CVE 471 - 7 Irrigation

CVE 471 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
IRRIGATION
Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertu Akntu

Civil Engineering Program Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering
1/45
7. IRRIGATION
Overview

Introduction Sustainability of Land for Irrigation

Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
Determination of Irrigation Water Demand
Irrigation Water Quality Design of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Networks Irrigation System Design
2/45
7. IRRIGATION
Introduction
To increase agricultural output

wise use of land and water resources potentials, and development of effective irrigation systems. About 15% is economically irrigable by surface water. About 2% is economically irrigable by groundwaters.
In Turkey, 28 million hectare of land is irrigable.

Irrigation is required for productive agriculture in humid areas too. With irrigation

Physical conditions in the soil are improved, The excessive salt in the soil is reached, A variety of crops may grow, Multiple cropping may be achieved.
3/45
7. IRRIGATION
Overview



4/45
7. IRRIGATION
Suitability of Land for Irrigation
Arable land is composed of good quality soil, which is suitable for cultivation. Irrigable land is arable land for which sufficient moisture is available by irrigation. Irrigation soil

sufficient depth to allow root development ability to store water
Suitable soil for irrigation must include certain portions of sand, silt and clay.

Sand: very permeable creates water-retaining problems Silt and Clay: too dense creates permeability problems
Sandy loam is ideal irrigation soil.
5/45
7. IRRIGATION

Land Classification
6/45
7. IRRIGATION

Soil-Water Relations Soil Texture: The sizes of particles in soil. Soil Structure: The arrangement of soil particles. Soil Tilth: The physical condition of the surface soil Real Specific Gravity, Rs: The ratio of density of a single soil particle to the density of a volume of water equal to the volume of the particle of soil. Apparent Specific Gravity, As: The ration of the weight of a given volume of dry soil, air space included, to the weight of an equal volume of water. Porosity, n: The ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil including water and air. The relation between n, Rs, and As:
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 7/45
7. IRRIGATION

Soil-Water Relations Soil Moisture Tension: The tensile for due to suction and capillarity.
Soil Moisture Content, Pw: The ratio of loss of weight of soil specimen in drying in oven to the weight of water-free soil. Volume Ratio, Pv: Pv = Pw As The depth of water, d, applied on the surface of soil, which saturates a thickness, D, can be obtained from
8/45
7. IRRIGATION

Classes and Availability of Soil Soil water can be classified as
Hygroscopic Water exist on the surface of the soil grains in the form of a thin film. Capillary Water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water case. Gravitational Water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary waters which can percolate in the downward direction by the action of gravity.
9/45
7. IRRIGATION

Classes and Availability of Soil Soil water can be classified as
Field Capacity, F.C., is the moisture content of soil after gravitational water has been removed. Permanent Wilting Point, PWP, is the soil moisture content when plants permanently wilt. Available Moisture, is the difference in moisture content of the soil between filed capacity and permanent wilting point.
10/45
7. IRRIGATION

The Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant In a uniform soil, greater root development takes place in the upper layers of soil than elsewhere. Root development depends on the soil temperature and it does not grow approximately under 5C.
11/45
7. IRRIGATION

Frequency of Irrigation Readily Available Moisture: The portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants which is 75% of the total available moisture. In practice, for most of the crops, removing not more than 25% of the available water from each sub-root zone will produce maximum yield. Readily Available Moisture, RAM: for any sub-root zone.
RG: Rate of crop growth, SM: Soil Moisture
12/45
7. IRRIGATION

Frequency of Irrigation Rmin will be determine the irrigation frequency, T T: The average time interval in days between two successive irrigations.
uc,daily: the daily water consumption by plants.
Duration of irrigation water application in hours, ta
ic: infiltration rate
13/45
7. IRRIGATION
Overview



14/45
7. IRRIGATION
To find irrigation water demand:
The consumptive use or the evapotranspiration from the planted area is required for irrigation water demand. Evapotranspiration = Transpiration + Evaporation
There are number of method for evapotranspiration. In Turkey, and in many other countries having semi-arid climate, the Blaney-Criddle (1950) method is widely used for the determination of consumptive use. In Blaney-Criddle Method
The monthly consumptive use value, uc uc=25.4 k f k: crop coefficient (k= k1k2) Table 10.3 f: climatic factor t: mean monthly temperature (C)
P: the ratio of monthly daytime hours to annual day time hours. (Table 10.4)
15/45
7. IRRIGATION
Crop Irrigation Requirement, CIR:

