx
c:yfoLk| s[ lt: lgwf{ l/t ; dofj lwleq lglb{ i6 p2] Zo k" /f eO; s] kl5 cfof] hgfut lqmofsnfkx
; dfKt x' G5g\. o; kl5 To; ; DaGwLlqmofsnfk ; fdfGotM:yfoL; + oGqaf6 ; Dkfbg x' G5g\.
cfj lwstfMcfof] hgfut sfo{ x k" j {lgwf{ l/t cj lwleq ; DkGg ul/; Sg'kg] {x' G5.
p2] ZohGotf Mcfof] hgf lglb{ i6 p2] Zo k" /f ug{ sf lgldQ; ~r fng ul/G5. ; fdfGotMPp6f
cfof] hgfsf]Pp6}dfq p2] Zo x' g]eP tfklg s' g}s' g}cfof] hgfsf PseGbf a9Lp2] Zo klg x' g
; S5g\.
nIof]Gd'vtf: kl/0ffd u0fgf ug{; lsg]j f dx; " ; x' g] u/LnIo lgwf{ /0f u/LTo:tf]nIo k| fKt
ug{sf lgldQcfof]hgf ; ~r fng ul/G5.
k' g/fj [ lQlj xLgtfMcfof] hgfxsf]k' g/fj [ lQx' F b} g. nIo xfl; n eO; s] kl5 ; f] xLsfdsf lgldQ; f]
:yfgdf k' gMcsf] {cfof] hgf ; ~r fng x' g' x' F b} g.
; dGj oMcfof]hgfsf]; ~r fng ; dGj osf]l; 4fGtsf]cfwf/df ul/G5. cfof]hgf lglb{i6 nIo
k| flKt lgldQleGgleGg e" ldsf / lhDd] j f/Ldf /x] sf sfg" g, gLlt, ; + u7g ; fwg k" lt{aLr cfk; L
; dGj o u/]/ ; ~r fng x'G5.
; fd"lxstf Mcfof]hgfdf ; fd"lxs sfo{x x'G5g\. cfk; df ; dGj o u/LleGgleGg clwsf/L
/ lj efuxaf6 leGgleGg sfo{; Dkfbgdfkm{ t lglb{ i6 nIo k| fKt ul/G5.
g]t[Tj : cfof]hgf; DaGwLlqmofsnfkxdf ; +nUg ; a}nfO{k|f]T; fxg, ; dGj o / lgoGq0f ug{bIf
/ ; Ifd g]t[Tj s'zn cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf]cfwf/e"t tj dflgG5.
lg/Gt/tf Mtf]lsPsf]; dofj lwleq sfo{; DkGg ug{pQmcj lwel/ cfof]hgf lg/Gt/ kn]
; ~r fng eO/xG5. lg/Gt/ kdf sfo{; Dkfbg x'g ; s]g eg]oyf ; dodf nIo k|fKt ug{
sl7gfOx' G5.
r /0fa4tfMcfof] hgf ; fdfGotof lj leGg r /0fxdf lj eflht x' G5 / k| To] s r /0fdf ; DkGg
ul/g]sfo{klg lglZr t x' G5g\.
kl/j t{gzLntf Mcfof]hgf k"/f ug{sf]nflu h'g r /0fxsf]lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]x'G5, tL
r /0fxdf ; DkGg ul/g]elgPsf lqmofsnfkxdf kl/l:ylt / cfj Zostf cg' k s] xLdfqfdf
; fdfGo kl/j t{ g ug{; lsG5. o; n]s7f] /tfsf sf/0f nIo k| flKt x' gg; Sg]; d:of 36fpg
; xof] u k' ofpF 5.
k| 0ffnLhGotfMcfof] hgf k| 0ffnLl; 4fGt -Input, process and output_sf cfwf/df ; ~r fng
x' G5 . Pp6f cfof] hgf cfkmF } df l; + uf]k| 0ffnLxf]eg]of] hgfut cfwf/df ; du|of] hgf cyf{ t\
lj sf; k| 0ffnLleqsf]Ps pkk| 0ffnLklg xf].
cltLotfMcfof]hgfx cltLo k|s[ltsf x'G5g\. Pp6}sfdsf nflu k'gMcsf]{cfof]hgf
; ~r fng x' g ; Sb} g.
s/f/hGotfMcfof]hgf cGtu{t x'g]clwsf+z sfo{x s/f/sf]cfwf/df ; Dkfbg ul/G5g\.
; | f] t / ; fwgsf]lglZr ttf Mcfof] hgff/f ; DkGg ug' { kg] {sfo{ sf]nflu r flxg]; | f] t, ; fwg tyf
/sd klxn]g}lglZr t ul/Psf x' G5g\.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;

cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf p2]Zo
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf d'Vo b'O{j 6f p2]Zo /x]sf x'G5g\.
/fli6 o cfj Zostf / gful/s r fxgf k" /f ug{of] hgff/f kl/nlIft p2] Zo k" /f ug' { , /
s' zn Pj +lj z] if Joj :yfksLo sf} znsf dfWodj f6 c; Lldt cfj Zostf Pj +ck] Iff tyf
; Lldt ; fwg ; | f] tsf aLr ; Gt' ng sfod u/Lck] lIft nIop2] Zo xfl; n ug' {.
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf]dxj
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkg Ps lj z]if Joj :yfksLo cEof; xf]. of]hgfsf nIo Pj +p2]Zo k"/f ug{cfof]hgf
; ~r fng ul/g]/ cfof]hgf ; ~r fng ubf{; fwg ; |f]tsf]kl/r fngsf qmddf p2]Zo k|flKtsf b[li6n]s'g}
; Demf} tf gul/sg pRr Joj :yfksLo sf} znsf dfWodaf6 sfo{k| efj sfl/tf Pj +sfo{ bIftf sfod ul/
g]x'gfn]o; sf]Hofb}7"nf]dxj /x]sf]x'G5 . lj sf; f]Gd'v d'n'sxdf ; 'zf; gsf]; j {yf pNn+3g eO{
/xg]cj :yfdf cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf]dxj lgDgfg'; f/ x'G5g\
; fwg; |f]tsf]kl/r fngdf k|efj sfl/tf Pj +bIftf sfod u/Lp2]Zo k|flKtnfO{; xh t'NofpF5 .
/fli6o cfj Zostf / ck]Iff k"/f ug{th'{df ePsf of]hgfsf]p2]Zo k"/f ug{; 3fpF5 .
cfGtl/s kdf lgliqmo ; fwg; | f] tsf]pkof] u ; ' lglZr t ub{ 5 .
afXo ; xof] u kl/r fng ub{ 5 .
gofFk| lj lw/ Joj :yfksLo ; Lksf]k| of] u, cEof; Pj +lj :tf/ ug{; xof] u k' ofpF 5 .
lj sf; k| lqmof j f r /0fnfO{cufl8 a9fpg]dfu{k| z:t ub{ 5 Pj +lj sf; sf gofF; Defj gfxsf]
9f]sf p3fg{d2t ub{5 .
hNbfaNbf / cTofj ZosLo tfTsflns ; d:of ; dfwfg ug{; xof] u k' ofpF 5 .
c; Lldt hgck] Iff / ; Lldt ; fwg; | f] t aLr ; Gt' ng sfod ug{; 3fpF 5 .
cfof]hgfrqm(Project Cycle)
of]hgfn]kl/nlIft glthf xfl; n ug{; ~r fng x'g]cfj lws lqmofsnfksf]kl/sNkgfb]lv To; sf]
; ~r fng, ; dflKt Pj +pkef]u; Ddsf r /0fa4 sfo{xsf]; dli6nfO{cfof]hgf r qmelgG5. lglZr t
p2]Zo k"lt{ug{z'? ePsf]Pp6f cfof]hgf s'g}Ps lglZr t laGb'af6 z'? eO{lj leGg r /0fx kf/
ub}{csf]{laGb'df k'u]/ p2]Zo k"/f ePkl5 ; dfKt x'G5. o; /Lcfof]hgfsf]z'?b]lv ; dflKt; Ddsf]
; do; Ldf leqsf lqmofsnfkxsf]; dli6 cfof]hgfr qmxf]. p2]ZonIo / nIo k|flKtsf]; do
r qmleq cfof]hgfsf]hLj gr qm3'ld/xsf]x'G5. ; g\!(&) df lj Zj a}+ssf cfof]hgfdf k|of]u
ul/Psf]Baum cycle nfO{cfof]hgf r qmsf]klxnf]cfwf/e"t gd"gf dflgG5 . o; df qmdzM
Identification, Preparation, Appraisal, Negotiation, Implementation and Supervision & Evaluation
u/LhDdf ^j 6f r /0fx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]lyof]. lj Zj a}+ssf cy{zf:qL Baum f/f lj sf;
ul/Psf]/ pgs}gfdsf cfwf/df gfds[t Baum Cycle df k|f/Dedf -; g\!(&)df_ %j 6f dfq
r /0f lgwf{ /0f ul/Psf]lyof]eg]kl5 ; g\!(&* df Evaluation yk u/L^j 6f r /0f agfOPsf]xf].
To; kl5 oxLr qmnfO{cfwf/ dfg] / lj leGg lj fgxn]cfcfkm\ g}9+ uaf6 cfof] hgfr qmsf r /0fxsf]
JofVof u/] sf]kfOG5. sltko lj fgxn]k" j { nufgLsf]cj :yf (Pre-investment phase), nufgLcj :yf
(Investment phase) / ; ~r fng tyf ; Def/ cj :yf (Operational & Maintanance phase) df cfof] hgf
r qmsf]r /0fnfO{j uL{s/0f u/]sf]kfOG5 t s; }n]cj wf/0ff r /0f, of]hgf r /0f, sfof{Gj og r /0f /
; DkGg j f d"Nof gsf]r /0fdf cfof]hgfr qmnfO{j uL{s/0f u/]sf]kfOG5. cfof]hgf r qmdf cfof]hgf

Joj :yfkg cGtu{ t ul/g]cfof] hgf th' { df, sfof{ Gj og / cg' udgd" Nof g; DaGwL; Dk" 0f{sfo{ x
r /0fa4 kdf ; dfj ]z ePsf x'G5g\. o; k|sf/ cfof]hgf r qmcfof]hgf Joj :yfkgs}csf]{k xf].
; du| df cfof] hgf r qmnfO{o; k| sf/ :ki6 kfg{; lsG5.
cfof]hgf r qmsf]k|yd r /0fdf cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{sfd x'G5 . o; cGtu{t cfof]hgf klxr fg Pj +
cfof]hgf; DaGwLsfuhLsfo{-Paper Work_sf]sfd ul/G5 . cfof] hgf klxr fg ug] {qmddf To; sf]
/fhgLlts, sfg" gL, cfly{ s, ; fdflhs, k| flj lws cj :yfsf]; dLIffTds cWoog ul/G5 . To; sf ; fy}
k|:tflj t cfof]hgfsf]bL3{sflng Pj +cNksfnLg b[li6sf]0f -Vission_, nIo, /0fgLlt, cj ; / r ' gf} tL
tyf cfof] hgfaf6 nfeflGj t j u{ , ; /f] sf/j fnf, ; ] j fu| fxL, nufgLstf{ , k| lt:kwL{cflb ; a}kIfxsf]
lj r f/, lqmofsnfksf]klg klxr fg ul/G5 . o; }cfwf/df cfof] hgfsf]a8fkq / k| :tfj gf -Charter
and Proposal_tof/ ul/G5 . a8fkqn]elj iodf cfof] hgf ; ~r fng; DaGwLk4lt / 9fF r f lgwf{ /0f
ub{ 5 eg]k| :tfj gfsf cfwf/df nufgLstf{ n]nufgLug] {j f gug] {Pj +cfof] hgf 5gf} 6 ug] {ls gug] {eGg]
s' /fsf]lgwf{ /0f x' G5 . t; y{a8fkq / k| :tfj gf tof/ ubf{; r ] ttfk" j { s lj 1 dfkm{ t ul/g'kb{ 5 .
bf]; |f]]r /0fdf tof/Lsf]sfd x'G5 . bf]; |f]]r /0fsf]tof/LcGtu{t ; DefJotf cWoog, n]vfhf]vf
-Appraisal_/ cfof]hgfsf]l8hfOg ug]{sfd ul/G5 . ; DefJotf cWoog ubf{cfof]hgfsf]lsl; d /
k| s[ lt cg' ; f/ lj QLo lj Zn] if0f, k| flj lws, cfly{ s, j ftfj /0fLo, Joj :yfksLo, ahf/ cflb ; a}kIfx Pj +
cf+ lzs kIfxsf]lj Zn] if0f ul/G5 . oLkIfxsf]lj Zn] if0fsf]glthfsf cfwf/df cfof] hgf ; kmntfsf]
Ifdtf klxr fg ug{; lsG5 / To; }adf]lhd cfof]hgf ; ~r fng ug]{ls gug]{eGg]lg0f{o x'G5 . oL
lj leGg kIfxsf]lj Zn] if0f ug] {cfcfg}leGbfleGb}tl/sfx 5g\. cfof] hgf ; ~r fng ug] {lg0f{ o
ePdf a8fkq / k|:tfj gf ; d]tsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf sfof{Gj og sfo{of]hgf, sfo{; Dkfbg :t/ Pj +
cfof]hgfdf sfd ug]{kbflwsf/Lxsf]e"ldsf / lhDd]j f/L; d]t ; dfj ]z ePsf]cfof] hgfsf]l8hfOg
-Project Design_agfpg]sfd bf] ; | f] ]r /0fdf g}; DkGg ug' { kg] {x' G5 .
t]; |f]r /0fdf cfof]hgf sfof{Gj og x'G5 . sfof{Gj og r /0fdf cfof]hgfsf]; +u7g ; +/r gf lgdf{0f u/L
kbflwsf/Lxsf]sfo{lj j /0f lglZr t ul/G5 / ; a}nfO{Pp6}l6ddf cfa4 u/Lsfo{; ~r fng k|f/De
x'G5 . cfof] hgfsf]nIo Pj +p2] Zo k| flKtsf lgldQlgwf{ l/t sfo{ of] hgf adf] lhd lj leGg tl/sfx
cj nDag u/Lcg'udgsf dfWodaf6 cfof]hgfsf]sfo{; ~r fngnfO{lglb{i6 9af6 cufl8 a9fpg]
sfd ul/g'kb{ 5 . o; nfO{cfof] hgf r qmsf]; a}eGbf dxj k"0f{r /0f dflgG5 .

-!_
cfof] hgf
-@_
cfof] hgf
-#_
cfof] hgf
-$_
cfof] hgf
Jofkf/ / lj sf;

clGtd r /0fnfO{cfof] hgfsf]; dflKt r /0f elgG5 . lgwf{ l/t ; + Vof, u' 0f:t/, ; do; Ldf adf] lhd sfo{
; DkGg eP gePsf]/ ck]Iff cg'ksf]k|ltkmn -Output_, k|efj -Impact/outcome_, glthf
-Result_, k|fKt eP gePsf]d"Nof g u/Lelj iodf ; ~r fng ul/g]; dfg k|s[ltsf cfof]hgfsf lgldQ
k[i7kf]if0f lbg]]sfd o; r /0fdf ul/G5 . cfof]hgf lj 36g u/LTo; ; DaGwLcu|Ld sfo{x ; /sf/L
lgsfo j f pkef] Qmf ; ldlt j f cGo s' g}:yfoL; + oGqn]ug] {u/L; ' lDkg]sfd o; }r /0fdf ul/G5 .
o; /LPp6f cfof]hgfn]cfgf]hLj gsfn k"/f ub{5 . pko'{Qmr /0fa4 sfo{xnfO{lj leGg lj fg\xn]
leGg gfd / tl/sfaf6 klg k| :t' t u/] sf]kfOG5 . Tof]s' /f cfof] hgfsf]lsl; d / k| s[ ltdf klg lge{ /
ub{ 5 . t/ klg ; du| df cfof] hgf r qmnfO{o; }adf] lhd a' g ; lhnf]kb{ 5 .
g]kfndf cfof]hgf Joj :yfkg
g] kfn of] hgfa4 lj sf; sf]Oltxf; sl/a 5 bzsk" j {lj =; + =@)!#; fnaf6 z' ePsf]xf]. xfn; Dd !!
j 6f cfj lws of]hgfx sfof{Gj ogdf cfO; s]sf 5g\/ d'n's oltv]/ afx|f}+of]hgfsf]; +3f/df 5 .
xfn; Dd sfof{Gj ogdf cfPsf of]hgfxdWo]( j 6f kfFr j ifL{o 5g\eg]b'O{j 6f tLg j ifL{o of]hgf
5g\ . cf=j =@)^&.^* b] lv k' gMPsj 6f tLg j ifL{ o cfj lws of] hgf sfof{ Gogdf cfpF b}5 . log}
of] hgfxdf If] qutlj ifout cfof] hgfx lgdf{ 0f ul/Psf x' G5g\. g] kfn Ps lj sf; f] Gd' v d' n' s ePsf]
x' gfn]of] hgfxsf cltl/Qm/fli6 o gLltsf kdf ; + lj wfgsf]5' }efudf /fHosf lgb] { zs l; 4fGt tyf
gLltxsf]Joj :yf ul/Psf]5 . To; }cg' k cfd hgtfsf]cfj Zostf / ck] Iff ; d] tsf cfwf/df
s]Gb|Lo:t/df cfj lws of]hgf th'{df ul/G5 ; fy}:yfgLo :j foQzf; gsf]cj wf/0ffadf]lhd :yfgLo
lgsfo -uf=lj =; =, gu/kflnsf / lh=lj =; =_xn]klg cfgf]zf; sLo If] qleqsf nflu 5' }of] hgf
agfpg]u/] sf 5g\. s] Gb| Lo tyf :yfgLo lgsfoxn]cfj lws Pj +j flif{ s of] hgf th' { df u/Lcfof] hgfut
kdf sfof{ Gj og ug] {u/] sf]kfOG5 . ; fdfGotof lj sf; fTds sfd sfo{ j fxLx cfof] hgfut cfwf/df
; ~r fng ul/G5g\/ To:tf sfo{ sf]lgldQul/g]vr { sf]; xdlt Pj +cfof] hgfsf]:j Ls[ lt /fli6 o of] hgf
cfof] uaf6 x' g' kg] {Joj :yf 5 .
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf sfo{x Pj +cfof]hgf r qmsf r /0fa4 sfo{xdf s]xLxb; Dd ; }4flGts
cj wf/0ff; Fu glhs /x]sf]kfOP tfklg k"0f{kdf cfTd; ft\ug{; lsPsf]5}g . lj z]ifu/Lcfof]hgf
th'{df / tof/Lr /0fsf sfo{x ubf{; }4flGts kIfnfO{vf; }Vofn ul/Fb}g . To; f]x'Fbf sfof{Gj og kIfdf
klg To; sf]c; / kg{uO{k| efj sf/L9af6 sfof{ Gj og x' g g; sLck] lIft glthf klg xfl; n x' g
g; s] sf]cj :yf 5 . o; sf]kmn:j k of] hgfsf nIo Pj +p2] Zo klg k" /f gePsf / ; dli6df of] hgfa4
lj sf; sf]nfdf]cj lwsf]k|of; sf afah'b cfh; Dd klg d'n's lj sf; f]Gd'v bhf{df /xg afWo 5 .
cfof]hgf Joj :yfkgsf]sfo{nfO{k|efj sf/Lagfpg d'n'ssf]sfo{sf/Lk|d'v k|wfgdGqLsf]cWoIftfdf
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, /fli6o lj sf; kl/ifb\, /fli6o lj sf; ; d:of ; dfwfg ; ldlt (NDN) / If] qut
dGqfnosf dGqLsf]cWoIftfdf dGqfno:t/Lo lj sf; cfof]hgf ; d:of ; dfwfg; ldlt (NDAC)
h:tf ; + :yfut lgsfox? klg 5g\. /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] usf]cu| 0fLe" ldsfdf /fli6 o of] hgfcfof] hgfx
th'{df u/Lsfof{Gj og ul/G5 . /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un]cfd gful/ssf]ck]Iff Pj +/fli6o cfj Zostf
; d]t sf cfwf/df pko'{Qmcfof]hgfxsf] t Yof lj j /0f; lxt sf] cfof]hgf a}+s
-Project Bank_sf]cj wf/0ff adf]lhdsf]sfo{ev{/dfq z'?j ft\ug{nfu]sf]eP tfklg lj utb]lv g}
If] qut dGqfnodfkm{ t dftxtsf lj efu Pj +cfof] hgf PsfOxaf6 k| :tfj dfu u/Lk| fKt ePkl5
cy{dGqfno; Fu ; dGj o u/Lcfj Zos ; |f]t; fwg h'6fO{cf}kr fl/s k|lqmof k"/f u/Lcfof]hgf :j Ls[t

ePkl5 sfof{ Gj ogsf lgldQk' gM; DalGwt If] qut dGqfnodfkm{ t dftxtsf lj efu j f cfof] hgf
PsfOdf k7fpg]k| r ng 5 .
cfof] hgf Joj :yfkg cGtu{ t cfof] hgf r qmdf pNn] v ePcg' ; f/ lj leGg r /0fdf lj leGg sfo{ x ug' { kb{ 5.
cfof] hgf Joj :yfkgsf ; d:ofx klxr fg u/L; dfwfgsf pkfox ; ' emfpg'kbf{To; cGtu{ t th' { df,
sfof{ Gj og / cg' udgd" Nof+ sgsf 5' f5' }lqmofsnfk cGtu{ t leGbfleGb}; d:ofx x' g]/ ; dfwfgsf
pkfox klg leGbfleGb}x' ' G5g\eGg]s' /f a' g cfj Zos 5. o; k| sf/ g] kfndf cfof] hgf Joj :yfkgcGtu{ t
lj leGg r /0fdf b] lvPsf ; d:ofx / ; dfwfgsf nflu ; ' emfj x o; k| sf/ 5g\
cfof]hgf th'{dfsf ; d:ofx
cfof]hgf th{'dfsf nflu j }1flgs / j :t'lgi7 tYof 8f6fj ]z 5}g,
sdhf]/ lj sf; k|zf; gsf sf/0f pko'Qmcfof]hgf th'{df x'g ; s]sf 5}gg\,
gLltut c:ki6tf / dxTj fsfF IfLof] hgfsf sf/0f pko' Qmcfof] hgf 5gf} 6 x' g ; s] sf 5} gg\ ,
cfof] hgf th' { df ug] {lgsfoxsf]; + :yfut Ifdtf Hofb}sdhf] / 5,
ghfg] / j f g; s] / j f gr fx] / lsg xf] , cfof] hgf th' { dfsf qmddf hg; xeflutf Pj +; xeflutfd" ns
Joj :yfkgsf]dfGotfsf]cj nDag ul/F b} g,
cfkm" ; F u ; | f] t ; fwgsf]; Lldttfsf sf/0f cfof] hgf 5gf} 6 ubf{cfj ZostfnfO{eGbf bftfsf]
OR5fnfO{a9Ldxj lbOG5,
cfof]hgfsf]5gf}6 cfj Zostf / ; DefJotfsf]cfwf/df eGbf klg zlQm/ kx'Fr sf]cfwf/df
xr 'j f tj /n]x'g]unt ; +:sf/ lj Bdfg 5,
c; Ifdtf j f clgR5fsf sf/0f cfof] hgf; F u ; DalGwt lj lj wkIfxsf]/fd| f] ; F u lj Zn] if0f ul/b} g.
cfof]hgf sfof{Gj ogsf ; d:ofx
sfof{Gj ogof]Uo cfof]hgf a8fkq / k|:tfj tof/ x'g g; Sg',
sfof{Gj og sfo{of]hgf gagfO{; Lw}sfof{Gj ogdf hfg]k|j [lQ,
; +:yfut sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f cfof]hgf k|efj sf/Lkdf sfof{Gj og x'g ; s]sf 5}gg\,
cfof] hgf sfof{ Gj ogsf nflu r flxg]; fwg; | f] t oyf; dodf kof{ Kt kdf pknAwgx' g' ,
cfof] hgfdf sfo{ /t sd{ r f/Lxsf]Ifdtf, sfg" gL1fg / wf/0ff cfof] hgfn]ck] Iff u/]cg' s' nsf]
gx' g' , sfo{lj j /0f d' tflj s sfo{gul/g' , ; fy}cg' ej Lsd{ r f/Lsf]l56f]l56f] ; ?j f eO/xg' ,
e|i6fr f/,
Ps}k6s w]/}cfof]hgf sfof{Gj og ug]{xf]8 / w]/}cfof]hgfsf nflu ; Lldt ; |f]t ; fwgsf]
lj j ] sxLg 9af6 lj lgof] hg ug] {unt k| j [ lQ,
k| efj sf/Lcg' udg Joj :yf gx' g' ,
hg; xeflutf x'g g; Sg'j f gu/fOFbf pkef]Qmf / ; /f]sf/j fnfxn]cfof]hgfdf :j fldTj af]w
gug] {x' gfn]sfof{ Gj ogdf ; ' zf; gsf]; j { yf cefj x' g'.
cfof]hgf d"Nof gsf ; d:ofx
kof{Kt ; "r gf / tYof sf]cefj n]k|efj sf/Lcg'udg, d"Nof+sg gx'g'.
d" Nof+ sgsf lgldQcfj Zos kg] {; " r sf lgwf{ /0f gul/g'j f ug{g; Sg' ,
cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf qmddf klxr fg ul/Psf sdhf]/Lx ; Rofpgsf lgldQIfdtfsf
cltl/Qmcu| ; /tfsf]sdL,
Jofkf/ / lj sf;

d" Nof g ug] {bIf / ; Ifd ; + :yfut ; + oGqsf ; fy; fy}hgzlQmsf]klg cefj x' g' ,
d" Nof g ubf{cfof] hgfsf]output cyj f outcome nfO{eGbf lj QLo Joj :yfsf]kIfdf Wofg
lbOg'.
cfof]hgf th'{dfsf ; d:of ; dfwfgsf pkfox
lj sf; k| zf; gsf]k| zf; gsf]lj sf; sf]kIfnfO{cfTd; fy u/Lcj nDag ug] { ,
gLlt / of]hgfxnfO{k|fl1s document sf kdf dfq glnO{Jofj xfl/s / sfof{Gj ogof]Uo
agfpg'kb{ 5. o; f]ePdf ; f]cg' ksf p2] Zod' vLcfof] hgf aGg ; S5g\ ,
cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{lgsfoxsf]; +/r gfut kIfnfO{; 'b[9 ub}{hg; fwgsf]Ifdtf lj sf;
ul/g'k5{,
cfof] hgfsf]klxr fg hg; xeflutfsf cfwf/df / th' { df ; xeflutfd" ns Joj :yfkgsf]dfGotfsf
cfwf/df ul/g'kb{ 5,
cfof] hgf; + u ; DalGwt lj lj wkIfxsf]lj Zn] if0f ug] {sfdnfO{clgj fo{Pj +afWofTds t' NofO{
lj ifout lj z] if1tf ePsf :j tGq hgzlQmaf6 To:tf]sfo{u/fpg'k5{.
lj leGg If] qsf]j } 1flgs / j :t' lgi7 8f6fj ] z tof/ ul/g'kb{ 5 .
cfof]hgf sfof{Gj ogsf ; d:of ; dfwfgsf pkfox
cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{To; sf]sfof{Gj ogzLntfdf lj z]if Wofg lbg'k5{,
; + :yfut IfdtfnfO{cfof] hgfsf]dfu cg' s" n ; Ifd / ; fwg; | f] t ; DkGg agfpg] ,
; fwg; | f] t vl/b k| lqmofnfO{l56f]5l/tf]/ ; /n t' NofO{r ' xfj 6 Pj +e| i6fr f/ /f] syfdsf lgldQ
k| efj sf/LJoj :yf ldnfpg] ,
sd{ r f/Lsf]Ifdtf lj sf; df lj z] if Wofg lbg] , sfo{ lj j /0f cg' ; f/ sfo{; Dkfbg ug] {/ cfof] hgfdf
sfo{/t sd{r f/LnfO{cfof]hgf ; dfKt geO~h]n; Dd ; ?j f gug]{,
cfof]hgf sfof{Gj ogdf hgx; xeflutf a9fO{k|efj sf/Lcg'udg Joj :yf ug]{,
cfof]hgf sfof{Gj ogsf lgldQpko'Qmsfo{of]hgf agfO{; f]xLadf]lhd sfof{Gj og ug]{.
cfof]hgf d"Nof+sgsf ; d:of ; dfwfgsf pkfox
cg' udgd" Nof+ sg ; + oGqnfO{cfof] hgfsf]clgj fo{c+ usf kdf Joj l:yt ug] { ,
cfof]hgfsf]nIo / kl/0ffdnfO{clgj fo{kdf gfkg ug{; lsg]- Measureable) u/L
lgwf{ /0f ug] { ,
Output cyj f outcome nfO{cfof] hgf d" Nof+ sgsf]k| d' v cfwf/ agfpg] ,
cfof] hgf d" Nof+ sg ug] {; + :yfut Joj :yf / hgzlQmnfO{bIf, ; Ifd / k| efj sf/L9+ uaf6
kl/r fng ug] { ,
cfof] hgf ; dflKt kZr ft\k| efj sf/L; ~r fngsf] ; ' lglZr tfsf cfwf/df dfq pko' Qm:yfoL
; + oGqnfO{x:tft/0f ug] { ,
d" Nof g kZr ft\To:t}k| s[ ltsf]csf] {cfof] hgfdf ; dfg k| s[ ltsf ; d:of bf] xf] l/Pdf cfof] hgf
Joj :yfksnfO{sf/j fxLul/g]sfg" gLJoj :yf ug] { ,
e| i6fr f/, clgoldtf / cg' lr t sfo{pk/ s8f sfg" gLsf/j fxLsf]; ' lglZr ttf ug] {.

lgisif{
cfof] hgfsf]; kmntf To; sf]5gf} 6 Pj +sfof{ Gj og cfj Zostf tyf ; xeflutfsf cfwf/df eP gePsf] df
lge{/ ub{5 . Pp6f cfof]hgf ; kmn x'g ; s]g eg]To; pk|fGt sfof{Gj ogdf cfpg]cGo cfof]hgfdf
klg To; sf]c; / kg{uO{gsf/fTds k| efj n]lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg ; S5 . t; y{cfof] hgf th' { dfsf k| f/
lDes r /0fb] lv g}:yfgLo cfj Zostf / hg; xeflutfnfO{lj z] if dxj lbg'kb{ 5 . b] vfl; sL/ gSsn
ug] {k| j [ lQx6fO{cfg}kl/j ] z ; ' xfpF bf]9af6 cfof] hgf klxr fg u/Lsfof{Gj og ug'{pko'Qmx'G5 .
g]kfnsf]; Gbe{df o; k|sf/sf ; d:ofn]cfof]hgf ; kmn x'g g; s]sf x'g\egLlgisif{df k'Ubf cTo'lQm
gxf]nf . l; 4fGt / Joj xf/aLr ; fd~h:o sfod ug{; Sg'>]i7td bIftf 7x5{. cj pk|fGt cfof]hgf
Joj :yfkgdf lj utsf sdhf] /Lbf] xf] l/g kfPgg\eg]g] kfnLgful/sn]@!cf} +ztfAbLsf]c nfdf]; do
kfiff0fo' uLg cF Wof/f] df hLpg afWo x' g' kb} { g lyof]. o; sf lgldQlj sf; k| zf; gnfO{; ' b[ 9 / ultzLn
t' NofOg' kb{ 5 . o; y{cfof] hgf Joj :yfkgsf sdhf] /Lsf sf/0f of] hgfa4 lj sf; k| lqmofsf]nfdf]
cj lw; Dd klg g] kfnn]lj sf; ]km8\ sf]dfg{g; s] sf]oyfy{ tfnfO{dWogh/ u/Lefj Llbgdf To;
lsl; dsf sdhf] /Lbf] xf] l/g glbg] tkm{; a} kIfsf]k| lta4tf cfhsf]cfj Zostf xf].
; Gbe{; fdu|LM
Project Management in Nepal, 2003; Govinda Ram Agrawal
; fj {hlgs Joj :yfkg, ; fj {hlgs gLlt tyf k|zf; sLo sfg"g,@)^$, lzj /fh ; ] 9fO{/ lj Zj j Gw'kf} 8] n
/fHo ; ~r fngsf cfwf/x, @)^^, uf] kLgfy d} gfnL
k/fu, @)^^, g]=/f=s=; +=, cy{dGqfno
; fj {hlgs k|zf; g / ; fj {hlgs sfo{sf]Joj :yfkg, @)^!, o' j /fh kf08]
bzf}+of]hgf, @)%(, /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] u
tLg j ifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf, @)^$, /fli6 o of] hgf cfof] u\
/fh:j gLlt tyf /fh:j k|zf; g, @)^^, lzj /fh ; ] 9fO{/ lj Zj j Gw'kf} 8] n
k| zf; g klqsfsf lj leGg c x, ; fdfGo k| zf; g dGqfno
/fh:j klqsfsf lj leGg c x, /fh:j k| zf; g tflnd s] Gb|
sd{ r f/L, @)^^, g] kfn lghfdtLsd{ r f/Lo' lgog
; x; lr j , pk; lr j / zfvf clws[ t k/LIff tof/Lsf qmddf lj tl/t lj leGg sfo{ kqx
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
g]kfnltAat -rLg_ Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f ; ldlt (NTTFC) sf]klxnf]a}7s

g]kfnltAat -r Lg_Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f ; ldltsf]klxnf]a}7s oxLclk|n @!@$, @)!) df Nxf; fdf
; DkGg ePsf] 5. pQma}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 j fl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{dGqfnosf ; x; lr j
>L; " o{ k| ; fb l; nj fnsf]g] t[ Tj df * -cf7_; b:oLo k| ltlglwd08nn]efu lnPsf]lyof]. k| ltlglwd08ndf
j fl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{dGqfnosf cltl/QmpBf]u dGqfno, cWofudg lj efu, vfB tyf u'0flgoGq0f
lj efu, eG; f/ lj efu, g]kfnLdxfj fl0fHo b"tfj f; , Nxf; f / g]kfn O06/df]8n oftfoft lj sf;
; ldltsf k|ltlglwxsf]; xeflutf /x]sf]lyof]. b'O{kIfaLr Jofkf/ clej [l4df ; xof]u k'ofpg]tyf
:yfgLo:t/df /x]sf Jofkfl/s ; d:ofx 5nkmn u/L; dfwfg ug]{p2]Zon]ul7t pQm; ldltsf]a}7s
g] kfn / ltAatdf kfn} kfnf]ug{ ]sfo{ qmd /x] sf] df klxnf] kN6 ltAatdf cfof] hgf ul/Psf]xf].
pQma}7sdf b'j }kIfsf]; +o'Qmk|of; af6 Jofkf/ k|j 4{g ug{]l; nl; nfdf lj leGg lj ifodf kxn ug]{af/]
5nkmn ePsf]df xfnnfO{lgDg lj ifodf Facility ; xdlt sfod ePsf]5
ltAatdf g]kfnaf6 lgof{t x'g]j :t'xnfO{z"Go eG; f/ dx; 'n (Zero Tariff) pknAwu/fpgsf]nflu
; Sbf]k|of; ug]{,
; Ldf If]q (Border Side) df lkIfLo Jofkf/ j [l4sf]nflu pko'Qmj ftfj /0f l; h{gf ug]{,
Joint Venture Bank :yfkgfsf]nflu cfj Zos 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg],
eG; f/ hfFr kf; k|0ffnL(Customs Clearance Procedure) nfO{; /nLs/0f ub}{hfg], /
; Ldf Jofkf/ ; Da4 lj ifo (Border Trade Related Issues) df cfj Zostfg'; f/ 5nkmn u/L; d:of
; dfwfg ug]{.
rLgdf lgsf; Lx'g]j:t'df z"Go eG; f/ dx; 'n nfUg]; DaGwL; Demf}tf
hgj fbLu0ftGq r Lg ; /sf/n]; j }cNklj sl; t d'n'sxsf]nflu $&@! j :t'x r Lgdf z"Go eG; f/
dxz'ndf lgsf; Lug{kfpg]; 'lj wf k|bfg ug]{u/Lk|:tfj u/]sf]df ; f]; 'lj wf g]kfnn]k|fKt ug]{
; DaGwdf ldlt @)^&.!.#! ut]b' j }kIfaf6 Letter of Exchange df x:tfIf/ ; DkGg ePsf]5. pQm
Letter of Exchange df g]kfnsf]tkm{af6 j fl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{; lr j >Lk'?iff]Qd cf]emf / r Lg
; /sf/sf tkm{af6 sf7df8f}+l:yt lr lgofF/fhb"tfj f; sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr.Qiu Guohong n]
x:tfIf/ ug'{ePsf]lyof]. k|:tflj t Joj :yfaf6 g]kfnaf6 r Lgtkm{xfn lgsf; LeO/x]sf / tTsfn
lgsf; Lx'g]; Defj gf ePsf #^! g]kfnLj :t'xn]z"Go eG; f/ b/sf]; 'lj wf k|fKt ug{]ePsf 5g\.
; flasdf g]kfnaf6 r Lg lgsf; Lx'g]clwsf+z j :t'xdf !) b]lv #% ; Dd eG; f/ dxz'n nfUb}
cfPsf]df k|:t't gofFJoj :yfn]g]kfnaf6 r Lg lgsf; Lx'g]j :t'df z"Go eG; f/ dxz'n sfod eO{
r Lgtkm{ sf]lgsf; Lk| f] T; flxt eO{a9\ bf]Jofkf/ 3f6f sd x' g hfg]b] lvPsf] 5.
r Lgn]$&@! j :t'xdf z"Go eG; f/ b/ sfod u/]sf]/ r Lg g]kfnsf]pQ/tkm{sf]lj zfn ahf/ ePsf]
l5d] sL/fi6ePsf]; Gbe{ df k| :tflj t Joj :yfaf6 r Lgtkm{lgof{ t x' g] j :t' sf] lj lj wLs/0f x' g uO{o:tf
j :t' pTkfbg x'g]pBf]udf nufgLj [l4 x'g]; Defj gf /x]sf]5. r Lg ; /sf/n]z"Go eG; f/ dxz'n
; 'lj wf k|bfg u/]sf $&@! j :t'xdWo]g]kfnsf]lgof{tof]Uo j :t'xdf d'VotMRofp, ; 'Gtnf, r ]/Lh,
skmL, sfk]{6, tof/Lkf]zfs, lao/, cu/aQL, ; nfO{, :ofp, cb'j f, uf]ne]F8f, Kofh, cfn', :6a]/L, r ]/L,
dx, sfpnL/ a|f]sfpnL, lj :s'6, c'/, ; fa'g, :ofDk', ldg/n j f6/, 6]S; 6fon, s6gsf sk8fx?, pmg,
a|f; , kmnk"mnsf]/; -Juice_, 5fnfsf ; fdfg, dfj {n, //f]ug, ; ]/fldS; sf ; fdfg, u/uxgf, tfdfsf]
tf/, s]j 'n cflb ; dflj i6 5g\.
dGqfno ultlj lw!
dGqfno ultlj lw@
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt@)!) (Nepal Trade Integration

Strategy, 2010) ; fj{hlgs
; DdfggLo k| wfgdGqLdfwj s' df/ g] kfnn]ldlt @)^&c; f/ !) ut]Ps ; df/f] xsf aLr g] kfn
; /sf/n]tof/ u/] sf]g] kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[ t /0fgLlt@)!) (NTIS-2010); fj { hlgs ug{ ' eof].
; fj { hlgs ul/Psf]g] kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[ t /0fgLlt@)!) nfO{g] kfn Jofkf/ k| lt:kwL{Ifdtf
cWoog, @))$sf]kl/dflh{ t /0fgLltsf kdf lng ; lsG5. g] kfnsf]v:sF bf]lgof{ t Jofkf/sf]
; Gbe{ df ; fj { hlgs ePsf]k| :t' t g] kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[ t /0fgLlt@)!), g] kfnsf]Jofkf/ lj sf; /
vf; u/Llgof{t k|j 4{gsf nflu dxj k" 0f{x' g]lj Zj f; ul/Psf]5. k| :t' t /0fgLlts k| ltj ] bgn]
g] kfnsf]Jofkf/ k| lt:kwL{Ifdtf lj sf; sf]nflu pkof] uLk| fyldstf qmd lgwf{ /0f ug' { sf cnfj f
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Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Keynote Speech by the Rt. Honble Prime Minister at

NTIS-2010, Launching Programme
24 June 2010
Kathmandu
Honble Commerce Minister, Mr. Rajendra Mahto,
EIF and UNDP representatives,
Distinguished participants,
Friends from media,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Let me first thank all of you for your valued presence and providing me this opportunity to
share my thought on this very important issue of trade and development. We all know that the
flow of goods, services and ideas across the countries is an unavoidable phenomenon in the
present globalized world. And that globalization has opened enormous opportunities for us. It
has been realized as a boon in many countries, however, for least developed countries (LDCs)
like our, the benefits of globalization and international trade are yet to be fully realized.
LDCs are largely unable to tap the opportunities of international trade in their growth process.
The challenges faced by LDCs are, indeed, manifold. Weak supply capacities, infrastructural
deficiencies and knowledge gap are a few to mention. The problems are more intensified for
landlocked LDCs like Nepal. Lack of territorial access to the sea, remoteness and isolation
from world markets, dependence on neighbors for transit services, long customs and
administrative delays coupled with cumbersome procedures which all add up to high trade
transaction costs that significantly erode our competitiveness.
The Government of Nepal is a proponent of free but fair trade and trade that promotes
inclusive growth. In this regard, to mainstream our economy with global trading system, we
joined WTO and two regional trading arrangements, namely, SAFTA and BIMSTEC in 2004.
Joining of WTO and regional trading arrangements clearly reflects our commitment for economic
reform and liberalization.
We pinned high hopes on WTO membership and it was expected that the membership would
enhance our efficiency and result in the expansion of trade, leading to a higher level of growth
and quality of life. However, the post accession period is not much satisfactory for us. But, we
should not blame external factors in our poor performance as the conflict we faced and
associated internal factors were more responsible for it.
However, with the historic political changes triggered by the Peoples Movement in 2006 has
ushered our country into a new paradigm of political, social and economic landscapes. In this
backdrop, the country has aspired a justifiable peace-dividend of the ongoing peace process
to the common people. Achieving inclusive economic growth has remained the priority agenda
in the development paradigm of Nepal which could be achieved through the development of
export sector to a larger extent.
Nepal, with a variety of agro-climatic conditions, rich natural resources, and ancient cultural
heritage, possesses huge export potentials of goods and services. These export potentials
should be optimally harnessed for increasing the welfare of the people. Yet, due to low priority
to export sector and weak linkages of trade with other sectors, Nepals economic liberalization
and accession to the WTO and regional trading blocs has largely remained under-utilized.
Now, this is high time to accord due priority to export business for achieving inclusive economic
growth. The Government is committed to pursue pragmatic and outward looking policies that
will provide impetus for advancing the trade development agenda. Mainstreaming of trade into
the national development program is a key concern and requires a strong coordination
mechanism. I understand that Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 provides such a
framework for trade development. The Government of Nepal is committed to align the
recommended actions of NTIS into national development plans encompassing various sectoral
policies and programs.
We look forward to the support and active engagement of our development partners in the
promotion of Nepals trade sector. I believe that such a collaborated effort will help us in
building a 'New Nepal' that envisions shared prosperity and well being of all Nepalese citizens.
Thank you.
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
Chairman's Remarks by Hon'ble Minister Mr Rajendra

Mahto at the Launching Ceremony of Nepal Trade
Integration Strategy
24
th
June 2010, Kathmandu, Nepal
Rt. Honble Prime Minister,
Representative of Royal Government of Cambodia,
Chief Secretary of Government of Nepal,
Senior Representatives from EIF and UNDP,
Distinguished participants,
Media colleagues,
Ladies and gentlemen,
I am delighted today to share with you that Ministry of Commerce and Supplies; Government
of Nepal has been able to bring out Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) 2010 as the final
outcome of a continuous work done by our national team with the support of our development
partners. This strategic document launched today by the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister will form
a guideline to align the national trade policies in line with the need of harnessing potentials from
the openness of trade and economy. I would like to congratulate the team that put its relentless
effort in preparation of the document.
NTIS 2010 is the updated version of Diagnostic Trade Integration Study 2004 that offers us
a fresh strategy on trade. This is happening at a time when Nepal is passing through a substantial
political transformation to the federal republic from the unitary and monarchial system. The
economic objective of the transformation is to achieve a broad based economic growth with
sustained and inclusive socio-economic benefits to the reach of common people. Inclusive
growth is a pre-condition, which can stem from inclusive export-led growth and 'NTIS' charts
out a plan to this direction.
With the launching of the NTIS, the moot question is about its effective implementation. The
challenge for the government is to make necessary arrangements and a strong coordination
mechanism for effective participation of multiple agencies. They can be domestic as well as
external agencies. I am confident that the level of commitment expressed by various stakeholders
would certainly help us in achieving the goal set by the strategy paper. Here I feel it appropriate
refer the example of Cambodia as they are successfully implementing the trade integration
strategy in their country through adopting the sector wide approach. Nepal being a land
locked country has its unique challenges and I hope we can overcome the difficulties pursuing
a coherence policy and increased collaboration among the stakeholders on issues of
trade and transit.
Along with the launching of NTIS 2010, trade will be mainstreamed into Nepal's national
development strategies and will also be reflected in the second three year interim plan.
Furthermore, production sectors and sub-sectors will be oriented to export promotion as
indicated by NTIS 2010. In regard to resource mobilization and implementation of suggested
action matrix, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies will act as the lead agency. In the process
of implementation, we would like to request our development partners to extend their support
with greater volume of Aid for Trade and trade related technical assistances in order to
complement the government initiatives.
Before I conclude, please accept my sincere acknowledgement for your presence in this august
ceremony. Specially, my deep gratitude goes to Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister for your kind
presence, launching of NTIS and words of commitment for the implementation of strategic
plan. On behalf of Government of Nepal, I would like to thank Secretary Pan Sorasak as our
special guest from Government of Cambodia. Finally, I would like to thank all those institutions
and individuals including my ministerial staffs, who directly and indirectly contributed in organizing
this important event.
Thank you .
Jofkf/ / lj sf;
; 'b[9 PsLs[t ; +/rgf; DaGwLPlzof:t/Lo If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7L

(Enhanced Integrated Framework Asian Regional Workshop-June
21-23, Kathmandu)
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k|efj sf/Ltl/sfn]kl/r fng ug]{eGg]lj ifodf ; d]t uxg 5nkmn ul/Psf]lyof].
ITC, WB, WTO, IMF, UNCTAD / UNDP ; d] tsf ^j 6f d' Vo Ph] G; Lx Dffkm{ t Ps
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; xof] u ug] {p2] Zon]; g\!((&b] lv cufl8 a9fOPsf]o; sfo{ s| ddf g] kfnn]z' ?b] lv g}; xeflutf
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EIF Monitoring and Evaluation Working Meeting
June 25 and 27, 2010
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cg'udg tyf d"Nof g k|0ffnL(M&E) tof/ ug] {p2] Zon]@)^&c; f/ !! / !#ut]sf7df08f} df
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nflu cg' udg tyf d" Nof gsf]k| f/lDes vfsf tof/ ug{dxj k"0f{; xof]u k'u]sf]5 .
Regional Workshop on Trade Facilitation Negotiations
June 29
th
to 1
st
July 2010, Kathmandu
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Jofkf/ / ljsf;

(A Nepalese Journal of Trade and Development)

Source: Trade and Export Promotion Centre.

@Joint Secretary, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies.

Major Provisions of Agreement

Nepal Trade Integration Strategy 2010 :

by the introduction of Geographical Indications (GIs) to be required for some of those

Initiatives Mai n objecti ves

and Afghanistan , Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in the 3

Figure 2: Nepals trade performance, 1991/92 to 2008/2009 (NPR million)

Reasons Given for Inactivity Both Male Female

Major Elements in Multilateral Trade

The value of something is always in the eye of the beholder.

g]kfnsf]ef/t / anfb]zl; tsf]kf/j xg ; Demf}tfM

South Asian LDCs South Asian DCs

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?U0f pBf]u; DaGwLJoj :yf M

g]kfnltAat -rLg_ Jofkf/ ; xhLs/0f ; ldlt (NTTFC) sf]klxnf]a}7s

g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt@)!) (Nepal Trade Integration

Keynote Speech by the Rt. Honble Prime Minister at

Chairman's Remarks by Hon'ble Minister Mr Rajendra

; 'b[9 PsLs[t ; +/rgf; DaGwLPlzof:t/Lo If]qLo sfo{zfnf uf]i7L

dGqfno ultlj lw%

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