CIR = uc - Peff where Peff: monthly effective precipitation
16/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Efficiencies The water conveyance efficiency, ec:
where Wf: the water delivered to farm, Wr: the water delivered from the river or reservoir
The water application (farm) efficiency, ef:
where Ws: the water stored in the soil root zone during irrigation
The overall irrigation efficiency, e:
17/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Efficiencies The farm delivery requirement, FDR:
The total delivery requirement, TDR:

The units of CIR, FDR, and TDR are all in mm/month.
The irrigation modulus (water duty), q:

The water requirement of an average unit area at the maximum demand month on a continuous flow basis from the point of diversion.
18/45
7. IRRIGATION
Overview



19/45
7. IRRIGATION
Irrigation Water Quality
The quality of irrigation water is mainly dictated by
the amount and type of soluble salts composed of sodium, magnesium and calsium, the presence of industrial wastes, and presence of silt.
Silt may decrease the porosity of the soil. For soils having lower porosity, silt creates an unsuitable medium for water intake. High sodium percentage of salt causes binding of soil particles and decrease in air and water ventilation in the root zone (pH value ).
20/45
7. IRRIGATION
The soluble salt concentration is measured by the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil. The alkalinity (sodium) hazard is due to the presence of high amount of exchangeable sodium salts. The amount of exchangeable sodium salts is measured by the sodium adsorption ratio, SAR,
where (Na)c, (Ca)c, and (Mg)c are the soluble sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in irrigation water, respectively.
21/45
7. IRRIGATION
Irrigation water quality guidelines:
High quality irrigation water
22/45
7. IRRIGATION
Lack of precipitation in arid zones and high evaporation causes the accumulation of soluble salts in soils. Soils having excess soluble salts may have injuries effects on plants. Gypsum, CaSO4, can be added to water or soil to leach away the sodium salts from the soil. The leaching requirement:
Dd: the depth of drainage Di: the depth of irrigation water ECi: the electrical conductivity of irrigation water ECd: the electrical conductivity of drainage water
7. IRRIGATION
Example 10.2
Solution:
Table 10.3 and 10.4

7. IRRIGATION
25/45
7. IRRIGATION
26/45
7. IRRIGATION
Overview



27/45
7. IRRIGATION
Design of Irrigation Systems
In the design of any irrigation project, followings are considered jointly:

the operational requirements, types of network, and water application methods.
It is relatively difficult to establish standardized and universally acceptable design procedures. Use of method depends on

the local conditions, farming habits, availability of water, availability of technology, and labor.
28/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks
Irrigation water is distributed to the project area by means of one of the networks such as

open channel, canalet, pipeline, and sprinklers. the available technology, labor, materials, water quality problems, and the operational requirements
After economic analysis of each type, considering

The alternative, which gives the greatest benefit, is chosen.

29/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Open Channel Networks Lined irrigation canals:

main, secondary, and tertiary interceptors, collectors, and main collector.
Unlined drainage canals:

30/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Open Channel Networks

Water is usually withdrawn from tertiary canal. The desired rate of water is given from a tertiary canal to adjacent land by means of a turnout.
Weir box turnout

(http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap07_13.html)
31/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Open Channel Networks
32/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Canalet Networks

a semi-elliptical flume, made of prefabricated plain concrete, length 5 m, prestressed concrete length 7 m water is withdrawn from a canalet by portable siphon.
http://www.irrig8right.com.au/Irrigation_Methods/Surface_Irrigation/Picture_Folder_Surface/Furrow_siphons_pics.htm
33/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Canalet Networks
34/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Canalet Networks Advantages of canalets:

may be constructed in a short time, required slope can easily be adjusted, defective elements can be changed rapidly, and not affected from the flooding of the area. there are many appurtenances used in the system, expensive through out the cut area stability problem in deep depressions.
Disadvantages of canalets:
35/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Pipe Networks Advantages do not occupy a space water losses eliminated agriculture area is not wasted evaporation and seepage losses are minimum Less appurtenance less maintenance Disadvantages maintenance is difficult.
36/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Sprinkler Networks
composed of a pressurized feeder. pressure head of 3.5 7.0 m. Advantages: the form of natural precipitation. a wider area may be irrigated with a limited quantity of water. a drainage system may not be required. good for rolling terrains having steep slopes and permeable soils. Disadvantages: excessive wind may restrict the uniform water application. installation of pumping stations and additional appurtenances may be expensive
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation Networks Sprinkler Networks
Sprinkler system may be applicable to two different situations: 1. The main network is composed of open channel, canalets or pipes and water is applied to the field by means of sprinkler. 2. Irrigation network is composed of pressurized pipes, which are connected to sprinklers
pressurized main line pressurized secondary line
38/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation System Design In Turkey following methods have been used for the design of irrigation systems:

Rotation Method Demand Method Limited Demand Method Unit Area Unit Water Method Sprinkler Method
39/45
7. IRRIGATION

Irrigation System Design
Rotation Method After the irrigation, the next irrigation is delayed by a duration equal to the irrigation frequency. The area is divided into sub-zones according to the rotation number. For example: number of the secondary canal, N = 2 number of the tertiary canal, n = 3 2 x 3 rotation can be applied. Irrigation frequency, T = N x n = 6 days At the end of 6th day all the area will be irrigated.
40/45
7. IRRIGATION

Rotation Method The irrigation schedule: Day 1: S1, Area1 Day 2: S1, Area2 Day 3: S1, Area3 Day 4: S2, Area1 Day 5: S2, Area2 Day 6: S2, Area 3 The discharge in irrigation canals: Q = (N x n) qmax AT where qmax: irrigation modulus AT : largest tertiary area in one group
41/45
7. IRRIGATION

Rotation Method
Discharge is directly proportional to the tertiary area. In order to transmit almost same discharge for every day during the rotation, summation of tertiary areas in one group should be as close as possible to summation of tertiary areas in other groups
AT(1) = AT(2) = . . . = AT(n)
The design based on rotation method is not economical.
42/45
7. IRRIGATION

Demand Method In Turkey, demand method is used for the determination of design discharge in lined irrigation canals.
It is base on continuous watering to supply the necessary amount of water to every point in the project area. The capacity of the main, secondary, and tertiary canals are determined on the bases of the assumption that max. water demand in the field is continuously available in these canals. However, in the operation of the system only the desired amount is given to the field.
43/45
7. IRRIGATION

Demand Method The canal capacity: Q = A F qmax where Q: canal capacity (lt/s) A: size of the irrigation area (ha) F: flexibility coefficient qmax: irrigation modulus (lt/s/ha)
F reflects the probability of meeting the demand in the filed, its value depends upon A and qmax.
44/45
7. IRRIGATION

Demand Method
Solution:
45/45
7. IRRIGATION
46/45
7. IRRIGATION

Limited Demand Method In practice it is impossible to meet all demands at the same time in a definite tertiary. If (the amount of water requirements) > (the supply) : farm turnouts are then put in an operation and water is delivered in rotation.
Each day a different parcel receives irrigation water. In this system, water is given in a limited amount with a delayed schedule. More area is irrigated with the limited quantity of water.
47/45
7. IRRIGATION

Limited Demand Method The max. crop yield is achieved at an optimum depth of water. Because crops require not only water but also some air and nutrient for their growth. If the amount of water is considerably reduced, the corresponding decrease in the yield is relatively small. Operation of the irrigation area by the limited demand method gains importance when the area to be irrigated is very large and the water is scarce.
Cotton

CVE 471 - 7 Irrigation

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CVE 471 - 7 Irrigation

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CVE 471 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertu Akntu

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Introduction Sustainability of Land for Irrigation

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

Irrigation Water Quality Design of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Networks Irrigation System Design

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

To increase agricultural output

In Turkey, 28 million hectare of land is irrigable.

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Introduction Sustainability of Land for Irrigation

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

Irrigation Water Quality Design of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Networks Irrigation System Design

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

sufficient depth to allow root development ability to store water

Sandy loam is ideal irrigation soil.

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

RG: Rate of crop growth, SM: Soil Moisture

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Suitability of Land for Irrigation

uc,daily: the daily water consumption by plants.

Duration of irrigation water application in hours, ta

ic: infiltration rate

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Introduction Sustainability of Land for Irrigation

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

Irrigation Water Quality Design of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Networks Irrigation System Design

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

To find irrigation water demand:

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

Crop Irrigation Requirement, CIR:

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

The water application (farm) efficiency, ef:

The overall irrigation efficiency, e:

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

The total delivery requirement, TDR:

The irrigation modulus (water duty), q:

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering

Introduction Sustainability of Land for Irrigation

Determination of Irrigation Water Demand

Irrigation Water Quality Design of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Networks Irrigation System Design

CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering